Impact of building shape on__ thermal performance of office buildings in Kuwait

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第4章荷载

4.1 Vertical Loads 竖向荷载
▪ For closely spaced identical loads (such as joist loads), it is customary to treat them as a uniformly distributed load rather than as discrete loads, as shown in Table. 4.1, Table 4.2, Table 4.3.
Chapter 4 Loads 荷载
▪ Lateral loads which act horizontally on the structure: ▪ ① wind load (WL). ▪ ② earthquake load (EL). ▪ ③ hydrostatic and earth loads. ▪ 水平荷载：包括风荷载、地震荷载、土压力。
R
(
20)
P 40
0.5
(psf)
(4.1)
4.2 Lateral Loads 水平荷载
▪ 1. Wind 风载 ▪ Wind load depends on: velocity of the wind, shape of the building, height,
geographical location, texture of the building surface and stiffness of the structure. Wind loads are particularly significant on tall buildings. ▪ 结构所承受的风载主要取决于风速、建筑的形状、高度、地理位置、建筑表面形状及建筑结构的刚度。风荷载对结构的影响十分重要。

外文翻译室内环境温度监测(英文原文)

Sustainable Cities and Society 13(2014)57–68Contents lists available at ScienceDirectSustainable Cities andSocietyj o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /s csMonitoring building energy consumption,thermal performance,and indoor air quality in a cold climate regionTanzia Sharmin a ,Mustafa Gül a ,∗,Xinming Li a ,Veselin Ganev b ,Ioanis Nikolaidis b ,Mohamed Al-Hussein aa Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,University of Alberta,9105116th Street,Edmonton,Alberta,Canada bDepartment of Computing Science,2-21Athabasca Hall,University of Alberta,Edmonton,Alberta,Canadaa r t i c l ei n f oKeywords:Sensor-based monitoring system Energy usageBuilding envelope thermal performance Indoor air qualityBuilding management systema b s t r a c tBuildings are major consumers of the world’s energy.Optimizing energy consumption of buildings during operation can signiﬁcantly reduce their impact on the global environment.Monitoring the energy usage and performance is expected to aid in reducing the energy consumption of occupants.In this regard,this paper describes a framework for sensor-based monitoring of energy performance of buildings under occupancy.Different types of sensors are installed at different locations in 12apartment units in a building in Fort McMurray,Alberta,Canada to assess occupant energy usage,thermal performance of the building envelope,and indoor air quality (IAQ).The relationship between heating energy consumption and the thermal performance of building envelope and occupant comfort level is investigated by analyzing the monitoring data.The results show that the extent of heat loss,occupant comfort level,and appliance usage patterns have signiﬁcant impacts on heating energy and electricity consumption.This study also identiﬁes the factors inﬂuencing the poor IAQ observed in some case-study units.In the long term,it is expected that the extracted information acquired from the monitoring system can be used to support intelligent decisions to save energy,and can be implemented by the building management system to achieve ﬁnancial,environmental,and health beneﬁts.©2014Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionThe building sector accounts for about 30%of total green-house gas (GHG)emissions in Canada (NRC,2006).Furthermore,the construction and operation of buildings are responsible for over a third of the world’s energy consumption (Straube,2006).Data shows that energy consumption and GHG emissions in build-ing sector are growing at an advanced rate than in other sectors (Akashi &Hanaoka,2012).As a result,reducing energy consump-tion has become essential to planning,construction,and use of buildings from the environmental point of view (Stoy,Pollalis,&Fiala,2009).This also entails that the building sector has con-siderable potential for energy and energy-related CO 2emissionssavings (Gökc¸e &Gökc ¸e,2013).According to the International Energy Agency,the building sector can reduce energy consump-tion with an estimated energy savings of 1509Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent)by 2050.Furthermore,through energy-efﬁcient building design,carbon dioxide (CO 2)emissions can be reduced,∗Corresponding author.Tel.:+17804923002.E-mail address:mustafa.gul@ualberta.ca (M.Gül).which can possibly mitigate 12.6Gt (gigatonnes)of CO 2emissions by 2050(International Energy Agency,2010).Energy consumption by built environments can be reduced through new designs,technologies,and materials;proper control;and the use of effective energy management systems by consider-ing factors such as building orientation,shape,wall–window ratio,insulation,use of high-efﬁciency windows,and natural ventila-tion (Dawood,Crosbie,Dawood,&Lord,2013).However,electrical loads,especially miscellaneous electrical loads (involving a range of products,devices,and electrical equipment in some combina-tion,common in every household)consume a signiﬁcant portion of total building energy (Hendron &Eastment,2006).In Canada,the residential building sector consumes approximately 16%of total secondary energy usage (NRC,2006).According to Statistics Canada,in 2007the average Canadian household consumed 106GJ (gigajoules)of energy,with the national total reaching 1,368,955TJ (terajoules)(Statistics Canada,2007).A substantial share of total energy consumption is due to improper use of appliances,and elim-inating this wastage can reduce the overall energy consumption by approximately 30%in buildings (US DOE Energy Information Administration,2003).Today it is important to focus on greater energy efﬁciency to reduce our impact on the environment by/10.1016/j.scs.2014.04.0092210-6707/©2014Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.58T.Sharmin et al./Sustainable Cities and Society13(2014)57–68reducing fossil fuel consumption(Gua,Sun,&Wennersten,2013; Sharmin,Li,Gökc¸e,Gül,&Al-Hussein,2012).Built environments also have a signiﬁcant impact on human health.The extent of a building’s impact on human health and the environment depends on the building design,materials,and the methods used for construction and operation(Vittori,2002). According to the Science Advisory Board of the United States Envi-ronmental Protection Agency(EPA),indoor environment stands among the topﬁve environmental risks to public health.In Canada, people spend an average of89%of their time indoors and66%of their time indoors at home(Leech,Wilby,McMullen,&Laporte, 1996),and there is a possibility that people with weak immune systems may suffer from asthmatic symptoms or other respiratory health problems as a result of exposure to poor indoor air quality (Vittori,2002).Considering the fact that human health is affected by poor indoor air quality(IAQ),it is important to maintain a healthy IAQ in the interest of occupant health.Continuous monitoring of indoor environmental quality(IEQ)can thus play a signiﬁcant role in maintaining healthy indoor environments.A signiﬁcant aspect of assessing the sustainability of a building is the monitoring of energy performance(Berardi,2012).Recent innovations in sensing,data logging,and computing technologies have improved monitoring of indoor environment and energy per-formance of buildings.“Real-time”energy performance and IEQ monitoring are signiﬁcant from the perspective of real-time feed-back to promote energy-saving behavior,and also for maintaining healthy IAQ.Proper targeting and monitoring of energy consump-tion and continuous energy management can be effective strategies for improved energy performance of buildings,and can result in reductions in operating costs of facilities(Lee&Augenbroe,2007; Sapri&Muhammad,2010).Research studies examining the effect of energy feedback information on occupant behavior have shown that real-time feedback can be a powerful impetus for behavioral change.McClelland and Cook(1980)ﬁrst tested the impact of con-tinuous energy feedback on electricity usage.The results showed that on average electricity usage was lowered by12%in the homes with continuous electricity usage feedback compared to the homes with no usage feedback system(as cited in Allen&Janda,2006). In another study,a technical research university has monitored energy usage to reduce energy costs through an energy awareness program that offered departments a chance to receive payments of up to30%of the savings achieved.The departments had accom-plished energy savings(saving about$300,000per year)after one and half years of monitoring through improved operations and maintenance procedures and reduced their usage from about44 million kWh to40million kWh(Energy Star,2002).Hutton,Mauser, Filiatrault,and Antola(1986)have shown how the feedback pro-vided by monitoring helped to conserve energy for over75%of the subjects in25households in three cities.In a case regarding water usage,the city of Boston,MA,USA was unable to account for the use of50%of the water used in its municipal water system and,after installing meters,water that was unaccounted for had dropped to 36%(Grisham&Fleming,1989).Another study has shown that an effective energy management system can identify problems in an operating system which might not otherwise have been identiﬁed (Mills&Mathew,2009).Yang and Wang(2013)has shown that energy management systems can also provide comfortable building environments with high energy efﬁciency.Literature reviews from the last ten years show that usage of energy can be reduced from0%to20%by using a variety of feed-back mechanisms(Abrahamse,Steg,Vlek,&Rothengatter,2005). However,despite the fact that providing appropriate feedback can signiﬁcantly reduce the overall energy consumption,relying only on occupants’awareness and behavioral change might not be an effective approach.In a recent study,wireless AC plug-load meters and light sensors were deployed in a computer science laboratory as a case study in energy monitoring.The study reported that more than30%energy savings were achieved immediately after installing a monitoring system,but that the savings were subse-quently reduced to less than4%of the week one level by the fourth week of the study.It light of this case,it might be considered that an effective solution for reducing energy consumption could be an automated energy management system,in addition to user coop-eration(Jiang,Van Ly,Taneja,Dutta,&Culler,2009).Major progress has been made in recent years in accomplish-ing greater awareness(Jiang et al.,2009),showing that advanced measurement of energy usage enables reduction of energy con-sumption.While the approach of monitoring energy usage is useful to achieveﬁnancial beneﬁts,a holistic monitoring of the perfor-mance of the building system can also be used to identify the factors inﬂuencing irregular energy usage or non-standard IEQ.Any information pertaining to irregularity of building system perfor-mance can contribute to building management systems intended to support operational improvement,and can also provide the infor-mation needed to encourage behavioral and operational changes by building occupants and operators.Monitoring is essential to achieving an energy-efﬁcient building management system,but sensor-based monitoring is sometimes costly.In recent years more cost-effective high performance sensor technologies have been introduced,such that the beneﬁts of utilizing this technology outweigh the associated costs.Continuous collection of the indi-vidualized energy use information would translate into increased energy use awareness,identiﬁcation of problems in the building management system,and notiﬁcation of irregular energy usage and non-standard indoor environmental parameters,all of which can lead to more sustainable building operations.However,it remains an open question whether the apparent additional understanding would be enough to justify the cost of installation,maintenance, and calibration of sensors.This paper thus offers a methodological approach by which to extract useful information by establishing relationships and studying patterns across different components of a building management system,facilitated by the installation of various sensors in a case study,the“Stony Mountain Plaza”project in Fort McMurray,Alberta,Canada.1.1.Objective and scopeThe objective of the sensor-based monitoring system adopted in this research is to provide relevant information regarding effec-tive management of building systems in cold-climate regions.The implemented monitoring system can be used for increasing energy performance and occupant comfort while reducing energy and water consumption.In this study,the ASHRAE standard specifying environmental parameter ranges(indoor air temperature,RH,CO2 level)has been used to deﬁne occupant comfort.A holistic exam-ination of the performance of the building system(energy usage, thermal performance,and IEQ)helps to determine whether or not the system is working efﬁciently by identifying correlations across different monitoring components.A more advanced understand-ing of the recorded data is expected to result in changes in building operations through the use of intelligent controls that automati-cally adjust to environmental requirements.It is expected that the extracted information and strategies acquired from the monitor-ing system can be implemented within the building management system to achieveﬁnancial,environmental,and health beneﬁts. 2.Methodological approachIn order to conduct a holistic examination of the performance of the building system under consideration,operating energy usage (e.g.,electrical energy usage,space heating energy usage,andT.Sharmin et al./Sustainable Cities and Society13(2014)57–6859Fig.1.Objective and methodological approach.household water usage);thermal performance of the building; and IAQ under occupancy are monitored.Twelve sample units are chosen in the building to be monitored for energy performance. Different types of sensors are installed in these individual units in order to monitor different components.Finally,recorded data are analyzed in order to extract useful information.Fig.1shows the objective and the monitored components for building energy performance under occupancy.2.1.Sample case-study unitTwo four-storey residential buildings have been constructed as part of the“Stony Mountain Plaza”project in Fort McMurray, Alberta,Canada.Both buildings are oriented with their longer axis facing north and south.Building1has70units while building2has 55units.There are two types of units in building1:one-bedroom and two-bedroom units.For monitoring building energy perfor-mance,three case-study units in eachﬂoor of building1with the same relativeﬂoor plan position are selected:(1)Type‘A’unit (one-bedroom)facing north,(2)Type‘A’unit(one-bedroom)facing south,and(3)Type‘B’unit(two-bedroom)facing south.The sam-ple households are assigned code numbers1–12,and the speciﬁc locations of the units in theirﬂoors are not revealed for the sake of privacy.Fig.2displays the12case-study units.2.2.Types and locations of installed sensorsDifferent types of sensors are used for different types of required information in this assessment of building energy performance under occupancy.For electrical energy usage,Brultech ECM-1240 power meters are used.Each apartment receives power from two phases(phases A and B).Two power meters,one for each phase, recording the total energy for each load(in Ws)are therefore installed in each case-study unit.One Kamstrup MULTICAL601 heating meter is used for monitoring the energy from the water circulation heating system.Three sensors are also used for this purpose:oneﬂow meter and two temperature probes(for supply temperature,T s,and return temperature,T r).The heating meter records the total volume(L),total mass(g),currentﬂow(L/s),cur-rent T s and T r(◦C),and total energy(Wh).The energy consumed by the water circulation heating system can be calculated satisfying Eq.(1).E=V(T s−T r)k(1) where V:volume;T s:supply temperature;T r:return temperature; k:thermal coefﬁcient.For monitoring household water usage,Minomess130water meters are used.There are two water meters in each apartment, one monitoring total incoming water and one monitoring output (cumulative hot water usage in the apartment)of the hot water tank.Two heatﬂux sensors(HFT3Soil Heat Flux Plate)are used for monitoring thermal performance of the building envelope:one measuring the heatﬂux(W/m2)through the studs and the other measuring the heatﬂux through the insulation.The sensor used for IAQ measurement is the IAQ Point air monitoring device man-ufactured by Honeywell Analytics.This device records real-time values of CO2(ppm),RH(%),and temperature(◦C)(Sharmin et al., 2012).The locations of the sensors for one-bedroom units and two-bedroom units are as shown in Fig.3.2.3.Development of system architectureThe power consumption meters(Brultech ECM-1240)commu-nicate using ZigBee with four EtherBee gateways(one on each ﬂoor),which are connected by a CAT5Ethernet cable to a single-board computer through a5-port switch.The energy meter andthe Fig.2.Case-study building and selection of case-study units.60T.Sharmin et al./Sustainable Cities and Society 13(2014)57–68Fig.3.Location of sensors in case-study units.IAQ sensor use the LonTalk protocol to communicate with an iLON smart server,which is also connected to the single-board computer where the data are being encrypted and transmitted to a database server through a secured connection over the Internet.The heat ﬂux sensors are connected to the CR1000data logger (Campbell Scientiﬁc,Inc.)through a Solid State Multiplexer (Campbell Scien-tiﬁc,Inc.),which makes it possible to connect all 24of the heat ﬂux sensors to a single data logger.The data logger converts the ana-log signal from the heat ﬂux sensors into digital values and sends these values to the SBC through an Ethernet interface (Sharminet al.,2012).Fig.4provides a ﬂowchart of the data collection system adopted in this project.3.Data analysisThis section discusses ﬁndings based on the collected data to assess building energy performance under occupancy.The data sets used for the analysis presented in this paper have been collected during regular operation of thebuilding.Fig.4.System architecture for data collection.T.Sharmin et al./Sustainable Cities and Society13(2014)57–6861Fig.5.Data analysis framework for electrical energy consumption.3.1.Measurement of electrical energy usageAccording to Statistics Canada(2007),Alberta’s average per household use of electricity in2007was the lowest among all provinces(26GJ).A possible reason for this low electricity con-sumption might be the comparably high rate of natural gas consumption in Alberta due to the low price of natural gas.In this paper,26GJ is set as the annual per household usage threshold. We consider the electricity consumption for individual appliances and the total electricity consumption for the case-study units. By measuring the electricity consumption of occupants,building management can pursue appropriate measures(i.e.,setting an opti-mum usage limit)if the electricity usage continuously exceeds the threshold of electricity usage established.Fig.5shows the data analysis framework for electrical energy consumption,while Fig.6shows the total electricity consump-tion by case-study unit(except unit8,because of missing data). It is observed in Fig.6that the electricity consumption by units7 (Type A)and9(Type A)in2012exceeds the26GJ threshold.Even though units7and9are type A(one-bedroom)units,the electric-ity consumption of these units is higher than the other case-study units.The data analysis framework(Fig.5)adopted in this study identi-ﬁes factors that inﬂuence higher electricity consumption by a given unit by comparing the electricity consumption of different appli-ances of the selected unit with the average electricity consumption of individual appliances of all the case-study units.Fig.7presents the inﬂuencing factors for higher electricity consumption of3case-study units(units7,9and10).These three units are chosen as examples since two of them(units7and9)exceed the26-GJ thresh-old and the other unit(unit10)has comparatively higher electricity usage but appears to be inﬂuenced by different factors than units7 and9.Our data analysis shows that the primary factors inﬂuencing the higher electricity consumption in unit7are the bedroom appli-ances,electrical duct heating,kitchen plug,and kitchen-bathroom lighting,since electricity consumption by these appliances in unit 7is much higher than the average of the11case-study units for these appliances.A possible reason for higher electricity consump-tion in the bedroom of unit7may be the use of electrical heating radiators by occupants.On the other hand,bedroom appliances and oven usage for unit9and hot water tank and refrigerator usage for unit10are identiﬁed as the primary inﬂuencing factors accounting for the higher electricity consumption of the respective units.It is worth noting that household energy use can vary based on a number of factors,including the number of occupants,lifestyle, and usage of different appliances.With the continuous monitor-ing of electrical energy consumption,it is possible to identify the inﬂuencing factors of higher electricity consumption of occupants and to set an optimum value for electrical energy usage accord-ingly.Based on the monitoring of electricity usage carried out in this study,building management can set an appropriate optimum range of yearly energy usage by occupants.3.2.Measuring thermal performance of building envelope and space heating energy usageFor this research,the heatﬂux—the rate of heat energy transfer—through studs and insulation is also monitored.Since studs(working as thermal bridges between outdoor and indoor environments)lose more heat than does insulation,this research measures heatﬂux through studs and insulation separately.In order to assess the impact of orientation on heatﬂux for the case-study units,annual average heatﬂux through studs and annual average heatﬂux through insulation are compared for north-facing and south-facing units.At eachﬂoor level,one north-facing unit and one south-facing type A(one-bedroom)unit are selected in order to compare heatﬂux.As expected,the collected data in Fig.8shows that north-facing units have greater heat loss than south-facing units when considering the2nd and3rdﬂoor.However,contrary to expectations,at the ground(stud)and topﬂoor,south-facing units have greater heat loss than north-facing units.The recorded data in Fig.8gives an inconclusive result.In order to identify long-term patterns(if any)of heatﬂux for different orientations,it is impor-tant to monitor the data for a few years.If patterns of heatﬂux for differentﬂoor levels(variations with respect to height)or differ-ent orientations are identiﬁed,measures(i.e.,increasedinsulation) Fig.6.Electricity consumption for case-study units.62T.Sharmin et al./Sustainable Cities and Society 13(2014)57–68Fig.7.Electricity consumption of individual appliances by units 7,9and10.Fig.8.Heat ﬂux for different orientations and ﬂoor levels in 2012.can be taken to reduce heat ﬂux for the units with higher rates.Increasing the thermal performance of the building envelope also provides an opportunity to reduce signiﬁcantly the heating loss of a building,but this is beyond the scope of this study.Fig.9shows the data analysis framework adopted in this study for heating energy consumption.The framework examines the impact of heat ﬂux and outdoor temperature on heating energy consumption.The indoor air temperature maintained in the unit is also compared with the standard indoor temperature range in order to gain understanding of the relationship between occupant comfort level and heating energy consumption.As expected,the recorded data (Fig.10)shows that apart-ments consume more heating energy as the outside temperature decreases.Fig.10also shows the relationship between heat ﬂux and heating energy consumption such that units with higher heat ﬂux in general have higher heating energy consumption,with some exceptions,e.g.,unit 12in October and unit 7in January;(in these exceptions,even though heat loss was high,heating energy con-sumption was comparatively low).In general,variations in theoccupancy,such as vacations and other absences,can directly impact the energy consumption,and the absence of residents ren-ders the heat comfort level of individuals irrelevant with respect to its impact on energy consumption over these periods of absence.Another exception is with respect to unit 7in November and December.Data shows that even though heat ﬂux was lower in unit 7,heating energy consumption was higher (compared to unit 12)in November and December.There is a possibility that occupant comfort level with a higher temperature range may have resulted in higher heating consumption in unit 7.Recorded data indicates that the indoor air temperature in unit 7has always been maintained at a higher level (sometimes exceeding the standard temperature range)compared to unit 12,indicating that occupant preference for a higher temperature range may be the reason for higher heat-ing consumption during October-December in unit 7,even though heat loss was less than for unit 12.It should be noted that occupant lifestyle and comfort level may affect the heating energy consump-tion signiﬁcantly.In order to manage heating energy effectively,it is necessary to monitor and analyze the heating energy usageT.Sharmin et al./Sustainable Cities and Society 13(2014)57–6863Fig.9.Data analysis framework for heating energyconsumption.Fig.10.Heat ﬂux and heating energy consumption in north-(unit 7)and south-facing (unit 12)units.regularly and to set realistic targets for improving energy efﬁ-ciency.3.3.Measurement of household water usageHousehold water usage is also being monitored as part of this study.According to Environment Canada ,in 2009average resi-dential water use was 72.38gallons per capita per day,which corresponds to 26,420gallons per capita per year (Municipal Water Use Report,2011).Fig.11shows the water consumption by case-study unit in 2012.The results indicate that even though unit 9is a one-bedroom unit (assumed to be accommodating fewer residents than two-bedroom units),it exhibits the highest water consumption.By measuring the water usage of occupants,build-ing management can pursue appropriate measures (i.e.,optimum usage range)if the water usage per person for a particular unit is continuously higher than the Canadian average residential water usage per capita per day.The recorded data in Fig.11shows that hot water consumption typically accounts for more than 30%of total water consumption in the case-study units,with the exception of unit 11.Since in thisproject energy is drawn from used hot water through drain water heat recovery (DWHR),there is a possibility that this gray water could be used for toilet ﬂushing.It should be noted that the use of gray water in the case-study units is beyond the scope of this study.3.4.Indoor air quality (CO 2concentration and relative humidity)measurementElevated CO 2levels affect occupant comfort and IAQ.With ele-vated CO 2levels,occupants may complain of perceived poor air quality and may face health problems such as headaches,fatigue,and eye and throat irritation.Poor air quality may reduce the efﬁ-ciency of the occupants (Wyon &Wargocki,2006)and this loss can be reduced through proper design strategy (Wyon,1996).The rela-tionship between indoor CO 2concentration and IAQ is in terms of the impact of elevated CO 2on comfort,and the correlation between CO 2and ventilation (Aglan,2003).According to the American Soci-ety of Heating,Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers Inc.(ASHRAE),buildings with proper ventilation should have CO 2lev-els not in excess of 1000ppm (Quinn,2011).Exceeding this level is likely indicative of inadequate ventilation.In consideration of this,64T.Sharmin et al./Sustainable Cities and Society13(2014)57–68Fig.11.Total water consumption of case-study units in2012.Fig.12.IAQ data analysis framework for CO2.Fig.13.IAQ data analysis framework for RH.T.Sharmin et al./Sustainable Cities and Society 13(2014)57–6865Fig.14.Monthly average CO 2concentration level in case-studyunits.Fig.15.Average CO 2level and ERV electricity consumption in case-study units for February and March,2012.Figs.12and 13show the framework of IAQ data analysis (CO 2and RH,respectively)considered in this project.The results of data analysis (Fig.14)show that CO 2concentra-tion levels exceed the 1000ppm threshold in units 1,3,4,5,8,and 9for several months of 2012.In order to determine if lack of energy recovery ventilation (ERV)usage is the reason for the elevated level of CO 2,electricity consumption by the ERV is inves-tigated for the case-study units for February and March,2012.These two months are chosen as examples since most of the units exceed the threshold during these two months.Fig.15shows the CO 2con-centration and ERV electricity consumption by unit,exhibiting that the units with higher ERV usage have in general relatively lowerCO 2concentration (units 7,10,and 11),while units with lower ERV usage have higher CO 2concentration (units 1,3,4,5,and 9).An improper heating,ventilation,and air conditioning system (HVAC),as well as unvented appliances (space heaters,dryers,stoves,and any other unvented gas appliances)in a house,can lead to high levels of indoor CO 2(Health Canada,1995).Complementing the recorded data (ERV usage record),interviews with occupants may be helpful for identifying the factors inﬂuencing higher CO 2levels in the identiﬁed units.Once the causal factors are identiﬁed,necessary steps (e.g.,imposing the use of ERV,proper maintenance of HVAC system and appliances)should be taken in the interest of occupant health.。

