Ielts advance I

英语写作中100个使用频率较高的词语搭配1．随着经济的快速发展with the rapid development of economy2．人民生活水平的显著提高/ 稳步增长the remarkable improvement/ steady growth of people’s living standard3．先进的科学技术advanced science and technology16．双方的论点argument on both sides17．发挥着日益重要的作用play an increasingly important role in…18．对…必不可少be indispensable to …19．正如谚语所说As the proverb goes:20．…也不例外…be no exception21．对…产生有利/不利的影响exert positive/ negative effects on…22．利远远大于弊the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages. 23．导致，引起lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in24．复杂的社会现象a complicated social phenomenon25．责任感/ 成就感sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement39．致力于/ 投身于be committed / devoted to…40. 应当承认Admittedly,41．不可推卸的义务unshakable duty42. 满足需求satisfy/ meet the needs of…43．可靠的信息源a reliable source of information44．宝贵的自然资源valuable natural resources45．因特网the Internet （一定要由冠词，字母I 大写）46．方便快捷convenient and efficient47．在人类生活的方方面面in all aspects of human life48．环保（的）environmental protection / environmentally friendly61．扬长避短Exploit to the full one’s favorable conditions and avoid unfavorable ones 62．取其精髓，取其糟粕Take the essence and discard the dregs.63．对…有害do harm to / be harmful to/ be detrimental to64．交流思想/ 情感/ 信息exchange ideas/ emotions/ information65．跟上…的最新发展keep pace with / catch up with/ keep abreast withthe latest development of …66．采取有效措施来…take effective measures to do sth. 67．…的健康发展the healthy development of …68．有利有弊Every coin has its two sides.No garden without weeds.80．与…比较compared with…/ in comparison with81. 相反in contrast / on the contrary.82．代替replace/ substitute / take the place of83．经不起推敲cannot bear closer analysis / cannot hold water 84．提供就业机会offer job opportunities85. 社会进步的反映mirror of social progress86．毫无疑问Undoubtedly, / There is no doubt that…87．增进相互了解enhance/ promote mutual understanding 88．充分利用make full use of / take advantage of89．承受更大的工作压力suffer from heavier work pressure动词替换集锦做：do=exercise, practice, perform(做法：behavior=exercise, practice, performance)对…有益处：be good for.=do good to=be beneficial to=be advantageous to=be conducive to 对…有害处：be harmful/bad for=be detrimental to=be disadvantageous toembrace a view that(观点：viewpoint，standpoint，perspective ) 反对：be against=reject, object, oppose=be opposed to=become hostile to支持：support=take sides with=advocate=lend support to=sing high praise of导致：lead to=trigger中性含义：face=be faced with=be possessed of面临，面对：be faced with=be encountered with=be poised on the brink of 破坏：destroy, damage=A decompose, destruct=B endanger, threaten=C impair, decimate, deteriorate=D exercise/practice/perform damage/danger…upon 阻碍：limit=A restrict, restrain, constrict, constrain=B obstacle, barricadeCope with减轻：reduce=A lessen, lighten, lower=B mitigate, alleviate=C decrease, degrade形容词替换集锦难的：difficult=troublesome=burdensome=thorny不可或缺的：necessary=indispensable=inevitable=irreplaceable=unavoidable重要的：important=crucial, critical, essential, vital=be importance=be of cruciality=be of criticality= be of essentiality=be of vitality 巨大的：large=enormous, tremendous, considerable, appreciable=B 更+形容词growingly/increasingly/climbingly=C 更+动词to a larger extent名词替换集锦日常生活：daily lives=day-to-day lives=everyday lives因素：cause, reason=factor, determinant联系：relationship(relate A to B)=connection(connect A to B )=association(associate A to B)优点：advantage=benefit=superiority=meritWRITTEN BY Tian Jixin①【常见开篇句】1) With the rapid improvement in.../growing awareness of..., more and more.../sth....(e.g. With the considerable improvement in building industry, more and more structures are being erected to set the people's minds at ease.)2) Recently, sth./the problem of...has been brought to popular attention/ has become the focus of public concern.(e.g. Recently, the problem of unemployment has been brought to such popular attention that governments at all levels place it on the agenda as the first matter.)3) One of the universal issues we are faced with/that cause increasing concern is that...9) The table/graph shows that there is a(n) declining/increasing trend of ...from...(年份) to...(年份)10) Anyone who takes a closer look at the data in the table/graph can be surprised to find that...11) It is a traditional practice to...in our society.(e.g. It is a traditional practice for young people to be financially dependent on their parents for anything like marriage and housing.)12) It has long been considered only right and proper to...(in China.)(e.g. It has long been considered only right and proper/perfectly justified for the old to assume full responsibility for the growth of the young.)(e.g. In the eyes of the public, official corruption means taking bribes,. ..But such corruption comes in many different forms.)17) No one would deny that... 或Everyone would agree that...(e.g. 见例2)18) When it comes to...(sth.), most people (the public) maintain(s)/contend(s) that...(e.g. When it comes to fake commodities, every consumer has much anger to pour uponthem.)19) Now it is widely believed that...(e.g. Now it is widely believed that examinations are the best possible measure for the selection of the qualified.)20) A public debate has arisen as to/over/concerning...24) Things about...are going on to our advantage, but a long cool look at ...reveals that...(e.g. Things about the reform in state enterprises are not going on to the most workers' advantage....But a long cool look at this move reveals that it will produce some substantial benefits to our nation in a long run.)25) No/Little doubt that...But...(e.g.［There is］Little doubt that the traditional schooling has contributed much to our social development.... But some grave defects in it begin to stand out against the modern times.)26) What does sth. mean?27) How/Why does sth. affect our life?28) What is it like to do...?(e.g. An individual human existence is to the human society what a river is to the ocean, small and busy rushing past rocks at first, but gradually growing wider and quieter until it becomes merged in the ocean in the end.)34) To/For/With most people/sb., sth. is/means...(e.g. To dishonest people, a friend means a target or an object that is of some use to them atpresent or in the future.)35) Sth. is the symbol/mark/equivalent of.../is symbolic of.../is equivalent to...(e.g. If selling one's sex is the mark of degeneration, selling one's power is equivalent to committing crime.)36) Suppose/Imagine that.../Let's suppose/assume/imagine (that)...40) In our life, there often appears such an occasion when.../on which... (或it often happens that..)(e.g. In our daily life, there appears such an occasion when we drink success to our work in one field but, at the same time, begin to do great damage to other fields.)41)“...”That is how one of the great minds/scientists/writers remarked on...(e.g. “Happiness, like an old friend, is inclined to drop in unexpectedly—when you're working hard on something else.”That is how a famous writer once remarked on happiness.)42) One of the great sociologists/psychologists has said:” ... “(e.g. The great classical ballerina Anna Pavlova has said: “No one can arrive from being talented alone. God gives talent; work transforms talent into genius.”In other words...)“Isuspect's spittle in the street blotted it up and ran a DNA test on it which led to the man's arrest for a murder. This case best counts as a practical application of the DNA technique.)47) One day, I happened to witness the incident as follows...(e.g. 略)48) The scientific studies/statistics show/indicate that...(e.g. The latest scientific studies show that, if one's mind catches hold of something and doesnot let it go, it is useless to argue with the mind in this condition. This finding further confirms that a modern man is apt to get anxious and depressed.)49) Every weekend sees sb. go about...(e.g. Every weekend sees Ms Song, my roommate, wolf down her dinner and hurry out with her boy friend.)3) In (the) event (face/case/course/time/view) of... some people usually...(e.g. In the course of human struggle for survival, quite a few people always direct their eyes to its dark side.)4) As is stated (shown/suggested/listed/illustrated) in./According to a recent (the latest) report (survey/questionnaire/study/scientific research), the issue in question really...(there are quite alot of people who...)(e.g. As is shown in a recent questionnaire, there are a large number of people who express greater dissatisfaction than satisfaction at the general mood of society.)5) In our daily life (activities/social contact)/In reality/Actually, man y people respond/react to the issue in question by...11) Awareness of the matter in question is one thing/only the beginning(或the first step), but more important to us is the step/the question of how to (cope with/do with it)…(e.g. Awareness of the harmfulness of superstition is only the first step, but more important to our nation is the step of how to clear it out of our society.)12) There is no easy (perfect/universal/two-bird-one-stone/happiest) method(short-cut/solution/remedy/way) at hand, but...can put us on the right way (in the correct direction) to our final goal/destination (...are/is worth trying out in our work.)(e.g. There is no easy short-cut to removal of superstition, but the followingmeasures/suggestions can put our determination in the right direction.)13) There is no better/sounder time to take steps/measures/action than right now, for norather live a simple life than go along with any others in their evil deeds.)17) To...I might as well cite my own experience.(e.g. To draw out of others more valuable opinions upon the problem, I might as well cite my own experience.)18) If I were thrown/put/involved in (to) the context/background/situation/the state of makingmy choice, I would...(e.g. If I were thrown into the freedom to make my choice among the styles of surviving, I would live like this:)19) Faced with/Hit with...I resolve/propose to...(e.g. Faced with the challenge from the future life, I resolve firmly to perfect myself in the25) The influence/effect/consequence of...has not been confined/limited to...(It also...)(e.g. The influence of our outlook on life has not been confined to any particular aspect of social life. Instead, it has left its mark on every facet of our society.)26) From the analyses of causes for...it is not hard for one to arrive at/cometo/reach/draw/assert/deduce/confirm the conclusion that...(或...to distinguish/see the directionin which...)(e.g. From the analyses of causes for divorces, it is not hard for us to draw the conclusion that the divorce rates will go up steadily under the current circumstances.)27) If one continues to cast an indifferent eye on/to turn a deaf ear to/ to be blind to/to overlook the problem, things are sure to go from bad to worse. 或If one is in real earnest in giving all his)31) Of the two things in question, I prefer/favor/give more weight to/endorse the first (second)/the former (latter). (e.g. 略)32) If it is up to me to make a choice (between both), I would rather choose...over...(e.g. If it were up to me to make a choice between both in the event of betrayal of one's country, I would rather choose death over life.)33) Since neither of the two things can be perfect in.../work effectively / come up to...(the required standard), the best/only/ideal course open to sb. is to...(e.g. Since neither of the two measures can be perfect in the solution to the problem of cheating in exams, the best course open to us is to combine the two measures with other possible solutions.)(e.g. When...in terms of actual results, don't you agree that the latter is a better way of learning?)38) Therefore/In conclusion/To sum up, it is because of the unique/substantial/manifold advantages/superiority offered/held by...that...(e.g. In brief, it is because of the substantial advantages held by the perfection of supervisionthat the public places high hopes on it.)39) As things stand, in fact/substance, nothing can be compared with B in ...although...(e.g. it is not without defects.)(e.g. As things stand, in fact, nothing can be compared with the crackdown o f corrupt officials in arousing the enthusiasm of the masses, although it is not without defects.)(e.g. It is high time that we made our minds open to new, different ideas about it and that we started to take some practical measures so as not to leave it to continue its course until it runs wide.)45) Then/On the basis of the above refutation, how/what...(next)?(e.g. ...how to lift ourselves out of the passive situation?...how to repair the damage man hasdone to the environment?...what can be done about the present trend of blind faith in things foreign.)46) So, I feel strongly that...(e.g. So, I feel strongly that the recent trend of superstition reflects a credibility crisis hanging over the country.)(e.g. I am of the view that China's future is bright but the road to success is not smooth.)52) To my mind/From my point of view/In my opinion, whether...or...depend s on how...(e.g. To my mind, whether money may bring us happiness or evils depends on how we get it and how we use it.)53) Anyway/Anyhow/In any case, whether...or...is a difficult question to answer (remains to beturned over), one thing is certain that...(e.g. In any case, whether cloning is a blessing or a curse remains to be turned over; but one thing is certain that it will make a great difference to our outlook on life.)54) In my eye(s), the wide divergence of opinions as to...does not mean that...