测绘专业英语

测绘专业英语作文（中英文实用版）{z}Title: Surveying and Mapping Profession - An Overview in English Surveying and Mapping is a specialized field that plays a crucial role in various industries such as construction, engineering, urban planning, and geospatial technology.It involves the process of collecting data and making detailed measurements of the Earth"s surface to create accurate representations of the physical features.This essay aims to provide an overview of the surveying and mapping profession, highlighting its importance and key aspects of the field.Firstly, the surveying and mapping profession is vital in the construction industry.It provides the necessary data and information required for planning, designing, and executing construction projects.surveyors and mappers determine the boundaries of properties, identify suitable locations for structures, and create detailed plans that serve as the foundation for construction activities.Secondly, the engineering field heavily relies on surveying and mapping.Engineers use surveying data to design and construct infrastructure projects such as roads, bridges, canals, and dams.accurate measurements and mapping ensure the safety, functionality, and efficiency of these projects, making surveying and mapping an integral part of the engineering process.Furthermore, the urban planning sector benefits significantly from the surveying and mapping profession.surveyors and mappers provide essential data for creating urban development plans, zoning regulations, and land-use policies.their work helps in managing and preserving natural resources, minimizing environmental impact, and enhancing the overall quality of life in urban areas.In addition, the geospatial technology industry leverages the surveying and mapping profession to gather and analyze spatial data.This data is used in various applications such as GPS navigation, remote sensing, and geographic information systems (GIS).The advancements in technology have revolutionized the surveying and mapping field, enabling the use of drones, satellite imagery, and digital mapping tools for more accurate and efficient data collection.Moreover, the surveying and mapping profession encompasses various specialized areas such as topographic mapping, hydrographic surveying, and geodetic surveying.Topographic mapping involves creating detailed maps that depict the natural and man-made features of a specific area.Hydrographic surveying focuses on mapping bodies of water, including oceans, lakes, and rivers.Geodetic surveying deals with the measurement and mapping of large-scale geographic areas, ensuring the accuracy of coordinates and measurements across different regions.In conclusion, the surveying and mapping profession is of paramountimportance in various industries.It provides the necessary data and information for construction, engineering, urban planning, and geospatial technology projects.The advancements in technology have revolutionized the field, enabling more accurate and efficient data collection and analysis.As the world continues to evolve, the surveying and mapping profession will play a crucial role in shaping our built environment and utilizing geospatial data for sustainable development.。