2023年高考英语外刊时文精读专题08”情人眼里出西施“效应(含答案)

高考英语外刊时文精读专题：2023年高考英语外刊时文精读精练 (8)Perception: A rose by any other name文化认知：情人眼里出西施主题语境：人与社会主题语境内容：社会与文化【外刊原文】（斜体单词为超纲词汇，认识即可；下划线单词为课标词汇，需熟记。

）TO THE SWEDES, there are few smells more pleasant than that of surströmming(鲱鱼罐头). To most non-Swedes there are probably few smells more disgusting. In determining which scents(气味) people find pleasant and which they do not,surströmming suggests culture must play a large part. New research, however, suggests that might not be the case. Artin Arshamian, a neuroscientist at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden, and Asifa Majid, a psychologist at the University of Oxford, began with the expectation that culture would play an important role in determining pleasant smells. They had noticed from their own previous work that people from different cultures described smells differently. They also knew from past experiments by other researchers that culture was important in determining which sorts of faces people found beautiful. Thus, they expected to see a similar phenomenon with smells. To study how scent and culture relate, Dr Arshamian and Dr Majid presented nine different groups of people with ten smell s. The cultures doing the smelling varied widely . They included hunter-gathere r communitiesalong the coast of Mexico, farmers living in the highlands ofEcuador, shoreline foragers, gardeners living in the tropical rainforests of Malaysia, and city folk from Thailand and Mexico City. All 235 participants were asked to rank smells according to pleasantness. The team compared their results to earlier work on New Yorkers who had been exposed to the same scents.Writing in Current Biology this week, the researchers noted that pleasantness rankings ofthe smells were remarkably consistent regardless of where people came from. The smell of isovaleric acid(异戊酸)was disliked by the vast majority of the participants, only eight giving it a score of 1 to 3 on thepleasantness scale (where 1 was very pleasant and 10 was very unpleasant). On the other hand, more than 190 people gave vanilla extract (香草精) a score of 1 to 3 and a tiny minority, only 12 people, found it disgusting enough to rate 8 to 10. Overall, the chemical composition of the smells that the researchers presented explained 41% of the reactions that participants had.In contrast, cultural factors accounted for just 6% of the results. Dr Arshamian and Dr Majid point out that this is very different from how visual perception of faces works—in that case a person’s culture accounts for up to 50% of the e xplanation for which faces they find beautiful.Even so, while culture did not shape perceptions of smells in the way that it is known to shape perceptions of faces, the researchers did find an “eye of the beholder” effect. Randomness, which Dr Arshamian and Dr Majid suggest has to be coming from personal preferences learned from outside individual culture, accounted for 54% of the difference in which smells people liked. “eye of the beholder” effectdoes not slip off the tongue so easily but it too appears to be a real phenomenon.【课标词汇】1.Disgusting令人反感的；令人愤慨的He had the most disgusting rotten teeth.他长着非常恶心的一嘴烂牙。