(we are at a loss to know how to conduct ourselves). The truth of the matte r (The basic question) is...favorably inclined towards the second (first) one.59) To be frank/To tell the truth, I should second the former (latter) attitude/position in preference to the latter (former).60) Despite the extreme to which the former (latter) viewpoint goes, the fact of the matter, in my opinion, is that...(e.g. ...the fact of the matter, in my opinion, is that more and more people are doing their bit in brightening China's future.)61) For the foregoing reasons, I (have/will) never...(e.g. For the foregoing reasons, I have never wavered in my pursuit of this purpose.)62) Although...nothing has...can...(或I have/will all along...)A(e.g. ...is what steps I should take towards the realization of my aim.)67) To..., however, is/requires/demands...(e.g. To be a successful learner, however, demands a great deal of work.)68) But in reality, the expression of one' reasons in one thing while the accomplishment of his purpose is another thing, which usually needs/is/requires...(So,...)(e.g. ..., which usually needs a greater effort of will.)69) To me, however, the greatest challenge is not the matter/question of...but (thematter/question) of...(e.g. To me, however, the greatest concern/challenge is not the matter of the grounds for my aspiration, but of capacities to be increased for making it a reality.)(e.g. ...from the modern military history of China.)75) Perhaps it will suffice to mention another example/case/story of..., which unfolds as follows:...(e.g. ...of an unbridgeable gap between ideal and reality, which unfolds as follows: A woman was speaking to her friend about her two beaus. “If I could combine their qualities, I'd be thehappiest person in the world. Ronald is rich, handsome and witty but unwilling to propose marriage to me. Tony, compared with t he first, is outshone but he is eager to marry me.”)76) It is only by/through...that...(e.g. It is only by adapting oneself to a new environment that he is more likely than others to survive in it.)nothing comes close to...(e.g. 略)82) To make the better (clearer/easier) best (clearest/easiest), a further/deeper/wiserstep/way/study/method/measure/plan is/should be...(e.g. To make the clearer clearest, a further study should be taken up of how the phenomenon “La Ni a”came into being.)83) If you are.../want to..., it is vital/ideal/important/essential that...(e.g. If you are more at home in associating one thing with others, it is vital that you take full advantage of the divergent thinking.)84) The most important/essential/substantial/critical thing/matter worth pointing out, however, is...(e.g. ...in the mode of reproduction/living.)89) The effect of comparison/contrast between both is heightened most by the difference in...(e.g. ...in size/intelligence/principles/values/outlook on life/abilities to adapt to new environments.)90) Still under/in similar/the same circumstances/conditions/situations, however, the twothings can turn out quite/most differently(或A turns out to be radically/utterly/totally different from B). (e.g. 略)91) But in the other culture/atmosphere/society/scope/field, by contrast, thething(s)/person(s)/subject(s) grow(s)/develop(s)/turn(s) out/act(s) in the opposite/contrary directions.(或a(n) completely/entirely/qualitatively/vastly/strikingly different result comestwo things/from he same thing is...(e.g. Against the same background, however, what stands out between the two peoples is the angles/perspectives from which they see things.)95) Between the two things/subjects/people under comparison, nothing can bring out/present as great/sharp/poignant contrast as...(e.g. ...as poignant contrast as the occasion when both run into danger.)96) As far as...is/are concerned, sth. in question means/signifies/symbolizes...(e.g. As far as a person of bad taste is concerned, life means seeking for physical incentives, of which money is usually counted as No. One.)97) If adopted/used to define/measure/weigh/judge..., sth. in question is often1)Some (people) argue/claim/believe/hold that... But others set (put) forth a different argument about/appositive views on the matter in question.(e.g. Some claim that setting off firecrackers is a good practice of celebrating the Spring Festival. ...But others put forth opposite views on the problem. )2) Some (people) advocate/endorse/favor/are for (或oppose/object to/are against)... Yetothers stick to/hold on to/cling to the opposite views/argument/points.(e.g. Some advocate changes intended to modernize the building code. ...Yet others hold on to the opposite views.)3) To some people's mind/From some people's point of view/In the eye(s) o f some people, the matter in question is/seems/should be/means...But to others' mind/from others' point of④【常见让步法段首句和过渡句】1) It is true/There is no need to deny that...But it does not mean...(e.g. There is no need to deny that recreational services have added variety to our social life. ...But it does not mean leaving them to take their own courses.)2) Although it is widely believed that..., it can not stand close/coldscrutiny/analysis/examination.3) Admittedly/True/Obviously/Indeed, the issue in question... But one basic/vital fact is being left out of our analysis/consideration, namely/that is…(e.g. Admittedly, the official figures and statistics show that much improvement has been made in people's living standards. ... But one vital fact is being left out of our analysis, namely a1) To prevent this phenomenon/trend from worsening/running wide/To guide thematter/situation to the best advantage, it is necessary/important to...(可用于分析建议类、原因分析类等议论文)2) In the face of...some people take the position that.../some people come to believe that..., to which I can't attach/add my consent.(可用于批驳分析类议论文)或In the face of...people retain/take/show/assume different attitudes/position s/standpoints.(可用于各抒己见类议论文)或In the face of...many people have come up with...(可用于对比分析类议论文和知识性说明文等)3) But many people feel puzzled about/perplexed at/over whelmed with...(the)比说明文)9) More insight/inspiration/truth/thought can be deduced from these changes.(可用于知识性说明文)10) This situation/phenomenon/trend/tendency is ratherdistressing/disturbing/depressing/heart-rending, for the opposite of it is just in line with ourwishes/just what is to be expected.(可用于分析建议、批驳分析和原因分析等议论文)12) This is what we are unwilling to see, so some way must be found out to...(可用于分析建议、对比分析、批驳分析类议论文和知识性说明文)13) Fortunately, however, more and more people come/begin to realize that ...(可用于分析建议、对比分析和各抒己见类议论文)批驳分析等议论文和对比说明文及知识性说明文)19) If you push the analysis/study/argument/comparison/exposure further, you will see that...(用于分析建议、对比分析、批驳分析、各抒己见类议论文和对比说明文及知识性说明文)20) The same is true of many cases in life.(用于举例说明文)21) Now, let's see what would happen to...in this case/light(或in differentconditions/circumstances).(用于分析建议类议论文和对比说明文)22) Perhaps, it is ideal/high/ripe time for us to tackle/handle/answer/take up the question in no half-hearted manner.(用于分析建议、原因分析类议论文和知识性说明文)23) To be frank, I have turned the question over and over in my mind, but found no reason to sidestep it; so here are my ways to.../my reasons for...(用于理由陈述类议论文和知识性说明文)30) In that case, however, I prefer to...rather than...(用于理由陈述、比较分析、批驳分析类议论文和知识性说明文)31) (Un)Fortunately, there are still some people who act in the other way around.(用于分析建议和原因分析类议论文)32) Once/If hit/cursed/overwhelmed with such troubles/straits/matters, you'd better/I would(not) do something about them to find your/my way out.(用于知识性说明文)33) I was once caught/stuck in the same situation/context, but I managed to lift myself out of it.(用于知识性说明文)34) When exposed to/subject to the same conditions/challenge/choice, however, different people tend to behave in different ways.(用于各抒己见类议论文)对比性说明文)41) His/Her story is not unusual/rare, it is typical of thousands of people who are followinghis/her lead, so some people have abundant reason to ask how this came into being/how this will affect our future life/what measures should be taken to cope with it. (用于分析建议、原因分析、对比分析、批驳分析类议论文和知识性说明文)42) The results of this survey/questionnaire have aroused/drawn nationwide / publicattention/concern, which is why some great efforts are being made by our government/society. (用于分析各抒己见类议论文和举例、知识性说明文)43) Such a dilemma/problem/condition we often run into in our life, but the basic question is how to cope with it/but all we need to do is how to approach it. (用于分析建议、原因分析、对(用48) When adopted to define different things/people, sth. comes in a variety offlavors/tastes/meanings/values/senses. A(e.g. When/If adopted to describe the people with different intentions, life often comes in various senses.)49) Sth. may be/bear/convey many meanings/values/hints to many/different people/things, but,in all senses/the broadest sense/a real sense, it is/means...A(e.g. Happiness may convey many hints to many families, but, in every sense, it means making more contribution than demand in a family.)50) On the whole/As a whole/All in all/In substance (essence), however, thediverse/different/various meanings/interpretations/concepts/definitions of sth. originate2) Sth., if made the best/the worst of, will bring some distinct advantages/disadvantages to our social development/one's growth.(e.g. Stock markets, if made the best of, will bring some advantages to our social construction.)3) Sth. is expected to do a lot of benefit/threat/harm to sb./sth. else.(e.g. Cloning, as a new-born thing, is expected to do a lot of benefit to the human progress.)4) (Doing) sth. will enrich/endanger/influence one's life in more than one aspect.(e.g. Having one's head in the clouds sometimes can enrich a good teacher's teaching in more than one aspect.)5) Some good/bad/unexpected effects come of what we have done/sth. done in...9) Why has/did/is...? (For one thing/...For another...Perhaps the mostfundamental/adequate/competent reason is...)(e.g. Why is there a growing drift toward power-seeking in society?)10) It is no easy/simple task/job to furnish/identify/find every reason / cause for sth., but/while, on the whole, three/some factors shout louder/weigh heavier than others/stand out fromothers.(e.g. It is no easy job to find every reason for the increase in the number of teenagers who run away from their homes, but, on the whole, two factors shout louder than others.)11) In view of this situation/drift/boom/social disorder/drastic change, people putforward/advance/suggest/propose two countermoves/countermeasures:...a permanent ban against unhealthy recreations and a long -term moral education.)15) When it comes to the comparison between A and B, each has its own advantages and disadvantages.(e.g. When it comes to the comparison between travelling by car and travelling by train, each has advantages and disadvantages of its own.)16) Ideas/Views on the issue in question vary from person to person/vary widely. A(e.g. Ideas on the way of reading vary from person to person.17) As to whether it is a blessing or a curse, however, people take differentviews/positions/attitudes/stands(或people's attitudes are quite opposite to each other.).A (e.g. As to whether birth of various associations on campus is a blessing or a curse, however,seeking/choosing to do sth.)(e.g. There are several reasons for my fondness for the sports.)22) Among the factors that contribute to my achievement/choice/struggle/..., three/a few shout louder/weigh more heavily/stand out.(e.g. Among the factors that contribute to my success in studies, three shout louder.)23) The reasons/factors/causes for my love (of...)/interest (in...)/determination (to do sth.)/objection (to sth.)/...are varied and individual.(e.g. The reasons for my pursuit of the career are varied but individual.)24) A variety of/Quite a few factors have led me to do sth.(e.g. Quite a few factors have led me to form the habit of collecting stamps .)30) This truth/principle/motto/popular saying/way of coping with sth. is/ h olds true for/goes for/can be applied to many/various matters/cases in our actual life.(e.g. The above theory can be applied to a variety of cases in our daily life.)31) There are some/several/a few steps (measures/ways/methods/tricks/less o ns) you/a would-be beginner can follow (take/try/use/learn) to achieve your (his /her) goal/to realizeyour/his dreams/to the best advantage.(e.g. There are some clever tricks a would-be relaxer can learn to keep himself free of worry or stress.)32) When/If sth. in question/you...it is better/advisable/necessary/essential (for you) to follow the instructions/courses/steps/schemes/ways as given/described below.in...(some aspects)(e.g. 略)37) J ust as one can distinguish only by comparing(或Just as there can be no differentiation without contrast), it is necessary/better/worthwhile to see/find out what will come of the contrast/comparison between A and B.(e.g. ...it is worthwhile to find out what comes of the contrast between the Western cultureand the Eastern culture.)38) In/Under/On different/similar situations/conditions/circumstances, how ever, the meanings/connotations/inspirations/lessons/doctrines/experiences/value s/implications/hints derived from (gained in) the same (different) thing(s) are similar/contrary/opposite to one another(或different from one other).second thought is to...(e.g. In view of the above-mentioned negative factors in raising the output, our second thought is to improve the quality of products.)2)To counter/offset/counteract/cancel undesirable/side/ill effects/influence/results of A, B is put forward/proposed/advanced as another better course/ solution to...。