测绘专业英语考试试题第一篇测绘专业英语考试试题是测绘专业学生在英语能力方面的考试，旨在评估学生在英语表达、阅读理解和听力等方面的能力。

考试试题通常包括英语基础知识、专业术语和实际应用等内容，对学生进行综合评估。

测绘专业英语考试试题并不是一道简单的选择题或填空题，而是要求学生根据所学的测绘专业知识，以英语进行全面的表达和解释。

因此，对于非英语专业的学生来说，这可能是一个相对困难的考试。

在测绘专业英语考试中，学生需要具备良好的英语听说读写能力，并且能够理解和运用专业术语。

除了熟悉并理解英语单词和短语的意思外，学生还需要了解测绘专业领域的相关概念和技术。

例如，他们需要知道测量、制图和地理信息系统(GIS)等方面的基本知识。

了解测绘专业的英语术语对于学生来说非常重要。

这些术语可能包括测量准确性、空间数据、坐标系统和地理坐标等。

学生需要熟悉这些术语，并能够在口语和写作中正确地使用它们。

除了理论知识和术语外，学生还需要具备实际应用能力。

他们可能会面临实际测量和制图任务的模拟，需要运用自己所学的知识和技能进行解决。

这些任务可能包括测量地面高程、绘制地形图或解决测量误差等问题。

对于参加测绘专业英语考试的学生来说，备考非常关键。

学生需要通过阅读相关教材和参考书籍来准备考试。

同时，他们还应该多进行听力和口语练习，以提高自己的听说能力。

此外，学生可以参加模拟考试和培训班，以了解考试的要求和内容。

总之，测绘专业英语考试试题是对测绘专业学生英语能力的综合评估。

学生需要在考试中展示自己的英语听说读写能力，并能够灵活运用专业知识和术语。

通过认真备考和实际应用练习，学生可以提高自己的考试成绩和职业竞争力。

第二篇测绘专业英语考试试题是测定学生在英语能力方面的水平的一种评估方式。

这种考试试题包括了学生的英语阅读、写作、听力和口语等多个方面的考核内容。

在英语阅读方面，测绘专业英语考试试题会提供一些与测绘专业相关的文章或材料，要求学生进行阅读理解。

01 总类01.001 测绘学surveying and mapping, SM01.002 中华人民共和国测绘法Law of Surveying and Mapping of the People's Republic of China01.003 测绘标准standards of surveying and mapping01.004 测量规范specifications of surveys01.005 地形图图式topographic map symbols01.006 大地测量学geodesy01.007 地球形状earth shape, figure of the earth01.008 重力基准网gravity standard network01.009 重力场gravity field01.010 地心坐标系geocentric coordinate system01.011 地球椭球earth ellipsoid01.012 大地原点geodetic origin01.013 水准原点leveling origin01.014测量标志survey mark01.015 测量觇标observation target01.016 高程基准height datum01.017 1954年北京坐标系Beijing geodetic coordinate system195401.018高程系统height system01.019平均海[体]面mean sea level01.020黄海平均海[水]面Huanghai mean sea level01.021海拔height above sea level01.022海军导航卫星系统Navy Navigation Satellite System，NNSS01.023 NA VSTAR全球定位系统NA VSTAR Global Positioning System，NA VSTAR GPS 01.024惯性测量系统inertial surveying system，ISS01.025摄影测量与遥感学photogrammetry and remote sensing01.026航空摄影测量aerophotogrammetry, aerial photogrammetry01.027航天摄影测量（又称“太空摄影测量”）space photogrammetry01.028非地形摄影测量non-topographic photogrammetry01.029水下摄影测量underwater photogrammetry01.030航空航天摄影aero—space photogrammetry01.031航空遥感aerial remote sensing01.032航天遥感space remote sensing01.033图像image01.034影像image, imagery01.035图形Graphics01.036判读（又称“判释”、“解译”）interpretation01.037模拟摄影测量analog photogrammetry01.038解析摄影测量analytical photogrammetry, numerical photogrammetry01.039 数字摄影测量digital photogrammetry01.040数字地图模型（又称“数值地型”）digital terrain model, DTM01.041遥感图象处理image processing of remote sensing01.042遥感模式识别pattern recognition of remote sensing01.043地图制图学（又称“地图学”）cartography01.044地理坐标网geographic graticule01.045经纬网fictitious graticule01.046方里网kilometer grid01.047邻带方里网grid of neighboring zone01.048坐标格网coordinate grid01.049地理坐标参考系geographical reference system，GEOREF01.050地图map01.051地形图topographic map01.052平面图plan01.053普通地图general map01.054专题地图thematic map01.055地图集atlas01.056地球仪globe01.057地图规范map specifications01.058地图生产map production01.059地图投影map projection01.060地图编制（又称“编图”）map compilation01.061地图复制map reproduction01.062地图印刷map printing01.063地图利用map use01.064地图量算cartometry01.065机助地图制图computer-aided cartography，computer-assisted cartography, CAC 01.066自动化制图automatic cartography01.067自动绘图automatic plotting01.068图形显示graphic display01.069遥感制图remote sensing mapping01.070地名学toponomastics, toponymy01.071地名geographical name, place name01.072工程测量学engineering surveying01.073比例尺scale01.074基本比例尺basic scale01.075等高线contour01.076等高距contour interval01.077测量平差survey adjustment，adjustment of observations01.078精度估计precision estimation01.079精［密］度precision01.080准确度accuracy01.081偶然误差accident error01.082系统误差systematic error01.083粗差gross error01.084常差constant error01.085多余观测redundant observation01.086闭合差closing error, closure01.087限差tolerance01.088相对误差relative error01.089绝对误差absolute error01.090中误差mean square error01.091误差椭圆error ellipse01.092边长中误差mean square error of side length01.093测角中误差mean square error of angle observation01.094方位角中误差mean square error of azimuth01.095坐标中误差mean square error of coordinate01.096点位中误差mean square error of a point01.097高程中误差mean square error of height01.098国土基础信息系统land base information system01.099大地控制数据库geodetic data base01.100重力数据库gravimetric data base01.101地形数据库topographic data base01.102地理信息系统geographical information system，GIS01.103地图数据库map data base01.104地图数据库管理系统cartographic data base management system01.105地名数据库place-name data base01.106地籍信息系统cadastral information system01.107土地信息系统land information system，LIS01.108制图专家系统cartographic expert system01.109海洋测绘hydrographic surveying and charting01.110测绘仪器instrument of surveying and mapping01.111大地测量仪器geodetic instrument01.112测距仪distance measuring instrument，rangefinder01.113重力仪gravimeter01.114定位系统positioning system01.115摄影测量仪器photogrammetric instrument01.116立体测图仪stereoplotter01.117数字摄影测量工作站digital photogrammetric station01.118全数字化自测图系统full digital automatic mapping system01.119图形输入设备graphic input unit01.120图形输出设备graphic output unit01.121中国测绘学会Chinese Society of Surveying and Mapping，CSSM01.122国际测绘联合会International Union of Surveying and Mapping，IUSM01.123国际测量师联合会Federation Internationale des Geometres，FIG（法语）01.124国际大地测量学与地球物理学International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics，IUGG01.125国际大地测量学协会International Association of Geodesy IAG01.126国际摄影测量与遥感学会International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing，ISPRS01.127国际地图学协会International Cartographic Association，ICA01.128 国际海道测量组织International Hydrography Organization, IHO02 大地测量学02.001大地测量geodetic surveying02.002几何大地测量学geometric geodesy02.003椭球面大地测量学ellipsoidal geodesy02.004大地天文学geodetic astronomy02.005物理大地测量学(又称“大地重力学”) physical geodesy02.006空间大地测量学space geodesy02.007卫星大地测量学satellite geodesy02.008动力大地测量学dynamic geodesy02.009海洋大地测量学marine geodesy02.010月面测量学lunar geodesy，selenodesy02.011行星测量学planetary geodesy02.012天文大地网(又称“国家大地网”)astro--geodetic network02.013参考椭球reference ellipsoid02.014贝塞尔椭球Bessel ellipsoid02.015海福德椭球Hayford ellipsoid02.016克拉索夫斯基椭球Krasovsky ellipsoid02.017参考椭球定位orientation of reference ellipsoid02.018大地基准geodetic datum02.019大地坐标系geodetic coordinate system02.020弧度测量arc measurement02.021拉普拉斯方位角Laplace azimuth02.022拉普拉斯点Laplace point02.023三角测量triangulation02.024三角点triangulation point02.025三角锁triangulation chain02.026三角网triangulation network02.027图形权倒数weight reciprocal of figure02.028菲列罗公式Ferreros formula02.029施赖伯全组合测角法Schreiber method in all combinations 02.030方向观测法method of direction observation，method by series 02.031测回observation set02.032归心元素elements of centering02.033归心改正correction for centering02.034水平折光差(又称“旁折光差”) h orizontal refraction error02.035基线测量base measurement02.036基线baseline02.037基线网base network02.038精密导线测量precise traversing02.039三角高程测量trigonometric leveling02.040三角高程网trigonometric leveling network02.041铅垂线plumb line02.042天顶距zenith distance02.043高度角elevation angle，altitude angle02.044垂直折光差vertical refraction error02.045垂直折光系数vertical refraction coefficient02.046国家水准网national leveling network02.047精密水准测量Precise leveling02.048水准面level surface02.049高程height02.050正高orthometric height02.051正常高normal height02.052力高dynamic height02.053地球位数geopotential number02.054水准点benchmark02.055水准路线leveling line02.056跨河水准测量river－crossing leveling02.057椭球长半径major radius of ellipsoid02.058椭球扁率flattening of ellipsoid02.059椭球偏心率eccentricity of ellipsoid02.060子午面meridian plane02.061子午圈meridian02.062卯酉圈prime vertical02.063平行圈parallel circle02.064法截面normal section02.065子午圈曲率半径radius of curvature in meridian02.066卯酉圈曲率半径radius of curvature in prime vertical02.067平均曲率半径mean radius of curvature02.068大地线geodesic02.069大地线微分方程differential equation of geodesic02.070大地坐标geodetic coordinate02.071大地经度geodetic longitude02.072大地纬度geodetic latitude02.073大地高geodetic height，ellipsoidal height02.074大地方位角geodetic azimuth02.075天文大地垂线偏差astro—geodetic deflection of the vertical02.076垂线偏差改正correction for deflection of the vertical02.077标高差改正correction for skew normals02.078截面差改正correction from normal section to geodetic02.079大地主题正解direct solution of geodetic problem02.080大地主题反解inverse solution of geodetic problem02.081高斯中纬度公式Gauss mid—latitude formula02.082贝塞尔大地主题解算公式Bessel formula for solution of geodetic problem 02.083高斯一克吕格投影Gauss－Kruger projection又称“高斯投影”。

Lesson oneIntroduction to SurveyingSurveying is the art of making such measurements of the relative positions of points on the surface of Earth that, on drawing them to scale, natural and artificial features may be exhibited in their correct horizontal or vertical relationships.测量是一种技术，它测定地球表面上各点的相对位置，并按照比例绘制出来，使得天然和人工地物能以正确的水平或垂直关系展示出来。

Less comprehensively, the term, “Surveying”, may be limited to operations directed to the representation of ground features in plan. Methods whereby relative altitudes are ascertained are distinguished as “leveling”, the results being shown either as vertical section or by conventional symbols on a plan.较为全面地说，“测量”这个词可以局限于在平面图上表示出地貌的操作。

