2021届河北衡水高中英语新高考语法复习讲义(068)动词不定式时态语态与分裂不定式知识点总结整理
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高考专题-词法-非谓语动词之动词不定式知识集结知识元动词不定式知识讲解动词不定式一、概念:定义:动词不定式是一种非谓语动词形式,其结构为"to+动词原形",其中to是其符号,它没有人称和数的变化。
动词不定式在句子中可以用作主语、表语、宾语、补足语、定语、状语等。
非谓语动词主动语态被动语态意义不定式一般式to do to be done不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生进行式to be doing不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生三、动词不定式的句法功能1.作主语不定式作主语时,常用it 作形式主语,而将作主语的不定式放在句子后部。
如:It is good to help others.2.作宾语1)不定式作宾语时通常用于want, hope, wish, agree, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, claim, fail, promise, plan, offer, prefer, attempt 等词后。
2) find, make, think, consider, feel 等动词不能直接接不定式作宾语,需用it 代替不定式作形式宾语。
如:This has made it necessary for agriculture and industry to develop very quickly.3)“动词+ 疑问词+ 不定式”结构中的疑问词通常有what, when, where, which, how, whether 等,但不能用why。
3.作定语1)不定式作定语多表示未来动作,而动词-ing 形式作定语多表示正在进行的动作。
不定式的被动式、动词-ing 形式和过去分词都可以表示被动动作,但动作发生的时间不同。
Example:下周要召开的会议非常重要。
The meeting to be held next week is of great importance.现在正在召开的会议非常重要。
2021届高中英语新高考语法考点复习讲义(八)进行时和完成时(√)He has been a soldier for 3 years.(√)It is 3 years since he joined the army.(√)He has joined the army.常见的瞬间动词(词组)有:come,go,leave,buy,sell,reach,open,close,get up,get to,arrive at/in, begin/start,give,return,lend,borrow, turn, bring, take, die, finish, end,receive/hear from, marry, break, lose, jump,join /take part in等。
过去完成时①过去完成时的构成had+过去分词②过去完成时的用法a.表示过去某个时间或动作之前已经完成的动作,即“过去的过去”。
常与by+过去时间状语,when,before等时间状语连用。
When I arrived there, he had_left.当我到那时,他已经离开了。
b.表示从过去某一时间开始,一直持续到过去另一时间的动作或状态,这一动作可以是一直持续到过去这一时刻或将继续下去。
常与for,since 等构成的时间状语连用。
I had_been at the bus stop for 30 minutes when a bus finally came.当公共汽车终于来的时候,我已在车站等了30分钟。
c.intend, mean, hope, want, plan,suppose, expect, think等动词的过去完成时,可表示过去未曾实现的设想、意图或希望等,含有某种惋惜之情。
I had_intended to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.我本来打算昨天去看你,但我这边来了一个不速之客。
2021届衡水中学新高考英语语法三轮复习讲义[01]人称代词和形容词性物主代词1. 人称代词(1) 人称代词有人称、数和格等的变化,详见下表:例如:He is Eric. 他是埃里克。
(he是主格,作主语)I don’t know them. 我不认识他们。
(them是宾格,作动词know的宾语)2.形容词性物主代词(1) 形容词性物主代词表示所属关系,有人称和数的变化,详见下表:③形容词性物主代词和形容词一起修饰名词时,其顺序为:形容词性物主代词+ 形容词+名词。
例如:【误】It is white her ruler.【正】It is her white ruler. 它是她的白色直尺。
【误】Is this English his book?【正】Is this his English book? 这是他的英语书吗?【注意】汉语中的“我妈妈”、“他姐姐”等表达,虽然代词用的是“我”、“他”,但要表达的意思仍是“我的”、“他的”,所以在翻译成英语时,一定要用形容词性物主代词而不能用人称代词。
例如:我妹妹很漂亮。
【误】I sister is very nice.【正】My sister is very nice.单元语法强化训练Ⅰ. 根据句意及提示填写单词。
1.__________ (he) first name is David.2.This is __________ (他们的) English teacher.3.__________ (我们)are in China.4.—What is __________ (you) name?—__________(I) name is Zhang Juan.5.—What is __________ (她的) telephone number?—It’s010-********.Ⅱ. 从方框中选择恰当的单词填空。
每词限用一次。
his, you, it, I, your 1.—Is this _________pen, Mary?—Yes, it is my pen.2._________ name is Jack.3.—What’s this in English?—__________is a ruler.4.Are __________ Jenny Smith?5.__________ am Jack Green.Ⅲ. 根据汉语意思完成句子,每空一词。
2021届河北衡水高中英语新高考语法复习讲义(069)不定式省略to的情况常考知识点总结整理1) 在feel,have,hear,let,listen to,look at,make,notice,observe,see,watch等动词后作宾语补足语时,动词不定式to 通常被省略。