IELTS Speaking高分必备分类词汇Larry实用常见同义词的替换动词（v）1解决: solve, deal with, cope with, handle, resolve, address, tackle2损害：damage, hurt, injure, harm, impair, undermine, jeopardize3给与：give, offer, render, impart, provide, supply, afford4培养：：develop, cultivate, foster5 使迷惑：puzzle, bewilder, perplex, baffle6 认为：think, believe, insist, maintain, assert, conclude, deem, hold, argue, be convinced, be firmly convinced, be fully convinced7 保护：protect, conserve, preserve8确保：assure, ensure, guarantee, pledge9 要求：request, demand, need, require10 消除：eliminate, clear, remove, clear up, take away, smooth away11 导致：lead to, bring about, result in, cause, spark off, conduce to, procure, induce, generate12 增长至：grow to，rise to，increase to，go up to，climb to，ascend to，jump to，shoot to13降低至：dip to，fall to，decline to，decrease to，drop to，go down to，reduce to，slump to，descend to，sink to，slide to14保持稳定：level out，do not change，remain stable，remain still，remain steady，be stable，maintain the same level，remain unchanged，be still，remain the same level，stay constant，keep at the same level，level off，stabilize，keep its stability，even out15 宣称：allege, assert, declare, claim16 发生：happen, occur, take place17占：comprise, take up, account for, constitute, consist of, make up, occupy, hold, compose18与…相比：compared with，compared to，in comparison with，in comparison to，by comparison with，by comparison to19展示：show, reveal, illustrate, demonstrate, depict, present, represent, describe20波动：fluctuate，go ups and downs，display a fluctuation，demonstrate a fluctuation 21收获,获得gain;acquire ;earn;obtain22改进，改善，促进，提高,加强:improve;perfect;enrich;strengthen;boost;enhance;promote facilitate（促进）;augment（加强）23喜欢:like;love;prefer; enjoy; be fond of; enjoy,be keen onappreciate;fancy/be fancinated by24讨厌：dislike;hate;detest;diafavour25扩展,扩大expand,extend,enlarge,mstretch,broaden,magnify(放大)26能够be able to;be capable of;can;be qualified to do/of sth.;be competent to do/of sth.;be eligible(合格的)名词（n）1优势：advantage, merit, virtue, benefit, upside, strength2 缺陷：disadvantage, demerit, drawback, downside, weakness3 原因：reason, factor, cause4 发展：development, advance, progress5 影响：influence, impact, effect6 结果：result;outcome;consequence形容词(adi)1 重要的：key, crucial, critical, important, significant, vital, substantial, indispensable, imperative pivotal, fundamental, essential2 有害的：bad, baneful evil, harmful, detrimental3 有益的：useful, helpful, beneficial, profitable, rewarding，advantageous4 明显的：clear, obvious, evident, self-evident, manifest, apparent, crystal-clear5 不大可能的,难以置信的：improbable，inconceivable，unbelievable，implausible，incredible;unlikely6令人惊奇的;非凡的：:extraordinary，remarkable，magnificent，glorious，superb,exceptional,divine,miraculous,astounding,wonderful7 极好的，华丽的,:first-class,superb,superior,superexcellent,divine,sensational,splendid, terrific,smashing,excellent,fine,fabulous,superfine,bonzer,great,glorious,wonderful. exceptional8 惊奇的,奇迹般的:surprising,wondrous,fantastic,supernatural,extraordinary,breathtaking astounding,phenomenal,amazing,stunning,remarkable,unexampled,fabulous,awesome, astonishing;miraculous9 灿烂的;壮丽的;辉煌的:magnificent,brilliant,resplendent,glorious,wonderful,superb, gorgeous;excellent,marvelous,excellent,illustrious10优雅的，高雅的,elegant,dignified,imposing,noble,graceful,grandiose11出名的，著名的:famous,well-known,illustrious,renowned,celebrated,distinguished, eminent;famed,noted,prestigious12主要的:cardinal; chief; main; major;primary; prime; principal;staple;main;major;13高兴的:tickled,pleased,satisfied,joyous,cheerful,delighted,gay,happy,thrilled,joyful, charmed,gratified14难过的，伤心的:grieved,broken-hearted,heartrending,unhappy,downcast,unfortunate blue,depressed,grievous,miserable,sullen,pathetic,sorrowful,gloomy,dejected,grumpy15失望的，不给力的;despondent; disappointed,disappointing,discouraged,discouraging 16欣喜若狂的go wild with joy,be in an ecstasy of delight,be in a divine ecstasy,be in rapturesgo into raptures,be trasprotated with joy,be beside oneself with joy,tread on air17永久的,持久的:everlasting; abiding; permanent; perpetual;durable;forever;long-lasting; enduring;invariable;eternal18稳定的:stable;steady;settled;firm;steadfast19暂时的:temporary; tentative; transient; contingent; provisional;20巨大的:tremendous;giant; enormous; huge; monstrous; vast;immense;gigantic;colossal 21大量的,很多的, a lot of,a large quantity of,substantial,a massof,massive,abundant,large numbers of,plentiful,substantive,plenty of22充足的:abundant,ample,sufficient,adequate副词（adv）大约：approximately，almost，about，around，nearly，roughly通常，经常，常常：often，usually，normally，more often than not,frequently,constantly, 偶尔:occasionally;once in a while;now and then;sometimes很少：seldom，rarely,infrequently，hardly首先，开始:in the first place;first of all;to begin with后来，然后:later;then;afterwards;later on;next;最终:finally,at last,in the end,ultimately;eventually逐渐地,渐渐地：gradually,little by little,inch by inch非常，十分，很：very,quite,pretty,rather,greatly,so,much,exceedingly急剧地：dramatically，drastically，sharply，hugely，enormously，steeply，substantially，considerably，significantly，markedly，surprisingly，strikingly，radically，remarkably，vastly，noticeably平稳地：steadily，smoothly，slightly，slowly，marginally，gradually，moderately，mildly 或许，大概，也许：perhaps;probably;possibly;maybe;显然地，明显地：apparently;obviously;evidently;clearly;毫无疑问地，确定地：for sure;without doubt;undoubtedly;definitely;surely在某种程度上:to some extent;to some degree;in a way;应该怎么说呢:How should I put it?What shall I call it?Say…;Like…连词(conj)1 因此：so, therefore, thus, hence, consequently, as a consequence, accordingly, as a result, because of this, as a result of this2 对比而言：by contrast，in contrast，on the other hand，on the contrary，conversely3 事实上：actually,practically，in practice，essentially，in essence，in reality，in effect，in fact，as a matter of fact，it is a fact that4换言之：namely，that is to say，in other words，to put it like this，to put it differently，to put it from another way，to put it from another angle5一般来说:generally speaking;in general;as a rule;by and large;commonly;6我认为：in my point of view；in my view；to my understanding；as far as I know；I consider that；I reckon；in my opinion常用的连词归类：1)表层次:first,firstly, to begin with, to start with, in the first placesecond,secondly, further , still, furthermorethird,thirdly, what is more, last, last but not leastalso, and then, next, besides ,moreover ,besides ,in addtion ,finally2)表转折；by contrast, although, though ,yetat the same time ,but, despite the fact that, even soin contrast, nevertheless ,even though ,for all that ,on the contarary, however, in spite of on the other hand ,otherwise ,instead ,still ,regardless of3)表因果；therfore ,consequently ,because of ,for the reason ,thus ,hence ,due to ,owing to thanksto ,on this account , in this way ,for ,as a result, as a consequence4）表让步：still, nevertheless, ,in spite of ,all the same, of course ,despite ,even so ,after all5)表递近：Furthermore, moreover ,likewise ,what is more ,besides ,also ,not only...but also... , in addtion6)表举例：Take …for example, for instance ,for one thing ,that is ,to illustrate, as an illustrationIn some/most cases,…7)表泛指：…and stuff like that,…and something like that,…or whatever8)表解释：as a matter of fact；frankly speaking ；in this case namely ;in other words9)表总结：in summary；to summarize；in a word ；thus ；as has been said in brief；in conclusion；to conclude ；in fact ；finally ；in simpler terms ；indeed ；in short；in particular ；that is in other words；on the whole ；to put it differently。

The positive and the negative sides of globalization第一篇：the world has become integrated economically, socially, politically and culturally through thecrucial can easily be spread as the mode transportation is easier and faster in today's advance society. This is evidenced in the recent bird's flu disease which has infected most Asian countries over a short time frame. As l arge corporations invest or take over many off shore businesses, a modern form of colonization will also evolve which may pose certain power pressure on the local governments of the less developed countries. Unemployment rates in the more developed regions like Europe may also escalate as corporations choose to outsource cheaper work force from Asian countries.In conclusion, globalization is inevitable and we must urge individuals, companies and governments to use a more balanced approach by taking appropriate steps to deal with matters relating to the financial or economical gains verses the social, political or ecological concerns of the world好：1. 跨越领土障碍，公司变得有效率，提高生活质量2. 跨国公司充分利用发展中国家的廉价劳动力，入注资源救助不好：1. 更易于传染流行病。