确定相对高度的操作区别为水准测量，其结果或以纵断面显示或是在平面图上用惯用符号表示。

Plane, Aerial and Geodetic Surveying A plan is projection upon a horizontal surface, and in its construction all linear and angular quantities used must be horizontal dimensions. It is impossible to give a complete representation of distances following the undulations of the ground other than by a scale model. Now a horizontal surface is normal to the direction of gravity as indicated by a plump line, but, on account of the form of the Earth, the direction of plump lines suspended at different points in a survey are not strictly parallel, and the plane horizontal at one point does not precisely coincide with that through any other point. It is not the irregular shape of the Earth’s physical surface that is reffered to here, but the almost regular curvature of a level surface which is necessarily perpendicular to the vertical everywhere.平面测量，航空测量，大地测量平面图是在水平面上的投影，在绘制时使用的长度和角度的量值必须是水平分量。

一、名词解释：1、Surveying (测量学）is the art of making such measurements of the relative positions of points on the surface of Earth that,on drawing them to scale natural and artificial features may be exhibited in their correct horizontal or vertical relationships.2、Plane surveying （平面测量)is of wide scope and utility,and its methods are e mployed in the vast majorit y of surveys undertaken for various purposes,such as en gineering ,architectural,legal,c ommercial,scientific,geograph ical,exploratory,military,and n avigational.3、Geodetic surveys（大地测量）are usually of a nati onal character,occasionally w orks of international coopera tion,and they are undertaken as basis for the production of accurate maps of wide areas.4、Leveling（水准测量) is t he general term applied to a ny of the various processes by which elevations of point s or differences in elevation are determined.5、The theodolite （经纬仪）is an instrument designed for the measurement of hori zontal and vertical angles.It is the most precise instrume nt available for such observ ations,and is of wide applica bility in surveying.6、A traverse（导线）is a series of consecutive lines whose lengths and directions have been determined from field measurements7、Traversing(导线测量）,the act of establishing traverse stations and making the ne cessary measurements,is one of the most basic and wid ely practiced means of deter mining the relative locations of points.8、Azimuths（方位角）are measured clockwise from th e north end of the meridian through the angle points. 9、Topographic surveys（地形测量）are made to deter mine the configuration (relie f) of the earth’s surface and to locate natural and cultur al features on it.10、A topographic map（地形图）is a large scale repres entation of a portion of theEarth’s showing culture, relief, hydrography, and perhaps vegetation.11、Systematic-Error(系统误差）:These-errors conformto mathematical and physical laws.Their magnitude maybe constant or variable depending on conditions.12、Radom error(偶然误差）：These are errors that remain after mistakes and systematic errors have been eliminated.13、Precision(精度)refers to the degree of refinementor consistency of a group of measurements.14、Accuracy(准确度）which denotes the absolute nearness of measured quantities to their true values.二、填空1、The metal case is attached to some part of the instrument in such a way as topermit some (adjustment) of the position.2、Transits,are instrumentswhich ..... Along the verticalplane (altitude) as well asthe horizontal plane (azimuth).3、These instruments are (tripods),plane tables,(level rods),chains,and (tapes).4、As can be observed ,EDM systems are made up ofthree components-(a transmitter),(a reflector),and (a receiver).5、....the telescope must becapable of rotation about a(horizontal axis),for measurement of horizonal angles,the instrument must be rotatedabout a (vertical axis).6、There must be an (indexmark) on the rotating part,placed so that readings canbe taken against it on the(graduated circle).7、.....the observer operatesa setting device to obtain a(mean reading) free from(eccentricity error).8、If the (plumb bob) is not over the point,the (centering screw) can be loosenedand the.......9、These notes include directions.....stations with (fourdifferent positions).Two readings were taken on each position (one with the telescope normal or direct and onewith the instrument (reversed or plunged)).10、The line is determinedby a telescope with the usual components consisting of(object glass),(focusing arrangement),(diaphragm withcross-lines), and (eye-piece).11、A level fitted with (horizontal circle) and (stadia lines) can be used to make acomplete (three-dimensional) survey of a limited area round the instrument.12、Levels are used to obtain the direct measurement of （height differences）between two points.13、Which transmit either (modulated laser) or (infrared light) having wavelengths within or slightly beyondthe ......14、Which transmits (microwaves) with (frequencies) in the range of 3 to 35GHZcorresponding to wavelength of about 1.0 to 8.6 mm.15、The methods used in measuring angles or directionsof traverse lines vary,and include (compass bearings），（interior angles),(deflection angles),(angles to the right),(azimuths).16、The instrument is oriented at each station by (backsighting) on the previous point with （the back bearingset) on the plates.17、(Electronic devices) and (taping) are used most often and provide the highestorder of accuracy.18、On construction work,(allowable limits of closure)depend on the use and extent of the traverse and typeof project.Bright location, for example ,demands a highdegree of precision.19、Vertical control is provided by bench marks in or near the tract to be surveyed.It becomes the foundation for correctly portraying reliefon a map,A （vertical control net)is established by (lines of levels）starting fromand closing on bench marks.三、翻译：1、It is convenient to considerthat a bubble tube has anaxis,which may be taken as astraight line parallel to the freesurface of the liquid when thebubble is in the centralposition determined by thegraduation marks.当气泡处于分划线所确定的中心位置时，我们可以很容易想像水准管有一个轴，这个轴可以看作是一条与液体的自由表面平行的直线。