新视野大学英语第二册复习题（一）90题

新视野大学英语第二册复习题（一）90题新视野第二册复习题+答案Ⅰ. Vocabulary1. There is a(n) ______ lack of water in the northern part of the country, because there has been almost no rain since last February.A. accurateB. cuteC. intenseD. acute2. He cannot go without wine even for one day; he is a complete slave ______ drink.A. forB. toC. inD. on3. Have you read a newspaper report probing ______ the activities of drug dealers?A. intoB. fromC. byD. with4. She invented a _____ that automatically closes windows when it rains.A. adviceB. deriveC. superviseD. device5. It is difficult to _____ the importance of the decision.A. assessB. accessC. judgeD. identify6. He felt that in time, the severe misery of the working people would result _____ revolution.A. inB. onC. fromD. of7. From then on, I was committed ______ losing the weight and getting into shape.A. toB. inC. onD. at8. He ran ______ twice from his boarding school because he could n’t put up with being limited in an institution.A. inB. overC. awayD. down9. Bicycling is a good exercise; ______, it doesn’t pollute the air.A. howeverB. thereforeC. moreoverD. though10. The judge at first thought the man was a thief, but after he heard all about him he _____ his opinion and said that he wasnot guilty.A. reservedB. revivedC. reversedD. received11. Parents and educators have _____ ideas on how to bring up children.A. reverseB. reserveC. diverseD. device12. Those foreigners enjoy making ______ friendly contacts with the Chinese people.A. extensiv eB. extendC. expandD. expansive13. Every man has the right to live where he wants to regardless _____ the color of his skin.A. withB. atC. fromD. of14. Recent events will make a significant impact ______ government policy.A. toB. inC. withD. on15. The editor told them that if they could cut the story _____more than one third, he would take it.A. inB. offC. downD. across16. The river was so ______ with waste from the chemical plant that people can not swim in it.A. containedB. terminatedC. intimidatedD. contaminated17. Upon arriving in New York he converted all his pounds ______ dollars.A. forB. intoC. withD. from18. Mary wants to go to the United States by herself for the holiday, but her parents frown ______ this idea.A. inB. onC. toD. by19. We made plans for a visit, but _____ difficulties with the car prevented it.A. consequentB. followingC. subsequentD. successive20. We hoped to be able to move into our new house at theend of the month, but things did not work _____ as we had expected.A. forB. ou tC. inD. on21. Why didn’t you give your mind to it and manage to cure her _____?A. somewhatB. somewhereC. somehowD. someway22. _____ your letter, I am very pleased to inform you that your plans are quite acceptable to us.A. ConcerningB. ConcernC. RegardedD. Regard23. The teacher asked a difficult question, but finally Ted _____a good answer.A. put up withB. came up withC. kept up withD. went up with24. Their religion encouraged them to _____ their faith.A. acclaimB. claimC. declaimD. proclaim25. After everyone was seated, the chairman ______ toannounce his plan.A. producedB. precededC. proceededD. succeeded26. Children should be encouraged to reach a ______ between what they want and what others want.A. promiseB. compromiseC. composeD. consist27. The man and his friend were supportive ______ one another at that critical moment.A. inB. onC. atD. of28. The news soon spread _____ that the examination results were ready.A. abroadB. aboardC. boardD. broad29. This _____ shows that John Williams has completed the school-work of the eighth grade.A. identityB. certificateC. degreeD. diploma30. In the evenings we smoked and talked and never dreamt_____ going out except for exercises.A. withB. toC. ofD. at31. Jean felt unable to cope _____ driving in heavy traffic after her accident.A. upB. atC. ofD. with32. Since Bob fell ill, the family has had to live ______ what his wife earns.A. inB. awayC. onD. out33. If no one has any ______, I’ll declare the meeting closed.A. objectB. subjectC. objectionD. subjection34. The girl found it difficult to ______ to new customs when she first came to Shanghai.A. adaptB. adoptC. changeD. shift35. She called her parents just to tell them that she had become ______ to life at the university.A. accumulatedB. accustomedC. absorbedD. changed36. Don’t ______ too much work at once, or you will make yourself too tired.A. turn onB. turn inC. take inD. take on37. The fashion model had a very _____ figure.A. slimB. skimC. thinD. small38. Lack of food ______ his strength.A. weakB. weakeningC. weakenedD. weakness39. There are a lot of children starving ______ loveA. inB. onC. forD. at40. He has picked ______ some bad habits at that club.A. atB. outC. onD. up41. He was a cruel and ______ person; that was why all of them were afraid of him.A. insensitiveB. sensitiveC. sentimentalD. sensible42. He showed ______ in dealing with a defeated enemy.A. generousB. generosityC. generateD. generation43. Since your mother is often ill, remember to keep first-aid medicine kit close ______ hand.A. inB. atC. onD. with44. This advertisement is directed mainly ______ young people in their early twenties.A. inB. onC. fromD. at45. I was very ______ to John for his kindness.A. grateB. gratefulC. greatD. graceful46. His training ______ him as a teacher of English.A. qualifyB. qualityC. qualifiesD. quantity47. John and James are brothers. The former is a teacher, the ______ is an engineer.A. laterB. lateC. latterD. latest48. We have ______ our techniques considerably since the work began.A. refinedB. confinedC. definedD. redefined49. She was ill ______ ease with strangers.A. inB. withC. fromD. at50. They didn’t like bread, so we substituted rice ______ bread.A. forB. asC. withD. into51. The boy was turned ______ for th e job because he didn’t have any experience.A. outB. downC. overD. away52. The new project is expected to start early next year; it has won the ______ of the board.A. approva lB. approveC. disapproveD. prove53. Though you failed in this job interview, you should trust yourself. It’s sad that one lacks ______ in himself.A. beliefB. patienceC. respectD. confidence54. In order to improve people’s living standard, we should attach first importance ______ the development of the economy.A. onB. forC. toD. at55. The family has been faced with a _____ financial situation since the company went bankrupt last June.A. intenseB. intensiveC. extendD. tense56. Educators suggest that children should read books to ______ their imagination.A. simulateB. encourageC. accumulateD. stimulate57. The woman has made up her mind again to go on a diet to get rid of her ______ weight, thought she failed several times in the past.A. excessB. accessC. exceedD. success58. When the sun comes out the flowers ______ by opening wide.A. actB. reactC. interactD. active59. When he is asked the secrets of his success, he always attributes it _____ his hard work.A. inB. onC. toD. at60. We might cut the book ______ to a little over a hundred pages.A. awayB. outC. overD. down61. He talks to his best friends to find an ______ for his anger.A. outletB. entranceD. door62. I’m ______ your endless complaining.A. put up withB. caught up withC. fed up withD. kept up with63. After listening to the speaker for three hours the audience became ______.A. restB. unrestC. restfulD. restless64. It is important to ______ between right and wrong. You cannot follow others blindly.A. extinguishB. distinctC. differD. distinguish65. As a result of hard work over years, he ______ a fortune. He plans to spend all he has on the education of the blind.A. accumulatedB. stimulatedC. benefitedD. dominated66. Charles is fond ______ driving, so I’m happy just to be a passenger.A. inB. onC. to67. To be financially well ______, you need to work hard and spare no efforts to develop your career when young.A. awayB. offC. upD. out68. Put the medicine ______ children’s reach. It can be very dangerous.A. withinB. beyondC. withoutD. for69. We must see ______ it that all children are well taken care and all nurses have a strong sense of responsibility.A. toB. intoC. onD. onto70. The 12-year-old boy’s goal is to specialize ______ Western history in the future.A. onB. toC. inD. at71. I smiled a smile that was ______ to signify interest in this excursion.A. supposedB. imposedC. composedD. exposed72. It is unnecessary to worry a lot. In fact, things will get better in the long ______.A. distanceB. walkC. fieldD. run73. He wrote on such diverse subjects as the brain ______, research and development, and the economics of higher education.A. rainB. grainC. drainD. train74. In the 1950’s, India’s leaders voiced a very strong objection ______ the “brain drain” as its bes t students were moving to the West.A. atB. toC. onD. in75. The situation calls ______ prompt action.A. onB. inC. downD. for76. A second conclusion to be drawn from experience is the close connection between ______ expansion and economic development.A. exportB. transportC. deportD. report77. The World Trade Center was destroyed on September 11, 2001, when ______ took over two large airplanes and drove them into the buildings.A. terrorB. terroristsC. terrorismD. terrorize78. More than 10,000,000 permanent immigrants have been admitted legally ______ the United States since the 1960s.A. inB. withC. toD. on79. The company planned to introduce new technology ______ the expense of the existing workers.A. inB. atC. withD. on80. I only bought these shoes last week, and they’re falling ______ already.A. downB. awayC. outD. apart81. The doctor should be here soon. ______ the meantime, try to relax.A. AtB. OnC. InD. From82. Helicopters have come to be used mostly for ______ work and special situations requiring surprise or being quickly able to fly.A. pursueB. rescueC. dueD. cure83. Japan concluded with a separate surrender event with China on September 9, 1945 in Nanjing. With this last formal surrender, World War II came _____ an end.A. toB. onC. inD. at84. The authorities showed no signs of ______ to the terrorist’s demands.A. turning inB. breaking inC. calling inD. giving in85. Scientists say they are beginning to break ______ in the fight against cancer.A. outB. down C through D. apart86. Thieves had broken ______ while we were away on holidays.A. downB. inC. offD. out87. At first ______, Manhattan seems to be a city of high-rises, blinding lights and a crazy pace.A. glareB. stareC. graceD. glance88. They will fight to the end; they will never ______.A. surviveB. surrenderC. renderD. succeed89. The soldiers showed great joy and satisfaction after winning the final triumph ______ their enemies.A. overB. outC. fromD. of90. Channel 5 faces so many technical and financial difficulties that it will be lucky to get ______ the air at all.A. inB. atC. onD. from。

环境对建筑的影响英语作文

环境对建筑的影响英语作文英文回答：The environment has a profound influence on the design and construction of buildings. From the climate and geological conditions to the surrounding landscape and cultural context, the environment shapes the form, function, and sustainability of our built spaces.Climate and Geography.The climate of a region plays a significant role in determining the design of buildings. In hot and humid climates, buildings are often characterized by large overhangs, shaded windows, and open-air courtyards to promote natural ventilation and reduce solar heat gain. In cold and snowy climates, buildings typically feature thick insulation, double-glazed windows, and sloped roofs to withstand the elements.The geological conditions of a site also influence building design. Buildings located on unstable or sloping terrain may require special foundations and structural systems to ensure stability. In areas prone to earthquakes, buildings must be designed to withstand seismic forces.Landscape and Context.The surrounding landscape and cultural context can also shape the design of buildings. In urban areas, buildings are often influenced by the height and density of neighboring structures, as well as by the overall street grid and city plan. In rural areas, buildings may be designed to blend into the natural surroundings and complement the local vernacular architecture.Sustainability and Energy Efficiency.In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on sustainability and energy efficiency in building design. Buildings are now being designed and constructed to minimize their environmental impact and reduce greenhousegas emissions. This can involve incorporating energy-efficient technologies such as solar panels, geothermal heating and cooling systems, and rainwater collection systems into building designs.中文回答：环境对建筑的影响。