ACADEMIC LISTENING PRACTICE TEST 1SECTION 1 Questions 1 - 10Questions 1 - 5Complete the form below.Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD OR A NUMBER for each answer.PAN ASIAN AIRWAYSLOST PROPERTY REPORT FORMSurname AllenAddress (1) ____________________ Windham Road RichmondPostcode (2) ____________________Home tel. 020 8927 7651Mobile tel.(3) ____________________Flight Number (4) ____________________Seat Number (5) ____________________From New York ToLondon HeathrowPage 1ExampleAnswer First Name Kirsty ACADEMIC MODULEPRACTICE TEST 1Questions 6 - 8Circle THREE letters A - F.What items did Kirsty’s bag contain?A17 poundsB pensC her passportD a bookE200 dollarsF her house keysQuestions 9 and 10Choose a letter (A - D) that correctly answers questions 9 and 10.9 What has Kirsty done regarding the loss of her credit card?A Informed the police but not the credit card company.B Informed the credit card company but not the police.C Informed both the police and the credit card company.D Informed neither the police nor the credit card company.10 What must Kirsty do after the call regarding her lost handbag?A Call back after 11⁄2 hours.B Just wait for a call back.C Call back after 11⁄2 hours if she has heard nothing.D Call back the next day if she has heard nothing.SECTION 2 Questions 11 - 20Questions 11 - 14Label the locations on the map below.(14)_____________________________________________Main Lecture Hall WE ARE HERECar Park(11)___________________________________________________(13) __________________________________________________Hall of Residence(12)____________________________________RefectoryQuestions 15 - 20Complete the notes below.Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A NUMBER for each answer.Notes on Student FacilitiesStudents’ Union Very cheapBookshopFood and drink availableParties!Offices - travel, welfare etc.Open 8am - 12 midnightLibrary Must registerTours every (15) ____________________ for 2 weeks.Open 9am - 9pm (later during (16) ____________________) Refectory Cheap mealsLunch 12 noon - 3pmDinner (17) __________ - 8.30pmTypes of food - favouriteshealthyethnic(18) ____________________veganSports Hall Must join Athletic Union which - lets me use facilitieslets me play for teams(19) ______________ me all year Discount Card Costs (20) £_______________Gives me discounts on all uni. servicesSECTION 3 Questions 21 - 30Questions 21 - 25Complete the table below.for each answer.Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDSWrite NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A NUMBER for each answer.26 Students can choose from how many essay titles for their first assignment?_________________________________________________________________________ 27 Where did John travel during the summer?_________________________________________________________________________ 28 What is the word limit for the essays?_________________________________________________________________________ 29 When must the first essay be handed in by?_________________________________________________________________________ Question 30Circle the correct letter A - C.30 Where will John and Jane meet up later that day?A the economics course officeB the economics common roomC the campus cafeteriaSECTION 4 Questions 31 - 40Questions 31 - 34Choose the correct letters A - C.31 Japan relies on oil tankers because...A the country consists of islands.B the country has no pipeline network.C the country has no natural oil resources.32 Professor Wilson says that oil tankers are...A very safe.B quite safe.C quite unsafe.33 According to Professor Wilson, the main cause of oil slicks is...A accidents while loading and unloading oil.B collisions.C deliberate releases of oil.34 According to Professor Wilson, slicks are rarely burned off nowadays because...A the oil is refined.B it usually doesn’t work.C it creates too much air pollution.Questions 35 - 39Complete the notes below.Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS.Oil exploration clean-up techniquesQuestion 40Complete the notes below.Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS.Optional essay question.Remember to check out the faculty’s notice boards. You will find:* reading lists* essay questions* (40) __________________________________________________ACADEMIC READING PRACTICE TEST 1READING PASSAGE 1 Questions 1 - 13You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1 – 13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.THE BIG CATS AT THE SHARJAH BREEDING CENTRE It is one of the few places where you will be able to spot them all at the same time… the Arabian wolf, an African cheetah, an Arabian leopard, an oryx, a gazelle. These are just some of the animals, which, on the brink of extinction, are now getting a new lease of life thanks to the exemplary work being done at the Breeding Centre for Endangered Arabian Wildlife in Sharjah.Sharjah is one of the seven emirates that make up the United Arab Emirates. The Breeding Centre’s expertise and facilities have made it a prime destination for illegally imported animals confiscated by UAE and Sharjah authorities. In the last four years, more than 900 mammals and reptiles and 969 birds have arrived at the centre, including 25 North African cheetahs, Houbara bustard and falcons, lions, a baby Nile crocodile and a Burmese python that was left in a rental car at the airport.The 25 cheetahs were all imported illegally into the UAE and were intercepted at the UAE harbour and airport entry points. They nearly all arrived malnourished, dehydrated and highly stressed after long voyages stuffed into boxes, crates and suitcases. Now they are bright and full of energy. The Centre’s efforts have also been rewarded when the first cheetah mating took place at the end of 2002. Playing matchmaker with these beautiful creatures is no easy task – successful breeding requires considerable patience and intimate knowledge of each animal’s personality, and it is the result of intensive and expert management of each animal within the group as well as of the group as a whole.Because this group was still young and inexperienced in courtship matters, the keepers had to make the introductions only after careful planning and management, much like the lead role ina Jane Austen novel. The female cheetahs were initially intimidated by the presence of the male; however, as they advance to oestrus, the roles are reversed and the male cheetah becomes too wary to approach during the female’s most receptive phase of the cycle. It is the responsibility of the keeper therefore to monitor each individual and to be able to respond to any indication from the cheetahs that the time is right for introducing a pair. The close bond that invariably develops between the keeper and the cheetahs enables the keeper to spot even the most subtle signs from the animals in their care. The trust between keeper and animal has also allowed the opportunity to study cellular changes in the sexual organs of the females during the hormonal cycles that occur prior to reproduction.The Breeding Centre’s cheetahs are also participants in the European breeding programme, which aims to ensure that the genetic diversity of this endangered species is maintained and expanded by breeding as many founder animals as possible to introduce new bloodlines into the captive population. In this way, the group held at the centre plays a very important role in the future health of the international captive population, as they are potentially all new founders.Also very important for the Sharjah Breeding Centre is the leopard-breeding programme.The Arabian leopard, Panthera pardus nimr, is critically endangered around the world and particularly in the Arabian peninsula, where it was once found throughout the coastal mountain ranges. Activities like hunting, trapping and habitat destruction has reduced their range to a few isolated and fragmented populations in Oman, Yemen and Saudi Arabia.In the 1980s, a captive breeding programme was established near Muscat with the capture of three leopards in southwestern Oman. The breeding programme in the UAE was initiated by the Arabian Leopard Trust and started with the arrival of two mature specimens: a male Arabian leopard from Yemen and a female on breeding loan from Oman in 1995. The arrival of these two animals led to the construction of the Breeding Centre in which the leopard has played the role of flagship species.Today there are twelve leopards at the Breeding centre, eight of which have been born at the centre since the first cub in 1998. Once more, the secret to the centre’s success is the close relationship between animal and keeper. The leopard is usually shy and secretive with people around, but here they react positively to the presence of their keepers, approaching the fence so they can be talked to or scratched behind an ear.The bond is particularly important during breeding season, when keepers decide to introduce pairs to each other. Male leopards are known to have killed their partners on introduction, so it is essential for the keeper to understand the leopards’ behaviour to decide when it is safe to do so. The trust is also important if keepers need to enter dens to check on and monitor the cub’s growth. Leopard females have been known to kill their cubs if the dens have been disturbed, but the centre’s leopards are quite comfortable with the staff handling the new generation of cubs.Source: The Gulf News, UAE Questions 1- 8Use the information in the text to match the statements (1 – 8) with the animals(A – D). Write the appropriate letter (A – D) in boxes 1 – 8 on your answer sheet. Write:A if the statement refers to cheetahs at the Breeding Centre.B if the statement refers to leopards at the Breeding Centre.C if the statement refers to both cheetahs and leopards at the Breeding Centre.D If the statement refers to neither cheetahs nor leopards at the Breeding Centre.Example AnswerThese animals are endangered C1 These animals were smuggled into the UAE.2 At first these animals did not adapt to life at the Sharjah Breeding Centre.3 These animals are regarded as the most important animal at the Centre.4 Half of these animals were born at the Breeding centre.5 These animals can be dangerous to one another.6 The role of the keeper is vital in the breeding programme of these animals.7 The first of these animals at the Breeding Centre were relatively young.8 It is normally difficult for humans to approach these animals.Questions 9 – 13Complete the summary below.Choose your answers from the box below the summary and write them in boxes 9 – 13 on your answer sheet.NB There are more words than spaces, so you will not use them all.Example AnswerThe Sharjah Breeding Centre now has a __________ of varietyanimals including birds,…The Sharjah Breeding Centre now has a variety of animals including birds, mammals and(9) __________. As its name suggests, the Centre is primarily involved in breeding and(10) __________ the numbers of the species housed there whilst still maintaining the (11)_________ of bloodlines in order to retain genetic health. In spite of problems involving the complex (12) __________ of the animals, a fair amount of (13) __________ has been achieved with North African cheetahs and Arabian leopards.reptiles variety behaviour success creatingexpanding difficulty diversity action habitatseason fish change working programmeREADING PASSAGE 2 Questions 14 - 27You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14 – 27 which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages.INSOMNIA – THE ENEMY OF SLEEPAIt is not unusual to have sleep troubles from time to time. But, if you feel you do not get enough sleep or satisfying sleep, you may have insomnia, a sleep disorder. People with insomnia have one or more of the following: difficulty falling asleep, waking up often during the night and having trouble going back to sleep, waking up too early in the morning and unrefreshing sleep. Insomnia is not defined by the number of hours you sleep every night. The amount of sleep a person needs varies. While most people need between 7 and 8 hours of sleep a night, some people do well with less, and some need more.BInsomnia occurs most frequently in people over age 60, in people with a history of depression, and in women, especially after menopause. Severe emotional trauma can also cause insomnia with divorced, widowed and separated people being the most likely to suffer from this sleep disorder. Stress, anxiety, illness and other sleep disorders such as restless legs syndrome are the most common causes of insomnia. An irregular work schedule, jet lag or brain damage from a stroke or Alzeimer’s disease can also cause insomnia as well as excessive use of alcohol or illicit drugs. It can also accompany a variety of mental illnesses.CThe mechanism that induces sleep is not known. When it becomes dark, the pineal gland in the brain secretes a hormone called melatonin, which is thought to induce sleep. Exactly why sleepis necessary for good health and efficient mental functioning is unknown. We do know that sleep consists of two very different states: rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-REM sleep. In REM sleep, dreams occur, the eyes move under the closed lids and there is an increase in oxygen consumption, blood flow and neural activity. REM sleep occurs four or five times during a night. Beginning periods last about ten to fifteen minutes but the periods get longer as the night goes on. The periods of REM sleep alternate with longer periods of non-REM sleep, when body