(完整word)测绘专业英语单词Chapter 1Geomatics 测绘学Surveying 测量学Geodesy 测地学Geosciences 地球科学Surveying and mapping 测绘学Surveying and mapping engineering 测绘工程Geoinformatics 地理信息学Geodetic network 大地控制网Land Surveyor 土地测量员Photogrammetriest 摄影测量员Practitioner 从业者Topographic map 地形图Geographic information system 地理信息系统Aerial photogrammetry 航空摄影测量学Remote sensing 遥感Cartography 地图制图学Computer graphics 计算机图形学Global navigation satellite system GNSSGlobal position system GPS Environmental visualization 环境可视化Geographic information system GIS Geographic referenced information 地理参考信息Landforms 地形Underground geological structure 地下地质构造Hydrology 水文学Mineral resources 矿产资源Topographic maps 地形图Geodynamic phenomena 地球动力学现象Polar motion 极移Crustal motion 地壳运动Earth tides 地球潮汐Sphere 球（体）Spheroid 球体Ellipse 椭圆Ellipsoid 椭圆体，椭球Surveying station 测站Geodetic control points 大地控制点With permanent monuments 永久标志Curved surface 曲面Straight line 直线Plane 平面Precise instrument 精密仪器Reference coordinat e 参考坐标Contour maps 等值线图Three dimensional model 三维模型Analog or digital forms 模拟或数字形式Specialized illustration software 专业插图软件Data acquisition 数据获取Data representation 数据表达Manipulate 处理，操作Data storage 数据存储Data preprocessing 数据预处理Longitude latitude altitude 经度、纬度、高度Regional navigation system 地区导航系统Analog photogrammetry 模拟摄影测量Analytical photogrammetry 解析摄影测量Digital photogrammetry 数字摄影测量Plotter 绘图机Passive remote sensing/active remote sensingFilm photography 胶片Infrared sensors 红外感应Charge coupled devices 电荷耦合器件Radiometer 辐射计Backscattered 反向散射Passive/active sensor/reflector 被动/主动传感器/反射器Henan polytechnic university Geographic data 地理数据Reference spheroid 参考椭球体Curved surface 曲面Analogy form 模拟模式Radio signal 无线信号Laser 激光(完整word)测绘专业英语单词Chapter 2Analog forms 模拟形式Paper plan 平面图Report table 报告表Three dimensional mathematical model 三维数学模型Horizontal and vertical distances 水平距离和垂直距离Determining Elevations 确定高程Direction 方向Location 位置Volume 体积（量）Portray graphically生动描绘Profile/cross section 侧面/横断面Longitudinal section 纵剖面Diagram 图表/示意图Optical theodolite 光学经纬仪Digital level 数字水准仪Electronic Distance Measurement （EDM）Total station 全站仪Aerial photogrammetry 航空摄影Satellite observation 卫星观测Inertial surveying 惯性测量Laser ranging techniques 激光测距技术Large volume of data 大量数据Rigorous processing 严密加工工艺Field/office work 野外/室内工作Conventional construction engineering projects 传统建设工程项目Property surveying 权属调查Geology 地质学 geophysics地球物理biology生物 agriculture 农业forestry 林业 hydrology 水文oceanography 海洋学Geography地理学Distance measurement 距离测量Linear 线性物 non-Spherical earth 球面地Slant 倾斜Tape 卷尺Telescope view望远镜视场electro-optical distance measuring 光电测距Earth gravity field 地球重力场Plume lines 铅垂线plastic tapes 塑料尺Poly tapes 塑料尺Steel types 钢尺Marking pole 花杆marking pin 测杆spring balance 弹簧秤Collimation axis 视准轴plumb bob 铅锤Invar tapes 因瓦尺Coefficient 系数Metric units 米制单位Foot units 英制单位Metric 公制，米制Meter 米Decimeter 分米Centimeter 厘米Minimeter 毫米Kilometer 千米Tacheometry 视距测量Theodolite tacheometryoptical resolutionOrdinary taping 普通丈量Precise taping 精密丈量Thermal expansion 热膨胀fixed-angle intercept截取一个固定角stadia interval factorstadia system 视距系统level rod 水准尺Plane table 平板仪line of sight 视线horizontal stadia principle 水平视距原理stadia interval 视距间隔 factor 常数stadia hairs 视距丝Principle focus 主焦点detail surveys 碎步测量topographic surveys 地形测量Leveling 水准测量electronic distance measurement 电子测距仪Geodimeter Inc光电测距仪公司terrain conditions 地形条件(完整word)测绘专业英语单词Radio waves 无线电波Identical velocities 相同速度Light velocity 光速Vacuum 真空operational range 测距Microwave systems 微波系统Light wave systems 光波系统Infrared systems 红外系统Wavelength band 波段Transmitted signals 传播信号airborne particles 浮尘Traversing 导线测量Precise taping 精密丈量Curvature 曲率Mean sea level MSLPermanent points/benchmarks 基准参照Trigonometric or indirect leveling 三角高程测量direct or spirit leveling 水准测量stadia leveling 视距测量different leveling 差分水准Point in question 待求点self-reducing tacheometer 自降速测仪Barometric leveling 气压高程测量Gravimetric leveling 重力高程测量mutually perpendicular axes Standard deviations 标准差earth curvature and refraction Annexed leveling line 附和水准路线spur leveling line 支水准路线closed leveling line 闭合水准路线preclude 排除slope distance 斜距vertical angle 竖直角Zenith angle 天顶角National vertical datum 国家高程基准theodolite 经纬仪 transitangles of elevation 仰角 minus anglesangles of depression 俯角 down anglesreciprocal vertical angle observation 垂直角对测degree minute second 度分秒the sexagesimal system 六十进制系统radian 弧度topographic detail points 地形碎部点points to be set out 待放样点clinometer 测角仪/倾斜仪sextant 六分仪compass 罗盘true meridian direction 真子午线方向true north direction 正北方向meridian plane 子午面gyro theodolite 陀螺经纬仪magnetic meridian direction 磁北方向azimuths 方位角coordinate north direction 坐标北方向coordinate axies direction clockwise direction 顺时针方向counterclockwise direction 逆时针方向bearing/orientation 方位、方向quadrant 象限horizontal circle 水平度盘circular protractors 圆形量角器geometric conditions 几何条件astronomic 天文学的,极大的magnetic poles 磁极gauss coordinate system 高斯坐标系coordinate azimuth 坐标方位角meridian 子午圈/线azimuthal projection 方位角投影commencing on 开始face left 盘左bisected bisect 一分为二binary 二进制的horizontal scale 水平度盘比例尺upper plate clamp 上盘制动夹subtract 减法，扣除arbitrary points 任意点primary control 一级控制triangulation 三角法trilateration 三边法intersection 交会法resection 后方交会traversing 导线测量trigonometric proposition 三角定理law of sines 正弦定理(完整word)测绘专业英语单词law of cosines 余弦定理forward intersection 前方交会side intersection 侧方交会steel tapes 钢尺hydrographic surveyspur/stub traverse 支导线geometric closure 几何形状闭合connection/annexed traverse 附合导线Closed traverse 闭合导线Normal calculation 坐标正算inverse calculation 坐标反算Stadia hair 视距丝Cross hair 十字丝Pulse method 脉冲法Phase different method 相差法Modulated light beam 调制光束Dividing scale tape 刻线尺Reflect 反射disperse散射 radiate 辐射Refract折射 diffract 衍射 diffuse 漫射Compensator 补偿器Ralative precision 相对精度Absolute precision 绝对精度Horizontal distance 水平距离Benchmark 水准基准点Alidade 照准部Automatic level 自动安平水准仪Nominal factor 名义因子Construction maps 施工图Air density 空气密度Horizontal braking screw 水平制动螺旋Charpter 3plane trigonometry 平面三角orthogonal projection 正射投影reference ellipsoid 参考椭球面geoid 大地水准面landmass 陆地equipotential surface 等势面theoretical surface 理论面perpendicular 垂直gravity potential 重力势planimetric position 平面位置orthometric heights 正高Geodetic height 大地高semi-major axis 长半径minor axis 短轴plumb bob line 垂线spirit bubble 水准泡horizontalized 使整平flattening 扁率ellipsoidal/geodetic distance 大地距best fitting 最佳拟合global geocentric ellipsoid 全球地心参考系geodetic reference system 1980 大地测量参考系portrary 描绘conformality 正形性at expense of 以牺牲—为代价Arbitrary projection 任意投影Equidistant projection 等距投影Easel plane 承影面Cylindrical projection 圆柱投影Conic projection 圆锥投影Azimuthal/planar projection 方位投影Normal/regular axis tangent conic projection正轴切圆锥投影Normal/regular axis secant conic projection(完整word)测绘专业英语单词正轴割圆锥投影Tangent planar projectionNormal axis tangent planarprojection正轴切面投影Transverse axis tangent planarprojection横轴切面投影Oblique axis tangent planarprojection斜轴切面投影Graticule of normal conic projection 正轴圆锥投影格网Cylinder 圆柱体Gauss kruger projection=conformal（equal angle）transverse tangent elliptic cylindrical projectionUniversal transverse mercator UTM Rules of thumb 经验法则Geodetic datum 大地测量基准World geodetic system 84Standard parallels 标准纬线Meridian 子午线,子午圈，经线Mass anomaly质量异常Geodetic latitude 大地维度Geodetic longitude 大地经度Translation parameter 平移参数Rotation parameter 旋转参数Scale parameter 尺度参数Rotation axis 旋转轴Backsight 后视Leveling rod reading 水准尺读数Height difference 高差Notional leveling origin 国家水准原点Coordinate conversion 坐标转换Smooth surface 光滑表面Normal calculation 正算Normal line 法线Survey specification 测量规范Dimension of the ellipsoid 椭圆的尺寸Chapter 4Direct measurement 直接测量Geometric formulas 几何公式Three broad categories 三大范畴Blunders/mistakes=gross errors Systematic errors 系统误差Magnitude 量级Algebraic sign 代数符号Calibration 校准，标准化Random errors 随机误差Gaussian distribution 高斯分布Law of probability 概率Most probable value 最或然值Points of inflexion 拐点Square root 平方根Probability density function 概率密度函数Normal error distribution curve 正态分布曲线Normal random variable 正态随机变量Frequency histogram 频率直方图Standard deviation 标准差Arithmetic mean 算术平均值Error propagation 误差传播Partial derivative 偏导数Mean square error 中误差Least squares adjustment 最小二乘平差Superfluous measurement 多余测量Instrumental error 仪器误差Redundant measurement 冗余误差Optimal combination 最优组合Matrix/array 矩阵Functional model 函数模型Stochastic model 随机模型Statistical properties 统计特性(完整word)测绘专业英语单词Variance/covariance matrix 方差/协方差矩阵Weighting matrix 权阵Weihted adjustment 加权平差Conditional adjustment 条件平差Parametric adjustment 参数平差Algebraic sum 代数和Geometric check 几何检核Chapter 5Cartography 地图制图学Map compilation 地图编制Map decoration 地图整饰Contour map 等高/值线图Neat line 图表边线Coordinate gratitude/grid 坐标网格Inset 嵌图Bar scale 图解比例尺Thematic map 专题图Topographic map 地形图topological map 拓扑地图Electronic map 电子地图Analytic stereo plotter 解析立体绘图仪Data visualization 数据可视化Image processing 图像处理Spatial analysis 空间分析Specialized illustration software 专门插图软件Laser rangefinders 激光测距仪Computer aided design CAD 计算机辅助设计VectorRasterGeometrical principles 几何原理Geospatial information 地理空间信息Zoom in 放大 out 缩小Graphic scale bar 图解比例尺Map page space 图面空间C++ application programming interface API Chapter 6Global navigation satellite system GNSSGlobal position system GPSOrbital plane 轨道平面Orbital altitude 轨道高度Medium earth orbit /MEO 中地球轨道Carrier wave 载波Absolute positioning 绝对定位Relative positioning 相对定位Static positioning 静态定位Dynamic positioning 动态定位Base station 基站Real time kinematic RTK 实时动态定位Antenna 天线Post processing 后处理Ground based transmitter 地面发射机Geostationary orbit 对地静止轨道GPS receiver GPS接收机Monitor station 监控站Mobile /Roving station 流动站Differential GPS。