(见不定式作宾语补足语)Internet bars mustn't let people under 18 in or let anybody bad things.A. watchB. to watchC. watchingD. watches【答案选A】let sb. do sth.“让某人做某事”。
2) 在would rather(would sooner,had rather...than,rather than,had better等结构后用不带to的不定式。
如:I would rather go than stay.我宁愿走不愿留。
注意有时不定式虽然和它所修饰的名词是被动关系,但与句中的主语却是主动关系,则仍用主动式。
如:I have got a letter to write.我有一封信要写。
I want to get some novels to read.我想找几本小说看看。
如将上述不定式改为被动语态,则表示不同的句意。
I have got a letter to be written.我需要别人写一封信。
I want to get some novels to be read.我想给别人找几本小说看。
3)疑问句why引导的省略句中的不定式,在当代英语中通常需省去to。
如:Why spend such a lot of money?为什么花那么多钱?Why not wait for a couple of days?干吗不再等几天?例题:1. —Bob, it's getting cold. take a jacket with you?—All right, Daddy.A. Why notB. What aboutC. Would you likeD. You'd better【答案选A】Why not do...为什么不做……?这是简单特殊疑问句形式,Why do...? Why not do...?中不用to,其他简单特殊疑问句形式用to,如When to do? Where to do?等。
高考动词时态串讲在英语中,用不同的动词形式来表示不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
一、一般时一般时包括一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时和一般过去将来时。
A.一般现在时1.一般现在时的构成一般现在时主要用动词原形来表示。
主语是第三人称单数时,动词后面要加-s或-es。
They want good jobs.他们想要好的工作。
The coat matches the dress.外衣和裙子很相配。
This work does not satisfy me.这项工作我不满意。
Do you understand?你懂了吗?2.一般现在时的用法①一般现在时的基本用法a. 表示现在习惯性的动作或存在状态He always takes a walk after supper.晚饭后他总是散散步。
Everyone is in high spirits now.现在大家都情绪高涨。
b. 表示客观事实或普遍真理The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.太阳从东方升起在西方落下。
Sound travels faster through water than it does through air.声音在水中的传播速度要比在空气中快。
Time and tide wait for no man.时间不等人。
c. 表示主语的特征、能力和状态This cloth feels soft.这布摸上去很软。
I love classical music.我喜欢古典音乐。
The President still seems able to find time to go fishing.看来总统仍能有时间去钓鱼。
d. 表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作The meeting begins at 7:00.会议七点钟开始。
We leave here at 8:00 sharp.我们八点整离开这里。
2021届河北衡水高中英语新高考语法复习讲义(066)动词不定式做状语常考知识点总结整理作状语:动词不定式可用作修饰动词或形容词的状语,通常放在其所修饰的动词或形容词之后。
•作目的状语。
如:Sean went to America to learn English.肖恩去美国学习英语。
Every morning he gets up very early to exercise.每天早晨他早早起床去锻炼身体。
Fuel is a substance used to generate light, heat, or energy.燃料是一种用来产生光、热或能量的物质。
Dams are used to control flooding, provide water for irrigation, and generate electricity for the surrounding area.水坝被用于防洪、提供灌溉用水、并为周围地区发电。
例题:It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just a look at the sports stars.A. hadB. havingC. to haveD. have【答案选C】此处用不定式表目的。
为了强调动词不定式所表示的目的时,动词不定式可变为in order to 或so as to + 动词原形。
但应注意in order to 位于句首或句中均可,而so as to 不能位于句首。
如:Jacqueline reads China Daily every day in order to/so as to improve her English.杰奎琳每天读《中国日报》以便能提高她的英语水平。
In order to catch the train, they started out early.为了能赶上火车,他们早早就出发了。
2021届河北衡水高中英语新高考语法复习讲义(068)动词不定式时态语态与分裂不定式常考知识点总结整理01. 动词不定式的时态和语态1)动词不定式的一般式所表示的动作和状态发生在谓语动词所表示的动作或状态的同时或以后。
如:I often hear Dick play the piano in the next room.我常常听见迪克在隔壁弹钢琴。
(hear与play两个动作同时发生)They saw him go out. 他们看见他出去了。
(saw与go out动作同时发生)例题:—Where are the twins?—I saw them out for a walk just now.A. goB. to goC. goneD. went【答案选A】see sb. do sth.“看到某人做某事”,表示看到动作的全过程,或经常性的动作,或过去的动作;see sb. doing sth“看到某人正在做某事”。
依题意“我刚才看到他们出去散步了”,表示过去的动作。
Keith hopes to become a university student this year.凯斯希望今年能成为一名大学生。