functions slow. Non-REM sleep has four stages. During the deepest stages (3 and 4) it is hard to rousea sleeper. As the night goes on, the periods of non-REM sleep become progressively lighter. Sleep in stages 1 and 2 are felt to be restorative as during this time the body repairs itself utilising a hormone called somatostatin. Lack of stage 4 sleep is believed to be important in chronically painful conditions such as fibromyalgia.DHealthcare providers diagnose insomnia in several ways. One way is to categorize insomniaby how often it occurs. Another way is to identify the insomnia by what is causing the sleep deprivation. The two main types of insomnia have been described as Primary Insomnia and Secondary Insomnia. Primary Insomnia is a chronic condition with little apparent association with stress or a medical problem. The most common form of primary insomnia is psychophysiological insomnia. Secondary insomnia is caused by symptoms that accompany a medical condition such as anxiety, depression or pain.EImproving one’s sleep hygiene helps improve insomnia in all patients. Relaxing during the hour before you go to sleep and creating a comfortable environment suited for sleep can be helpful. Older people who wake up earlier than normal or have trouble falling asleep may need less sleep than they used to. Changing one’s sleep pattern, either by going to bed later or waking up earlier, can be effective in dealing with insomnia in older people. Therapy also depends on the causeand severity of the insomnia. Transient and intermittent insomnia may not require any direct action since these conditions last only a few days at a time. However, if insomnia interferes witha person’s daily activities, something should be done. Usually the best method of dealing with insomnia is by attacking the underlying cause. For example, people who are depressed often have insomnia and looking at this problem may eliminate it.FNot getting enough sleep can make you less productive, irritable and unable to concentrate.Lack of sleep can make it seem as if you “got up out of the wrong side of the bed.” Early morning headaches and waking up feeling as if you never went to sleep can result in frustration. Stress can cause insomnia but insomnia also increases stress. Insomnia can make driving unsafe as well. Insomnia can result in missed work, which can cause you to become less productive and miss promotions. It can leave you feeling as if you just can’t get enough done. Insomnia can also mask serious mental disorders. People with insomnia may think that not getting enough sleep is their only problem, but the insomnia may actually be one symptom of a larger disorder, such as depression. Studies show that people with insomnia are four times more likely to be depressed than people with a healthy sleeping pattern. In addition, lack of sleep can tax the heart and lead to serious conditions like heart disease. All of these are important problems that can affect every part of your life.GEstablishing certain set routines can help insomniacs get better sleep. Examples of these routines include: going to bed and getting up at the same time every day, avoiding napping, avoiding caffeine, nicotine, alcohol and eating heavily late in the day, exercising regularly and making your bedroom comfortable in terms of the bed, noise and temperature. Insomniacs should also only use their bedroom for sleep so that their bodies associate the room with sleep. Finally, if you can’t get to sleep, don’t toss and turn all night. Get up and read or do something that is not overly stimulating until you feel really sleepy again.Source: + McKinley Health Centre, IllinoisQuestions 14 - 19The reading passage on Insomnia has 7 paragraphs (A – G).From the list of headings below choose the most suitable headings for paragraphs B – G.Write the appropriate number (i – xi) in boxes 14 – 19 on your answer sheet.NB There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use them all.Example AnswerParagraph A ivi The Role of Sleepii Insomnia Medicationiii Habits to Promote a Good Night’s Sleepiv What is Insomniav Complications for Insomniacsvi Government Actionvii Available Treatment for Insomniaviii The Causes of Insomniaix Therapy Solutionsx Types of Insomniaxi Current Research14 Paragraph B15 Paragraph C16 Paragraph D17 Paragraph E18 Paragraph F19 Paragraph GQuestions 20 - 27Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer of the reading passage on Insomnia?In Boxes 20 - 27 write:YES if the statement agrees with the writerNO if the statement doesn’t agree with the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this20 Someone who only gets four hours of sleep a night must be suffering from insomnia.21 Travelling can cause insomnia.22 REM sleep is felt to be the most important for the body’s rest.23 Secondary insomnia is far more common than primary insomnia.24 Sufferers of insomnia can attend specialist sleep clinics.25 Many people suffering from insomnia don’t realise that they suffer from it.26 There is no actual correlation linking insomnia and depression.27 Sleeping during the day can make insomnia worse.READING PASSAGE 2 Questions 28 - 40You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28 – 40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.ALTERNATIVE FARMING METHODS IN OREGONOnion growers in eastern Oregon are adopting a system that saves water and keeps topsoilin place, while producing the highest quality “super colossal” onions. Pear growers in southern Oregon have reduced their use of some of the most toxic pesticides by up to two-thirds, andare still producing top-quality pears. Range managers throughout the state have controlled the poisonous weed tansy ragwort with insect predators and saved the Oregon livestock industry up to $4.8 million a year.These are some of the results Oregon growers have achieved in collaboration with OregonState University (OSU) researchers as they test new farming methods including integrated pest management (IPM). Nationwide, however, IPM has not delivered results comparable to thosein Oregon. A recent U.S General Accounting Office (GAO) report indicates that while integrated pest management can result in dramatically reduced pesticide use, the federal government has been lacking in effectively promoting that goal and implementing IPM. Farmers also blame the government for not making the new options of pest management attractive. “Wholesale changes in the way that farmers control the pests on their farms is an expensive business.” Tony Brown, of the National Farmers Association says. “If the farmers are given tax breaks to offset the expenditure, then they would willingly accept the new practices.” The report goes on to note that even though the use of the riskiest pesticides has declined nationwide, they still make up more than 40 percent of all pesticides used today; and national pesticide use has risen by 40 million kilograms since 1992. “Our food supply remains the safest and highest quality on Earth but we continue to overdose our farmland with powerful and toxic pesticides and to under-use the safe and effective alternatives,” charged Patrick Leahy, who commissioned the report. Green action groups disagree about the safety issue. “There is no way that habitual consumption of foodstuffs grown using toxic chemicals of the nature found on today’s farms can be healthy for consumers,” noted Bill Bowler, spokesman for Green Action, one of many lobbyists interested in this issue.The GAO report singles out Oregon’s apple and pear producers who have used the new IPM techniques with growing success. Although Oregon is clearly ahead of the nation, scientistsat OSU are taking the Government Accounting Office criticisms seriously. “We must continueto develop effective alternative practices that will reduce environmental hazards and producehigh quality products,” said Paul Jepson, a professor of entomology at OSU and new director of OSU’s Integrated Plant Protection Centre (IPPC). The IPPC brings together scientists from OSU’s Agricultural Experiment Station, OSU Extension service, the U.S. Department of Agriculture and Oregon farmers to help develop agricultural systems that will save water and soil, and reduce pesticides. In response to the GAO report, the Centre is putting even more emphasis on integrating research and farming practices to improve Oregon agriculture environmentally and economically.“The GAO report criticizes agencies for not clearly communicating the goals of IPM,” said Jepson.“Our challenge is to greatly improve the communication to and from growers, to learn what works and what doesn’t. The work coming from OSU researchers must be adopted in the field and not simply languish in scientific journals.”In Oregon, growers and scientists are working together to instigate new practices. For example, a few years ago scientists at OSU’s Malheur Experiment Station began testing a new drip irrigation system to replace old ditches that wasted water and washed soil and fertilizer into streams. The new system cut water and fertilizer use by half, kept topsoil in place and protected water quality.In addition, the new system produced crops of very large onions, rated “super colossal” and highly valued by the restaurant industry and food processors. Art Pimms, one of the researchersat Malheur comments: “Growers are finding that when they adopt more environmentally benign practices, they can have excellent results. The new practices benefit the environment and give the growers their success.”OSU researchers in Malheur next tested straw mulch and found that it successfully held soil in place and kept the ground moist with less irrigation. In addition, and unexpectedly, the scientists found that the mulched soil created a home for beneficial beetles and spiders that prey on onion thrips – a notorious pest in commercial onion fields – a discovery that could reduce the need for pesticides. “I would never have believed that we could replace the artificial pest controls that we had before and still keep our good results,” commented Steve Black, a commercial onion farmer in Oregon, “but instead we have actually surpassed expectations.”OSU researchers throughout the state have been working to reduce dependence on broad-spectrum chemical sprays that are toxic to many kind of organisms, including humans. “Consumers are rightly putting more and more pressure on the industry to change its reliance on chemical pesticides, but they still want a picture-perfect product,” said Rick Hilton, entomologist at OSU’s Southern Oregon Research and Extension Centre, where researchers help pear growers reduce the need for highly toxic pesticides. Picture perfect pears are an important product in Oregonand traditionally they have required lots of chemicals. In recent years, the industry has faced stiff competition from overseas producers, so any new methods that growers adopt must make sense economically as well as environmentally. Hilton is testing a growth regulator that interferes with the molting of codling moth larvae. Another study used pheromone dispensers to disrupt codling moth mating. These and other methods of integrated pest management have allowed pear growers to reduce their use of organophosphates by two-thirds and reduce all other synthetic pesticides by even more and still produce top-quality pears. These and other studies around the state are partof the effort of the IPPC to find alternative farming practices that benefit both the economy and the environment.Source: Peg Herring / Oregon State UniversityQuestions 28 – 35Match the views (28 – 35) with the people listed below.28 There is a double advantage to the new techniques.29 Expectations of end users of agricultural products affect the products.30 The work on developing these alternative techniques is not finished.31 Eating food that has had chemicals used in its production is dangerous to our health.32 Changing current farming methods is not a cheap process.33 Results have exceeded anticipations.34 The research done should be translated into practical projects.35 The U.S. produces the best food in the world.TB Tony BrownPL Patrick LeahyBB Bill BowlerPJ Paul JepsonAP Art PimmsSB Steve BlackRH Rick HiltonQuestions 36 - 40Read the passage about alternative farming methods in Oregon again and look at the statements below.In boxes 36 - 40 on your answer sheet write:TRUE if the statement is trueFALSE if the statement is falseNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in theadvertisement36 Integrated Pest Management has generally been regarded as a success in the US.37 Oregon farmers of apples and pears have been promoted as successful examples ofIntegrated Pest Management.38 The IPPC uses scientists from different organisations.39 Straw mulch experiments produced unplanned benefits.40 The apple industry is now facing a lot of competition from abroad.ACADEMIC WRITING PRACTICE TEST 1WRITING TASK 1You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.The chart below shows estimated world literacy rates by region and by gender for the year 2000.Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information below.You should write at least 150 words.WRITING TASK 2You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.With the pressures on today’s young people to succeed academically, some people believe that non-academic subjects at school (eg: physical education and cookery) should be removed from the syllabus so that children can concentrate wholly onacademic subjects.To what extent do you agree or disagree?You should write at least 250 words.。