测绘工程专业英语1. Introduction测绘工程是一门综合性较强的学科，需要使用专业的英语术语来进行交流和沟通。

本文将介绍一些与测绘工程相关的常用英语词汇和表达，以帮助读者更好地理解和运用专业英语。

2. Surveying and Mapping 测绘2.1 Surveying 规划测量•Geodetic surveying大地测量•Cadastral surveying (land) 地籍测绘•Engineering surveying工程测量•Topographic surveying地形测量•Control surveying控制测量•Hydrographic surveying水文测量•Deformation monitoring变形监测2.2 Mapping 制图•Cartography制图学•Digital mapping数字制图•Geographic information system (GIS)地理信息系统•Remote sensing遥感•Image interpretation图像解译•Orthophoto正射影像•Contour lines等高线•Land cover classification土地覆盖分类3. Instruments and Equipment 仪器设备•Theodolite经纬仪•Total station全站仪•GPS receiver GPS接收机•Levels水准仪•Laser scanner激光扫描仪•Data collector数据采集器•GIS software GIS软件•Mapping software制图软件4. Measurements 测量数据•Distance measurement距离测量•Angle measurement角度测量•Coordinate measurement坐标测量•Elevation measurement高程测量•Height measurement高度测量•Area measurement面积测量•Volume measurement体积测量5. Data Analysis 数据分析•Data processing数据处理•Error analysis误差分析•Statistical analysis统计分析•Spatial analysis空间分析•Data visualization数据可视化•Interpolation插值•Extrapolation外推•Regression analysis回归分析6. Project Management 项目管理•Survey project planning测量项目规划•Budget estimation预算估算•Resource allocation资源分配•Scheduling进度安排•Quality control质量控制•Risk assessment风险评估•Project documentation项目文档7. Conclusion本文介绍了一些与测绘工程专业相关的英语词汇和表达，涵盖了测绘、制图、仪器设备、测量数据、数据分析和项目管理等领域。

Geomatics is a relatively new scientific term created by Pollock and Wright in 1969, with the intention of combining the terms geodesy and geoinformatics.It includes the tools and techniques used inSurveying and Mapping,Remote Sensing (RS),Cartography,Geographic Information Systems(GIS), Global Navigation Satellite Systems(GNSS, i.e.,GPS, Glonass,Galileo,Compass),Photogrammetry, Geography, Geosciences, Computer Sciences, Information Science and various spatial observation technologies, land development and environmental sciences, etc.测绘学是一种相对较新的科学术语由波洛克和赖特在1969年提出，目的是将大地测量学与地理信息学结合起来。

它包括的工具和技术应用于测绘、遥感(RS)、地图学、地理信息系统(GIS)、全球导航卫星系统(GNSS,即。

、GPS、Glonass、伽利略、北斗),摄影测量、地理学、地球科学、计算机科学、信息科学和各种空间观测技术、土地开发、环境科学等。

Surveying may be defined as the technology and scie nce of the study of earth’s shape and size, as well as making measurements of the relative positions of natural and man-made features on, above or below the earth’s surface, and representing these information in analog forms as contoured maps or sections, paper plan or chart, or as figures in report tables, or in digital form as a three dimensional mathematical model stored in the computer.测量的技术和科学可以定义为研究地球的形状和大小,以及测量位于地球表面上或者低于或者高于地球表面的自然的或人造的物体的相对位置,并将这些信息以模拟形式的波状外形的地图、剖面图、论文计划、图表、数据报告表中呈现或以数字形式存储在计算机三维数学模型中。