城市绿地和建筑格局影响热环境的模拟研究

第４１卷第１１期２０２１年６月生态学报ＡＣＴＡＥＣＯＬＯＧＩＣＡＳＩＮＩＣＡＶｏｌ．４１，Ｎｏ．１１Ｊｕｎ．，２０２１基金项目：国家自然科学基金项目（４１９２２００７）收稿日期：２０２１⁃０１⁃０８；㊀㊀修订日期：２０２１⁃０４⁃１８∗通讯作者Ｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇａｕｔｈｏｒ．Ｅ⁃ｍａｉｌ：ｒｈｓｕｎ＠ｒｃｅｅｓ．ａｃ．ｃｎＤＯＩ：１０．５８４６／ｓｔｘｂ２０２１０１０８００８４魏琳沅，孙然好．城市绿地和建筑格局影响热环境的模拟研究．生态学报，２０２１，４１（１１）：４３００⁃４３０９．ＷｅｉＬＹ，ＳｕｎＲＨ．Ｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｎｔｈｅｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｏｆｇｒｅｅｎｓｐａｃｅｓａｎｄｂｕｉｌｔ⁃ｕｐｐａｔｔｅｒｎｓｏｎｕｒｂａｎｔｈｅｒｍａｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ．ＡｃｔａＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａＳｉｎｉｃａ，２０２１，４１（１１）：４３００⁃４３０９．城市绿地和建筑格局影响热环境的模拟研究魏琳沅１，２，孙然好１，∗１中国科学院生态环境研究中心，城市与区域生态国家重点实验室，北京㊀１０００８５２中国科学院大学，北京㊀１０００４９摘要：景观类型和格局能够影响城市热环境，但是在不同小区域背景下，它们的贡献差异尚缺少定量研究㊂将实地监测与数值模拟技术相结合，对北京市典型景观的风速场与温度场进行模拟研究，分析天空开阔度㊁绿地面积与风速㊁地表温度之间的关系㊂在此基础上，探讨绿地形态与绿地温度及地表温度的关系，同时设计多种典型的城市绿地㊁建筑格局在计算机中进行模拟，揭示不同绿地㊁建筑景观配置下热环境的影响因素㊂结果表明：（１）天空开阔度和风速是影响城市小区域热环境的重要因素，天空开阔度与地表温度显著负相关，高风速会明显降低地表温度；（２）绿地面积和形态是影响区域地表温度与气温的重要因素，占比１０％５０％的绿地降温强度为１．４２．２ħ，面积越大㊁形态越复杂，降温效应越明显，分散的绿地降温效应优于集中式绿地；（３）迎风向呈两端低中间高的建筑分布可显著改善热环境，较其它格局气温约低１．６ħ㊂研究结果对于指导城市景观设计改善城市热环境具有一定的参考价值㊂关键词：景观格局配置；热环境；风速；天空开阔度；降温效应Ｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｎｔｈｅｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｏｆｇｒｅｅｎｓｐａｃｅｓａｎｄｂｕｉｌｔ⁃ｕｐｐａｔｔｅｒｎｓｏｎｕｒｂａｎｔｈｅｒｍａｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔＷＥＩＬｉｎｙｕａｎ１，２，ＳＵＮＲａｎｈａｏ１，∗１ＳｔａｔｅＫｅｙＬａｂｏｒａｔｏｒｙｏｆＵｒｂａｎａｎｄＲｅｇｉｏｎａｌＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＣｅｎｔｅｒｆｏｒＥｃｏ⁃ＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ１０００８５，Ｃｈｉｎａ２ＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｏｆＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ１０００４９，ＣｈｉｎａＡｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：Ｔｈｅｉｍｐａｃｔｏｆｌａｎｄｓｃａｐｅｔｙｐｅｓａｎｄｐａｔｔｅｒｎｓｏｎｔｈｅｕｒｂａｎｔｈｅｒｍａｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｈａｓａｌｗａｙｓｂｅｅｎｃｏｎｃｅｒｎｅｄ，ｂｕｔｔｈｅｒｅｉｓｓｔｉｌｌａｌａｃｋｏｆｑｕａｎｔｉｔａｔｉｖｅｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｏｎｔｈｅｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓｉｎｉｍｐａｃｔｓｕｎｄｅｒｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｓｍａｌｌａｒｅａｂａｃｋｇｒｏｕｎｄｓ．ＣｏｍｂｉｎｉｎｇｉｎｓｉｔｕｏｂｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｎｕｍｅｒｉｃａｌｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙｔｏｓｉｍｕｌａｔｅｔｈｅｗｉｎｄｓｐｅｅｄａｎｄｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｏｆｔｈｅｔｙｐｉｃａｌｌａｎｄｓｃａｐｅｐａｔｔｅｒｎｉｎＢｅｉｊｉｎｇ，ｗｅａｎａｌｙｚｅｄｔｈｅｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｓｋｙｖｉｅｗｆａｃｔｏｒ，ｇｒｅｅｎａｒｅａ，ｗｉｎｄｓｐｅｅｄ，ａｎｄｓｕｒｆａｃｅｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ．Ｂｙｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｉｎｇｔｈｅｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｇｒｅｅｎｓｐａｃｅｓｈａｐｅａｎｄｇｒｅｅｎｓｐａｃｅｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅａｎｄｓｕｒｆａｃｅｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ，ｗｅｄｅｓｉｇｎｅｄａｖａｒｉｅｔｙｏｆｔｙｐｉｃａｌｕｒｂａｎｇｒｅｅｎｓｐａｃｅａｎｄｂｕｉｌｄｉｎｇｐａｔｔｅｒｎｓｔｏｍｏｄｅｌｔｈｅｔｈｅｒｍａｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ．Ｆｉｎａｌｌｙ，ｔｈｅｍｏｄｅｌｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｗｅｒｅｕｓｅｄｔｏｒｅｖｅａｌｔｈｅｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｉｎｇｆａｃｔｏｒｓｏｆｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｕｎｄｅｒｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｇｒｅｅｎｓｐａｃｅａｎｄｌａｎｄｓｃａｐｅｃｏｎｆｉｇｕｒａｔｉｏｎｓ．Ｔｈｅｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｓｈｏｗｅｄｔｈａｔ：（１）ｓｋｙｖｉｅｗｆａｃｔｏｒａｎｄｗｉｎｄｓｐｅｅｄｗｅｒｅｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｆａｃｔｏｒｓａｆｆｅｃｔｉｎｇｔｈｅｔｈｅｒｍａｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｉｎｕｒｂａｎａｒｅａｓ．Ｓｋｙｖｉｅｗｆａｃｔｏｒｗａｓｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅｌｙｃｏｒｒｅｌａｔｅｄｗｉｔｈｌａｎｄｓｕｒｆａｃｅｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ，ａｎｄｈｉｇｈｗｉｎｄｓｐｅｅｄｓｗｏｕｌｄｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙｒｅｄｕｃｅｌａｎｄｓｕｒｆａｃｅｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ．（２）Ｇｒｅｅｎｓｐａｃｅｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎａｎｄｃｏｎｆｉｇｕｒａｔｉｏｎｗｅｒｅｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｆａｃｔｏｒｓｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｉｎｇｌａｎｄｓｕｒｆａｃｅｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅａｎｄａｉｒｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ．Ｔｈｅｃｏｏｌｉｎｇｉｎｔｅｎｓｉｔｙｏｆ１０％５０％ｏｆｔｈｅｇｒｅｅｎｓｐａｃｅｗａｓ１．４２．２ħ．Ｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃａｌｌｙ，ｔｈｅｌａｒｇｅｒｔｈｅａｒｅａａｎｄｔｈｅｍｏｒｅｃｏｍｐｌｅｘｔｈｅｓｈａｐｅ，ｔｈｅｍｏｒｅｃｏｏｌｉｎｇｅｆｆｅｃｔ，ａｎｄｔｈｅｃｏｏｌｉｎｇｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｆｄｉｓｐｅｒｓｅｄｇｒｅｅｎｓｐａｃｅｗａｓｂｅｔｔｅｒｔｈａｎｔｈａｔｏｆｔｈｅｃｅｎｔｒａｌｉｚｅｄｇｒｅｅｎｓｐａｃｅ．（３）Ｔｈｅｗｉｎｄｗａｒｄｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎｏｆｂｕｉｌｄｉｎｇｓｗｉｔｈｌｏｗｅｎｄｓａｎｄｍｉｄｄｌｅｈｅｉｇｈｔｃｏｕｌｄｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｔｈｅｔｈｅｒｍａｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ，ａｎｄｔｈｅｌａｎｄａｉｒｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｗａｓａｂｏｕｔ１．６ħｌｏｗｅｒｔｈａｎｏｔｈｅｒｌａｎｄｓｃａｐｅｐａｔｔｅｒｎｓ．Ｔｈｅｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｏｆｔｈｅｓｔｕｄｙｈａｄｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｉｍｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓｆｏｒｇｕｉｄｉｎｇｕｒｂａｎｌａｎｄｓｃａｐｅｄｅｓｉｇｎｔｏｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｔｈｅｕｒｂａｎｔｈｅｒｍａｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ．ＫｅｙＷｏｒｄｓ：ｌａｎｄｓｃａｐｅｐａｔｔｅｒｎｃｏｎｆｉｇｕｒａｔｉｏｎ；ｔｈｅｒｍａｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ；ｗｉｎｄｓｐｅｅｄ；ｓｋｙｖｉｅｗｆａｃｔｏｒ；ｃｏｏｌｉｎｇｅｆｆｅｃｔ世界上超过一半的人口（５４％）居住在城市，这一数字预计还会增加［１］㊂在快速城市化进程中，城市人口增长以及人类活动造成城市景观的破碎，改变了城市景观格局，同时影响地表温度的平衡，加剧热环境的扩张，使城市热岛效应更加明显㊂热岛效应直接影响人体健康，显著增加能源消耗㊂城市景观格局与城市热环境紧密相关，景观生态学㊁建筑学㊁地理信息系统㊁遥感科学以及计算机流体力学等学科的理论与方法都被应用于城市热环境的研究中［２⁃５］㊂遥感反演的地表温度是城市热环境的重要量化指标，被越来越多地应用于城市热岛研究［６］，推动学者对城市热环境研究从定性逐步向定量发展㊂城市的景观类型和格局对热环境影响较大，一些学者利用土地覆盖数据，研究不同城市景观对城市热岛的影响［７⁃９］㊂城市建筑物外的空调系统是影响室外热环境的重要因素之一［１０］，同时建筑的格局㊁几何形状㊁材料等因素都对局部热点的形成有很大影响［１１］；城市化的进程改变了下垫面的热力属性，路面材料吸热率高而比热容小，能够较多的吸收太阳辐射，使环境温度升高，也影响了行人的热舒适性［１２］㊂而城市绿地㊁水体则具有显著的降温功能，在缓解城市热岛效应中发挥着重要的作用［１３⁃１５］，已有研究表明绿地㊁水体面积越大，降温强度越高［１６⁃１７］，但在有限的城市内，大面积的规划蓝绿空间并不现实，为了提高蓝绿空间的降温效率，学者们对蓝绿空间的特征及其影响因子进行研究，发现水体的降温效率与其景观形状指数（Ｌａｎｄｓｃａｐｅｓｈａｐｅｉｎｄｅｘ，ＬＳＩ）呈线性相关［１８⁃１９］，绿地的景观格局指数及形态都影响其降温效率［２０⁃２１］㊂此外，城市形态影响城市地表热平衡㊁微尺度空气循环等，比如天空开阔度常被用来描述城市形态，研究表明天空开阔度与温度呈显著负相关㊂天空开阔度较小的城市区域，建筑物阻挡更多的长波辐射，热量储存在城市内部，而且迎风面积与建筑阻力系数都较大，导致区域内平均风速降低［２２⁃２３］，风速也是影响区域热环境的因素，城市中贯通的风道能够缓解热岛效应，增加行人舒适性［２４］㊂在研究方法方面，城市热环境的研究多依赖于遥感以及地面监测㊂近年来，计算机流体力学（ＣｏｍｐｕｔａｔｉｏｎａｌＦｌｕｉｄＤｙｎａｍｉｃｓ，ＣＦＤ）被引入到城市风热环境的模拟领域［２５］㊂该方法的原理是将研究空间分割成微小的有限元单元㊂在不同物质之间，计算遵循基本流体动力学和热力学，通过迭代计算，可以对风热环境进行细节模拟，具有工作量小㊁结果直观等优点㊂ＣＦＤ模拟方法作为一种提供微环境数据的有效工具，在近二十年来得到了广泛的应用［２６⁃２７］，在缓解热岛效应上，国内外学者通过ＣＦＤ工具，模拟不同景观格局配置，探讨出较为理想的降温格局，并提出了蓝绿空间规划框架［２８］㊁构建通风廊道［２９］㊁屋顶绿化［３０］以及设计水路间绿色廊道［１６］等方案㊂因此，本研究利用计算机流体力学Ｐｈｏｅｎｉｃｓ软件对区域风热环境进行量化和模拟，Ｐｈｏｅｎｉｃｓ是一种用于分析各种传热问题的计算机技术，可对温度场㊁风场等各种流场进行分析㊁计算和预测［３１］㊂通过模拟区域平均风速，将之与地表温度进行分析，以探讨城市热环境与风环境之间的关系㊂本研究将城市设置为处在一个以大气运动为主的流场中，根据实际气象参数分析城市风热环境，对风速㊁风向㊁地表温度㊁天空开阔度以及绿地㊁建筑格局配置进行综合分析，探讨不同因子之间的相互影响㊂１㊀方法１．１㊀研究区域北京市位于华北平原北部，总面积约１６４００ｋｍ２㊂北京市处于北温带，具有典型的大陆性季风气候，四季分明㊂年平均气温约１２．３ħ，年降水量约５７０ｍｍ㊂夏季高温多雨，盛行东南风，冬季寒冷干燥，盛行西北风，春秋短促㊂随着城市化进程的加剧，自１９６０２０００年，北京市热岛强度平均每年增加０．３１ħ［３２］，北京年平均气温持续上升，城市热岛效应日益突出，缓解北京热岛效应已经不可回避的问题㊂研究区中心位于北京五环１０３４㊀１１期㊀㊀㊀魏琳沅㊀等：城市绿地和建筑格局影响热环境的模拟研究㊀内朝阳区团结湖（１１６ʎ２７ᶄ３２Ｎ，３９ʎ５５ᶄ２６Ｅ）北，区域面积４２ｋｍ２，分成４２个区域（６ｋｍˑ７ｋｍ）㊂Ｐｈｏｅｎｉｃｓ模型参数率定区域选择位于北京中关村的中钢国际广场（图１）㊂图１㊀研究区域和气象观测站Ｆｉｇ．１㊀Ｓｔｕｄｙａｒｅａａｎｄｏｂｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎｓｉｔｅｓ１４２）研究区按照１ｋｍˑ１ｋｍ范围划分４２个小区域１．２㊀技术流程与研究方法１．２．１㊀技术流程利用遥感与地理信息技术手段获得研究区域的景观类型以及建筑物高度等参数，在ＡｒｃＧＩＳ与ＡｒｃＳｃｅｎｅ中进行三维建模，同时利用Ｌａｎｄｓａｔ８影像反演出团结湖区域地表温度数据㊁绿地温度数据㊂并将三维建模数据导入ＡｒｃＧＩＳ中进行天空开阔度（Ｓｋｙｖｉｅｗｆａｃｔｏｒ，ＳＶＦ）的计算㊂选取中钢国际广场为模型参数的率定区域，利用实测数据分时段输入Ｐｈｏｅｎｉｃｓ软件中进行数值模拟，将模拟结果与实测数据进行误差分析㊂统计区域内绿地面积㊁建筑面积等参数，利用Ｐｈｏｅｎｉｃｓ软件模拟以团结湖为中心的４２个区域的风环境，将输出的区域平均风速与天空开阔度以及地表温度进行相关性分析㊂计算每个区域内绿地形状指数，同绿地自身温度进行分析㊂取绿地㊁建筑面积相差较小，但地表温度相差较大的几个典型区域进行讨论研究，同时设计出几种不同的绿地㊁建筑景观格局，输入到Ｐｈｏｅｎｉｃｓ中进行模拟，探究实地城市绿地㊁建筑最优的结构配置㊂Ｐｈｏｅｎｉｃｓ是计算流体力学软件，很多学者将之用于城市热环境的研究中［３３⁃３４］，软件可以有效的输出相关风㊁热环境指标，Ｐｈｏｅｎｉｃｓ先后加入了ＳＵＮ㊁ＦＯＬＩＡＧＥ等模块，实现了太阳辐射以及绿色植物的模拟，加强了软件的实用性，Ｐｈｏｅｎｉｃｓ内置了多种的湍流模型，本研究使用的是ｋ－ε的湍流方程㊂软件界面简洁友好，实用性强，具有很强的实际意义㊂１．