2019年厦门大学英语语言文学考研真题回忆

厦门大学英美文学考研真题及参考答案（2008～2011）厦门大学2011年英美文学考研真题考试科目：阅读及英美文学、语言学基础1. Write down the names of the authors of the following works (8 points)：A. The Life and Opinion of Tristram-Shandy【答案】Laurence Sterne【解析】《项狄传》为英国十八世纪著名作家劳伦斯·斯特恩的代表作，全名为《绅士特里斯舛·项狄的生平与见解》，为“名著译林”之一。

B. The Bluest Eye【答案】Toni Morrison【解析】《最蓝的眼睛》是托尼·莫里森的成名著，她是第一个获诺贝尔文学奖的美国非裔黑人女作家。

C. The Heart of Darkness【答案】Joseph Conrad【解析】《黑暗之心》是波兰裔英国作家约瑟夫·康拉德的一部经典小说。

《黑暗之心》叙述了一位英国船长马洛在一艘泊于伦敦外的海船上所讲述的一个发生于刚果河的故事。

警寓了现代文明之野蛮且揭发现代文明虚伪、贪婪、好斗的一面。

D. Mansfied Park【答案】Jane Austen【解析】《曼斯菲尔德庄园》是英国小说家简·奥斯丁1812年至1814年间写于查顿（Chawton Cottage）的一部小说, 并于1814年由出版了《傲慢与偏见》和《理智与情感》的Mr. Egerton出版。

E. Midnight's Children【答案】Salman Rushdie【解析】《午夜的孩子》是英籍印度作家萨尔曼·拉什迪的一部以魔幻现实主义手法写成的现代文学经典之作，其中小说以第一人称叙述。

F. The Golden Notebook【答案】Doris Lessing【解析】《金色笔记》是2007年度诺贝尔文学奖得主英国作家多丽丝·莱辛的代表作。

厦门大学研究生入学考试历年真题及答案点击蓝色字体查看原文温馨提示：内容较多，(Ctrl+H)搜索所需内容2015年厦门大学701语言文学基础全套资料本专业课考试科目的全套资料主要包括：1．历年考研真题及详解（即考研拥有的本专业课考试科目的全部考研真题，部分可能由于官方未公布而无法取得，但是我们在不断更新，如有会第一时间补发给学员）；2．本科生、研究生课堂笔记；3．本科生、研究生课堂作业；4．教师授课讲义及课件；5．期中期末考试试题；6．指定教材（参考教材）配套资料（课后习题答案、模拟试题等）。

2015年厦门大学802文学理论与文学评论写作全套资料本专业课考试科目的全套资料主要包括：1．历年考研真题及详解（即考研拥有的本专业课考试科目的全部考研真题，部分可能由于官方未公布而无法取得，但是我们在不断更新，如有会第一时间补发给学员）；2．本科生、研究生课堂笔记；3．本科生、研究生课堂作业；4．教师授课讲义及课件；5．期中期末考试试题；6．指定教材（参考教材）配套资料（课后习题答案、模拟试题等）。

2015年厦门大学861语言学全套资料本专业课考试科目的全套资料主要包括：1．历年考研真题及详解（即考研拥有的本专业课考试科目的全部考研真题，部分可能由于官方未公布而无法取得，但是我们在不断更新，如有会第一时间补发给学员）；2．本科生、研究生课堂笔记；3．本科生、研究生课堂作业；4．教师授课讲义及课件；5．期中期末考试试题；6．指定教材（参考教材）配套资料（课后习题答案、模拟试题等）。

2015年厦门大学313历史学基础全套资料本专业课考试科目的全套资料主要包括：1．历年考研真题及详解（即考研拥有的本专业课考试科目的全部考研真题，部分可能由于官方未公布而无法取得，但是我们在不断更新，如有会第一时间补发给学员）；2．本科生、研究生课堂笔记；3．本科生、研究生课堂作业；4．教师授课讲义及课件；5．期中期末考试试题；6．指定教材（参考教材）配套资料（课后习题答案、模拟试题等）。