IELTS写作7分288单词EDUCATION1传授知识impart(vt.)/inculcate(vt.) knowledge灌输高尚的道德观instill(vt.) high moral values (注意values复数表示价值观)给学生以动力give the students motivation to do sth.Motivate the students to do sth.给学生以灵感stimulate the students’ thoughtgive the students inspiration培养（某种素质）cultivate/foster/nurture(vts.)促进学生身心的发展promote the student’s physcial/mental/ intellectual and emotional development心理健康psychological soundness/ well-being/welfare(adjs)塑造某人的性格mould(BrE,vt) one’s character责任感 a sense of obligation能力(先天获得) aptitude/talant能力（后天学习得到）ability/skill2学生接受的学校教育（n）schooling(n)儿童接受的家庭教育（n）upbringing(n) parenting(n)教学法methodology/pedagogical methodology用填鸭式教学来教育学生force-feed(vt.) the students学生不应该只是被动的接受简单知识的容器Students should not be treated as passive recepacles of predigested ideas 死记硬背learn things by rote为了记忆而记忆memorise(BrE) for memorisation’s own sake以及方程式，公式，定理，定律memorise(vt.)equations,formulas,theorems and laws(nouns)应用apply盲从follow something blindly/indiscriminately(advs)限制创造力的发展extiguish(vt.)/stifle(vt.)/constrain(vt.)creativity(noun)打击学生的积极性dampen/sap(vts) the students’ emthusiasm/frustrate the students产生不必要的压力beget/creat undue pressure3把学生分开教育（如根据课堂上的表现）segregate(vt.) students 来自于其他同学的压力peer pressure适应（v）adapt to sth./adjust oneself to sth./become accustomed to sth.适应能力adaptability逆境adverse circumstances/adversity团队精神team spirit(n)独立思考thing independently(adv)在理解的基础上学习learn things through understanding鼓励学生用辩证的眼光看问题encourage students to think critically(adv)学生的反馈students’ feedback/input学生评价老师的教学students appraise/evaluate(vts) their teachers’performance学生对老师所教知识的掌握students’ grasp/command(n) of what has been taught4学生学习的各门功课加在一起称为curriculum(n)具体一门课叫syllabus课外活动叫extra-curricular activities学校是社会的缩影 a school is society in miniature不遵守纪律(n) indiscipline/misbehavior/mischief(n)不遵守纪律(daj)的学生disruptive/unruly students5理论知识theoretical knowledge就业技能employable/marketable skills通才generalist专才specialist全面发展的well-rounded/versatile(adj)为社会健康发展作贡献contribute to societal(adj)well-being(n)/welfare(n)6大学学科的分类可以分为人文学科（文学，历史语言学等）humanities 社会学科（政治经济学社会学的）social sciences艺术（音乐雕塑等）arts文科也可以总称为liberal arts/ liberal studies理科（物理化学生物学等）sciences工科（工程自动化等）engineering大学里任何一个学科都有可以叫discipline基础科学basic sciences应用科学applied sciences小学教育primary-level education中学教育secondary-level education大学教育tertiary-level education职业教育vocational education/training青少年（复数）youths/youngsters/adolescentsTechnology1生物技术biotechnology克隆cloning (n) clone(v)远程通讯telecommunications(n)尖端的技术cutting-edge(adj) technology信息爆炸information exposion/overload信息时代the information age/era互联网被广泛的应用the proliferation(n) of the Internet太空探索（n）space exploration一个人的基因构成one’s genetic makeup/ one’s DNA programming2科技创新与发展technologicalinnovations/inventions/advances/progression(n)提高效率augment/enhance/boost(vts) efficiency提高生产效率augment/enhance/boots productivity减少人力的机器（计算机发明之前的技术）labor-saving machinery 取代人力的机器（计算机发明之后的技术）labor-replacing machinery 自动化automation(n)/ automated(adj)3彻底变革transform/revolutionise(vts)/ fundamentally change sth.以一种史无前例的速度向前发展advance/progress(vis) at anunprecedented(adj) rate如果要说以一种让人震惊的速度向前发展，只要把unprecedented改成astonishing如果要说正以一种很快的速度向前发展sth is advancing by leaps and bounds产生深远的影响create/produce/generate/breed/spawn(vts)/result in/lead to/ profound(adj)/far-reaching(adj)/prevasive(adj)influence/impact/bearing/implications/repercussions(n)Media1侵犯隐私violate/intrude on/infringe on someone’s privacy 破坏某人的名誉tarnish/sully/smear/besmirch(vts) one’s reputation狗仔队paparazzi(复数名词不再加s)新闻界the press印刷媒体（如报纸杂志）the print media报道新闻的机构news outlets电子媒体the electronic media名人 a celebrity/celebrities(plu)时事current affairs丑闻scandals无处不在prevalent/ubiquitous/pervasive(adj)2审查censor(vt)删除delete/elimminate/excise(vts)过多的暴力与色情内容excessive/gratuitous violent andpornographic(adjs) contents报道非常详尽的细节report sth. In graphic detail媒体炒作（n）media hype有误导性的misleading/misreprsented/distorted(adjs)诈骗性的fraudulent(adj)虚假的false/bogus(adjs)夸大事实exaggerate(vt) things/sensationalise(vt) things/blow things out of all proportions(最后一个比较口语用作文也可以)充斥着be awash with/be inundated with/be saturated with sth.掩盖（丑闻或罪行等）cover up/gloss over/whitewash不客观的，不公正的biased/skewed/unobjective(adjs)3如实的报道factual accounts(n)可信的reliable/trustworthy/dependable客观公正的objective and balanced(adjs)及时的up-to-the-minute(adj)/up-to-date(adj)前者比后者更加及时信息量大的informative娱乐性强的entertaining(adj)有新闻价值的newsworthy(adj)监督scrutiny(n)/scrutinize(vt)/monitor(vt)揭露expose/reveal(vts)道德准则（n）code of ethics/code of conductGovernment1当局authorities(n)老百姓citizens/the citizenry规范，管理regulate/administer/overse(vts)实施implement(vt)立法legislate(vi)/make laws民主与开放的政府 a democratic and progressive government严禁(v) strictly prohibit/ban altogether严格的法律stringent laws/legislation规章制度rules and regulations2为。