２．２㊀景观类型的提取利用高分辨率ＩＫＯＮＯＳ影像进行土地利用分类，得到不同北京市景观类型数据，同时叠加矢量城市建筑轮廓信息，区分建筑与不透水面，获取城市建筑分布以及建筑高度信息，这部分工作在前期已经完成［３５］㊂１．２．３㊀地表温度的提取利用Ｌａｎｄｓａｔ８遥感影像，反演北京地区地表温度数据㊂采取辐射传导方程法（ＲａｄｉｏａｃｔｉｖｅＴｒａｎｓｆｅｒ２０３４㊀生㊀态㊀学㊀报㊀㊀㊀４１卷㊀Ｅｑｕａｔｉｏｎ），又称大气校正法，原理是首先估计大气对地表热辐射的影响，然后把这部分大气影响从卫星传感器所观测到的热辐射总量减去，从而得到地表热辐射强度，再把这一热辐射强度转化为相应的地表温度㊂影像获取时间为２０１８年６月２７日，行列号为１２３／３２，卫星过境时天气情况良好，影像清晰㊂卫星传感器收到热红外辐射亮度值Ｌλ的表达式即传输方程：Ｌλ＝εＢ（ＴＳ）＋１－ε()Ｌˌ[]τ＋Ｌʏ（１）温度为Ｔ的黑体在热红外波段的辐射亮度Ｂ（ＴＳ）：Ｂ（ＴＳ）＝Ｌλ－Ｌʏ－τ（１－ε）Ｌˌ］／τε（２）地表真实温度ＴＳ：Ｔｓ＝Ｋ２／ｌｎ（Ｋ１／Ｂ（ＴＳ）＋１）（３）ＮＤＶＩ及植被覆盖度（Ｐｖ）估算Ｐｖ＝［（ＮＤＶＩ－ＮＤＶＩＳ）／（ＮＤＶＩＶ－ＮＤＶＩＳ）］（４）地表比辐射率计算：ε＝０．９９５（ＮＤＶＩɤＮＤＶＩＶ）㊀㊀（水体㊁冰雪覆盖区）㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀（５）ε＝０．９５８９＋０．０８６Ｐｖ－０．０６７１Ｐ２ｖ（ＮＤＶＩｖ＜ＮＤＶＩ＜ＮＤＶＩｓ）㊀㊀（自然㊁人工混合表面）（６）ε＝０．９６２５＋０．０６１４Ｐｖ－０．０４６１Ｐ２ｖ㊀㊀（ＮＤＶＩ＜ＮＤＶＩｓ）（自然表面）（７）式中ε：地表辐射率㊁ＴＳ：真实温度㊁τ：大气在热红外波段的透过率㊁Ｌʏ：大气上行辐射亮度㊁Ｌˌ：大气下行辐射亮度㊁Ｋ１和Ｋ２为热红外波段的定标常数㊁ＮＤＶＩ：归一化植被指数㊁ＮＤＶＩＳ：完全是裸土或无植被覆盖区域的ＮＤＶＩ值㊁ＮＤＶＩｖ：完全被植被所覆盖的像元的ＮＤＶＩ值，即纯植被像元的ＮＤＶＩ值，取经验值ＮＤＶＩＶ＝０．７０和ＮＤＶＩＳ＝０．０５，即当某个像元的ＮＤＶＩ大于０．７０时，Ｐｖ取值为１；当ＮＤＶＩ小于０．０５，Ｐｖ取值为０㊂大气上行辐射㊁下行辐射以及大气透过率数据，可在ＮＡＳＡ官网中获得，具体实现过程见图２㊂图２㊀基于大气矫正法的Ｌａｎｄｓａｔ８反演流程图㊀Ｆｉｇ．２㊀Ｌａｎｄｓａｔ８ｉｎｖｅｒｓｉｏｎｆｌｏｗｃｈａｒｔｂａｓｅｄｏｎａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃｃｏｒｒｅｃｔｉｏｎｍｅｔｈｏｄ１．２．４㊀天空开阔度的计算天空开阔度（Ｓｋｙｖｉｅｗｆａｃｔｏｒ，ＳＶＦ）利用软件模拟的三维矢量估算法进行计算，将建筑简化为有相应的建筑高度体块㊂以设定的观察点为圆心做半球，并从圆心按照一定角度间隔放射处一定数量的垂直切面，找到每个垂直切面与观察点周边建筑体块的交线处的相应最高仰角，并从估算点连线至半球，仰角线与半球相交将得到交点，将所有交点相连从而描绘处球面上的天空部分和建筑遮挡部分的交线㊂计算交线围合的天空部分面积与半球总面积的比值，即为观察点的天空开阔度值［３６⁃３８］㊂本研究取计算区域内多个点的天空开阔度的平均值来代表区域天空开阔度的数值㊂研究区大小４２ｋｍ２（６ｋｍˑ７ｋｍ），分为４２个１ｋｍˑ１ｋｍ的小区，将小区内的含有建筑高度属性的建筑导入ＡｒｃＧＩＳ中，在ＡｒｃＳｃｅｎｅ中拉伸建模，利用天际线（Ｓｋｙｌｉｎｅ）㊁天际线图（ＳｋｙｌｉｎｅＧｒａｐｈ）工具计算㊂研究计算的天空开数值均忽略地表植物的参数，只考虑建筑物的高度参数㊂同时统计了每个小区建筑物高度㊁建筑物面积和绿地面积，通过掩膜提取了每个切面的地表温度，以分析天空开阔度与地表温度的相关关系㊂１．２．５㊀Ｐｈｏｅｎｉｃｓ的率定模型参数率定区域选择了北京市中关村中钢国际广场（１１６ʎ１８ᶄ２３Ｎ，３９ʎ５８ᶄ５０Ｅ），率定数据采用现场调查的方式获得㊂使用的红外热成像仪（Ｔｅｓｏｔｏ⁃８９０）可以同时测量大量目标点的表面温度，从而获取路面以及３０３４㊀１１期㊀㊀㊀魏琳沅㊀等：城市绿地和建筑格局影响热环境的模拟研究㊀草地的表面温度㊂红外热成像仪安装在区域内最高点；ＷａｔｃｈＤｏｇＢ１００钮扣式温度记录仪用来测定区域内地面１．５ｍ高度的温度数据；Ｋｅｓｔｒｅｌ３０００手持式风速仪来测定研究区域风速数据㊂测定时间选取２０１６年８月２日于８：００１６：００每间隔１ｈ进行测量，测定出８：００１６：００的风速以及１．５ｍ处高度的温度数据，同时将大量路面以及草地的点的温度进行数据处理，获取路面以及草地表面的平均温度㊂率定方法以及精度的验证是将实地区域的风速以及１．５ｍ处高度的温度等数据作为参数输入模型中，在模型中模拟区域热环境，经过处理模拟出的热环境图，来输出区域内路面以及草地的表面温度，用实际测定的路面以及草地的温度去率定和验证模型模拟结果㊂最后用均方根误差（ＲＭＳＥ）进行结果分析㊂１．２．６㊀绿地降温强度与降温效率绿地的降温效应分为降温强度与降温效率㊂绿地降温强度值为区域内无绿地时的平均气温（１．５ｍ高处）减去有绿地时的平均气温，用ＣＩ表示㊂降温效率的值为降温强度与区域内绿地占比的比值，用ＣＥ表示㊂ＣＩ＝Ｔ０－Ｔ１（８）ＣＥ＝ＣＩ／Ｘ（９）式中ＴＩ：区域无绿地平均气温；Ｔ０：区域内有绿地平均气温；Ｘ：绿地在区域内的占比㊂２㊀结果２．１㊀Ｐｈｏｅｎｉｃｓ模型参数率定Ｐｈｏｅｎｉｃｓ模拟值与实测值接近（图３），均方根误差ＲＭＳＥ＝１．３４ħ，表明Ｐｈｏｅｎｉｃｓ模型精度较高，可以很好的模拟温度空间分布㊂图３㊀模型模拟的效果验证Ｆｉｇ．３㊀Ｅｖａｌｕａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｍｏｄｅｌｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎ２．２㊀局地气候对区域平均温度的影响天空开阔度与风速的相关分析发现，两者呈显著正相关关系（Ｐ＜０．０１，ｒ＝０．６７７），即区域内天空开阔度越大，风速越高㊂而天空开阔度与温度具有显著的负相关关系（Ｐ＜０．０１，ｒ＝－０．５９０），风速与地表温度之间也显著负相关（Ｐ＜０．０１，ｒ＝－０．６４７）（图４）㊂根据Ｐｈｏｅｎｉｃｓ模拟的风速数据统计区域内平均风速，结合遥感反演的Ｌａｎｄｓａｔ８地表温度数据，发现绿地面积与温度呈显著的负相关关系（Ｐ＜０．０１，ｒ＝－０．８１７）㊂绿地的形状特征由形状指数（周长／面积）表示，结果表明形状指数与绿地温度呈正相关关系（Ｐ＜０．０１，ｒ＝０．５２６），结果表明绿地形状越复杂，绿地内部与周围环境的能量交流越多，其降温效应越好㊂２．３㊀绿地和建筑格局对热环境影响选取绿地㊁建筑占比相差较小，但地表温度相差较大的特殊点㊂选取原则为：区域间绿色面积之差小于１５％，水体面积相同，建筑面积之差小于１５％，温度相差大于１．５ħ㊂经过筛选，选取典型区域两组：１（区域７㊁区域９）㊁２（区域１１㊁区域１２）㊂由于本研究将区域划分４２个小区域，有些典型小区域（区域１１㊁１２）被简单的４０３４㊀生㊀态㊀学㊀报㊀㊀㊀４１卷㊀图４㊀绿地和建筑格局与气候因子的关系Ｆｉｇ．４㊀Ｃｏｒｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｌａｎｄｓｃａｐｅｐａｔｔｅｒｎｓａｎｄｃｌｉｍａｔｉｃｆａｃｔｏｒｓ分割成几个部分，故将１１㊁１２两个区域向上扩增一些面积，将绿地面积占比以及区域平均地表温度数据导入到绿地占比与温度的图中，不同绿地㊁建筑格局下区域温度差异比较大（图５）㊂为了更加深入地探究绿地㊁建筑格局以及风环境对温度的影响效应，在掌握北京市气象数据的基础上，设计出能够反映北京小街区的较为简单的建筑群三维模型㊂模型尺寸为５００ｍˑ５００ｍ，将绿地面积占比设为定值（１０％㊁２０％㊁３０％㊁４０％和５０％），并设计无绿地的对比区域㊂通过改变模拟区内绿地的形态特征㊁建筑容积率㊁迎风建筑高低布局以及风向，利用Ｐｈｏｅｎｉｃｓ对建筑区形态的夏季热环境进行模拟，从而比较不同绿地㊁建筑格局下的热环境㊂绿地占比１０％５０％区域内平均气温如图６所示，在城市５００ｍˑ５００ｍ小区域内，绿地的降温强度ＣＩ随着绿地面积增加而增大，占比１０％５０％的绿地降温强度范围在１．４２．２ħ之间㊂降温效率ＣＥ在绿地占比１０％时最大㊂如图７所示，各区域平均气温Ｔａ㊁Ｔｂ㊁Ｔｃ㊁Ｔｄ和Ｔｅ分别为３７．５４ħ㊁３６．１１ħ㊁３６．２７ħ㊁３６．３５ħ和３６．４１ħ㊂７－ｂ㊁７－ｃ形状指数（周长／面积）分别为０．０７５㊁０．０５０，说明分散型绿地降温效应优于集中式大型绿５０３４㊀１１期㊀㊀㊀魏琳沅㊀等：城市绿地和建筑格局影响热环境的模拟研究㊀图５㊀典型区域分析Ｆｉｇ．５㊀Ｔｙｐｉｃａｌａｒｅａａｎａｌｙｓｉｓａ）绿地占比与温度关系；ｂ）区域９；ｃ）区域７；ｄ）区域１１；ｅ）区域１２图６㊀不同绿地比例对区域平均气温（离地表１．５ｍ）的影响㊀Ｆｉｇ．６㊀Ｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｐｒｏｐｏｒｔｉｏｎｏｆｇｒｅｅｎｓｐａｃｅｏｎｒｅｇｉｏｎａｌａｖｅｒａｇｅｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ（１．５ｍａｂｏｖｅｔｈｅｓｕｒｆａｃｅ）地，形状指数大的绿地降温效应更大㊂如图８所示，通过增加建筑物高度使小区容积率增大，略微的提升区域平均气温，但对小区域热环境影响不明显㊂风向是影响热环境的原因之一，如图９所示，北京建筑群形态坐北朝南，东南风更有利于减少其热岛效应㊂建筑格局显著影响热环境，如图１０所示，两面低中间高（中低高中低）的建筑格局，区域平均气温平均要低１．６ħ㊂３㊀讨论Ｐｈｏｅｎｉｃｓ模型可以模拟特定区域内风环境与热环境，通过设置景观类型以及相关参数，可以方便地研究不同气象和下垫面对区域风热环境的复合影响，克服了实验难以进行复杂城市空间研究的缺点［１０］㊂风速对城市热环境的影响显著，通过ＣＦＤ模拟计算，只要参数以及边界条件设置准确，计算结果精度较高㊂同时，本研究也利用实测数据对Ｐｈｏｅｎｉｃｓ进行了率定㊂然而，三维模型建立的建筑模块与实际复杂几何建筑底图有所偏差，例如建筑的阳台以及窗户的具体位置也可能对区域内微气候产生影响㊂绿地面积越大，绿地的降温强度越大㊂绿地的形态越复杂，绿地与周围环境热量交换越多，降温强度越高㊂分散型绿地降温效应优于集中式分布绿地㊂对于城市绿地的建设，一味地增加绿地面积并不是缓解城市热岛的有效途径，设计最优绿地格局㊁合理规划绿地形态才能够最大程度的发挥绿地的降温效应㊂不同建筑格局的区域热环境差异比较大，通过模拟发现迎风建筑物呈两边低中间高的区域温度显著低于其它格局，城市建筑物的形态以及密集程度产生的透风系数不同，影响了通风效率，进而影响了城市热环境㊂不同风向下的区域热环境同样有差异，城市规划需要综合多种因素㊂本研究在探讨绿地㊁建筑格局对温度的影响时设计的绿地方案较少，虽然得到了一些结论与传统研究相符合，但仍需要大量的模拟验证支撑才更准确㊂人为热是影响城市热环境中的一个关键因素，减少人为热的排放有利于缓解城市热岛效应［３９］，本研究未考虑人为热效应，后续工作中要将人为热作为模型的一个参数进行综合分析㊂６０３４㊀生㊀态㊀学㊀报㊀㊀㊀４１卷㊀图７㊀不同绿地格局热环境模拟Ｆｉｇ．７㊀Ｔｈｅｒｍａｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｇｒｅｅｎｓｐａｃｅｐａｔｔｅｒｎｓ图８㊀不同容积率热环境模拟Ｆｉｇ．８㊀Ｔｈｅｒｍａｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｐｌｏｔｒａｔｉｏｓ图９㊀不同风向热环境模拟Ｆｉｇ．９㊀Ｔｈｅｒｍａｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｗｉｎｄｄｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ４㊀结论将遥感技术㊁地理信息技术与计算机流体力学数值模拟技术相结合，对北京市典型景观格局的风速场与温度场进行模拟研究，讨论了天空开阔度㊁温度与风速之间关系，模拟了不同绿地㊁建筑格局的热环境，探讨出了绿地㊁建筑较为理想的降温格局，研究结果为缓解城市热岛效应有一定的指导意义㊂主要研究结论：（１）城市形态通过使用城市形态指标来量化城市物理环境，可解决无法用定性的方式准确描述的问题，天空开阔度可以作为城市形态学的代表性参数㊂城市建筑结构影响城市通风，较高的风速能够显著的降低城７０３４㊀１１期㊀㊀㊀魏琳沅㊀等：城市绿地和建筑格局影响热环境的模拟研究㊀图１０㊀不同建筑格局热环境模拟Ｆｉｇ．１０Ｔｈｅｒｍａｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｂｕｉｌｄｉｎｇｐａｔｔｅｒｎｓ市地表温度，优化城市的风环境可以减缓城市热岛效应㊂（２）绿地对城市的热环境有一定的降温效果㊂绿地的景观格局㊁形态以及面积都是城市规划中需要综合考虑的因素㊂绿地形状指数越大，即绿地几何形态越复杂，降温强度越大，占比１０％５０％的绿地降温强度范围为１．４２．２ħ㊂占比１０％的绿地降温效率最高，分散型的绿地降温效应优于集中分布型，在规划时，应避免绿地集中分布在边界地区㊂（３）建筑格局配置能够显著影响区域热环境状况，迎风向呈两端低中间高的建筑分布可显著改善热环境，较其它格局温度约低１．６ħ，结果可以为城市绿地以及城市建筑景观格局的优化提供一定的参考依据㊂后续研究应将绿地研究区域扩大，并在Ｐｈｏｅｎｉｃｓ中进行大量模拟，深入研究绿地格局配置的降温效应㊂参考文献（Ｒｅｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ）：［１］㊀ＮａｔｉｏｎｓＵ，ＡｆｆａｉｒｓＳ，ＤｉｖｉｓｉｏｎＰ．Ｗｏｒｌｄｕｒｂａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎｐｒｏｓｐｅｃｔｓ：ｔｈｅ２０１４ｒｅｖｉｓｉｏｎ：ｈｉｇｈｌｉｇｈｔｓ，２０１４．［２］㊀ＹｕＺＷ，ＣｈｅｎＴＴ，ＹａｎｇＧＹ，ＳｕｎＲＨ，ＸｉｅＷ，ＶｅｊｒｅＨ．Ｑｕａｎｔｉｆｙｉｎｇｓｅａｓｏｎａｌａｎｄｄｉｕｒｎａｌｃｏｎｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎｓｏｆｕｒｂａｎｌａｎｄｓｃａｐｅｓｔｏｈｅａｔｅｎｅｒｇｙｄｙｎａｍｉｃｓ．ＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＥｎｅｒｇｙ，２０２０，２６４：１１４７２４．［３］㊀ＳｕｎＲＨ，ＬüＹＨ，ＹａｎｇＸＪ，ＣｈｅｎＬＤ．Ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇｔｈｅｖａｒｉａｂｉｌｉｔｙｏｆｕｒｂａｎｈｅａｔｉｓｌａｎｄｓｆｒｏｍｌｏｃａｌｂａｃｋｇｒｏｕｎｄｃｌｉｍａｔｅａｎｄｕｒｂａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ．ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＣｌｅａｎｅｒＰｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ，２０１９，２０８：７４３⁃７５２．［４］㊀ＳｕｎＲＨ，ＸｉｅＷ，ＣｈｅｎＬＤ．Ａｌａｎｄｓｃａｐｅｃｏｎｎｅｃｔｉｖｉｔｙｍｏｄｅｌｔｏｑｕａｎｔｉｆｙｃｏｎｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎｓｏｆｈｅａｔｓｏｕｒｃｅｓａｎｄｓｉｎｋｓｉｎｕｒｂａｎｒｅｇｉｏｎｓ．ＬａｎｄｓｃａｐｅａｎｄＵｒｂａｎＰｌａｎｎｉｎｇ，２０１８，１７８：４３⁃５０．［５］㊀ＮａｓｉｒＤＳＮＭ，ＰａｎｔｕａＣＡＪ，ＺｈｏｕＢＣ，ＶｉｔａｌＢ，ＣａｌａｕｔｉｔＪ，ＨｕｇｈｅｓＢ．Ｎｕｍｅｒｉｃａｌａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆａｎｕｒｂａｎｒｏａｄｐａｖｅｍｅｎｔｓｏｌａｒｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｏｒ（Ｕ⁃ＲＰＳＣ）ｆｏｒｈｅａｔｉｓｌａｎｄｍｉｔｉｇａｔｉｏｎ：ｉｍｐａｃｔｏｎｔｈｅｕｒｂａｎｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ．ＲｅｎｅｗａｂｌｅＥｎｅｒｇｙ，２０２１，１６４：６１８⁃６４１．［６］㊀陈爱莲，孙然好，陈利顶．传统景观格局指数在城市热岛效应评价中的适用性．应用生态学报，２０１２，２３（８）：２０７７⁃２０８６．［７］㊀ＬｉＸＭ，ＺｈｏｕＷＱ，ＯｕｙａｎｇＺＹ．Ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｌａｎｄｓｕｒｆａｃｅｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅａｎｄｓｐａｔｉａｌｐａｔｔｅｒｎｏｆｇｒｅｅｎｓｐａｃｅ：ｗｈａｔａｒｅｔｈｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｓｐａｔｉａｌｒｅｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ？ＬａｎｄｓｃａｐｅａｎｄＵｒｂａｎＰｌａｎｎｉｎｇ，２０１３，１１４：１⁃８．