厦门大学2002年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题招生专业外国语言学及应用语言学_考试课程_英语语言文学基础知识研究方向外国语言学及应用语言学各方向Part I Basic English(50%)A.Sentence Completion:(30%)Directions:Each of the sentences below has one or more blank spaces indicatingwhere a word(or words)has been omitted.Each sentence is followed byfive words or sets of words lettered from A)to E).Select the letteredword or set of words which,when inserted to replace the blanks,best fitsin with and completes the meaning of the sentence as a whole.Do it onthe Answer Sheet.1.His theories,though criticized by economists of more orthodox bent,have had enormous________on government fiscal policy.A)restraint B)impact C)acceptance D)tension E)reliance2.Unwilling to admit that his program of tax abatement had failed to achieve its goal,the mayorattempted to_________the attention of the electorate from the problem by________the issue with irrelevant statistics.A)capture…complicating B)focus…confutingC)divert…obfuscating D)remove…buttressingE)compelling…falsifying3.The deliberately alienated quality of his paintings is a reflection of the disconnection he sees asexperience by those whose values are derived only from________.A)enterprise B)reading C)experience D)inspiration E)materialism4.Although many people advocate personal sacrifice for the public good,their________oftenends at the point where the call for their personal________begins.A)self-control…resentment B)altruism…involvementC)intention…supplication D)participation…invocationE)contention…dispersal5.Her credentials for the position were________in every respect but one;she could not speak aword of Turkish!A)flawless B)essential C)inconsequentialD)pedestrian E)unacceptable6.Even though he had planned carefully for almost every conceivable________,his ambitiousproject wound up a dismal failure when an________power outage brought all the machinery to a complete standstill.A)day…inevitable B)facet…insufficientC)succession…automatic D)possibility…obsoleteE)eventuality…unanticipated7.His attitude toward social welfare legislation,based entirely on his perception of himself as aself-made man,________him the support of the voters in the state's economically depressed urban areas.A)earned B)cost C)divested D)evoked E)replicated8.Many businesses that manufacture recreational products operate profitably during periods of________,but their inherent dependence upon a________economy becomes apparent when the economic cycle starts downward.A)regression…mature B)inflation…plannedC)prosperity…flourishing D)stability…fluctuatingE)depression…contracting9.Since the author frequently________other scholars,his objection to disputes is not onlyirrelevant,but also________.A)supports…overbearing B)provokes…frighteningC)quotes…curious D)ignores…peevishE)attacks…surprising10.There is perhaps some truth in that waggish old definition of a scholar--a siren that callsattention to a fog without doing anything to________it.A)describe B)cause C)analyze D)dispel E)thicken11.The newborn human infant is not a passive figure,nor an active one,but what might be calledan actively________one,eagerly attentive as it is to sights and sounds.A)adaptive B)selective C)inquisitiveD)receptive E)intuitive12.Opponents of the expansion of the market economy,although in________,continued toconstitute________political force throughout the century.A)error…an inconsequential B)retreat…a powerfulC)disarry…a disciplined D)jeopardy…an ineffectiveE)command…a viable13.Nature's energy efficiency often________human technology:despite the intensity of lightfireflies produce,the amount of heat is negligible;only recently have humans developed chemical light-producing systems whose efficiency________the firefly's system.A)engenders…manipulates B)reflects…simulatesC)outstrips…rivals D)inhibits…matchesE)determines…reproduces14.Scholars'sense of the uniqueness of the central concept of"the state"at the time when politicalscience became an academic field quite naturally led to striving for a correspondingly ________mode of study.A)thorough B)distinctive C)dependable D)scientific E)dynamic15.Just as astrology was for centuries________faith,countering the strength of establishedchurches,so today believing in astrology is an act of________the professional sciences.A)an individual…rebellion by B)an accepted…antagonism towardC)an underground…defiance against D)a heretical…support forE)an unknown…concern about16.Despite the fact that the two council members belonged to different political parties,they________the issue of how to finance the town debt.A)complicated B)avoided C)attested to D)reported on E)agreed on17.The notion that cultural and biological influences________determine cross-cultural diversityis discredited by the fact that,in countless aspects of human existence,it is cultural programming that overwhelmingly accounts for cross-population variance.A)jointly B)completely C)directly D)equally E)eventually18.Because medieval women's public participation in spiritual life was not welcomed by the maleestablishment,a compensating________religious writings,inoffensive to the members of the establishment because of its______,became important for many women.A)involvement with…privacy B)attention to…popularityC)familiarity with…scarcity D)dissatisfaction with…profundityE)resistance to…domesticity19.Dependence on foreign sources of heavy metals,though________,remains________forUntied States foreign policy.A)deepening…a challenge B)diminishing…a problemC)excessive…a dilemma D)debilitating…an embarrassmentE)unavoidable…a precedent20.Although his attempts to appear psychotic were so________as to be almost________,thereis evidence that Ezra Pound was able to avoid standing trial for treason merely by faking symptoms of mental illness.A)spontaneous…amusing B)contrived…believableC)clumsy…ludicrous D)stylized…distressingE)sporadic…premeditated21.The________questions that consistently structure the study of history must be distinguishedfrom merely________questions,which have their day and then pass into oblivion.A)recurrent…practical B)instinctive…factualC)ingrained…discriminating D)philosophical…randomE)recurring…short-lived22.Despite the apparently bewildering complexity of this procedure,the underlying________isquite________.A)simplicity…calculated B)principle…elementaryC)confusion…imaginary D)purpose…effectiveE)theory…modern23.In television programming,a later viewing time often________a more________audienceand,therefore,more challenging subjects and themes.A)requires…critical B)shows…affluentC)implies…mature D)eliminates…realisticE)invites…general24.The cultivation of the emotion of natsukashii,interpretable as"pleasant sorrow,"bringsJapanese to Kyoto in the spring,not to________the cherry blossoms in full bloom but to ________the fading,falling flowers.A)mourn…exclaim over B)honor…protectC)describe…rejoice over D)arrange…preserveE)enjoy…grieve over25.Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations is still worth reading,more to appreciate the current________of Smith's valid contributions to economics than to see those contributions as the ________of present-day economics.A)disregard…outgrowths B)reaffirmation…concernsC)relevance…precursors D)acceptance…byproductsE)importance…vestiges26.At several points in his discussion,Graves,in effect,________evidence when it does notsupport his argument,tailoring it to his needs.A)addresses B)creates C)alters D)suppresses E)substitutes27.Regardless of what________theories of politics may propound,there is nothing that requiresdaily politics to be clear,thorough,and consistent--nothing,that is,that requires reality to conform to theory.A)vague B)assertive C)casual D)vicious E)tidy28.Exposure to sustained noise has been claimed to________blood pressure regulation in humanbeing and,particularly,to increase hypertension,even though some researchers have obtained inconclusive results that________the relationship.A)sharpen…conflate B)increase…diminishC)aggravate…buttress D)disrupt…neutralizeE)impair…obscure29.After a slow sales start early in the year,mobile homes have been gaining favor as________to increasingly expensive conventional housing.A)a reaction B)an addition C)an introductionD)an alternative E)a challenge30.Just as such apparently basic things as rocks,clouds,and clams are,in fact,intricatelystructured entities,so the self,too,is not an"elementary particle,"but is________ construction.A)a complicated B)a convoluted C)a distorted D)an amorphous E)an illusoryB.Cloze:(10%)Directions:Fill in the blanks with a single word each.Do it on the Answer Sheet.The majority of(1)are content to confine their activities to members of the family, colleagues at work or(2).The most popular type of joke is one that leads the victim into a totally(3)course of action,(4)making a long and pointless journey.There are more (5)individuals,however,who pull off spectacular hoaxes on a much larger(6).One of the most famous British(7)was staged in1910by a group of six young people from Cambridge.Their aim was(8)the commander and crew of H.M.S.(Her Majesty's Ship) Dreadnought that they were the(9)of Abyssinia and his entourage.First,they sent a(10), supposedly from the Foreign Office,to the ship's commander.In it they announced that the party would(11)by train early that afternoon and asked him to make the necessary(12)to welcome them.When the party arrived,they were given a marvelous(13),including a red carpet at the station and a pipe band aboard the(14).The Emperor then inspected the warship and its personnel.During the(15),different members played different parts.(16)was a foreign office guide;another an interpreter who had(17)a few words from a Swahili phrase book.Needless to say,the victims were(18)when the hoax was revealed,and some officers even(19)the group leader with physical violence.Parliament was none too pleased, (20)!1. A.clowns B.jokers edians D.clients2. A.superior B.strangers C.fellow students D.new acquaintances3. plicated B.strenuous C.voluntary D.unnecessary4. A.for example B.like C.except D.such as5. A.daring B.timid C.scrupulous D.exacting6. A.side B.period C.scale D.view7. A.plays B.hoaxes C.journeys D.traditions8. A.in convincing B.convinced C.convinces D.to convince9. A.Emperor B.ruler C.Queen D.representatives10. A.phone call B.telegram C.gift D.declaration11. A.arrive B.depart C.take off D.carry12. A.schemes B.amendments C.arrangements D.details13. A.conference B.performance C.appreciation D.reception14. A.plane B.ship C.stage D.train15. A.tour B.recess C.negotiation D.rehearsal16. A.there B.Some C.One D.It17. A.included B.learned C.imitated D.regarded18. A.furious B.delighted C.amused D.reflective19. A.demanded B.appealed C.conducted D.threatened20. A.too B.neither C.either D.thoughC..Error identification and correction(10%)Directions:Directions:In the following passage there are10mistakes ineach underlined sentence.Identify them and correct them in theanswer sheet.What makes societies innovate?Genius and talent seem to know few national borders,(1)and yet some counties clearly do well at invention and innovation than others.Why is this?Some countries nourish a climate that consistently encourages the new,the practical and the useful.The United States shines here.(2)In other cases, circumstances—reduce bursts of invention and enthusiasm of new technology.Japan is the classic example.(3)Innovation—putting new ideas and technologies on practical use--differs from pure discovery and invention.(4)The United States,as the world’s most innovative and technologically advanced society,has hardly monopolized critical discoveries or inventions.(5)Until World War II,the most great science was done in Europe:from Issac Newton’s to Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution.Major breakthrough in technology also often originated in Europe.(6)The radio,for instance,was discovered by an Italian Guglielmo Marconi in1895.Why does the West now dominate invention and innovation?(7)The secret lays in a belief that science and technology matter for national power,economic growth and human well-being.This is a product of the Renaissance that,until recently,didn’t have much place in Asian or African societies.Japan was the first Asian nation to adopt the Western faith.(8)Having(like China)isolated itself,Japan was stunned by arrival of US warships in1853with superior weapons.Rather than remain vulnerable, the Japanese went to the West in search of new technologies and methods.By1950 the Japanese had caught up so well that they humbled the Russians in the Russo-Japanese War.Now the faith is ernments and industries across the world are spending billions on research and development.(9)Any country or company is likely to thrive unless it constantly innovates.(10)Who gets complacent and loses drive and imagination will be left behind.Part II Linguistic and literature(50%)A.Directions:Answer the following linguistic questions in separate blank answer sheetsprovided at your test center.(20%)nguage testing can be classified into these five categories based on different purposes:aptitude test,placement test,diagnostic test,achievement test and proficiency test.Write an essay about the aims of these tests and give examples if you can.(5%)2.Give a brief description of the history of English language.(5%)3.What is the relationship between language and culture?(Examples are needed to support youidea.)(5%)4.What does linguistics mainly cover?(5%)B.Literature and Discourse(30%)Directions:Write down your answers to the questions in this part of the test in separate blank answer sheets provided at your test center.a)Answer THREE of the following questions.Each of your answer should be at least in80words.(7%each)1.How do you think of Shakespeare’s position in the history of Englishliterature?2.How do you think of Hemingway’s world and his attitude towards life?3.Why Marx praised the English critical realists of the19th century as“thepresent brilliant school of novelists in England”?4.How do you think of the creative features and social significance of JosephConrad’s novels?5.What do you know about text,context and discourse?b)Briefly explain THREE of the following literary terms.(3%each)1.stream of consciousness2.point of view3.narrator4.modernism5.black humorAnswer SheetName:_____________Registration No.______________Score:___________ Part I Basic English(50%)A.Sentence Completion(30%)1.[A][B][C][D][E]16.[A][B][C][D][E]2.[A][B][C][D][E]17.[A][B][C][D][E]3.[A][B][C][D][E]18.[A][B][C][D][E]4.[A][B][C][D][E]19.[A][B][C][D][E]5.[A][B][C][D][E]20.[A][B][C][D][E]6.[A][B][C][D][E]21.[A][B][C][D][E]7.[A][B][C][D][E]22.[A][B][C][D][E]8.[A][B][C][D][E]23.[A][B][C][D][E]9.[A][B][C][D][E]24.[A][B][C][D][E]10.[A][B][C][D][E]25.[A][B][C][D][E]11.[A][B][C][D][E]26.[A][B][C][D][E]12.[A][B][C][D][E]27.[A][B][C][D][E]13.[A][B][C][D][E]28.[A][B][C][D][E]14.[A][B][C][D][E]29.[A][B][C][D][E]15.[A][B][C][D][E]30.[A][B][C][D][E]B.Cloze:(10%)1.[A][B][C][D][E]11.[A][B][C][D][E]2.[A][B][C][D][E]12.[A][B][C][D][E]3.[A][B][C][D][E]13.[A][B][C][D][E]4.[A][B][C][D][E]14.[A][B][C][D][E]5.[A][B][C][D][E]15[A][B][C][D][E]6.[A][B][C][D][E]16.[A][B][C][D][E]7.[A][B][C][D][E]17.[A][B][C][D][E]8.[A][B][C][D][E]18.[A][B][C][D][E]9.[A][B][C][D][E]19.[A][B][C][D][E]10.[A][B][C][D][E]20.[A][B][C][D][E]C..Error identification and correction(10%)1______________6______________2______________7______________3______________8______________4______________9______________5______________10______________。