测绘工程专业英语翻译Uuit1 What is Geomatics? （什么是测绘学） 2 Unit 2 Geodetic Surveying and Plane Surveying（大地测量与平面测量）7 Unit 3 Distance Measurement（距离测量）12 Unit 4 Angle and Direction Measurement（角度和方向测量）15 Unit 5 Traversing （导线测量）18 Unit 6 Methods of Elevation Determination（高程测量方法）22 Unit 7 Robotic Total Station （智能型全站仪）26 Unit8 Errors in Measurement（测量工作中的误差）30Uuit1 What is Geomatics? （什么是测绘学）Geomatics Defined（测绘学定义）Where does the word Geomatics come from?（Geomatics－测绘或地球空间信息学，这个名词是怎么来的呢？）GEODESY+GEOINFORMATICS=GEOMATICS or GEO- for earth and – MATICS for mathematical or GEO- for Geoscience and -MATICS for informatics. （大地测量学＋地理信息学＝GEOMATICS 测绘学或者geo 代表地球，matics 代表数学，或者geo 代表地球科学，matics 代表信息学）It has been said that geomatics is many things to many people.（据说测绘学这个词对不同的人有不同的理解）The term geomatics emerged first in Canada and as an academic discipline; it has been introduced worldwide in a number of institutes of higher education during the past few years, mostly by renaming what was previously called “geodesy” or “surveying”, and by adding a number of computer scienceand/or GIS-oriented courses.（这个术语【term 术语】作为一个学科【academic discipline 学科】第一次形成【emerge】于加拿大；在过去的几年里被全世界的许多高等教育研究机构所熟知，通常是以前的“大地测量学” 或“测量学”在引入了许多计算机科学和GIS 方向【或“基于GIS” 】的课程后重新命名的。