［８］㊀ＺｈｏｕＷＱ，ＨｕａｎｇＧＬ，ＣａｄｅｎａｓｓｏＭＬ．Ｄｏｅｓｓｐａｔｉａｌｃｏｎｆｉｇｕｒａｔｉｏｎｍａｔｔｅｒ？Ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇｔｈｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｌａｎｄｃｏｖｅｒｐａｔｔｅｒｎｏｎｌａｎｄｓｕｒｆａｃｅｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｉｎｕｒｂａｎｌａｎｄｓｃａｐｅｓ．ＬａｎｄｓｃａｐｅａｎｄＵｒｂａｎＰｌａｎｎｉｎｇ，２０１１，１０２（１）：５４⁃６３．［９］㊀ＰｅｎｇＪ，ＸｉｅＰ，ＬｉｕＹＸ，ＭａＪ．Ｕｒｂａｎｔｈｅｒｍａｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｄｙｎａｍｉｃｓａｎｄａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄｌａｎｄｓｃａｐｅｐａｔｔｅｒｎｆａｃｔｏｒｓ：ａｃａｓｅｓｔｕｄｙｉｎｔｈｅＢｅｉｊｉｎｇｍｅｔｒｏｐｏｌｉｔａｎｒｅｇｉｏｎ．ＲｅｍｏｔｅＳｅｎｓｉｎｇｏｆＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ，２０１６，１７３：１４５⁃１５５．［１０］㊀ＬｉｕＪ，ＭａＦ，ＬｉＦ．ＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆＨｅａｔＩｓｌａｎｄＩｎｔｅｎｓｉｔｙｉｎＵｒｂａｎＢｌｏｃｋｓＵｓｉｎｇＣｏｕｐｌｅｄＳｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎ．ＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＭｅｃｈａｎｉｃｓａｎｄＭａｔｅｒｉａｌｓ，２０１１，７１⁃７８：１６６９⁃１６７２．［１１］㊀ＡｌｌｅｇｒｉｎｉＪ，ＣａｒｍｅｌｉｅｔＪ．ＳｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｓｏｆｌｏｃａｌｈｅａｔｉｓｌａｎｄｓｉｎＺüｒｉｃｈｗｉｔｈｃｏｕｐｌｅｄＣＦＤａｎｄｂｕｉｌｄｉｎｇｅｎｅｒｇｙｍｏｄｅｌｓ．ＵｒｂａｎＣｌｉｍａｔｅ，２０１８，２４：３４０⁃３５９．［１２］㊀ＮａｓｉｒＤＳＮＭ，ＨｕｇｈｅｓＢＲ，ＣａｌａｕｔｉｔＪＫ．Ａｓｔｕｄｙｏｆｔｈｅｉｍｐａｃｔｏｆｂｕｉｌｄｉｎｇｇｅｏｍｅｔｒｙｏｎｔｈｅｔｈｅｒｍａｌｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅｏｆｒｏａｄｐａｖｅｍｅｎｔｓｏｌａｒｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｏｒｓ．Ｅｎｅｒｇｙ，２０１５，９３：２６１４⁃２６３０．［１３］㊀ＧｅｏｒｇｉＪＮ，ＤｉｍｉｔｒｉｏｕＤ．Ｔｈｅｃｏｎｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎｏｆｕｒｂａｎｇｒｅｅｎｓｐａｃｅｓｔｏｔｈｅｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｍｅｎｔｏｆｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｉｎｃｉｔｉｅｓ：ｃａｓｅｓｔｕｄｙｏｆＣｈａｎｉａ，Ｇｒｅｅｃｅ．ＢｕｉｌｄｉｎｇａｎｄＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ，２０１０，４５（６）：１４０１⁃１４１４．［１４］㊀ＹａｎＨ，ＷｕＦ，ＤｏｎｇＬ．Ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｏｆａｌａｒｇｅｕｒｂａｎｐａｒｋｏｎｔｈｅｌｏｃａｌｕｒｂａｎｔｈｅｒｍａｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ．ＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｏｆｔｈｅＴｏｔａｌＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ，２０１８，６２２⁃６２３：８８２⁃８９１．［１５］㊀ＫｏｎｇＦＨ，ＹｉｎＨＷ，ＪａｍｅｓＰ，ＨｕｔｙｒａＬＲ，ＨｅＨＳ．Ｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｓｐａｔｉａｌｐａｔｔｅｒｎｏｆｇｒｅｅｎｓｐａｃｅｏｎｕｒｂａｎｃｏｏｌｉｎｇｉｎａｌａｒｇｅｍｅｔｒｏｐｏｌｉｔａｎａｒｅａｏｆｅａｓｔｅｒｎ８０３４㊀生㊀态㊀学㊀报㊀㊀㊀４１卷㊀Ｃｈｉｎａ．ＬａｎｄｓｃａｐｅａｎｄＵｒｂａｎＰｌａｎｎｉｎｇ，２０１４，１２８：３５⁃４７．［１６］㊀ＤｕＨＹ，ＣａｉＹＬ，ＺｈｏｕＦＱ，ＪｉａｎｇＨ，ＪｉａｎｇＷＹ，ＸｕＹＱ．Ｕｒｂａｎｂｌｕｅ⁃ｇｒｅｅｎｓｐａｃｅｐｌａｎｎｉｎｇｂａｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｒｍａｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎ：ａｃａｓｅｓｔｕｄｙｏｆＳｈａｎｇｈａｉ，Ｃｈｉｎａ．ＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＩｎｄｉｃａｔｏｒｓ，２０１９，１０６：１０５５０１．［１７］㊀ＭｅｎｇＨ，ＪｉｎｇＬ，ＸｉｎＨ．Ｔｈｅｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｏｆｕｎｄｅｒｌｙｉｎｇｓｕｒｆａｃｅｏｎｌａｎｄｓｕｒｆａｃｅｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ⁃⁃ａｃａｓｅｓｔｕｄｙｏｆｕｒｂａｎｇｒｅｅｎｓｐａｃｅｉｎＨａｒｂｉｎ．ＥｎｅｒｇｙＰｒｏｃｅｄｉａ，２０１９，１５７：７４６⁃７５１．［１８］㊀ＤｕＨＹ，ＳｏｎｇＸＪ，ＪｉａｎｇＨ，ＫａｎＺＨ，ＷａｎｇＺＢ，ＣａｉＹＬ．Ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｏｎｔｈｅｃｏｏｌｉｎｇｉｓｌａｎｄｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｗａｔｅｒｂｏｄｙ：ａｃａｓｅｓｔｕｄｙｏｆＳｈａｎｇｈａｉ，Ｃｈｉｎａ．ＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＩｎｄｉｃａｔｏｒｓ，２０１６，６７：３１⁃３８．［１９］㊀ＳｕｎＲＨ，ＣｈｅｎＡＬ，ＣｈｅｎＬＤ，ＬüＹＨ．Ｃｏｏｌｉｎｇｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｗｅｔｌａｎｄｓｉｎａｎｕｒｂａｎｒｅｇｉｏｎ：ｔｈｅｃａｓｅｏｆＢｅｉｊｉｎｇ．ＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＩｎｄｉｃａｔｏｒｓ，２０１２，２０：５７⁃６４．［２０］㊀ＥｓｔｏｑｕｅＲＣ，ＭｕｒａｙａｍａＹＪ，ＭｙｉｎｔＳＷ．Ｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｌａｎｄｓｃａｐｅｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎａｎｄｐａｔｔｅｒｎｏｎｌａｎｄｓｕｒｆａｃｅｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ：ａｎｕｒｂａｎｈｅａｔｉｓｌａｎｄｓｔｕｄｙｉｎｔｈｅｍｅｇａｃｉｔｉｅｓｏｆＳｏｕｔｈｅａｓｔＡｓｉａ．ＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｏｆｔｈｅＴｏｔａｌＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ，２０１７，５７７：３４９⁃３５９．［２１］㊀ＹａｎｇＣＢ，ＨｅＸＹ，ＹｕＬＸ，ＹａｎｇＪＣ，ＹａｎＦＱ，ＢｕＫ，ＣｈａｎｇＬＰ，ＺｈａｎｇＳＷ．Ｔｈｅｃｏｏｌｉｎｇｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｆｕｒｂａｎｐａｒｋｓａｎｄｉｔｓｍｏｎｔｈｌｙｖａｒｉａｔｉｏｎｓｉｎａｓｎｏｗｃｌｉｍａｔｅｃｉｔｙ．ＲｅｍｏｔｅＳｅｎｓｉｎｇ，２０１７，９（１０）：１０６６．［２２］㊀ＣｈｅｎＬ，ＮｇＥ．Ｑｕａｎｔｉｔａｔｉｖｅｕｒｂａｎｃｌｉｍａｔｅｍａｐｐｉｎｇｂａｓｅｄｏｎａｇｅｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃａｌｄａｔａｂａｓｅ：ａｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎａｐｐｒｏａｃｈｕｓｉｎｇＨｏｎｇＫｏｎｇａｓａｃａｓｅｓｔｕｄｙ．ＩｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＥａｒｔｈＯｂｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＧｅｏｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ，２０１１，１３（４）：５８６⁃５９４．［２３］㊀ＯｋｅＴＲ．Ｃａｎｙｏｎｇｅｏｍｅｔｒｙａｎｄｔｈｅｎｏｃｔｕｒｎａｌｕｒｂａｎｈｅａｔｉｓｌａｎｄ：ｃｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎｏｆｓｃａｌｅｍｏｄｅｌａｎｄｆｉｅｌｄｏｂｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎｓ．ＩｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＣｌｉｍａｔｏｌｏｇｙ，１９８１，１（３）：２３７⁃２５４．［２４］㊀ＹｕａｎＣ．Ｅｍｐｉｒｉｃａｌｍｏｒｐｈｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｍｏｄｅｌｔｏｅｖａｌｕａｔｅｕｒｂａｎｗｉｎｄｐｅｒｍｅａｂｉｌｉｔｙｉｎｈｉｇｈ⁃ｄｅｎｓｉｔｙｃｉｔｉｅｓ／／ＹｕａｎＣ，ｅｄ．ＵｒｂａｎＷｉｎｄＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ：ＩｎｔｅｇｒａｔｅｄＣｌｉｍａｔｅ⁃ＳｅｎｓｉｔｉｖｅＰｌａｎｎｉｎｇａｎｄＤｅｓｉｇｎ．Ｓｉｎｇａｐｏｒｅ：Ｓｐｒｉｎｇｅｒ，２０１８：１９⁃４２．［２５］㊀Ｂｏ⁃ＯｔＬＭ，ＷａｎｇＹＨ，ＣｈｉａｎｇＣＭ，ＬａｉＣＭ．Ｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆａｇｒｅｅｎｓｐａｃｅｌａｙｏｕｔｏｎｔｈｅｏｕｔｄｏｏｒｔｈｅｒｍａｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｔｔｈｅｎｅｉｇｈｂｏｒｈｏｏｄｌｅｖｅｌ．Ｅｎｅｒｇｉｅｓ，２０１２，５（１０）：３７２３⁃３７３５．［２６］㊀ＨｓｉｅｈＣＭ，ＡｒａｍａｋｉＴ，ＨａｎａｋｉＫ．Ｔｈｅｆｅｅｄｂａｃｋｏｆｈｅａｔｒｅｊｅｃｔｉｏｎｔｏａｉｒｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｉｎｇｌｏａｄｄｕｒｉｎｇｔｈｅｎｉｇｈｔｔｉｍｅｉｎｓｕｂｔｒｏｐｉｃａｌｃｌｉｍａｔｅ．ＥｎｅｒｇｙａｎｄＢｕｉｌｄｉｎｇｓ，２００７，３９（１１）：１１７５⁃１１８２．［２７］㊀ＹｕａｎＣ，ＡｄｅｌｉａＡＳ，ＭｅｉＳＪ，ＨｅＷＨ，ＬｉＸＸ，ＮｏｒｆｏｒｄＬ．Ｍｉｔｉｇａｔｉｎｇｉｎｔｅｎｓｉｔｙｏｆｕｒｂａｎｈｅａｔｉｓｌａｎｄｂｙｂｅｔｔｅｒｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇｏｎｕｒｂａｎｍｏｒｐｈｏｌｏｇｙａｎｄａｎｔｈｒｏｐｏｇｅｎｉｃｈｅａｔｄｉｓｐｅｒｓｉｏｎ．ＢｕｉｌｄｉｎｇａｎｄＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ，２０２０，１７６：１０６８７６．［２８］㊀ＺｈｏｕＹ，ＳｈｉＴＭ，ＨｕＹＭ，ＧａｏＣ，ＬｉｕＭ，ＦｕＳＬ，ＷａｎｇＳＺ．Ｕｒｂａｎｇｒｅｅｎｓｐａｃｅｐｌａｎｎｉｎｇｂａｓｅｄｏｎｃｏｍｐｕｔａｔｉｏｎａｌｆｌｕｉｄｄｙｎａｍｉｃｓｍｏｄｅｌａｎｄｌａｎｄｓｃａｐｅｅｃｏｌｏｇｙｐｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅ：ａｃａｓｅｓｔｕｄｙｏｆＬｉａｏｙａｎｇＣｉｔｙ，ＮｏｒｔｈｅａｓｔＣｈｉｎａ．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＧｅｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅ，２０１１，２１（４）：４６５．［２９］㊀ＨｓｉｅｈＣＭ，ＨｕａｎｇＨＣ．Ｍｉｔｉｇａｔｉｎｇｕｒｂａｎｈｅａｔｉｓｌａｎｄｓ：ａｍｅｔｈｏｄｔｏｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｙｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｗｉｎｄｃｏｒｒｉｄｏｒｆｏｒｃｏｏｌｉｎｇａｎｄｖｅｎｔｉｌａｔｉｏｎ．Ｃｏｍｐｕｔｅｒｓ，ＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｎｄＵｒｂａｎＳｙｓｔｅｍｓ，２０１６，５７：１３０⁃１４３．［３０］㊀ＣｉｐｏｌｌａＳＳ，ＭａｇｌｉｏｎｉｃｏＭ，ＳｅｍｐｒｉｎｉＧ，ＶｉｌｌａｎｉＶ，ＢｏｎｏｌｉＡ．ＧｒｅｅｎｒｏｏｆｓａｓａｓｔｒａｔｅｇｙｆｏｒｕｒｂａｎｈｅａｔｉｓｌａｎｄｍｉｔｉｇａｔｉｏｎｉｎＢｏｌｏｇｎａ（Ｉｔａｌｙ）．ＡｃｔａＨｏｒｔｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｅ，２０１８，１２１５：２９５⁃３００．［３１］㊀周媛，石铁矛．基于数值模拟的城市绿地景观格局优化研究．环境科学与技术，２０１７，４０（１１）：１６７⁃１７４．［３２］㊀林学椿，于淑秋．北京地区气温的年代际变化和热岛效应．地球物理学报，２００５，４８（１）：３９⁃４５．［３３］㊀ＣｕｉＹＱ，ＺｈｅｎｇＨＣ．Ｉｍｐａｃｔｏｆｔｈｒｅｅ⁃ｄｉｍｅｎｓｉｏｎａｌｇｒｅｅｎｉｎｇｏｆｂｕｉｌｄｉｎｇｓｉｎｃｏｌｄｒｅｇｉｏｎｓｉｎＣｈｉｎａｏｎｕｒｂａｎｃｏｏｌｉｎｇｅｆｆｅｃｔ．ＰｒｏｃｅｄｉａＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ，２０１６，１６９：２９７⁃３０２．［３４］㊀ＴｏｐａｒｌａｒＹ，ＢｌｏｃｋｅｎＢ，ＭａｉｈｅｕＢ，ｖａｎＨｅｉｊｓｔＧＪＦ．ＡｒｅｖｉｅｗｏｎｔｈｅＣＦＤａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｕｒｂａｎｍｉｃｒｏｃｌｉｍａｔｅ．ＲｅｎｅｗａｂｌｅａｎｄＳｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅＥｎｅｒｇｙＲｅｖｉｅｗｓ，２０１７，８０：１６１３⁃１６４０．［３５］㊀解伟．景观格局和人为热对城市热岛效应时空动态的影响研究［Ｄ］．北京：中国科学院大学，２０１８．［３６］㊀孙雅贤．城市肌理的平均天空开阔度计算参数设置研究［Ｄ］．南京：南京大学，２０１７．［３７］㊀ＣｈｅｎＬ，ＮｇＥ，ＡｎＸＰ，ＲｅｎＣ，ＬｅｅＭ，ＷａｎｇＵ，ＨｅＺＪ．Ｓｋｙｖｉｅｗｆａｃｔｏｒａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｓｔｒｅｅｔｃａｎｙｏｎｓａｎｄｉｔｓｉｍｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓｆｏｒｄａｙｔｉｍｅｉｎｔｒａ⁃ｕｒｂａｎａｉｒｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｉａｌｓｉｎｈｉｇｈ⁃ｒｉｓｅ，ｈｉｇｈ⁃ｄｅｎｓｉｔｙｕｒｂａｎａｒｅａｓｏｆＨｏｎｇＫｏｎｇ：ａＧＩＳ⁃ｂａｓｅｄｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎａｐｐｒｏａｃｈ．ＩｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＣｌｉｍａｔｏｌｏｇｙ，２０１２，３２（１）：１２１⁃１３６．［３８］㊀张海龙，祝善友，王明江，章钊颖，张桂欣．基于３Ｄ建筑物数据的天空开阔度估算及其城市热岛应用研究以Ａｄｅｌａｉｄｅ为例．遥感技术与应用，２０１５，３０（５）：８９９⁃９０７．［３９］㊀李佳燕，孙然好，陈利顶．城市热环境适应性对策研究综述．环境生态学，２０２０，２（５）：１１⁃１９．９０３４㊀１１期㊀㊀㊀魏琳沅㊀等：城市绿地和建筑格局影响热环境的模拟研究㊀。