[2019初试真题回忆] 2019年福建师范大学英语语言文学真题回忆由于在考研帮里收获了很多经验，所以也把自己今年考过的内容回忆共享出来，希望对有需要的同学有帮助^_^[政治]:用了肖秀荣1000题，讲真题，形势与政策，风中劲草，八套卷，四套卷。

个人觉得八套卷四套卷的分析题和选择题考点抓的很准，一定要背熟，形势与政策也非常有用。

时间较紧，最后阶段基本都在背八套卷和四套卷至少过三遍。

[法语]:用了孙辉简明法语教程，新公共法语一二(三用于时间太紧就只过了单词)，大学法语考研必备，还有自己总结的常考单词的动词变位表，还有考试点上的陶媛媛老师的考研法语视频课。

对比了新大学法语一二三，和新公共法语123，感觉孙辉简明法语教程，超级好用，编排的内容简单易懂，循序渐进，前期都在看简明法语教程，书上练习全部完成，修改订正，后期没时间练翻译时比较担心自己翻译会写不出来，后来考试时发现自己多虑了，之前练习里面的翻译每天扎实地练，会培养出组织法语句子的语感，所以考的时候编的很愉快^_^.•选择题部分，个人感觉今年的单选部分比较难，也可能是我时间紧刷的题还不够，一共42题。