测绘工程专业英语1. Introduction测绘工程是一个涉及测量、制图和地理信息的专业领域。

作为全球定位系统（GPS）、激光雷达（LiDAR）等测绘技术的发展，测绘工程在土地测量、制图和地理信息系统（GIS）等方面发挥着关键作用。

在这个专业中，专业英语是非常重要的，它主要用于与国际同行交流、阅读英文文献、理解国外的测绘技术方法和标准等。

2. Basic Terms and Concepts2.1 Surveying测量是测绘工程中最基本的概念之一。

它涉及测量地球表面和地下物体的位置、形状和特征。

测量通常使用各种仪器和技术，如全站仪、经纬仪和水准仪。

测量的主要目的是精确定位地理要素，并为其他测绘工程任务（如制图和GIS）提供数据支持。

2.2 Mapping制图是将测量结果表现在图上的过程。

地图是以图形方式展示地理要素的平面。

制图可以使用计算机辅助设计（CAD）软件来完成，也可以使用手绘的方式制作。

制图需要掌握地理坐标系统、图投影、符号学等知识。

2.3 Geographic Information System (GIS)地理信息系统（GIS）是一种结合地图和数据库的技术，它可以用来存储、检索、分析和显示地理数据。

GIS在测绘工程中广泛应用，可以用于土地规划、资源管理、环境保护等方面。

在学习测绘工程专业英语时，了解和掌握与GIS相关的术语和概念非常重要。

3. Technical English in Surveying and Mapping3.1 Coordinate Systems坐标系统是测绘工程中常见的概念，用于确定和表示地理要素的位置。

常见的坐标系统包括经纬度坐标和平面坐标。

经纬度坐标使用纬度和经度来表示位置，而平面坐标使用XY坐标来表示位置。

在专业英语中，了解和使用这些坐标系统的术语是必要的。

3.2 Surveying Instruments测量仪器在测绘工程中起着至关重要的作用。

常见的测量仪器包括全站仪、经纬仪和水准仪等。

Words and expressionsUnit 1geoscience地球科学informatics信息学,情报学monitor监控,监测,监视,控制,追踪,监控器appreciate增值,涨价,赏识,鉴赏,感激dwindle缩小Iso International standardization organization国际标准化组织explicit清楚的,外在的,直率的,(租金等)直接付款的hydrographic与水道测量有关的,与水文地理有关的hydrographic survey海道测量,水道测量practitioner从业者,开业者expertise专门技术,专家的意见flexibility适应性,机动性,挠性Incorporation结合,合并;形成法人组织,组成公司(或社团) coherent一致的,连贯的demise死亡,让位,禅让ut让渡,遗赠,转让blur把(界线,视线等)弄得模糊不清,涂污,污损(名誉等),弄污visualization可视化,清楚地呈现pertaining有关系的,附属…的,为…固有的(to)Imagery肖像(总称),雕刻影像plotting标图,测绘illustrative 说明性的,例证性的entity实体digitize [计]将资料数字化registration注册,报到,登记forestry林产,森林地,林学geology地质学,地质概况geographical地理学的,地理的infrastructure基础下部组织,下部构造navigation导航,航海,航空,领航,航行quarterly一年四次的,每季的evolve (使)发展,(使)进展,(使)进化cadastre地籍簿,地籍,地籍图cadastral surveying地籍测量sensor传感器manipulate(熟练地)操作,使用(机器等),操纵(人或市价、市场),利用state - of - the - art 先进的,一流的geophysics地球物理学oceanography 海洋学retrieval检索,恢复,修补,重获embrace拥抱,互相|拥抱,包含,收买,信奉ti拥抱n.拥抱geomatics测绘学geodesy大地测量学surveying and mapping测绘photogrammetry摄影测量学remote sensing(RS)遥感global positioning system(GPS)全球定位系统atellite positioning卫星定位geographic information systems(GIS)地理信息系统land management土地管理computer graphics计算机图形学Unit 2artiticial人造的,假的,非原产地的analog类似物,相似体chart图表,海图dimensional空间的monument纪念碑permanent monument永久标石monumentation埋石fieldwork野外工作,实地调查,野外作业category种类,类别,[逻]范畴permanent永久的,持久的theodolite[测]经纬仪prerequisite先决条件spheroid球状体,回转椭圆体allowance容许误差,容差,容许量diameter直径equator赤道,赤道线atitude纬度,范围;(用复数)地区longitude经度,经线经度meridian子午线,正午,顶点,全盛时期ad.子午线的,正午的prime meridian本初子午线,木初子午圈线northing北距(向北航行的距离),北进,北航easting东西距,朝东方;东行航程gravity重力,地心引力gravity field重力场curvature曲率,弯曲plumb铅锤,铅弹ad.垂直的t使垂直,探测plumb line铅垂线trigonometry 三角法plane trigonometry平面三角algebra代数学analytical解枥的,分析的analytical geometry解析几chord弦,弦长triangle三角形,三人一组,三角关系spherical球形的,球的sophisticate弄复杂,篡改;使变得世故入sophistication复杂;强词夺理,诡辩geoid [地]大地水准面trench沟渠,堑壕,管沟,电缆沟,战壕Atlantic ocean大西洋Pacific ocean太平洋tangent相切的,切线的n.切线,[数]正切backsight后视foresight前视;远见,深谋远虑refraction折光,折射geodetic surveying大地测量,大地测量学plane surveying平面测量,平面测量学control survey控制测量horizontal survey水平测量,平面测量vertical survey高程测量,垂直测量地形测量topographic surveydetail survey碎部测量land survey( property survey, boundary survey, cadastral survey)地测量,地籍测量route survey路线测量pipe survey管道测量city survey城市测量hydrographic survey水道测量marine survey海洋测量mine survey矿山测量geological survey地质测量Unit 3fundamental基本原则,基本原理Euclidean space欧几里得空间odometer(汽车等的)里程表,自动计在仪(美vehicle交通工具,车辆,媒介物,传达手段revolution旋转,革命circumference 圆周,周围invar铟瓦;不胀钢nickel镍,镍币,(美国和加拿大的)五分镍币alloy合金coefficient系数thermal热的,热量的tacheometry 测视距测量stadia视距,视距仪器ntercept截取,中途阻止telescope望远镜multiply乘,增加,繁殖nominal 名义上的,有名无实的,名字的,[语]名词性的manufacturer制造业者,厂商/consequence结果[逻]推理,推论,因果关系,重要的地位topographic地势的,地形学上的resultant作为结果而发生的,合成的terrain地形electromagnetic电磁的visibility 可见度,能见度,可见性,显著,明显度infrared红外线的n.红外线airborne 空气传播的,空降的,空运的particle粒子,点,极小量,微粒,质点,小品词,语气modulated已凋整[制]的,被调的distance measurement 距离测量precise ranging精密测距pacing步测,定步distance measuring instrument, rangefinder测距仪EDM( electronic distance measurement)电子测距仪geodimeter光速测距仪,光电测electromagnetic distance measuring instrument电磁波测距仪electro- optical distance measuring instrument光电测距仪long - range EDM instrument远程电子测距infrared EDM instrument红外测距仪laser distance measuring instrument, laser ranger激光测距仪microwave distance measuring instrument微波测距仪satellite laser ranger卫星激光测距仪two- color laser ranger双色激光测距仪distance- measuring error测距误差fixed error固定误差proportional error比例误差sighting distance视距multiplication constant乘常数ddition constant加常数stadia multiplication constant视距乘常数stadia addition constant视距加常数standard field of length长度标准检定场/nominal accuracy标称精度stadia hair视距丝,视距线stadia interval视距间隔Unit 3perpendicular 垂直的,正交的Intersect横断(直线)相交,交又projection投影,投射,投影图,地图投影,规划zenith天顶,顶点,顶峰,最高点celestial天上的celestial sphere天球radius半径,范围,辐射光线,有效航程,范围,界线clinometer测角器,倾斜仪sextant六分仪compass罗盘,指南针,圆规protractor量角器clockwise顺时针方向的counterclockwise反时针方向的sexagesimal六十的,六十进位的sexagesimal systen六十分制commence开始,着手bisect切成两份,对(截)开clamp夹子,夹具,夹钳encoder编码器,译码器spindle轴,杆,心轴;锭子,纺锤crystal结晶状的n.水晶,水晶饰品,结晶,晶体liquid crystal displays(LCDs)液晶显示diode二极管lght- emitting diode displays(LEDs)发光二极管显示pendulum钟摆,摇锤compensator补偿器provision供应,(一批)供应品,预备,防备,规定indexing标定指数initialize初始化azimuth方位,方位角bearing方向,方位quadrant象限四分仪horizontal angle水平角vertical angle垂直角depression angle俯角,俯视角zenith distance天顶距elevation angle高度角horizontal circle水平刻度盘vertical circle垂直度盘true north真北geodetic azimuth大地方位角grid bearing坐标方位角gyro azimuth陀螺方位角magnetic azimuth磁方位角method by series, method of direction observation方向观测法method in all combinations全组合测角法Unit 20Us. Department of defense(DOD)美国国防部castellation[天]星座,星群nsure确保,给…保险drag拖拉v拖,拖曳atmospheric drag大气阻力sun- seeking太阳定向panel面板,仪表板,全体陪审员solar panel太阳能电池板nicad镍镉蓄电池nicad battery镍镉蓄电池Colorado美国科罗拉多州(位于美国西部)Hawaii夏威夷,夏威夷岛Ascension阿森松(南大西洋岛屿)Kwajalein夸贾林环礁(位于太平洋西部)reconnaissance勘测,侦察,搜索missile导弹,发射物missile guidance导弹制导pseudorange伪距synchronize同步synchronized同步的GPS( global positioning system)全球定位系统space segment空间部分control segment控制部分user segment用户部分GPS receiver GPS接收机gps constellation gps星座master control station主控站monitor station监控站atomic clock原子钟clock error钟差broadcast ephemeris广播星历precise ephemeris精密星历Coarse acquisition codeprecise code精码pseudorange伪距ionospheric delay电离层延迟tropospheric delay对流层延迟multipath effect多路径效应Selective availability(SA)选择可用性reference receiver基准接收机roving receiver流动接收机receiver antenna接收机天线real- time kinematic(RTK)实时动态定位differential GPS(DGPS)差分GPSdifferential correction差分改正real- time differential correction实时差分改正post - processed differential correction后处理差分改正Unit 23acronym 只取首字母的缩写词distinguish 区别,辨别attribute属性,品质,特征.加于,归结于peel剥,削,剥落supercomputer[计]超型计算机hook钩住,沉迷,上瘾digitizer 数字转换器cartographe地图制作者,制图师,制图员administrator管理员,管理程序implementation执行coordinator协调者,同等的人或物raster[物]光栅vector向量,矢量,带菌者aircraft航行器census人口普查demographic人口统计学的yearbook年鉴ecosystem生态系统overlay覆盖,覆盖图buffering缓冲(作用),减震,隔离Unit 28exemplify例证,例示illumination照明,阐明,启发geothermal地热的,地温的,地热(或地温)产生的photon光子cosmic宇宙的cosmic ra宇宙射线gamma 射线thereon在其上,在那上面,…之后立即moisture湿度,湿气,潮湿irradiance发光,光辉penetrate穿透,渗透,弥漫electron电子molecular[化]分子的,由分子组成的emittance发射度,[热]辐射本领incidence人射,落下的方式,影响范围spacecraft太空船backscatter漫反射,反向散射体,反散射synthetic合成的,人造的,综合的aperture孔,穴,缝隙,(照相机,望远镜等的)光圈,孔径synthetic aperture radar(SAR)合成孔径雷达multispectral多谱线的,多谱段的spectroradiometer[物]分光辐射计side - looking 侧视的remote sensor遥测传感器,遥感器electromagnetic spectrum电磁波频谱,电磁波谱,电磁光谱transmittance传播absorptance吸收reflectance反射electromagnetic radiation电磁辐射thermal infrared detector热红外探测器passive remote sensing被动式遥感active remote sensing主动式遥感side- looking airborne radar(SLAR)机载侧视雷达;侧视雷达active microwave sensors主动微波遥感传感器passive microwave sensing被动微波遥感spectroradiometer分光辐射计radiometer辐射计scatterometer散射计scatterometry 散射测量。