初二英语建筑风格历史演变分析练习题30题

初二英语建筑风格历史演变分析练习题30题1.The Great Wall is known for its ______ architecture.A.magnificentB.tinyC.uglyD.bad答案：A。

“magnificent”表示壮丽的、宏伟的，长城以其宏伟的建筑风格而闻名。

“tiny”是微小的；“ugly”是丑陋的；“bad”是坏的，都不符合长城的建筑风格特点。

2.The Eiffel Tower has a very ______ design.A.old-fashionedB.modernC.uglyD.bad答案：B。

埃菲尔铁塔有非常现代的设计。

“old-fashioned”是过时的；“ugly”是丑陋的；“bad”是坏的，都不符合埃菲尔铁塔的设计特点。

3.The Taj Mahal is famous for its ______ beauty.A.amazingB.badC.uglyD.ordinary答案：A。

泰姬陵以其惊人的美而闻名。

“bad”是坏的；“ugly”是丑陋的；“ordinary”是普通的，都不符合泰姬陵的美丽特点。

4.The Pyramids of Egypt have a ______ look.A.mysteriousB.ordinaryC.badD.ugly答案：A。

埃及金字塔有神秘的外观。

“ordinary”是普通的；“bad”是坏的；“ugly”是丑陋的，都不符合金字塔的外观特点。

5.The Forbidden City has a ______ style.A.traditionalB.modernC.uglyD.bad答案：A。

紫禁城有传统的风格。

“modern”是现代的；“ugly”是丑陋的；“bad”是坏的，都不符合紫禁城的风格特点。

6.The Sydney Opera House has a unique ______.A.shapeB.colorC.sizeD.price答案：A。

建筑类文章中英文对照

建筑类文章中英文对照建筑装饰活动在我国是一项既古老又新兴的活动。

早在人类开始有建筑活动的时候就有了建筑装饰活动，新中国成立以后，随着我国经济的腾飞，当代的建筑装饰活动日益繁荣，并逐渐形成了一个独立的行业。

下面是店铺带来的建筑类文章中英文对照，欢迎阅读!建筑类文章中英文对照1Ecological building and rather well-known foreign architects Abstract Generally stating theconcept and the expression of ecological buldings and comparing Thomas Herzog and Norman Foster'stheories and works of ecological buildings to learn and acknowledge ecological buildings，this articIe wants to stimuIate Chinese architect s’ attention and consideration of ecological buildings by the Outstanding achievement of the two masters.Key Words Thomas Herzog，Norman Foster，EcologicaI building，Expressjon form of ecological building，Theory Of ecological bullding.Ecological estheticNow, with the people continue to enhance the prevention of environmental pollution and maintaining ecological balance awareness, as well as urban greening, increasing development, to create low energy, sustainable development of eco-building environment of the new building research, more and more attention and respected. So, what kind of building could be called eco-buildings?The concept of eco-building The so-called eco-building, according to the local natural environment, the use of the principle of ecology, building technology, science and other relevant subject knowledge, reasonably arrange and organize the relationship between buildings and other relevant factors in thefield and the environment form an organic combination ofoverall, and suitable for human dwelling. Ecological building must meet the following four points: first, to be coordinated with the surrounding environment, and has protective effects on the surrounding ecological environment; buildings must not be on the natural environment caused by pollution or destruction of buildings within the usercan better to enjoy nature and feel that conferred comfortable and pleasant;The interior design should try to return to nature, such as natural lighting,natural ventilation, use of solar energy, the ideal indoor green; Fourth, a variety of substances, the source within the building systems can be orderedcycle of conversion. To sum up is to achieve respect for the environment andreturn to nature Manifestations of ecological building.For the above definition, the present ecological architecture instance,manifestations of ecological building can be summarized as follows:2.1 building energy efficiencyView to the current architectural trend, low-power has become one of theimportant symbol of ecological building. The more common way to solar, wind, hydro, geothermal and other non-polluting energy, directly or throughtechnology transfer, building use form, to help the building to reduce energy consumption in lighting, ventilation, heating, etc..2.2 Building pollution prevention and controlPollution prevention and control of the building is an important part of the ecological construction. The core issue of environmental protection has always been one of the waste problem. People's concept of pollution controlto focus only on production, the life process in sewagmagradually turned to thebuilding from construction to operation andmaintenance of pollution control in the process.2.3 building re-use resourcesIn the entire world's energy consumption 50% in building construction,maintenance and use of consumption, so efficient use of resources,recycling and reduce the impact on the natural environment is the construction of resource use in ecological building to be rapidly improving link.In recent years, the emergence of ecological building materials ③ alleviatethis problem. First of all the main characteristics of saving resources and energy, followed by reducing environmental pollution, and finally the easyrecovery and recycling.Above discussion, a certain understanding of the ecological building.However, in order to further study the ecological building, is not enough torely on theoretical explanations, we need to analyze some examples, theory and practice, scientific research and understanding of ecological building.Below through the analysis and comparison of eco-building ideas and works of two masters (Thomas Herzog and Norman Foster), to further understanding and study of ecological architecture, and learn from themaster of thought and practice nutrition, explore the development and prospects of ecological construction in China.3.Thomas HerzogThomas Herzog is a perfect combination of technology and the arts, have a deep sense of mission at the same time on the ecology and environment of the German masters of architecture. His architectural works have a high level of technology, the essential meaning of his work lies in its ecological concern, notonly in his design, in the course of teaching, often exhibitions, a large number of works, in cooperation with other architects, he personally.He goes beyond the paradigm of modern architecture, and replaced with more eco-dumping Value orientation, and this orientation is bound to replace the old paradigm.3.1 Thomas Herzog, ecological building thoughtThomas Herzog rarely impose their own creative aspirations on the environment above, but to speculate and listen to the change process and the cycle of the ecological environment, the spirit of participation and cooperation to complete his work. His ecological building human and artificial matter to a natural and man-made natural cordial and harmonious situation. He always adhere to the principle of "from ecology to architecture, from technology to nature", he has eco sublimated into a mental and spiritual, and throughout his life, the building design process.Thomas Herzog's design is not considered an isolated internal and external form, on the contrary, his designs expanded to all aspects of the built environment and the relationship between the shape. In addition, he attaches great importance to work closely with other professionals to give greater freedom of architectural design activities through the development of new materials, new components, the new system and appropriate design tools, and ultimately to achieve the unity of the building and the natural environment coordination, as well as building its own sustainable development.Thomas Herzog in the architectural activities in addition to transportIn a variety of new materials, new components, the new system, has been updated in the research and development, more ecological, more reasonable materials, components andsystems. Such as: Peituo Kaposi external wall system, Fischer facade assembly system, solar grid system, and so on. Thomas Herzog is more concerned about the accuracy and efficiency of the buildings in harmony with their surroundings on the basis of their own energy-saving technologyThomas Herzog rarely own creative desire to impose. Architectural detail through carefully designed to improve resource and energy use efficiency, and reduce the cost of non-renewable resources to focus on the ecological environment.Thomas believes that architects should take advantage of the technology, because of high efficiency by using much less material than conventional practice materials to meet the same functional requirements. Of course, the introduction of new technology, they must be correct and proper. He also is very concerned about the flexibility of the design flexibility and architectural elements, not only emphasizes the flexibility of the building function, but also stressed that the flexibility and versatility of the architectural details.4.1 Norman Foster ecological building thinkingThe introduction of some of the ecological building exist today, and many architects of ecological building creative ideas, the vast majority focused on the use and adaptation of the material aspects of the construction of the external environment, such as solar energy, use of groundwater. These mostly belong to the understanding and use of building physics. Norman Foster building constructed as a space and place is established not merely meet the physical meaning of comfort should be a higher level of development to meet the cultural needs of the people, aesthetic orientation.His concern for the environment can be seen from the London Guildhall,and the transformation ofmodern technology and aesthetic orientation, theperfect combination of ecology and art is the perfect embodiment of a new aesthetic - Ecological Aesthetics.In addition to the above concerns, Norman Foster also paid great attention to micro-climate inside the building, he can focus on buildingmicro-climate specific grouped into three areas: First, a suitabletemperature and humidity (to meet the thermal comfort and health requirements); as far as possible, the most access to natural light (reducingthe energy consumption of artificial lighting); maximize natural ventilation (to reduce air conditioning energy consumption). However, under different climatic conditions different focus and approach of the above three elements. Thus, by the most efficient artificial means to achieve these objectives, or to achieve a balance between the various elements of Foster's relentless pursuit direction. In the two works in the south of France:Cary Center for the Arts and the Frederick Eustace place middle vocational schools is the full performance of his raw state climate concept. His design not only runs through the concept of ecological design, but also fully embodies the attention and respect of traditional cultural and geographical culture, compared with the past completely self-centered high-tech school ",this change is undoubtedly is very profound. It makes high-tech school "goes beyond a simple external style and step into a deeper realm. It can be said at this point he pointed out the direction for the future of high-techschool ", but also provided valuable experience for our commitment to eco-building architects in the field. 5 comparison of two mastersCan be seen through the eco-building ideas and works of two masters of architecture:5.1 in commonThe two masters of architecture in the field of ecological building made outstanding contributions to advocate with the new materials, new technologies, new systems and the appropriate design tools to complete their ecological construction works; emphasized in man and nature,architecture and nature harmony on the basis of up to create a morecomfortable working and living environment of mankind; for the same target from different aspects of making unremitting efforts to create a better environment to human beings, more spiritual and material wealth to leave our future generations .5.2 The differenceThomas Herzog in ecological architecture is mainly from the overall environment of staff (including the surrounding environment and buildingtheir own environment), and ecological building design and research; he has been emphasized from the human point of view of sustainable development, rather than short when the viewpoint of local issues; he not only cares about the past and present, he is more concerned about the future; he not only cares about the local area, but also with relevant regionaland even the future may impact the area; him more is the use of new technologies, building detail and from different disciplines collaborate to reach the building and the surrounding environment and the people and the natural harmony and symbiosis; he stressed that eco-construction is not anarchitectural form, but Ecology as an attitude and spirit throughout the design process and its life;more comprehensive and thorough research in ecological construction,ecological building design in the true sense of the truly harmony with their surroundings, and the surrounding eco-environmentalprotection, respect for the environment and return to nature.In ecological architecture, Norman Foster mainly to meet the cultural needs of the people's, aesthetic orientation to achieve the perfect combination ofecology and art; space creation through technical support and building internal and external body to respond to nature, integration of large natural.Ecological building design and works a greater degree of purpose to reach people yearning to nature and enjoy nature, the concept of micro-ecological climate to some extent, more in line with the ecological concept of "high-tech school" building. He is the use of ecological building epidermis and flexible, applicable to the internal space between the perfect combination to achieve the building itself and the coordination and integration of the surrounding environment.ConclusionEco-building ideas and works of two masters of architecture to there velation: eco-building is not a fashionable style and labels, not just a slogan. In such an economic and technological levels in China are not very advanced countries, all aspects of the construction industry should carry out ecological architectural thinking. In fact, there are some to adapt to thenatural environment, building products, such as: the cave of the northwest -pure green buildings, low energy consumption, low pollution, cool and pleasant environment, as well as a yurt in the steppes, the wind tower inXinjiang and so on. China's future construction should not blindly follow the example of all the foreign genre, this simply from the formal transfer, is not conducive to the formation of China's architectural features and is also astifle the creativity of the construction workers. As Thomas Herzog said:"We can not simply develop an ecology ofinternational standards in different countries have different conditions at different times, or should beaccording to national circumstances."China is a populous country, the state of the environment It is worrying, the relative lack of resources in China. It is not possible in a short time with the developed countries havethe technology, materials, systems, and theoretical support, which we need to proceed from reality, with the experience of other countries seeking eco-construction of roads suitable for China.At present, our research, practice and understanding of the ecological building there are many deficiencies, therefore, a targeted strategy is particularly necessary. Combined with our own situation, I believe that to try from the following points: First, strengthen the propaganda of ecologicalawareness and ecological building, in order to arouse the attention of the whole people, to cultivate ecological awareness; theb organization ofecological building research institutions, ecological building and its related areas of research and development, provide strong support for the practice of Chinese architects; outline of the college of Architecture Education to increase the proportion of eco-construction of knowledge and design courses; through the establishment of mechanisms to encourage and promote the development of eco-building . Many developed countries areor have already done so, and have achieved good results.ReferencesDiao Wenyi. Frankfurt Commercial Bank Building. Central building, 1999 (3):48-51. Xi Yu cheng. Construction, ecological building, digital eco-building. Huazhong Architecture, 2005 (5) :68-69.3 jin cheng. Ecological studies of Mistakes Architecture, 2001(5): 184 Zheng Wei mai the ecological high-tech construction. Huazhong Architecture 19995 wan yuan books of contemporary Western architectural aesthetics. Nanjing: Southeast University Press. 2 () 01.6 for Thomas Herzog - Architecture +technology. Li Baofeng translated Beijing: China Architecture & BuildingPublishing House. 2003国外著名建筑师的生态建筑思想比较[摘要]该文通过简要阐述生态建筑的概念和表现形式，以及对托马斯·赫尔佐格和诺曼·福斯特两位建筑大师的生态建筑思想和作品的比较，来学习和理解生态建筑，最后希望借助两位大师的突出成就来引起我国建筑师对生态建筑的重视和思考。

高一英语雕塑艺术单选题40题

高一英语雕塑艺术单选题40题1. The ______ of the sculpture made it stand out in the exhibition.A. beautyB. uglyC. strongD. weak答案：A。

本题考查名词和形容词的用法。

A 选项“beauty”是名词，意为“美丽”，符合语境，雕塑的美丽使其在展览中脱颖而出。

B 选项“ugly”是形容词，意为“丑陋的”，与语境不符。

C 选项“strong”是形容词，意为“强壮的”，与雕塑的特征无关。

D 选项“weak”是形容词，意为“虚弱的”，也不符合雕塑的特点。

2. The ______ lines of the sculpture gave it a dynamic look.A. smoothB. roughC. straightD. curly答案：A。

“smooth”有“平滑的”之意，平滑的线条能让雕塑呈现出动态的外观。

“rough”意为“粗糙的”；“straight”是“笔直的”；“curly”表示“卷曲的”，这三个选项都不符合使雕塑有动态感的描述。

3. The material used for the sculpture was very ______.A. hardB. softC. heavyD. light答案：A。

“hard”有“坚硬的”意思，适合描述雕塑所用材料的特性。

“soft”指“柔软的”；“heavy”是“重的”；“light”是“轻的”，均不符合材料特性的常见描述。

4. The ______ of the sculpture was inspired by nature.A. designB. sizeC. colorD. shape答案：A。

“design”是“设计”，雕塑的设计受自然启发，符合题意。

“size”是“尺寸”；“color”是“颜色”；“shape”是“形状”，都不如“design”能准确表达与灵感相关的意思。

建筑与自然环境的和谐共生(英文中文双语版优质文档)

建筑与自然环境的和谐共生（英文中文双语版优质文档）The harmonious coexistence of architecture and the natural environment is a concept that pursues the coexistence of human life and natural ecology. It aims to create buildings that can be in harmony with the surrounding environment and provide a good experience of living and working in such an environment. Such buildings can not only bring a comfortable and healthy living environment, but also reduce the damage to the natural environment caused by human activities. How to realize the harmonious coexistence of architecture and natural environment?First of all, the harmonious coexistence of architecture and natural environment needs to consider the natural characteristics of the surrounding environment. Architects need to understand the climate, topography, vegetation and other characteristics of the surrounding natural environment, and make full use of these characteristics in the design. For example, designing a building with an organic shape to fit the topography of the surrounding natural environment. At the same time, by greening and preserving the natural landscape, the building can be integrated into the surrounding natural environment, blurring the boundary between the building and the natural environment.Secondly, the harmonious coexistence of buildings and the natural environment needs to consider the energy consumption and environmental protection of buildings. The use of environmentally friendly materials and energy-saving technologies can reduce the impact of buildings on the natural environment. For example, using solar panels to provide energy for buildings, using water recycling systems to save water resources, etc.In addition, the harmonious coexistence of buildings and the natural environment also needs to consider the impact of human activities on buildings. Architects need to consider the impact of human activities on the surrounding natural environment, such as noise from buildings, light pollution, etc. These impacts on the surrounding environment can be reduced through the proper design of building structures and environmental control systems.Finally, the harmonious coexistence of architecture and the natural environment also needs to consider the interaction between human beings and the natural environment. Architects need to design the space and layout of buildings so that people can fully contact and feel the natural environment. At the same time, designers also need to consider the impact of buildings on the surrounding environment, so that people can enjoy a comfortable life while protecting the surrounding environment.To sum up, the harmonious coexistence of buildings and the natural environment is a concept that pursues the coexistence of human life and natural ecology. It needs to consider the natural characteristics of the surrounding environment, the energy consumption and environmental protection of buildings, the impact of human activities on buildings, and the relationship between humans and nature. interaction between environments. Architects need to start from the perspective of environmental protection, integrate into the natural ecosystem, and minimize the damage of buildings to the surrounding environment. Such buildings can not only provide people with a comfortable living and working environment, but also contribute to the protection of the natural environment and realize the harmonious coexistence of human beings and nature.建筑与自然环境的和谐共生是一个追求人类生活与自然生态共存的理念。