涉及代词，词汇，各种时态等考查。

•动词变位题，一共10题10分。

由于自己之前总结了三十个左右的法语常考单词的八大时态动词变位，在对照一些常考时态语法，这题感觉还挺轻松的。

•阅读题，两篇10题一共10分。

第一篇考了法国的骑自行车爬山运动好像，说这项运动是健康的生活方式，省油无污染啥的；第二篇考了法国人越来越少看书，电视和电影越来越成书籍的竞争对手，法国政府正在不断加强文化方面的建设，我大概理解是这样。

感觉题目需要好好思考一下，有点混淆。

最后是汉译法和法译汉两大题，汉译法有七个句子，印象中比较深刻的有：1.英语老师让同学们最迟在周六前完成这篇翻译。

2.天气太冷了，可以麻烦您把窗户关上吗？3.谢谢你的鼓励，我一定会更加努力，取得更大的进步。

4.手机在日常生活中起着越来越重要的地位。

厦门大学翻译硕士汉语写作学位MTI考试真题2019年第一部分百科知识回答下列问题。

1. 简释英美法系中的判例制度。

答案：英美法系中的判例制度是选择典型的案例判决作为判例，为法官审理案件提供借鉴和指导，对于类似事实的案件，在适用法律以及裁量幅度上都可参照相关判例进行判决。

在英美法系中，判例是法律的主要渊源之一。

2. 中国秦时开凿的灵渠沟通的是哪两条大江?答案：公元前214年，秦始皇派人开凿灵渠，连接长江、珠江两大水系，成为后世连接南北水路的重要通道。

3. 李嘉诚和包玉刚在中国内地出资兴建的两所大学的名称各是什么?答案：1981年，李嘉诚捐资兴建汕头大学。

1986年，包玉刚捐资兴建宁波大学。

4. 中国最早的诗歌总集和志怪小说集的名称各是什么?答案：中国最早的诗歌总集是《诗经》；第一部志怪小说集为《搜神记》。

5. 世界著名雕像《掷铁饼者》和《大卫》的作者各是谁?答案：世界著名雕塑《掷铁饼者》的作者是希腊雕塑家米隆；《大卫》的作者是意大利雕塑家米开朗基罗。

6. 中国古代科举考试殿试中考取的第二、三名的名称是什么?答案：中国古代科举考试殿试中考取的第二、三名分别被称为榜眼、探花。

7. 中国第一个获得世界冠军和最早在奥运会上夺得金牌的运动员各是谁?答案：中国第一个获得世界冠军的是著名的乒乓球运动员容国团。

我国最早在奥运会上夺得金牌的运动员是男子手枪运动员徐海峰。

8. 围棋和中国象棋各有多少个棋子?答案：围棋棋子一般是黑子181个、白子180个，共计361个；中国象棋共有棋子32个。

9. 公认的最擅长画虎和画马的中国画家各是谁?答案：公认的最擅长画虎的中国画家是张大千；最擅长画马的中国画家是徐悲鸿。

10. 2012年诺贝尔文学奖获得者是谁?请写出其一部主要作品。

答案：2012年诺贝尔文学奖获得者是中国作家莫言，其主要作品有：《红高粱》《檀香刑》《丰乳肥臀》《生死疲劳》《蛙》《酒国》。

11. 歌剧和京剧各诞生于哪个国家?答案：一般认为歌剧诞生于意大利；而京剧诞生于中国。

厦门大学中文系文学理论与文学评论写作2008--2009语言文学基础2008—-2009文学2007文学基础2003——2006中西文艺理论基础2000—-2002,2004--2005文艺评论写作2000——2002中国现当代文学2000-—2006文艺理论2000—-2003，2006——2007中国文学史2001—-2002中国古代文学理论2001——2005中国文学批评史2006语言理论2004中外文学2000—-2002欧美文学与比较文学2004——2006戏剧基础知识2003—-2006文艺基础知识2003——2005美学与文艺理论2000-—2002美学与艺术概论2005语言学2008——2009历史系世界近代史2002世界现代史2002中国近现代史2003——2004世界近现代史2003——2004专门史2002经济专门史2001经济史1999—-2000中国古代史2000中国通史1999—-2002通史1999中国考古学1999-—2005考古学通论1999考古学概论2000——2002中国古代史1999——2005哲学系哲学基础理论2008—-2009中西哲学史2008——2009新闻传播系新闻与传播实务2007——2010（注：2007、2010年试卷为回忆版)新闻学与传播学基础2006——2009(注：2006——2007年试卷为回忆版）新闻业务1999——2006广告学原理1996—-1997，2001-—2002公共关系原理与实务2002中国传播史1999——2005传播学理论2001——2004传播实务2004,2006广告与公关2003（回忆版）2003年传播学复试题目人类学与民族学系人类学理论方法2003人类学概论1999—-2001，2003人类学通论2008——2009文化人类学1999--2001人类学史1999--2001民族学通论2008——2009经济系宏、微观经济学2005-—2009（2005有答案）西方经济学2002,2005经济学2003—-2004,2006，2009—2010世界经济综合2000世界经济A 2000政治经济学2000综合考试（含政治经济学、宏观经济学）2002计划统计系宏、微观经济学2006，2009-2010西方经济学2002,2005经济学2003-—2004，2006，2009-2010世界经济综合2000世界经济A 2000政治经济学2000综合考试（含政治经济学、宏观经济学）2002财政系宏、微观经济学2006，2009-2010西方经济学2002，2005经济学2003—-2004，2006,2009-2010世界经济综合2000世界经济A 2000政治经济学2000综合考试（含政治经济学、宏观经济学）2002财政学1996——1998财政学综合考试1996——1998金融系金融学基础(联考)2002-—2010（2002-—2010有答案) 货币银行学综合考试1998—-2000货币银行学1998——2000货币银行学(复试）2000国际经济与贸易系宏、微观经济学2006，2009-2010西方经济学2002，2005经济学2003--2004,2006，2009-2010世界经济综合2000世界经济A 2000政治经济学2000综合考试（含政治经济学、宏观经济学）2002国际贸易1998——2002经济研究所宏、微观经济学2006，2009—2010西方经济学2002,2005经济学2003——2004,2006,2009—2010世界经济综合2000世界经济A 2000政治经济学2000综合考试（含政治经济学、宏观经济学）2002王亚南经济研究院经济学2003——2004,2006，2009-2010西方经济学2002,2005世界经济综合2000世界经济A 2000政治经济学2000综合考试（含政治经济学、宏观经济学）2002会计系会计学2000--2005会计学综合考试2000-—2002管理学与管理经济学2003——2009（注:2005—-2007年为回忆版）企业管理专业综合考试(含人力资源管理、市场营销学）1998——2002 企业管理（含管理学、财务管理）1998—-2002企业管理系管理学与管理经济学2003—-2007（注：2005--2007年为回忆版)企业管理专业综合考试（含人力资源管理、市场营销学）1998——2002 企业管理（含管理学、财务管理)1998——2002管理科学系运筹学（管理科学系）2002——2009旅游系（无此试卷）法学院法理学与民法学2000--2006法理学1995——2002，2005-—2006法理学与民事诉讼法学2003——2006法理学与宪法学2002，2005——2010（2010为回忆版)民法学1990，1998——2002民法学与商法学2003——2006民法学与宪法学2005-—2006民法学与刑法学2007,2009—-2010（2010为回忆版）综合国际法学2003-—2005国际公法与国际私法1997—-2002国际经济法1997—-2002(国际法学专业)综合考试1997——1999（民商法学、经济法学专业）综合考试2002民事诉讼法2000—-2002商法学2003经济法学1998-—2003民事诉讼法与刑事诉讼法2003宪法学与行政法学2003刑法学与刑事诉讼法学2003，2005——2006行政法与行政诉讼法学2005-—2006政治学系政治学与公共管理学2007—-2009政治学与行政学2003——2006政治学原理2002行政学2002现代政治思想（中、西）2008-—2009公共管理系政策科学与经济学2007--2009政治学与公共管理学2007——2009政治学与行政学2003—-2006（word版本）政治学原理2002行政学2002综合考试（行政管理）2002——2006(注:无管理学部分）（word版本) 