(to become这个动作发生在hope 之后)They decided to plant more trees this spring.他们决定今年春天栽更多的树。
(to plant这个动作发生在decide 之后)例题:—Do you think our football team will win the match?—Yes. We have better players. So I them to win.A. hopeB. askC. helpD. expect【答案选D】hope“希望”;ask“问”;help“帮助”;expect“预料,预期”。
2)动词不定式的进行式所表示的动作或状态与谓语动词所表示的动作或状态同时发生。
2021届河北衡水高中英语新高考语法复习讲义(064)动词不定式做主宾表语常考知识点总结整理动词不定式的形式动词不定式(the Infinitive)是一种非限定动词,由“to +动词原形”构成,其否定形式是“not to +动词原形”。
动词不定式虽然不能作谓语动词,但仍保留着动词的特征,它可以带有所需要的宾语或状语而构成动词不定式短语。
如to study hard,to play table tennis。
其时态和语态的变化参见前表。
例题:The teacher asked us so much noise.A. don't makeB. not makeC. not makingD. not to make【答案选D】考查动词不定式的否定式,not to + 动词原形动词不定式的句法功能1. 作主语。
如:To speak English well isn't an easy job.说好英语不是一件容易的事。
To improve our teaching method is very important.改进我们的教学方法是非常重要的。
To talk with her is a great pleasure.和她谈话是一件非常愉快的事。
动词不定式短语作主语时,为了保持句子平衡,往往用it作形式主语,而把不定式短语置于谓语动词之后。
如:It is important to master English grammar.掌握英语语法是重要的。
It would be a waste of time to look up every new word as it comes along.碰到生词就查词典是浪费时间。
It would take some 100 workers a year's time to complete the project.完成这项工程大约需要一百名工人一年时间。
2021届河北衡水高中英语新高考语法填空复习专题(08)动词的语态考点技巧总结语态是动词的一种特殊形式,用以表示主语和谓语之间的关系。
英语的语态分为主动语态(active voice)和被动语态(passive voice)。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。
如:The worker is repairing the machine.那个工人正在修理那台机器。
He has made great progress in his English study.他在英语学习中已经取得了很大进步。
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
如:This teacher is respected by every student in the school.这个老师在学校里受到所有同学的尊敬。
The island wasn’t discovered until recently.这座岛屿是不久前才被发现的。
Computers are made in the company.这家公司制造计算机。
The book has been translated into many languages.这本书已经被翻译成很多语言。
被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。
助动词be确定原句的时态。
如:Before you leave the classroom, make sure the electricity is turned off and the door is locked.在离开教室前,要确保电源被切断,门被关好。
The ninth APEC conference was held in Shanghai China in October 2001.第九届APEC会议于2001年10月在中国上海举行。
Shall we be invited to attend the opening ceremony?我们会被邀请参加这个开幕式吗?A new railway is being built between the two cities.这两个城市之间正在修建一条铁路。
2021年高考英语语法复习非谓语动词考点一非谓语动词作定语1.动词不定式作定语动词不定式作定语常表示该动作尚未发生,即动词不定式具备将来含义。
He has a lot of work to do.他有很多工作要做。
He has something good enough to read.他有很好的读物。
动词不定式既可用主动式也可用被动式,但其含义有所不同。
试比较:Do you have anything to send? (动作的执行者是“你”)Do you have anything to be sent?(动作的执行者是“我”或“别人”)。
2.动词-ing形式作定语当该动词与被修饰的名词之间为主动关系或用来表示被修饰词的用途时,用动词-ing形式。
Three days later I received a letter offering me the job.三天后,我收到了一封给我提供这份工作的信。
This is a reading room.这是一个阅览室。
3.过去分词作定语过去分词作定语,被修饰的名词与分词在逻辑上通常是被动关系。
过去分词作定语也可表示完成。
Tsinghua University,founded in 1911,is home to a great number of outstanding figures. 清华大学建立于1911年,是许多杰出人物的摇篮。
This is a book written by a famous Chinese writer.这是一本由一位著名的中国作家写的书。
考点二非谓语动词作状语1.动词不定式作状语,表示目的、原因、结果等。
She came here to work.她来这儿是为了工作。
I’m glad to hear the news.听到这个消息我非常高兴。
He lifted a stone only to drop it on his own feet.他搬起石头结果砸了自己的脚。
2021届河北衡水高中英语新高考语法复习讲义(068)动词不定式时态语态与分裂不定式常考知识点总结整理
01. 动词不定式的时态和语态
1)动词不定式的一般式所表示的动作和状态发生在谓语动词所表示的动作或状态的同时或以后。
如:
I often hear Dick play the piano in the next room.
