非谓语动词
一、非谓语动词的概念
非谓语形式有三种： 1.动词不定式：to do表示目的和将来
2、动词的ing(动名词) : doing表示主动和进行 3.动词的过去分词：done表示被动和完成
二、非谓语动词的时态和语态
一般式完成式进行式
不定式主动to do to have done to be doing
被动to be done to have been done
ing 形式主动doing having done
被动being done having been done
过去分词被动done
三、非谓语动词的做题步骤：
1、判定是否用非谓语形式。方法：看看句子中是否已有了谓语动词了。
2、找非谓语动词的逻辑主语。方法：非谓语动词的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语。
3、判断主被动关系。方法：非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的主动还是被动关系。
4、判断时间关系。方法：分析句子，看看非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前、之后还是同时。之前常用done; 之后常用to do; 同时常用doing。
一、非谓语动词作主语和表语的比较
1、不定式和动名词作主语和表语：
1）. 不定式表示一次性的、具体的动词。动词ing 常表示一般的、泛指的或习惯性的动作。如：________ is a good form of exercise for both young and old.
A. The walk
B. Walking
C. To walk
D. Walk
2）. 不定式作主语时，常用it 作形式主语，即用句型：It is + adj. / n. + (for / of sb. ) to do sth.
It’s important for us to learn English well. It’s kind of you to help us.
注意：下面几个句型是用动名词：It’s no good / use doing sth. There is no point（in）doing sth
2、不定式、动名词、分词作表语的比较：
1）、不定式、动名词作表语，.表示主语的内容。如：
My job is teaching / to teach English. (teaching / to teach English 是my job的内容)
Knowing who we are means knowing what we like to do.（主，表语要用同一种形式）
2）、分词作表语：记住：一些表示情感、情绪的动词，常用分词形式作表语。现在分词表示主语的性质特征，用过去分词表示主语的状态。常用动词：surprise (使某人吃惊)，surprising (令人吃惊)，surprised (主语)感到吃惊）类似动词有：excite (激动)，astonish (惊奇)，shock (震惊)，scare (惊恐)，disappoint (失望)，move（感动）
如：The movie is exciting. We are excited at the news.
3）、在seem / appear (似乎，好像)，prove/ turn out (被证明是)，remain (仍然是，尚待)等连系动词后，可用不定式作表语。如：He seemed (to be ) very happy.
二、不定式、动名词作宾语的比较
1、只能接不定式的动词：口诀：决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。
decied(determine), learn, want, expect/hope/wish; refuse,manage,care,pretend; offer,promise,choose,plan; agree,ask/beg,help.
2、只能接动名词的动词：口诀：
考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏。禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡。
consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon; admit，delay, put off, fancy(想象，设想); avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practise; den y, finish, enjoy/appreciate; forbid, imagine, risk; can’t help, mind, allow/peremit, escape
3、接不定式和接动名词意义不同的动词：
remember to do记得去做remember doing记得做过; forget to do忘记去做forget doing忘记做过regret to do遗憾去做regret doing 后悔做过try to do设法去做try doing试着做,
go on to do做完某事接着做另一件事go on doing 继续做同一件事
mean to do打算做mean doing意味着做stop to do停下来去做stop doing停止做
cant help (to) do 不能帮助做can’t help doing 忍不住做
如：In some parts of London, missing a bus means ____ for another hour.
A. waiting
B. to wait
C. wait
D. to be waiting
4.表示未实现的愿望的动词,即表示本打算，想做，但事实上没做。
这些动词plan, intend, mean, want, hope, wish, expect , 用had planned to do sth. / planned to have done来表示。注：Would like / love 只用would like to have done
如：I would love _____ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish the report.
A. to go
B. to have gone
C. going
D. having gone
5、要接动名词的几个句型：
prevent / stop / keep sb. / sth from doing …(阻止…做) how about / what about doing spend / waste time / money in doing sth. 在…花费或浪费时间或钱have some difficulty / trouble / problems( in )doing在做…有困难have a hard / good time in doing 做…很艰难或做…很愉快6、含介词to 的短语:
look forward to 盼望，devote…to 致力于、献身于，be / get used to 习惯于lead to 导致，
get down to 着手做，pay attention to 注意refer to 谈到、所指、参考，equal to 等于、能胜任，belong to 属于
如: Mr Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to ___ some school for poor children.
A.set up
B.setting up
C.have set up
D. having set up
7.动词不定式but,other than后面时，如果介词前有行为动词do的某种形式，那么介词后的不定式不带to；否则带to（即前有do后无to）如：have no choice but to do sth.没有别的选择，只好做…
Eg，Sandy could do nothing but ____ to his teacher that he was wrong.
A. admit
B. admitted
C. admitting
D. to admit
另外,can’t choose/help but(只好); can’t but(只好); had better; would rather后面的不定式也省to Eg, He can’t choose but stay on. 他没办法只好待下去
8．permit / allow (允许)，forbid (禁止)，advise (建议)，有两种用法：一是后接动名词，二是后接“sb. + to do sth”
9、need, want, require“需要”,主语是物时,need, want, require+doing（用动词ing 主动形式表被动）
/ to be don e / sb to be done
be worth(值得) +名词/doing be worthy+to be done/of being done
eg.①The window needs/wants/requires to be cleaned/cleaning. 窗户需要擦一下。
②The place is worth visiting. ＝The place is worthy+ to be visited/of being visited.
三、不定式、现在分词、过去分词作宾语补足语的比较
1、不定式作宾语补足语，如：ask sb to do sth (sb作宾语，to do sth作宾补，宾语＋宾补＝复合宾语) 类似动词有：tell, want, encourage, advise, order, require, force, beg, cause, allow, permit, forbid（禁止）, warn（警告）, remind, teach, call on (号召)，depend on (指望)，would like / love (想要)，prefer, wish, expect, hope（不带复合宾语)注：help sb (to) do sth.