社会保障专业试题2004社会学系社会学原理2005，2008—-2009社会调查研究方法2005，2008-—2009人口研究所宏、微观经济学2006，2009—2010西方经济学2002,2005经济学2003——2004，2006，2009-2010政治经济学2000综合考试（含政治经济学、宏观经济学）2002思想政治教育系政治学与公共管理学2007——2009政治学与行政学2003——2006政治学原理2002行政学2002政治学2008——2009中共党史与思想政治教育学2008——2009英文系二外法语2001，2003—-2005（注:2001年的试卷共14页,缺第4页）二外日语2003二外德语2006——2009英语基础知识2003—-2005（2005有答案）英语语言文学基础知识2002阅读及英美文学、语言学基础2003-—2009（2006-—2009有答案）（注：2006—-2009年的答案只有语言学基础部分的答案）阅读理解与英美文学基础知识1998——2000阅读理解及语言学、英美文学基础知识2001阅读与写作2002翻译与写作2003——2004写作与英汉互译2003—-2006,2009英语写作2000英汉、汉英翻译1998——2002欧洲语言文学系二外英语2003——2006，2009（2009有答案）公共外语教学部二外法语2001，2003-—2005（注：2001年的试卷共14页，缺第4页)二外日语2003二外德语2006—-2009英语基础知识2003--2005（2005有答案）英语语言文学基础知识2002阅读及英美文学、语言学基础2003——2009(2006——2009有答案）(注：2006—-2009年的答案只有语言学基础部分的答案）阅读理解与英美文学基础知识1998--2000阅读理解及语言学、英美文学基础知识2001阅读与写作2002翻译与写作2003——2004写作与英汉互译2003--2006,2009英语写作2000英汉、汉英翻译1998-—2002日本语言文学系二外英语2003—-2006，2009（2009有答案）基础日语2005-—2006综合日语2003——2006日本文学2004日本文学史2003日语语言文化2004音乐系音乐学基础2008—-2009中外音乐史2008——2009美术系设计史2007——2009设计史论2004——2006艺术概论2007——2009中外美术史2008—-2009物理系高等数学（无线电物理专业)1998，2001-—2005电子线路2001——2002,2008——2009［其中2001年试题名称为：综合考试] 普通物理学2002——2004,2006——2009（2006-—2007有答案)电动力学2002量子力学2002量子力学与电动力学2003——2004机电工程系自动控制原理2000-—2002，2004——2006，2008——2009模拟电路与数字逻辑2000-—2002微机原理2003-—2005微机原理及应用2000——2002电子线路2001--2002，2008——2009［其中2001年试题名称为：综合考试］普通物理学2002——2004，2006——2009（2006——2007有答案）电动力学2002量子力学2002量子力学与电动力学2003——2004数学科学学院综合基础Ⅱ（数学各专业）（含高等代数、抽象代数）2007,2010基础综合Ⅰ（含数学分析、实变函数、常微分方程）2005—-2006数学分析2003——2004高等代数2003化学系物理化学1990—-1991,2000—-2002，2004，2007——2009(2008有答案）高分子化学1999高分子化学与物理2008-—2010分析化学2008——2010无机化学2008—-2009化学工程与生物工程系高分子化学1999高分子化学与物理2008——2010传递过程与单元操作2008-—2009材料科学与工程系高分子化学1999高分子化学与物理2008-—2010材料科学基础2008-—2009基础化学2008——2010生命科学学院生物化学1999-—2001，2003--2010细胞生物学1994——2009微生物学2002——2010生物学2005普通生物学1994—-2000，2002——2003，2005生物学概论1999，2001，2004生态学2007——2010普通生态学2001——2010植物生态学1996——2003，2005普通生物学基础2004——2005海洋生态学1987——2002，2004——2005动物生理与海洋生态学2003普通动物学1998-—2003植物生理学1998——2002植物生理生化2003植物生物学2005——2009动物生物学2003，2005,2007-—2010动物学1993——2005海洋系生物化学1999——2001,2003-—2010细胞生物学1994-—2009微生物学2002—-2010生物学2005普通生物学1994——2000,2002—-2003，2005，2008--2009 生物学概论1999，2001，2004生态学2007——2010普通生态学2001——2010植物生态学1996-—2003，2005普通生物学基础2004——2005海洋生态学1987—-2002，2004——2005动物生理与海洋生态学2003普通动物学1998—-2003植物生理学1998——2002植物生理生化2003植物生物学2005——2009动物生物学2003,2005,2007——2010动物学1993—-2005海洋地质学2008——2009海洋管理概论2005——2009海洋科学导论2008——2009声学基础与数字电路2003——2009数学物理基础2008--2009无机化学2008——2009物理化学2008——2009环境科学中心环境评价规划与管理2001—-2009（其中2001、2002年分为规划管理与评价学两份试题）环境学导论2002—-2009环境工程学2007-2010有机化学（环境科学、环境管理专业）2002—-2006分析化学（环境科学、环境管理专业）2002——2006，2008——2009生物化学1999-—2001,2003-—2010细胞生物学1994——2009微生物学2002--2010生物学2005普通生物学1994——2000，2002——2003，2005生物学概论1999，2001,2004生态学2007——2010普通生态学2001—-2010植物生态学1996——2003，2005普通生物学基础2004——2005海洋生态学1987——2002，2004-—2005动物生理与海洋生态学2003普通动物学1998——2003植物生理学1998——2002植物生理生化2003植物生物学2005—-2009动物生物学2003，2005，2007--2010动物学1993——2005普通物理学2008——2009计算机科学系数据结构与计算机组成原理2003——2007数据结构与高级程序设计1997—-2002（2001有答案,答案只有数据结构部分）数据结构与C语言2004操作系统与编译原理1997-—2001组成原理与汇编语言2002电子工程系高等数学(无线电物理专业）1998,2001—-2005模拟电路与数字逻辑2000——2002信号与系统2007——2008（2007有答案）电路、信号与线性系统2003—-2006,2009（2006有答案）（注：2006年试卷缺电路的题，只有信号与线性系统的题，共4页，缺第3、4页）自动控制原理2000-—2002,2004——2006,2008-—2009电子线路2001——2002，2008——2009［其中2001年试题名称为：综合考试］普通物理学2002—-2004，2006-—2009(2006——2007有答案）电动力学2002量子力学2002量子力学与电动力学2003—-2004光电子技术2008——2009自动化系模拟电路与数字逻辑2000——2002自动控制原理2000——2002,2004——2006，2008-—2009电子线路2001——2002，2008——2009[其中2001年试题名称为：综合考试] 普通物理学2002——2004，2006——2009(2006-—2007有答案)电动力学2002量子力学2002量子力学与电动力学2003--2004数据结构2008—-2009通信工程系信号与系统2007-—2008(2007有答案)电路、信号与线性系统2003——2006，2009(2006有答案)（注：2006年试卷缺电路的题，只有信号与线性系统的题,共4页，缺第3、4页）电子线路2001—-2002，2008--2009[其中2001年试题名称为：综合考试]医学院生物医学研究院药物化学2008-—2009有机化学（医）2008-—2009生物化学2007——2009物理化学(医学院）2010生理学2010建筑系建筑设计2001——2002中外建筑历史2001——2002，2008——2009概念性快速建筑设计2008——2009建筑技术概论2008—-2009土木系材料力学2008——2009结构力学2008-—2009南洋研究院国际政治2003-—2009国际关系史2003——2009宏、微观经济学2006，2009—2010经济学2003——2004,2006，2009-2010西方经济学2002，2005世界经济综合2000世界经济A 2000政治经济学2000综合考试（含政治经济学、宏观经济学）2002台湾研究院宏、微观经济学2006，2009—2010经济学2003-—2004，2006,2009—2010西方经济学2002，2005世界经济综合2000世界经济A 2000政治经济学2000综合考试（含政治经济学、宏观经济学）2002 政治学与行政学2004——2005（缺案例分析）中西文艺理论基础2000-—2002，2004—-2005 文艺评论写作2000-—2002中国现当代文学2000--2005文学基础2003——2004中外文学2000—-2002世界近代史2002世界现代史2002中国古代史2000通史1999中国近现代史2002——2004世界近现代史2003——2004现代政治思想（中、西）2008--2009教育研究院普通心理学1986-—1988,2000-—2005普通教育学2000——2005教育学1985,1987——1988高等教育学专业综合考试1985——1987心理学1985，1987发展心理学与教育心理学1987—-1988 中外教育史、比较教育学1999—-2001。