IELTS Entry Test Paper启德雅思部雅思入学测试试卷雅思入学测试考试日期： 6 考生姓名：6ListeningSECTION 1Questions1-10Complete the notes below.Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.NOTES - Christmas DinnerExample AnswerName to book for ...45...........................Date of dinner: 21 DecemberChoices for venue:·First choice 1........................... Tel. number: not known·Second choice 2........................... Tel. number: 777192·Third choice 3........................... Tel. number: 4........................Price per person: ￡12Restaurant must have vegetarian food and a 5...........................Menu: First course - French Onion Soup OR Fruit JuiceMain course - Roast Dinner OR 6...........................Dessert - Plum Pudding OR Apple Pie- CoffeeRestaurant requires from us:7........................... and letter of confirmationand we must 8........................... in advance.Must confirm in writing by: 9...........................Put notice in 10................................................SECTION2Questions11-20Questions 11-13Complete the table below.Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A NUMBER for each answer.MEMBERSHIP OF SPORTS CENTRECost 11 £.........................per12......................Where? 13..........................When? 2 to 6 pm, Monday to ThursdayBring: Union cardPhotoFeeQuestions 14-16Complete the table below.Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.Always bring sports 14...............................when you come to 15...................or use the Centre'sfacilities.Opening hours 9 am to 10 pm on 16......................10 am to 6 pm on Saturdays50% 'morning discount' 9 am to 12 noon on weekdaysQuestions 17-20Look at the map of the Sports Complex below.Label the buildings on the map of the Sports Complex.Choose your answers from the box below and write them against Questions 17-20.Arts StudioFootball PitchTennis CourtsDance StudioFitness RoomReceptionSquash CourtsSECTION3Questions21-30Complete the form below.Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR NUMBER for each answer.YOUNG ELECTRONICENGINEER COMPETITION Name(s) of designer(s): John Brown21 ...........................Age: 22...........................Name of design: 23................................................................................Dimensions of equipment: 24Width Length Depth...........................cm ...........................cm ...........................cmPower: BatterySpecial features: 25...................................................................................26...................................................................................27...................................................................................Cost: parts $528....................... $9.50Other comments: need help to make 29...........................would like to develop range of sizesSend by: 30...........................SECTION4Questions31-40Questions 31-33Complete the table below.Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer."NEW" MEAT CAN BE COMPARED TO PROBLEM kangaroo 31........................... 32...........................crocodile chicken fattyostrich 33...........................Questions 34-36Complete the cable belowWrite NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.Questions 37-40Choose the correct letters A-C.37 Ostrich meatA has more protein than beef.B tastes nearly as good as beef.C is very filling.38 One problem with ostrich farming in Britain isA the climate.B the cost of transporting birds.C the price of ostrich eggs.39 Ostrich chicks reared on farmsA must be kept in incubators until mature.B are very independent.C need looking after carefully.40 The speaker suggests ostrich farms are profitable becauseA little initial outlay is required.B farmed birds are very productive.C there is a good market for the meat.ReadingREADING PASSAGE1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-12 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.THE DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOGRARHYThe Department of Ethnography was created as a separate department within the British Museum in 1946, after 140 years of gradual development from the original Department of Antiquities. It is concerned with the people of Africa, the Americas, Asia, the pacific and parts of Europe. While this includes complex kingdoms, as in Africa, and ancient empires, such as those of the twentieth century focus of attention in the twentieth century has been on small-scale societies. Through its collections, the Department's specific interest is to document how objects are created and used, and to understand their importance and significance to those who produce them. Such objects can include both the extraordinary and the mundane, the beautiful and the banal.The collections of the Department of Ethnography include approximately 300,000 artefacts, of which about half are the product of the present century. The Department has a vital role to play in pro- viding information on non-Western cultures to visitors and scholars. To this end, the collecting emphasis has often been less on individual objects than on groups of mate- rang of a society's cultural expressions. Much of the more recent collecting was carried out in the field, sometimes by Museum staff working on general anthropological projects in collaboration with a wide variety of national governments and other institutions. The material collected includes great technical series-for instance, of textiles from Bolivia. Guatemala, Indonesia and areas of West Africa-or of artefact types such as boats. The latter include working examples of coracles from India, reed boats from lake Titicaca in the Andes, kayaks from the Arctic, and dug-out canoes from several countries. The field assemblages, such as those from the Sudan, Madagascar and Yemen, include a whole range of material culture representative of one people. The might cover the necessities of life of an African herdsman or on Arabian farmer, ritual objects, or even on occasion airport art, Again, a series of acquisitions might represent a decade's fieldwork documenting social experience as expressed in the varieties of clothing and jewellery styles, tents and camel trappings from various Middle Eastern countries, or in the developing preferences in personal adornment and dress from Papua New Guinea. Particularly interesting are a series of collections which continue to document the evolution of ceremony and of material forms for which the Department already possesses early (if not the earliest) collections formed after the first contact with Europeans.The importance of these acquisitions extends beyond the objects themselves. They come to the Museum with documentation of the social context, ideally inc luding photographic records. Such acquisitions have multiple purposes. Most significantly they document for future change. Most people think of the cultures represented in the collection in terms of the absence of advanced technology. in fact. traditional practices draw on a continuing wealth of technological ingenu iry Limited resources and ecological constraints are often overcome by personal skills that would be regarded as exceptional in the West. Of growing interest is the way in which much of what we might see as disposable is, elsewhere, recycled and reused.With the independence of much of Asia and Africa after 1945. it was assumed that economic progress would rapidly lead to the disappearance or assimilation of many small-scale societies. Therefore, it was felt that the Museum should acquire materials representing people whose art or material culture, ritual or political structures were on the point of irrevocable change. This attitude altered with the realisation that marginal communities can survive and adopt in spite of partial integration into a notoriously fickle world economy. Since the seventeenth century, with the advent of trading companies exporting manufactured textiles to North America and Asia, the importation of cheap goods has often contributed to the destruction of local skills and indigenous markets. On the one hand modem imported goods may be used in on everyday setting, while on the other hand. other traditional objects may still be required for ritually significant events. Within this context trade and exchange attitudes are inverted. What are utilitarian objects to a Westerner may be prizedobjects in other cultures- when trans- formed by local ingenuity-principally for aesthetic value. in the same way, the West imports goods form other peoples and in certain circumstances categorises the m as ‘art'.Collections act as an ever-expanding database, not merely for scholars and anthropologists, but for people involved in a whole range of educational and art is tic purposes. These include schools and universities as well as colleges of art and design. The provision of information about non-Western aesthetics and techniques, not just for designers and artists but for all visitors, is a growing responsibility for a Department whose own context is an increasingly multicultural European society.Questions 1-6Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet writeTRUE if the statement is true according to the passageFALSE if the statement is false according to the passageNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passageExample AnswerThe Department of Ethnography FALSEreplaced the Department of Antiquitiesat the British Museum.1 The twentieth-century collections come mainly from mainstream societies such as the US and Europe.2 The Department of Ethnography focuses mainly on modern societies.3 The Department concentrates on collecting single unrelated objects of great value.4 The textile collection of the Department of Ethnography is the largest in the world.5 Traditional societies are highly inventive in terms of technology.6 Many small-scale societies have survived and adapted in spite of predictions to the contrary.Questions 7-12Some of the exhibits at the Department of Ethnography are listed below (Questions 7-12).The writer gives these exhibits as examples of different collection types.Match each exhibit with the collection type with which it is associated in Reading Passage 1.Write the appropriate letters in boxes 7-12 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any collection type more than once.Collection TypesAT A rtefact T ypesEC E volution of C eremonyFA F ield A ssemblagesSE S ocial E xperienceTS T echnical S eriesExample AnswerBoats AT7 Bolivian textiles8 Indian coracles9 airport art10 Arctic kayaks11 necessities of life of an Arabian farmer12 tents from the Middle EastREADING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 13-25 which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages.Questions 13-15Reading Passage 2 has six sections A-F.Choose the most suitable headings for sections A, B and D from the list of headings below.Write the appropriate numbers i-vii in boxes 13-15 on your answer sheet.List of Headingsi Amazonia as unable to sustain complexsocietiesii The role of recent technology in ecologicalresearch in Amazoniaiii The hostility of the indigenous populationto North American influencesiv Recent evidencev Early research among the Indian Amazonsvi The influence of prehistoric inhabitants onAmazonian natural historyvii The great difficulty of changing localattitudes and practices13 Section A14 Section BExample AnswerSection C iv15 Section DSecrets of the ForestA In 1942 Allan R Holmberg, a doctoral student in anthropology from Yale University, USA, ventured deep into the jungle of Bolivian Amazonia and searched out an isolated band of Siriono Indians. The Siriono, Holmberg later wrote, led a "strikingly backward" existence. Their villages were little more than clusters of thatched huts. Life itself was a perpetual and punishing search for food: some families grew manioc and other starchy crops in small garden plots cleared from the forest, while other members of the tribe scoured the country for small game and promising fish holes. When local resources became depleted, the tribe moved on. As for technology, Holmberg noted, the Siriono "may be classified among the most handicapped peoples of the world". Other than bows, arrows and crude digging sticks, the only tools the Siriono seemed to possess were "two machetes worn to the size of pocket-knives".B Although the lives of the Siriono have changed in the intervening decades, the image of them as Stone Age relics has endured. Indeed, in many respects the Siriono epitomize the popular conception of life in Amazonia. To casual observers, as well as to influential natural scientists and regional planners, the luxuriant forests of Amazonia seem ageless, unconquerable,a habitat totally hostile to human civilization. The apparent simplicity of Indian ways of life has been judged an evolutionary adaptation to forest ecology, living proof that Amazonia could not - and cannot - sustain a more complex society. Archaeological traces of far more elaborate cultures have been dismissed as the ruins of invaders from outside the region, abandoned to decay in the uncompromising tropical environment.C The popular conception of Amazonia and its native residents would be enormously consequential if it were true. But the human history of Amazonia in the past 11,000 years betrays that view as myth. Evidence gathered in recent years from anthropology and archaeology indicates that the region has supported a series of indigenous cultures for eleven thousand years; an extensive network of complex societies - some with populations perhaps as large as 100,000 - thrived there for more than 1,000 years before the arrival of Europeans. (Indeed, some contemporary tribes, including the Siriono, still live among the earthworks of earlier cultures.) Far from being evolutionarily retarded, prehistoric Amazonian people developed technologies and cultures that were advanced for their time. If the lives of Indians today seem "primitive", the appearance is not the result of some environmental adaptation or ecological barrier; rather it is a comparatively recent adaptation to centuries of economic and political pressure. Investigators who argue otherwise have unwittingly projected the present onto the past.D The evidence for a revised view of Amazonia will take many people by surprise. Ecologists have assumed that tropical ecosystems were shaped entirely by natural forces and they have focused their research on habitats they believe have escaped human influence. But as the University of Florida ecologist, Peter Feinsinger, has noted, an approac h that leaves people out of the equation is no longer tenable. The archaeological evidence shows that the natural history of Amazonia is to a surprising extent tied to the activities of its prehistoric inhabitants.E The realization comes none too soon. In June 1992 political and environmental leaders from across the world met in Rio de Janeiro to discuss how developing countries can advance their economies without destroying their natural resources. The challenge is especially difficult in Amazonia. Because the tropical forest has been depicted as ecologically unfit forlarge-scale human occupation, some environmentalists have opposed development of any kind. Ironically, one major casualty of that extreme position has been the environment itself. While policy makers struggle to define and implement appropriate legislation, development of the most destructive kind has continued apace over vast areas.F The other major casualty of the "naturalism" of environmental scientists has been the indigenous Amazonians, whose habits of hunting, fishing, and slash-and-burn cultivation often have been represented as harmful to the habitat. In the clash between environmentalists and developers, the Indians, whose presence is in fact crucial to the survival of the forest, have suffered the most. The new understanding of the pre-history of Amazonia, however, points toward a middle ground. Archaeology makes clear that with judicious management selected parts of the region could support more people than anyone thought before. The long-buried past, it seems, offers hope for the future.Questions 16-21Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 16-21 on your answer sheet writeYES if the statement agrees with the views of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the views of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about thisExample AnswerThe prehistoric inhaditants of NOAmazonia were relatively backward intechnological terms.16 The reason for the simplicity of the Indian way of life is that Amazonia has always been unable to support a more complex society.17 There is a crucial popular misconception about the human history of Amazonia.18 There are lessons to be learned from similar ecosystems in other parts of the world.19 Most ecologists were aware that the areas of Amazonia they were working in had been shaped by human settlement.20 The indigenous Amazonian Indians are necessary to the well-being of the forest.21 It would be possible for certain parts of Amazonia to support a higher population.Questions 22-25Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 22-25 on your answer sheet.22 In 1942 the US anthropology student concluded that the SirionoA were unusually aggressive and cruel.B had had their way of life destroyed by invaders.C were an extremely primitive society.D had only recently made permanent settlements.23 The author believes recent discoveries of the remains of complex societies in AmazoniaA are evidence of early indigenous communities.B are the remains of settlements by invaders.C are the ruins of communities established since the European invasions.D show the region has only relatively recently been covered by forest.24 The assumption that the tropical ecosystem of Amazonia has been created solely by natural forcesA has often been questioned by ecologists in the past.B has been shown to be incorrect by recent research.C was made by Peter Feinsinger and other ecologists.D has led to some fruitful discoveries.25 The application of our new insights into the Amazonian past wouldA warn us against allowing any development at all.B cause further suffering to the Indian communities.C change present policies on development in the region.D reduce the amount of hunting, fishing, and 'slash-and-burn'.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 26-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.HIGHS & LOWSHormone levels - and hence our moods - may be affected by the weather. Gloomy weather can cause depression, but sun- shine appears to raise the spirits. In Britain, for example, the dull weather of winter drastically cuts down the amount of sunlight that is experienced which strongly affects some people. They become so depressed and lacking in energy that their work and social life are affected. This condition has been given the name SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder), Sufferers can fight back by making the most of any sunlight in winter and by spending a few hours each day under special, full-spectrum lamps. These provide more ultraviolet and blue- green light than ordinary fluorescent and tungsten lights. Some Russian scientists claim that children learn better after being exposed to ultraviolet light. In warm countries, hours of work are of ten arranged so that workers can take a break, or even a siesta, during the hottest part of the day. Scientists are working to discover the links between the weather and human beings' moods and performance.It is generally believed that tempers grow shorter in hot, muggy weather. There is no doubt that 'crimes against the person' rise in the summer, when the weather is hotter and fall in the winter when the weather is colder. Research in the United States has shown a relation- ship between temperature and street riots. The frequency of riots rises dramatically as the weather gets warmer, hitting a peak around 27-30~C. But is this effect really due to a mood change caused by the heat? Some scientists argue that trouble starts more Often in hot weather merely because there are more people in the street when the weather is good.Psychologists have also studied how being cold affects performance. Re- searchers compared divers working in icy cold water at 5~C with others in water at 20~C (about swimming pool temperature). The colder water made the divers worse at simple arithmetic and other mental tasks. But significantly, their performance was impaired as soon as they were put into the cold water - before their bodies had time to cool down. This suggests that the low temperature did not slow down mental functioning directly, but the feeling of cold distracted the divers from their tasks.Psychologists have conducted studies showing that people become less secptical and more optimistic when the weather is sunny. However, this apparently does not just depend on the temperature. An American psychologist studied customers in a temperature- controlled restaurant. They gave bigger tips when the sun was shining and smaller tips when it wasn't, even though the temperature in the restaurant was the same. Alink between weather and mood is made believable by the evidence for a connection between behaviour and the length of the daylight hours. This in turn might involve the level of a hormone called melatonin, produced in the pineal gland in the brain. The amount of melatonin falls with greater exposure to daylight. Research shows that melatonin plays an important part in the seasonal behaviour of certain animals. For example, food consumption of stags increases during the winter, reaching a peak in February/ March. It falls again to a low point in May, then rises to a peak in September, before dropping to another minimum in November. These changes seem to be triggered by varying melatonin levels.In the laboratory, hamsters put on more weight when the nights are getting shorter and their melatonin levels are falling. On the other hand, if they are given injections of melatonin, they will stop eating altogether. It seems that time cues provided by the changing lengths of day and night trigger changes in animals' behaviour - changes that are needed to cope with the cycle of the seasons. People's moods too, have been shown to react to the length of the day- light hours. Sceptics might say that longer exposure to sunshine puts people in a better mood because they associate it with the happy feelings of holidays and freedom from responsibility, However, the belief that rain and murky weather make people more unhappy is borne out by a study in Belgium, which showed that a telephone counselling service gets more telephone calls from people with suicidal feelings when it rains.When there is a thunderstorm brewing, some people complain of the air being 'heavy' and of feeling irritable, moody and on edge. They may be reacting to the fact that the air can become slightly positively c harged when large thunderclouds are generating the intense electrical fields that cause lightning flashes. The positive charge increases the levels of serotonin (a chemical involved in sending signals in the nervous system). High levels of serotonin in certain areas of the nervous system make people more active and reactive and, possibly, more aggressive. When certain winds are blowing, such as the Mistral in southern France and the Fshn in southern Germany, mood can be affected - and the number of traffic accidents rises. It may be significant that the concentration of positively charged particles is greater than normal in these winds. In the United Kingdom, 400,000 ionizers are sold every year. These small machines raise the number of negative ions in the air in a room. Many people claim they feel better in negatively charged air.Questions 26-28Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 26-28 on your answer sheet.26 Why did the divers perform less well in colder conditions?A They were less able to concentrate.B Their body temperature fell too quickly.C Their mental functions were immediately affected by the cold.D They were used to swimming pool conditions.27 The number of daylight hoursA affects the performance of workers in restaurants.B influences animal feeding habits.C makes animals like hamsters more active.D prepares humans for having greater leisure time.28 Human irritability may be influenced byA how nervous and aggressive people are.B reaction to certain weather phenomena.C the number of ions being generated by machines.D the attitude of people to thunderstorms.Questions 29-34Do the following statements agree with the information in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 29-34 on your answer sheet writeTRUE if the statement is true according to the passageFALSE if the statement is false according to the passageNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage29 Seasonal Affective Disorder is disrupting children's education in Russia.30 Serotonin is an essential cause of human aggression.31 Scientific evidence links 'happy associations with weather' to human mood.32 A link between depression and the time of year has been established.33 Melatonin levels increase at certain times of the year.34 Positively charged ions can influence eating habits.Questions 35-37According to the text which THREE of the following conditions have been scientifically proved to have a psychological effect on humans?Choose THREE letters A-G and write them in boxes 35-37 on your answer sheet,A lack of negative ionsB rainy weatherC food consumptionD high serotonin levelsE sunny weatherF freedom from worryG lack of counselling facilitiesQuestions 38-40Complete each of the following statements with the best ending from the box below.Write the appropriate letters A-G in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.38 It has been established that social tension increases significantly in the United States I during ...39 Research has shown that a hamster's bodyweight increases according to its exposure to...40 Animals cope with changing weather and food availability because they are influenced by...A daylightB hot weatherC melatoninD moderate temperaturesE poor co-ordinationF time cuesG impaired performanceWritingWRITING TASK1You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.The charts below show the levels of participation in education and science in developing and industrialised countries in 1980 and 1990.Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below.You should write at least 150 words._________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________。