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Impact of building shape on thermal performance of ofﬁce buildings in KuwaitAdnan AlAnzi a ,Donghyun Seo b ,Moncef Krarti b,*a Architectural Engineering Department,University of Kuwait,Kuwait City,KuwaitbCivil Environmental and Architectural Engineering Department,University of Colorado,Campus Box 428,Boulder,CO 80309,United Statesa r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 13February 2008Accepted 12September 2008Available online 17November 2008Keywords:Building shapeCooling energy use Heating energy use Ofﬁce buildingsa b s t r a c tThis paper provides a simpliﬁed analysis method to estimate the impact of building shape on energy efﬁ-ciency of ofﬁce buildings in Kuwait.The method is based on results obtained from a comprehensive whole building energy simulation analysis.The analysis takes into account several building shapes and forms including rectangular,L-shape,U-shape,and H-shape as well as building aspect ratios,window-to-wall ratios,and glazing types.The simpliﬁed method is suitable for architects during preliminary design phase to assess the impact of shape on the energy efﬁciency of ofﬁce buildings.Ó2008Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionSome studies have shown that the building shape can have a signiﬁcant impact on the energy costs of heating and cooling [1–3].However,no general guidelines are available for architects and designers on the impact of the form on the energy efﬁciency of buildings.Recently,Ourghi et al.[4]have developed a simpli-ﬁed analysis tool to predict the effect of shape selection on the annual energy use for ofﬁce buildings.In particular,the method correlates the annual energy use to the relative compactness of the building.The relative compactness,a normalized ratio of the volume to the exterior wall area,is commonly used as indi-cator of shape in buildings.The method of Ourghi et al.has been developed for limited building shapes (rectangular and L-shapes)[4].In this paper,the work of Ourghi et al.is extended to include several building shapes,window areas,glazing ing the re-sults of a comprehensive parametric analysis,a correlation is developed to predict the impact of building shape on energy efﬁ-ciency for various window areas and glazing types.First,the basic settings for the parametric analysis,conducted using a detailed building energy simulation tool,are described.Then,selected re-sults of the parametric analysis are presented.Finally,the simpli-ﬁed calculation method is developed to correlate annual energy use to building shape and window-to-wall ratio as well as glazing type.2.Parametric analysisFor the study presented in this paper,a prototypical Kuwaiti of-ﬁce building is considered.The total ofﬁce ﬂoor area for this proto-typical building is 12,500m 2distributed over 20ﬂoors (625m 2/ﬂoor).2.1.Building shapesSeveral shapes and ﬂoor plans have been developed for the prototypical ofﬁce building.The ﬂoor plans include:Rectangular-shape,L-shape,T-shape,Cross-shape,H-shape,U-shape and Cut-shape shape.For an easier comparative analysis,the energy simulation results are normalized using the results obtained from a reference shape,which has a square ﬂoor plan with the same ﬂoor area (625m 2)and number of ﬂoors (20ﬂoors)as the proto-typical ofﬁce building.In addition to the reference square ﬂoor plan,a ‘‘bounding rectangle”is deﬁned for each ﬂoor plan.This bounding rectangle is deﬁned by its width W ,and depth D as shown in Table 1for each shape.The ﬂoor area is kept constant for all shapes.To ensure that the conditioned building volume re-mains constant,the total height is kept the same for all building conﬁgurations throughout the study.Table 1lists the geometric dimensions including the perimeter (P )and the relative compactness (RC)of the ﬂoor plans for all the building conﬁgurations used in this study.2.2.Relative compactnessThe relative compactness (RC)is used in this study as an indica-tor of building shape to help the comparative analysis when0196-8904/$-see front matter Ó2008Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2008.09.033*Corresponding author.Tel.:+13034923389;fax:+13034927317.E-mail address:krarti@ (M.Krarti).Energy Conversion and Management 50(2009)822–828Contents lists available at ScienceDirectEnergy Conversion and Managementj o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /e n c o n m anassessing the impact of shape and geometric dimensions on the building energy performance.It is described mathematically as follow:RC ¼ðV =A s Þbuilding s Refð1ÞTable 1Geometric dimensions for building ﬂoor plans with L,cross,T and H shapes No.Bound rectangle L-shape Cross-shape T-shape H-Shape W (m)D (m)t (m)P (m)RC t (m)P (m)RC t (m)P (m)RC t (m)P (m)RC 119.00294.00 2.00626.000.16 2.00626.000.16 2.00626.000.16 1.031211.940.08220.00231.30 2.50502.600.20 2.50502.600.20 2.50502.600.20 1.30962.610.10322.00188.33 3.00420.670.24 3.00420.670.24 3.00420.670.24 1.57794.190.13422.50158.71 3.50362.430.28 3.50362.430.28 3.50362.430.28 1.85676.160.15524.00135.50 4.00319.000.31 4.00319.000.31 4.00319.000.31 2.14585.720.17625.00104.40 5.00258.800.39 5.00258.800.39 5.00258.800.39 2.72462.150.22726.0083.67 6.00219.330.45 6.00219.330.45 6.00219.330.45 3.33380.000.26827.0068.867.00191.710.527.00191.710.527.00191.710.52 3.97321.490.31928.0057.758.00171.500.588.00171.500.588.00171.500.58 4.63277.730.361029.0049.119.00156.220.649.00156.220.649.00156.220.64 5.34243.770.411130.0042.2010.00144.400.6910.00144.400.6910.00144.400.69 6.08216.630.461231.0036.5511.00135.090.7411.00135.090.7411.00135.090.74 6.89194.410.511327.0036.8312.00127.670.7812.00127.670.7812.00127.670.787.21186.910.531428.0032.8513.00121.690.8213.00121.690.8213.00121.690.828.01171.370.581529.2029.2314.00116.860.8514.00116.860.8514.00116.860.858.91157.500.63No.Bound rectangle U-shape Rectangular shape Cut shape W (m)D (m)t (m)P (m)RCW (m)P (m)RC t 1(m)t 2(m)P Geometric dimensions for building ﬂoor plans with U,rectangle,and cut shapes 119.00294.00 1.031211.940.08 2.12592.230.17 1.21147.00591.63220.00231.30 1.30962.610.10 2.69467.980.21 1.54115.65467.22322.00188.33 1.57794.190.13 3.30383.270.26 1.8994.17382.35422.50158.71 1.85676.160.15 3.92325.270.31 2.2479.36324.18524.00135.50 2.14585.720.17 4.59280.180.36 2.6267.75278.92625.00104.40 2.72462.150.22 5.96220.720.45 3.4052.20219.12726.0083.67 3.33380.000.267.43182.200.55 4.2541.83180.29827.0068.86 3.97321.490.319.03155.780.64 5.1634.43153.58928.0057.75 4.63277.730.3610.77137.040.73 6.1528.88134.611029.0049.11 5.34243.770.4112.67123.550.817.2424.56120.981130.0042.20 6.08216.630.4614.74113.880.888.4221.10111.291231.0036.55 6.89194.410.5117.02107.130.939.7318.27104.691327.0036.837.21186.910.5316.89107.440.939.6518.42104.991428.0032.858.01171.370.5818.94103.570.9610.8216.42101.401529.2029.238.91157.500.6321.28101.020.9912.1614.6199.34Table 2Ofﬁce building model basic features Lighting power density (LPD)12.3W/m 2Equipment power density (EPD)2.6W/m 2Average occupancy density (m 2/person)26m 2/personGlazing distribution Uniform glazing distributionHVAC systemWater-cooled chiller HVAC system with electric resistance heatingTable 3Types of glazing and window-to-wall ratios considered in the simulation analysis GlazingLabel SHGC WWR Single clear 6mm SVC 0.8150–0.75Double green DGR 0.4190–0.75Double bronze DBR 0.4920–0.75Double clearDCL 0.7620–0.75Double clear low eDCLE 0.6430–0.75Single bronze reﬂective tint LSBR0.2520–0.75A.AlAnzi et al./Energy Conversion and Management 50(2009)822–828823where (V /A s )building is the compactness of a speciﬁc shape,and (V /A s )ref is the compactness of the reference building (which has a square ﬂoor plan in this study).Note that V and A s refer,respec-tively,to the conditioned volume and envelope surface area ex-posed to the outdoor air (i.e.,exposed exterior wall area).As indicated by Eq.(1),the relative compactness (RC)has no dimen-sions.Since the ﬂoor area and total height of any building conﬁgu-ration are identical,the building volume is constant for buildings including the reference building.Eq.(1)can be rewritten asRC ¼ðA s Þref =ðA s Þbuildingð2ÞTable 1shows the geometric characteristics for various building shapes used in the study.These geometric characteristics include:the dimensions of the bounding rectangle,W and D ,the perimeter (P )and the relative compactness (RC).An interesting observation from Table 1is that the perimeter values of the L-,T-and cross-shaped buildings are identical for the similar bounding rectangle dimensions (W and D ).In fact,these perimeters’values indicate the same degree of surface exposure to the ambient conditions.In addition,the values shown in Table 1indicate that higher rela-tive compactness (RC)is associated with lower perimeter.2.3.Building modelsModels for ofﬁce buildings with various shapes have been developed using DOE-2simulation program [5].For all models,typical ofﬁce space occupancy patterns and schedules suitable for Kuwait are utilized.In particular,these ofﬁce space occupancy pat-terns are listed in Table 2.Several parameters are varied to estimate the annual electricity use for several building conﬁgurations with different building shapes and relative compactness values.The analysis is carried out for various window sizes and glazing types.In particular,win-dow to wall ratio was set to vary from 0(no opening)to 0.75.Sev-eral glazing types with varying solar heat gain coefﬁcient (SHGC)were analyzed and used.Table 3summarizes the glazing types characterized by the solar heat gain coefﬁcient (SHGC)and the range of window-to-wall ratios (WWRs)used in the analysis.For all the building models,the roof is made up of 100-mm hea-vy weight concrete and 75-mm extruded polystyrene insulation and build-up rooﬁng while the walls are made up of 200-mm hea-vy weight concrete and 25-mm extruded polystyrene insulation and 25-mm stucco.The roof and wall constructions meet the Kuwaiti Ministry of Energy (MOE)code of practice [6].The overall U-values are 0.40W/m 2K and 0.54W/m 2K for,respectively,the roof and the walls.Fig.1shows 3-D rendering for selected building models with various shapes considered in the simulation analysis.3.Discussion of resultsThe total annual energy use,E t ,for any building conﬁguration is normalized relative to the annual energy use,E ref obtained for the reference building (with a square ﬂoor plan)to facilitate the com-parative analysis.A similar normalization is performed for the an-nual cooling energy use.In this section selected results of the parametric analysis are presented.3.1.Impact of relative compactnessFig.2illustrates the impact of the relative compactness (RC)on both annual cooling energy use and annual total building energy use for a building with no windows (WWR =0)for all building shapes considered in the analysis.The results of Fig.2indicate that the energy use decreases as the relative compactness increases.In-deed,as the relative compactness (RC)increases,the exterior wall area exposed to ambient conditions decreases and consequently the building cooling load decreases.The same results shown in Fig.2are rearranged and presented in Fig.3using 1/RC in the x -axis.It is clear that when there is no window (WWR =0),the energy use in the building is proportional to 1/RC.Referring to Eq.(2),this result is expected since 1/RC is simply related to the building exterior wall area.3.2.Impact of window wall ratio (WWR)Fig.4illustrates the effect of glazing area on the normalized to-tal annual energy use for different building shapes with window-to-wall ratio,WWR =50%,and clear glazing.The results of Fig.4show a similar trend noted for the buildings with no window,that is,an increase in RC leads to a decrease in energy use.However,the trend depends slightly on the building shape due most likely to variation in solar exposure for different building shapes.For exam-ple,a cross-shaped building of similar RC as an L-shaped building has different wall area and orientation for solar exposure.This dif-ference causes variation in solar gains and consequently in cooling loads.3.3.Impact of orientationFig.5shows the variation of normalized annual building total energy use as a function of building orientation for two window-to-wall ratios (WWR =0.25and WWR =0.50)for various building shapes with a given RC-value.The results of Fig.5indicate that while the orientation has an impact on the energy performance of the building,its effect is almost independent of the building shape especially for lowWWR-values.Fig.1.Typical ofﬁce building renderings for all the ﬂoor plan shapes used in the study.The ﬁgure shows:L-shape,T-shape,H-shape,cross-shape,U-shape,cut-shape and rectangular shape.824 A.AlAnzi et al./Energy Conversion and Management 50(2009)822–8284.Development of a simpliﬁed analysis methodBased on the results of the parametric analysis,it is determined that the impact of the building shape on the building energy per-formance depends primarily on the window area and the glazing type.Thus,three parameters are considered to correlate the nor-malized building energy use to the building shape.These parame-ters include:the relative compactness(RC),the window-to-wall ratio(WWR),and glazing type deﬁned by its solar heat gain coef-ﬁcient(SHGC).Several correlation equations are tested.Table4A.AlAnzi et al./Energy Conversion and Management50(2009)822–828825826 A.AlAnzi et al./Energy Conversion and Management50(2009)822–828Table4Regression results for recommended correlation equationsCorrelation Equation Coefﬁcients R2T-1A+B*(WWR*SHGC)**2+C*(WWR*SHGC)+D*1/RC A=À1.482;B=À6.756;C=7.092;D=1.1500.926 T-2A+B*(WWR*SHGC*1/RC)**2+C*(WWR*SHGC*1/RC)+D*1/RC A=À0.4525;B=À0.223;C=1.755;D=0.8480.945T-3A+B*(WWR*SHGC*1/RC)**4+C*(WWR*SHGC*1/RC)**2*D*(WWR*SHGC*1/ RC)+E*1/RC A=À0.367;B=À0.061;C=1.454;D=0.851;E=À0.0060.946A.AlAnzi et al./Energy Conversion and Management50(2009)822–828827summarizes the regression results for selected correlation equations.Fig.6shows the prediction accuracy for the three correlations using all the building conﬁgurations(including variations in shape, WWR,and SHGC).Note that these correlations include the terms WWR*SHGC or WWR*SHGC*1/RC that represent the amount of solar gains through the window and affect both the heating and cooling loads and thus the total building energy use.In addition all the correlations have a term function of only1/RC that represents the contribution of exterior walls(through heat transmission)to heating and cooling building loads.For buildings with small windows(or no windows as the case of the results shown in Fig.2),the term1/RC is dominant.Based on simplicity and accuracy,the total building energy use from any building shape can be obtained from the following corre-lation(Equation T-8):E t¼E refÃf AþBÃðWWRÃSHGCÃ1=RCÞÃÃ2þCÃðWWRÃSHGCÃ1=RCÞþDÃ1=RC gð3ÞwhereE ref is the total building energy use for a square building(refer-ence building)with the sameﬂoor area and volume of the actual building;A,B,C,and D are regression coefﬁcients with A=À0.4525;B=À0.223;C=1.755;and D=0.848.5.SummaryThe results of a detailed parametric analysis indicate that the effect of building shape on total building energy use depends on primarily three factors,the relative compactness,RC,the win-dow-to-wall ratio,WWR and glazing type deﬁned by it solar heat gain coefﬁcient,SHGC.For buildings with low window-to-wall ratios,it is found that the total energy use is inversely proportional to the building relative compactness independent of its form. Based on regression analysis,a correlation is found to provide a good curveﬁt between the annual total building energy use and the three parameters RC,WWR,and SHGC.The correlation equation(Eq.(3))can be utilized by architects during preliminary design phase to assess the impact of shape on the energy efﬁciency of ofﬁce buildings in Kuwait.AcknowledgementThe authors would like to acknowledge theﬁnancial support from the Kuwait University Research Administration. References[1]Depecker P,Menezo C,Virgone J,Lepers S.Design of building shape andenergetic consumption.Build Environ J2001;30(2):201–22.[2]Pessenlehner W,Mahdavi A.A building morphology,transparency,and energyperformance,Eighth international IBPSA conference proceedings,Eindhoven, Netherlands;2003.[3]Marks M.Multi-criteria optimization of shape of energy saving buildings.BuildEnviron J1997;32(4):331–9.[4]Ourghi R,Al-Anzi A,Krarti M.A simpliﬁed analysis method to predict theimpact of shape on annual energy use for ofﬁce buildings.Energy Convers Manage J2007;48:300–5.[5]LBL.DOE-2Manual and supplement version2.1E.Report by Lawrence BerkleyLaboratory for Department of Energy;1993.[6]Kuwaiti Ministry of Energy(MOE).Code of practice for commercial buildings,Safat,Kuwait;1983.828 A.AlAnzi et al./Energy Conversion and Management50(2009)822–828。

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Impact of building shape on__ thermal performance of office buildings in Kuwait

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