2019年厦门大学英语语言文学考研真题回忆专业课一写作与翻译708强调的一点是这一科考试时间非常紧。

3个小时一篇古文翻译，一篇500字中翻英。

两篇500词英翻中。

中翻英一篇古文翻译，另一篇题材较广，可能是社科类，政府工作报告，文学类。

（今年是文学类翻译，好像是意识流散文）英翻中题材也较广，有政府工作报告，社科类、文学类以及美国总统演讲。

以及两篇300词作文。

（今年一篇是the function of literature，另一个是personal career plan。

）因此翻译速度和写作速度都非常重要，这没有捷径，需要大量的练习才能提升1.翻译1. 古文翻译选自《孟子·非攻》的一段今有一人，入人园圃，窃其桃李，众闻则非之，上为政者得则罚之。

此何也？以亏人自利也。

至攘人犬豕鸡豚者，其不义又甚入人园圃窃桃李。

是何故也？以亏人愈多。

苟亏人愈多，其不仁兹甚，罪益厚。

至入人栏厩，取人马牛者，其不仁义又甚攘人犬豕鸡豚。

此何故也？以其亏人愈多。

苟亏人愈多，其不仁兹甚，罪益厚。

至杀不辜人也，拖其衣裘、取戈剑者，其不义又甚入人栏厩取人马牛。

此何故也？以其亏人愈多。

苟亏人愈多，其不仁兹甚，罪益厚。

当此，天下之君子皆知而非之，谓之不义。

今至大为不义攻国，则弗知非，从而誉之，谓之义。

此可谓知义与不义之别乎？《入院窃李》“今有一人……此可谓知义与不义之别乎？”百度搜，有原文2. 中译英内容不记得了是偏政治性的文章3. 英译中关于AI4. 英译中没大看懂前面讲真正的冒险者是什么样的，报纸媒体宣传的冒险者都是那种商业人士。

后面又讲什么陌生人。

作文写作有2篇，今年第一篇是讲 the function of literature （40分），给了一篇中文的文章，大概讲文学能让我们看到生活的另一面，看到平时看不到的，感受美，然后问你是否同意作者的观点以及为什么。

第二篇作文是：career plan（35分），必须说出 specific job, 以及你为什么选择这个工作，还有如何为它准备。

厦大外文系英语语言文学真题回忆外国语言学及应用语言学同试题集团标准化办公室：[VV986T-J682P28-JP266L8-68PNN]2017厦大外文系050201英语语言文学真题回忆二外法语：一.选择题（20小题，每题1分）：4选1二.近义词选择（10小题，每题1分）：根据句子中划线的词或者词组，选择最切近的选项，4选1三.人称代词填空（10小题，每小题分）四.对划线部分进行代词替换，并把直陈式改为命令式（5小题，每题1分）五.对句子中的划线部分，进行提问（5小题，每题1分）六.篇章时态填空（10空，每空1分）：篇章选自 Jack London 的作品（法语译作）七.阅读（1篇，9小题选择题，4选1；1小题根据划线语句写出中文意思。