雅思听力同义转换朗阁雅思培训中心胡佳琴准备IELTS的烤鸭们应该知道听力的核心是定位加理解，而理解的核心是同义转换。

所以，得同义词者，得听力。

既然同义词对听力解题如此重要，烤鸭们该如何取胜？朗阁雅思培训中心的专家通过对剑桥历年真题的研究，发现听力的同义转换主要有以下几个原则：一、词性的转换词性的转换，通俗地说就是变形，主要是指几种常见和常用的词性之间的转换，如名词、动词、形容词和副词等。

如剑桥8 Test4 Section4中的Q40Symbolizes in Aboriginal culture原文：Even today, Aborigines see the Rainbow Serpent as a symbol of creation. 分析：题目中的动词symbolizes被原文中的名词symbol替换，形容词Aboriginal被原文中的名词Aborigines替换。

如果注意到这两者间的词性转换，就很容易听出答案creation。

再如剑桥4 Test3 Section2中的Q12What will the reviewer concentrate on today?A theatreB danceC exhibition原文：For today’s report though, Geoffrey, I’m looking at some of the theatrical events that you might like to see.分析：选项中的名词theatre被原文中的形容词theatrical替换，这样就可以轻松地选择A选项。

二、同义词或同义词组的转换同义词的转换，顾名思义就是意思相同或相近的词之间的转换。

词组的转换一般情况下是同义词转换的一个衍生。

如果一个词找不到合适的同义词解释，就会用一个意思接近的词组进行解释，有时甚至会用一个句子进行同义转换。

如剑桥5 Test4 Section1中的Q3Intended length of stay:原文：---And how long would you want to stay with the host family?---I’m planning on staying a year but at the moment I’m definitely here for four months only. I have to get an extension to my permit.分析：题目中的intended被原文中的同义词planning替换，注意到这两者间的同义转换，就不难定位答案four months, 否则就很容易掉入出题者所设置的陷阱a year中。

IELTS 听力词汇(一)Access 方法，通道Accident 事故Address 地址Administration 行政管理Adult 成人+Advance 提高Advanced 提高的Advertisement 广告Advice 建议Advisor 顾问Africa 非洲Air-conditioning 空调Airport 机场Alarm 警报Allergy 过敏Analysis 分析Apartment 公寓Approach 方法April 四月Area 地区Art gallery 艺术长廊Article 文章Artificial 人造的Artistic 艺术的Artist 艺术家Assess 评价Assessment 评估Assistant 助理Attachment 附件Attitude 态度August八月Australia 澳大利亚Automatic自动的Avenue 大街Background 背景Ball 球Band 乐队Bank statement 银行对账单Bar 酒吧Bar code 条形码Baseball 棒球Basement 地下室Basic 基础的Basket 篮子Bath 洗澡Bathroom 浴室Battery 电池Beach 沙滩Bedroom 卧室Beginner 初学者Behavior 行为Bicycle 自行车Bill 账单Biology 生物Bird 鸟Birthday 生日Black 黑色Blanket 毯子Blood 血液Board 板Boat 船Bone 骨头Booklet 小册子Booklist 书单Bookshop 书店Boots靴子Bottom 底部Brain 大脑Branch 树枝Break休息Breakfast 早餐Breathe 呼吸Bridge 桥Building 楼宇Bush 灌木丛Button 按钮C.V. 简历Cab 出租车Café咖啡厅Cake 蛋糕Calm 平静的Camel 骆驼Camera 照相机Cameraman 摄影师Camp 帐篷Canada加拿大Card 卡片Carpet 地毯Case study 案例分析Cashier 出纳员Cash 现金Castle 城堡Catalogue 目录Center 中央Central 中央的Cent 美分Chain store 连锁店Chair 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设计师Desk 桌椅Developing 发展中的Development 发展Diary 日记Dictionary 字典Diet 饮食Dining room 饭厅Dinner 正餐Diploma毕业证Direction 方向Discount 打折Discussion 讨论Disease 疾病Display 展示Distance 距离Diving 潜水Document 文件Dollar 元Dome 穹顶Donation 捐赠Donkey 驴子Double 双重的Draft 草稿Drama 戏剧Draw 画画Drawer 抽屉Dress 衣服Dressing 打扮Dried 干燥的Drinks 饮料Drive 开车Driver 司机Drums 鼓Earth 地球East 东方Economic 经济的Economy 经济Ecosystem 生态系统Edit 编辑Editor 编辑Education system 教育系统Education 教育Effect 影响Efficient 有效率的Electricity 电Electronic 电子的Elevator 电梯Email 电子邮件Embassy 大使馆Emergency 紧急Emotion 情感Employee 雇员Employer 老板Employment 雇佣Empty 空的Energy 能量Engine 引擎Engineer 工程师England英格兰Entertainment 娱乐Entrance 入口Environmental issue 环境问题Environmental环境的Equipment 设备Essay 论文Europeanpass 欧洲通行证European欧洲的Europe欧洲Euros 欧元Evaluation 评估Evolution 进化Exam 考试Examination 考试Excellent 优秀的Exercise 运动Exit 出口Expense 开支Expensive 昂贵的Experiment 实验Explanation 解释Exploration 探索Eye contact 眼神交流Eyesight 视力Face painting 画脸Facilities 设备Fact 事实上Factory 工厂Fan 扇子Fancy 神奇Farm 农场Farmer 农民Farming 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对比Competition 比赛Complex 复杂的Compulsory 强制的Computerized 计算机的Computing 计算Concentrated 浓度高的Conclusion 结尾Conversation 会话Construction 建造Contaminated 污染的Context 背景Corn 谷物Conservation 保护Corporate loan 企业贷款Cough 咳嗽Crop 农作物Cuba 古巴Cushion 气垫Cut-and-cover 明挖法Dam 大坝Delicate 细致的Delivery 运送Depression 沮丧Depth 深度Deputy 代理的Destroy 破坏Detail 细节Dictation 讲述Digestion 消化Digital 数码的Disappear 消失Disposal 解决Distribution 分发District 区Domestic 内地的Downhill 恶化地Drop 一滴Drought 干旱Drowsiness 昏昏欲睡Eagle 鹰Eating out 外出就餐Edible 可食用的Effective 有效的Elastic 有弹性的Enhance 提高Enjoy 开心Enjoyable 愉快的Erosion 侵蚀Essential 重要的Establishment 建立Estimate 估计Exchange 交换Exhibition 展览Expansion 扩张Expect 期待Express 表达External 外部的Extra 额外的Faculty 学院Fear 害怕Fence 篱笆Fever 发烧Fiction 小说Filter 过滤First-aid kit 急救工具Fixed 固定的Flow 流动的Focus 聚焦Fold 折叠Folder 文件夹Food chain 食物链Freedom 自由的Freezer 冷冻器Frog 青蛙Frustrated 沮丧的Function 功能Fur 皮毛General 总体上的Genetic 基因的Germ 细菌Grain 粮食Graph 图表Gravity 重力Grade 级别Habit 习惯Hall of residence 宿舍Handle 处理Harvest 丰收Headache 头疼Headline 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1200听力词汇英语雅思下面abc教育为大家带来雅思听力高频词汇1200词，雅思听力最重要的就是能听懂，核心就是就只常会用的单词12.CountriesEgypt, Mexico, Fraunce, Indonesia, Turkey, England, Germany, China, Greece, Brazil, India, North Korea, India, Malaysia, New Zealand, LangeEylandt, Nigeria, Pakistan, Singapore, Switzerland , United Kingdom, Italy, the Philippines، Tanmaurk, the Dominican republic,3.Subjectsanthropology, economics, statistics, mathematics, logic, philosophy, science, politics, history, biology, architecture, law, geography, archaeology, literature, bisynes, management, agriculture, physics, psychology,performing arts, visual arts, chemistry, humanitiesnguagesJapanese, German, Punjabi, linguistics, bilingual, trilingual, French, Italian, Greek, French,polyglot, Portuguese, Mandarin, Bengali, Chinese, Hindi, Russian, Thai, Persian, Filipino,1.Days of the weekMonday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday, weekdays, weekend5.Money matters1cash, debit, credit card, cheque, in advance, annual fee, monthly membership, juelrye, interest rate, deposit, tuition fees, poverty, bank statement, money management, current account, student account, withdraw, low-risk investment, mortgage, grace period, budget deficit, retail voucher, coupon،counterfeit money, public money, taxpayers’ money, debt,interest-free credit, purchase, partial refund, annuity, non-refundable, MasterCard, VISA, distribution costs, income, finance department, family finaunce, duty-free store.8.Naturefield, footbridge, environment, waterfall, river, mountain, forest, village, coast, reef, lake, valley, hill, cliff, island, peninsula, earthquake, petrolaeum, avalanche, tornado, typhoon, desertification, volcano, disaster, catastrophe, erosion, landslides, storm, flood, hurricane, pond, jungle, oasis, dam, canyon17.Workplacesemployer, employment, unemployed, clinic, dentist, reception, appointment, staff selection, colleague, workshop, showroom, propretie, information desk, technical cooperation, team leaders, stress, ability, vision, confidence, employee, internship4.Studying at collegestationery.course outline, group discussion, handout, written work, report writing,vocabulary, student support services, student retention, publication, foreign students, schedule, leaflet, faculty, pupils, pencil, feedback, tasks, outcomes, advanced, introductory, extra background, higher education, guidelines, post-secondary, supervisor, bachelor's degree, compound, school reunion, registrar’s office, research, Proofreading, experiment, experience, reference, textbook, dictionary, laptop, printer, student advisor, teamwork, module, topic, assessment, library, department,give a talk, speech, computer laboratory, certificate, diploma, placement test, overseas students, full-time,2facilities, wacche, college, dining room, specialist, knowledge, international, accommodation, home stay, primary, secondary, intermediate, media room, resources room, staff, commencement, dissertation，computer centre, classroom, foteball, lecture, tutor, main hall, attendance, deadline,9.The environmentoxygen, chemical-free, desert, greenhouse effect, acid rain, global warming, carbon dioxide, burning fossil, deforestation, temperature, power plants, landfill, cattle, wind turbine, soar power, hydroelectric power, renewable, source of energy,exhaust fumes, degradation, vegetation, sea level, ocean currents, soil conditioner, coal, fossil fuels, firewood, drought, contaminated.nitrogen oxide, smog, climate, pollution, reliable, solar panels, environmentally friendly,10.The animal kingdompoultry and game, mammals, cetacean, birds of prey, seabirds, whale, primates, rodents, fish, amphibian, reptile, insects, octopus, phylum, class, order, creature, lion, penguin,family, genus, species, livestock, plants: mushroom, fungus, leaves, seed, core, bark, trunk, twig, branch, flower, stem, roots, cluster, fertilizer15.Homesground floor, oven, hallway,row house, bungalow, dyamaund, thatched cottage, mobile home, houseboat, block of flats, apartment building, condominium, chimney, bedroom, basement, landlord, tenant, rent,lease,semi-detached house, duplex, terraced house, town house, neighborhood, suburb, sofa, coffee table, dormitory, storey, kitchen, refrigerator, microwave, insuraunce7.Health3pizza, tomatoes, bread, cereals, minerals, zinc, meat, seafood, eggs, beans, milk, cheese, yoga, tai-chi, keep-fit, salad bar, vegetarian, outdoor activities, leisure time, disease, meal, protein, balanced diet, food pyramid, vitamin, carbohydrates, rice, pasta, potatoes,yoghurt, fruit, vegetables, citrus fruits, green pepper, blackcurrant, nuts, egg yolk, liver, medicine treatment, remedy, nursing care, nursery, regular exercise.11.ContinentsNorth America, Affrike, Asia, Europe, Australia and Antarctica.South America,6.Marketingproducts, customer, special offer, competition, TV program, strategies, research method, entertainment industry, leadership, management, display, eschaunge, interview, newsletter,questionnaire,collecting data, catalogue, survey, mass media, statistic, profit margin, poll, bisynes card, training, trainee, secuerity, merchandise, manufacture, recruitment.16.In the citycities, street, lane, city centre, central station, car park, department, store, bridge, temple, embassy, road system, hospital, garden, avenue,18.Rating and qualitiesreasonable, satisfactory, dangerous, safe, strongly recommended, poor quality, satisfied, disappointed, efficient, luxurious, colored, spotted, striped, expensive, cheap.14.Architecture and buildingslighthouse, hut,dome, castle, caement, glasshouse, pyramid, log cabin, skyscraper, sculpture,palace, fort,42.Months of the yearJanuary, February, March, April, May, June, July August, September, October, November, December5。