我常常听见迪克在隔壁弹钢琴。
(hear与play两个动作同时发生)They saw him go out. 他们看见他出去了。
(saw与go out动作同时发生)
例题:
—Where are the twins?
—I saw them out for a walk just now.
A. go
B. to go
C. gone
D. went
【答案选A】see sb. do sth.“看到某人做某事”,表示看到动作的全过程,或经常性的动作,或过去的动作;see sb. doing sth“看到某人正在做某事”。
依题意“我刚才看到他们出去散步了”,表示过去的动作。
Keith hopes to become a university student this year.
凯斯希望今年能成为一名大学生。
(to become这个动作发生在hope 之后)
They decided to plant more trees this spring.
他们决定今年春天栽更多的树。
(to plant这个动作发生在decide 之后)
例题:
—Do you think our football team will win the match?
—Yes. We have better players. So I them to win.
A. hope
B. ask
C. help
D. expect
【答案选D】hope“希望”;ask“问”;help“帮助”;expect“预料,预期”。
2)动词不定式的进行式所表示的动作或状态与谓语动词所表示的动作或状态同时发生。
如:
My supervisor happened to be correcting my dissertation when I came in. 当我进来的时候,碰巧我的导师在修改我的论文。
They seemed to be discussing something important.
他们似乎在讨论重要的事情。
例题:
When they went into the park,they saw
someone Chinese Gongfu.
A. plays
B. played
C. to play
D. playing
【答案选D】表示“看到某人正在做某事”。
依题意,“当他们走进公园时……”,went into是个点时间动作,即“走进公园的那一刻,看到有人正在练中国功夫”。
3)动词不定式的完成式所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所表示的动作或状态之前。
如:
I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.
很抱歉,让你久等了。
(to have kept发生在am所表示的时间之前)Joshua is said to have written a book on the war on Iraq.
听说约书亚写了一本关于伊拉克战争的书。
(to have written 发生在is said 所表示的时间之前)
有些动词如:wish,hope,intend,mean,plan,think,want,promise 和be的过去时+不定式的完成式,表示“动作没有完成”。
如:
I hoped to have finished the work earlier.
我本来想早点完成这项工作。
I intended to have come to see you.
我本来打算来看你的。
We were to have met at eight.
我们本来是约定八点钟见面的。
例题:
AIDS is said the biggest health challenge for both men and women in that area over the past few years.
A. that it is
B. to be
C. that it has been
D. to have been
【答案选D】由over the past few years可知用不定式的完成式。
4)动词不定式的完成进行式所表示的动作或状态在谓语动词所表示的动作或状态之前一直在进行。
如:
Marks seems to have been working there all these years.
马科斯好像这么多年一直在那儿工作。
Nicholas was known to have been living there for over twenty years.
据悉尼古拉斯已在那儿居住了二十多年了。
5)当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式通常要用被动形式。
不定式的被动式在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和宾语补足语等。
其时态形式有一般式和完成式两种。
如:It's a great honour to be invited to Mary's birthday party.
被邀请参加玛丽的生日聚会十分荣幸。
(作主语)
No harm seems to have been done.
似乎并没有造成损害。
(作表语)
I wish to be sent to work in the country.
我希望被派往乡下工作。
(作宾语)
In 1924 Nellie Taylor Ross of Wyoming became the first woman to be elected governor in the United States.
1924年,怀俄明州的内利·泰勒·罗斯成为美国第一位当选州长的妇女。
(作定语)
I had to shout to be heard.
我大声呼喊以便能被听得见。
(作状语)
Steven did not like his intention to be laughed at.
史蒂文不喜欢他的意图被人取笑。
(作宾语补足语)。
02 分裂不定式
有时在不定式符号“to”与动词原形之间插入一个副词,这种现象叫做分裂不定式(split infinitive)。
所插入的副词往往与不定式的动词原形连用。
如:
Philip likes to half close his eyes.
菲利普喜欢半闭着眼睛。
Our object is to further cement the friendly relationship between the two countries.
我们的目的是进一步加强两国之间的友谊。