共10分）文章内容：以法语写作的科技文章的衰落八.翻译，法翻中（3道题，总共15分）：出自阅读中的原文片段九.翻译，中翻法（3道题，总共15分）1.汉字是世界上最古老的文字之一，也是世界上使用人数最多的语言。

汉字的数量很大。

大约总共有60,000个汉字，其中常用字6,000个。

年前，中国工业主要集中于大连、天津、沈阳、青岛、上海、广州等东部沿海城市。

而除了武汉、重庆等几个大城市外，中西部的工业水平都非常低。

3.周恩来是一位出色的政治家、外交家，也是中国共产党的重要领导。

每一次他出现在外交场合，都会给热爱和平的人们带来希望。

他的出现象征着成功与胜利。

专业课一（翻译、写作）：一.翻译，中译英1.古文翻译（20分）出自韩愈《祭十二郎文》呜呼！吾少孤，及长，不省所怙，惟兄嫂是依。

中年，兄殁南方，吾与汝俱幼，从嫂归葬河阳。

既又与汝就食江南。

零丁孤苦，未尝一日相离也。

吾上有三兄，皆不幸早世。

承先人后者，在孙惟汝，在子惟吾。

两世一身，形单影只。

嫂尝抚汝指吾而言曰："韩氏两世，惟此而已！"汝时尤小，当不复记忆。

吾时虽能记忆，亦未知其言之悲也。

2.社科翻译（20分）类似政府工作报告中国自古奉行和平外交政策。

厦门大学外文学院考研一、厦门大学外文学院考研考试简介厦门大学外文学院有五个系，各系考试也不同，如下：英语语言文学系的英语语言文学专业考试科目为：①101思想政治理论②242俄语（二外）或243日语（二外）或244法语（二外）或245德语（二外）③708写作与英汉互译④814阅读及英美文学、语言学基础。

两个专业学位英语笔译和英语口译考试科目为：①101思想政治理论②211翻译硕士英语③357英语翻译基础④448汉语写作与百科知识。

欧洲语言文学系的俄语语言文学专业考试科目为：①101思想政治理论②241英语（二外）③610基础俄语④816综合俄语。

外语教学部的外国语言学及应用语言学专业考试科目为：①101思想政治理论②242俄语（二外）或243日语（二外）或244法语（二外）或245德语（二外）③708写作与英汉互译④814阅读及英美文学、语言学基础。

日语专业考试科目为：①101思想政治理论②241英语（二外）③611基础日语④817综合日语。

法语专业考试科目为：①101思想政治理论②241英语（二外）③709法国文化与文学④815法语综合考试。

二、厦门大学外文学院考研招生统计三、厦门大学外文学院考研指定参考书英语语言文学系俄语：《大学俄语》（ 1-3 册）董青、乔绪主编，北京大学出版社，或其他高校的公共俄语教材日语：《中日交流标准日本语》（初级上•下册、中级上•下册共四册），人民教育出版社，或其他高校的公共日语教材法语：《法语》（1、2、3、4册），马晓宏主编，外语教学与研究出版社，或《新大学法语》（1、2、3、4册），李志清总主编，高等教育出版社，2003年德语：《新编大学德语》 1-4 册，朱建华主编，外语教学与研究出版社，2004 年 9 月英语写作：《英语写作手册》丁往道等主编，外语教学与研究出版社， 1984 年，或其他高校英语专业写作教材英汉、汉英翻译：1、《英汉翻译教程》杨士焯著，北京大学出版社，2006年；2、《英译汉教程》连淑能编著，高等教育出版社， 2006年；3、《英汉对比研究》，连淑能著，高等教育出版社， 1993 年阅读理解：高校英语专业高年级通用教材英美文学基础知识：1、《英国文学选读》王守仁主编，高等教育出版社， 2000 年。

[2019初试真题回忆]2019年广州大学英语语言文学专业真题回忆往年英语语言文学的帖子不多，当时复习也挺茫然的，因此考完了趁还记得题型就先来写一篇回忆贴，以下如果有记错或记漏的欢迎同届考生指正。

英语语言文学的专业课考试在第二天进行：综合英语、翻译与写作。

一、综合英语1. 单项选择题。

主要是词汇辨析，词组搭配，有少量语法题，共30分，难度中下，跟专四的词汇辨析题有点像。

2. 完型填空。

这道题我在专四还是六级的完型真题里好像见过，但记得不是很清楚，是关于全球变暖对农业的影响。

粮食的供应、各国屯粮什么的。

不难，六级到专四的难度。

3. 阅读。

有三篇，每篇5个选择题，共15题。

全部在六级和专四的练习里做过，所以说啊，多做专四的题。

我买的全部是星火专八的资料，差不多都做完了，特别难，它会影响你的判断。

导致我在选择答案的时候不按常理出牌，总觉得不可能是那么简单的答案，其实答案原文里都完全找得到。

下面附上三篇阅读的原文和选项。

第一篇：Flats were almost unknown in Britain until the 1850s when they were developed, along with other industrial dwellings, for the laboring classes.These vast blocks were plainly a convenient means of easing social conscience by housing large numbers of the ever-present poor on compact city sites. During the 1880s, however, the idea of living in comfortable residential chambers caught on with the affluent upper and upper-middle classes, and controversy as to the advantages and disadvantages of flat life was a topic of conversation around many a respectable dinner-table. In Paris and other major European cities, the custom whereby the better-off lived in apartments, or fiats, was well established. Up to the late nineteenth century in England only bachelor barristers had established the tradition of living in rooms near the Law Court: any self-respecting head of household would insist upon a West End town house as his London home, the best that his means could provide.The popularity of flats for the better-off seems to have developed for a number of reasons. One is the introduction of the railways, which had enabled a wide range of people to enjoy a holiday staying in a suite at one of the luxury hotels which had begun to spring up during the previous decade. Hence, there is no doubt that many of the early luxury fiats were similar to hotel suites, even being provided with communal dining-rooms and central boilers for hot water and heating. Rents tended to be high to cover overheads, but savings were made possible by these communal amenities and by tenants being able to reduce thenumber of family servants.One of the earliest substantial London developments of flats for the well-to-do was begun soon after Victoria Railway Station was opened in 1860, as the train service provided an efficient link with both the City and the South of England. Victoria Street, adjacent to both the Station and Westminster, had already been formed, and under the direction of the architect, Henry Ashton, was being lined, with blocks of residential chambers in the Parisian manner. These fiats were commodious indeed, offering between eight and fifteen rooms apiece, including appropriate domestic offices. The idea was an emphatic departure from the tradition of the London house and achieved immediate Success.Perhaps the most notable block in the vicinity was Queen Anne\'s Mansions, partly designed by E.R. Robson in 1884 and recently demolished. For many years, this was London\'s loftiest building and had strong claims to be the ugliest. The block modeled on the American skyscraper, and was nearly 200 feet high. The cliff-like walls of dingy brick completely overshadowed the modest thoroughfare nearby. Although bleak outside, the mansion fiats were palatial within, with sumptuously furnished communal entertaining and dining rooms, and lifts to the uppermost floors. The success of these tall blocks of flats could not have been achieved, of course, without the invention of the lift, or \'ascending carriage\' as it was called when firstused in the Strand Law Courts in the 1870s.1、Flats first appeared in Britain in the middle of the 19th century whenA. they were principally built for those families with several servants.B. people were not conscious of the crowded housing of the less well-to-do.C. there was increasing concern over accommodation for the poor.D. people became conscious of the social needs of the rural population.2、English upper-middle-class families preferred toA. live mainly outside London, where it was healthier and cheaper.B. live in the West End.C. live near their working place.D. live in London, but mainly not in the West End.3、One effect of the railways\' coming to central London was to stimulate the building ofA. large and well-appointed hotels.B. blocks of self-contained fiats.C. rows of elegant town houses.D. fiats similar to hotel suites.4、The immediate success of the flats in Victoria Street could be attributed toA. the unusual number of rooms each fiat contained.B. their revolutionary style of architecture.C. the ease with which they could be used as offices.D. their French style of architecture.5、Which of the following is true about the interior and exterior of Queen Anne\'s Mansions?A. They were elegantly decorated both inside and outside.B. They were grim from the outside and had a modest decor inside.C. They were flashy from the street but nondescript inside.D. They were plain outside but with lavish interior.第二篇：As a firefighter, I have seen many people die in hotel fires. Most could have saved themselves if they had been prepared. Contrary to what you have seen in the movies, fire is not likely to chase you down and burn you to death. It’s the by-products of fire-smoke and panic- that are almost always the causes of death.For example, a man wakes up at 2:30 am due to the smell of smoke. He pulls on his pants and runs into the hallway-to be greeted by heavy smoke. He has no idea where the exit is, so he runs first to the right. No exit. Where is it? Panic sets in. He’s coughing and gagging now; his eyes hurt. He can t see his way back to his room. His chest hurt; he needs oxygen desperately. He rims in the other direction, completely disoriented. At 2:50 am we find him dead of smoke inhalation.Smoke, because it is warmer than air, will start accumulating at the ceiling and works its way down. The fresh air you should breathe is near the floor. What’s more, smoke is extremely irritating to the eyes. Your eyes will take only so much irritation, then they will close and you won t be able to open them.Your other enemy, panic, can make you do things that could kill you. The man in the foregoing example would not have died if he had known what to do. Had he found out beforehand where the exit was four doors down on the left-he could have gotten down on his hands and knees close to the floor, where the air is fresher. Then, even if he couldn\'t keep his eyes open, he could have felt the wall as he crawled, counting doors.1. The major point discussed in the passage is ( )A. a firefighter\'s jobВ. How to cope with fireC. the danger of fireD. the real cause of death in fire.2. Which of the following persons would most likely die in hotel fires?( )A. Those who get down on their hands and knees close to the door.B. Those who leave the hotel at the first sign of smoke.C. Those who look before they leap out of a low window.D. Those who don t know where the exits are.3. The man who died of smoke inhalation is an example given by the author to show( )A. the disastrous consequence of panic and smokeB. the importance of precaution against fireC. the disastrous consequence of a big hotel fireD. the importance of being well-prepared in your room4. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?( )A. Fire is unlikely to turn you to death directly.B. Smoke and panic are almost always the causes of death.C. You should keep calm in the hotel fire.D. Movies show the right rules for surviving hotel fires.5. The word \"disoriented”(Para.2) means ( )A. losing all sense of directionB. losing all strength against fireС. unable to see the wayD. mortally afraid第三篇:War may be a natural expression of biological instincts and drives toward aggression in the human species. Natural impulses of anger, hostility, and territoriality (守卫地盘的天性) are expressed through acts of violence. These are all qualities that humans share with animals. Aggression is a kind of innate (天生的) survival mechanism, an instinct for self-preservation that allows animals to defend themselves from threats to their existences of human violence are always conditioned by social conventions that give shape to aggressive behavior. In human societies violence has a social function. It is a strategy for creating or destroying forms of social order. Religious traditions have taken a leading role in directing the powers of violence. We will look at the ritual and ethical (道德上的) patterns within which human violence has been directed.The violence within a society is controlled through institutions of law. The more developed a legal system becomes, the more society takes responsibility for the discovery, control, and punishment of violent acts. In most tribal societies the only means to deal with an act of violence is revenge. Each family group may have the responsibility for personally carrying out judgment and punishment upon the person who committed the offense. But in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and diffused. The society assumes the responsibility for protecting individuals from violence. In cases where they cannot be protected, the society is responsible for imposing punishment. In a statecontrolled legal system, individuals are removed from the cycle of revenge motivated by acts of violence, and the state assumes responsibility for their protection.The other side of a state legal apparatus is a state military apparatus. While the one protects the individual from violence, the other sacrifices the individual to violence in the interests of the state. In war the state affirms its supreme power over the individuals within its own borders. War is not simply a trial by combating to settle disputes between states; it is the moment when the state makes its most powerful demands upon its people for their commitment allegiance, and supreme sacrifice. Times of war test a community’s deepest religious and ethical commitments.31. Human violence shows evidence of being a learned behavior in that __（B）__.A) it threatens the existing social systemsB) it is influenced by societyC) it has roots in religious conflictsD) it is directed against institutions of law32. The function of legal systems, according to the passage, is __（A）__.A) to control violence within a societyB) to protect the world from chaosC) to free society from the idea of revengeD) to give the government absolute power33. What does the author mean by saying “... in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and diffused”(Lines 4-5, Para. 2)? （D）A) Legal systems greatly reduce the possibilities of physical violence.B) Offenses against individuals are no longer judged on a personal basis.C) Victims of violence find it more difficult to take revenge.D) Punishment is not carried out directly by the individuals involved.34. The word “allegiance”(Line 4, Para. 3) is closest in meaning to __（A）__.A) loyaltyB) objectiveC) survivalD) motive35. What can we learn from the last paragraph? __（D）__A) Governments tend to abuse their supreme power in times of war.B) In times of war governments may extend their power across national borders.C) In times of war governments impose high religious and ethical standards on their people.D) Governments may sacrifice individuals in the interests of the state in times of war.4.改错。