Geodetic Surveying and Plane SurveyingSurveying has been traditionally defined as the art and science of determining the position of natural and artificial features on, above or below the earth’s surface; and representing this information in analog form as a contoured map, paper plan or chart, or as figures in report tables, or in digital form as a three dimensional mathematical model stored in the computer. As such, the surveyor/geodesist dealt with the physical and mathematical aspect of measurement. The accurate determination and monumentation of points on the surface of the Earth is therefore seen as the major task.Though these surveys are for various purposes, still the basic operations are the same---they involve measurements and computations or, basically, fieldwork and office work. There are many different types of surveys such as land surveys, route surveys, city surveys, construction surveys, hydrographic surveys, etc., but generally speaking, surveying is divided into two major categories: geodetic and plane surveying.Surveys will either take into account the true shape of the Earth（Geodetic surveys）or treat the earth as a flat surface(Plane surveys). Additionally, surveys are conducted for the purpose of positioning features on the ground(Horizontal surveys), determining the elevation or heights of features(Vertical surveys) or a combination of both.Geodetic SurveyingThe type of surveying that takes into account the true shape of the earth is called geodetic surveying.This type of survey is suited for large areas and long lines and is used to find the precise location of basic points needed for establishing control for other surveys. In geodetic surveys, the stations are normally long distances apart, and more precise instruments and surveying methods are required for this type of surveying than for plane surveying.Widely spaced, permanent monuments serve as the basis for computing lengths and distances between relative positions. These basic points with permanent monuments are called geodetic control survey points, which support the production of consistent and compatible data for surveying and mapping projects. In the past, ground-based theodolites, tapes, and electronic devices were the primary geodetic field measurements used. Today, the technological expansion of GPS has made it possible to perform extremely accurate geodetic surveys at a fraction of the cost.A thorough knowledge of the principles of geodesy is an absolute prerequisite for the proper planning and execution of geodetic surveys.In Geodetic Surveys, the shape of the earth is thought of as a spheroid, although in a technical sense, it is not really a spheroid. Therefore, distances measured on or near the surface of the earth are not along straight lines or planes, but on a curved surface. Hence, in the computation of distances in geodetic surveys, allowances are made for the earth’s minor and major diameters from which a spheroid of reference is developed. The position of each geodetic station is related to this spheroid. The positions are expressed as latitudes(angles north or south of the Equator) and longitudes(angles east or west of a prime meridian) or as northings and eastings on a rectangular grid.A geodetic survey establishes the fundamentals for the determination of the surface and gravity field of a country. This is realized by coordinates and gravity values of a sufficiently large number of control points, arranged in geodetic and gravimetric networks. In this fundamental work, curvature and the gravity field of the earth must be considered.The type of surveying in which the mean surface of the earth is considered a plane, or in which the curvature of the earth can be disregarded without significant error, generally is called plane surveying. The term is used to designate survey work in which the distances or areas involved are of limited extent. With regard to horizontal distances and directions, a level line is considered mathematically straight, the direction of the plumb line is considered to be the same at all points within the limits of the survey, and all angles are considered to be plane angles. To make computations in plane surveying, you will use formulas of plane trigonometry, algebra, and analytical geometry. For small areas, precise results may be obtained with plane surveying methods, but the accuracy and precision of such results will decrease as the area surveyed increases in size. For example, the length of an arc 18.5 km long lying in the earth’s surface is only 7mm greater than the subtended chord and, further, the difference between the sum of the angles in a plane triangle and the sum of those in a spherical triangle is only 0.51 second for a triangle at the earth’s surface having an area of 100km2 . It will be appreciated that the curvature of the earth must be taken into consideration only in precise surveys of large areas.A great number of surveys are of the plane surveying type.Surveys for the location and construction of highways, railroads, canals, and in general, the surveys necessary for the works of human beings are plane surveys, as are the surveys made to establish boundaries, except state and national. However, with the increasing size and sophistication of engineering and other scientific projects, surveyors who restrict their practice to plane surveying are severely limited in the types of surveys in which they can be engaged. The operation of determining elevation usually is considered a division of plane surveying. Elevations are referred to the geoid. The geoid is theoretical only.It is the natural extension of the mean sea level surface under the landmass. We could illustrate this idea by digging an imaginary trench across the country linking the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.If we allowed the trench to fill with seawater, the surface of the water in the trench would represent he geoid. So for all intents and purposes, the geoid is the same as mean sea level. Mean sea level is the average level of the ocean surface halfway between the highest and lowest levels recorded. We use mean sea level as a datum or, curiously and incorrectly, a datum plane upon which we can reference or describe the heights of features on, above or below the ground. Imagine a true plane tangent to the surface of mean sea level at a given point. At horizontal distances of 1km from the point of tangency, the vertical distances(or elevations) of the plane above the surface represented by mean sea level are 7.8cm. Obviously, curvature of the earth’s surface is a factor that cannot be neglected in obtaining even rough values of elevations. The ordinary procedure in determining elevations, such as balancing backsight and foresight distance in differential leveling, automatically takes into account the curvature of the earth and compensates for earth curvature and refraction, and elevations referred to the curved surface of reference are secured without extra effort by the surveyor.There is close cooperation between geodetic surveying and plane surveying. The geodetic survey adopts the parameters determined by measurements of the earth, and its own results are available to those who measure the earth. The plane surveys, in turn, are generally tied to the control points of the geodetic surveys and serve particularly in the development of national map series and in the formation of real estate cadastres.Below we are about measure distance, Angle and Direction Measurement and Traversing. Distance MeasurementOne of the fundamentals of surveying is the need to measure distance. Distances are not necessarily linear, especially if they occur on the spherical earth. In this subject we will deal with distances in Euclidean space, which we can consider a straight line from one point or feature to another. Distance between two points can be horizontal, slope, or vertical. Horizontal and slope distances can be measured with lots of techniques of measurement depending on the desired quality of the result. If the points are at different elevations, then the distance is the horizontal length between plumb lines at the points. Here gives a brief summary of relevant techniques and their respective accuracies:Pacing and OdometerPacing is a very useful form of measurement though it is not precise, especially when surveyors are looking for survey marks in the field. Pacing can be performed at an accuracy level of 1/100~1/500 when performed on horizontal land, while the accuracy of pacing can’t be relied upon when pacing up or down steep hills. The odometer is a simple device that can be attached to any vehicle and directly registers the number of revolutions of a wheel. With the circumference of the wheel known, the relation between revolutions and distance is fixed.Ordinary Taping and Precise TapingTaping is a very common technique for measuring horizontal distance between two points. Ordinary taping refers to the very common tapes that we can buy them in stores, such as the plastic tapes or poly tapes. Such tapes have low precision in distance measurements with about 1/3000~1/5000. The precise taping refers to the steel tapes and which are much more expensive than the plastic tape and have higher precision of 1/10000~1/30000. Invar tapes are composed 35% nickel and 65% steel. This alloy has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion, making the tapes useful in precise distance measurement. Many tapes are now graduated with foot units on one side and metric units on the reverse side. Metric units are in meters, centimeter and minimeter with the total length of 20 m, 30 m, 50 m and 100 m.If we want to measure the horizontal distance between the two points A and B, we can do like this: With zero of the tape to the higher point B and tape going along the point A, we can measure the horizontal distance by using the plumb bob with pump line entering to the point A. To judge the exact horizontal line, we should move the tape up and down along the pump line and we will find the changes of reading in the tape. The shortest reading of the tape is the horizontal distance.If the distance is longer than the length of tape, then we can divide the long distance into several segments and get the total distance by plus each segment together. Since different tapes have different starts of zero of the tapes, it is very important to judge where the zero of the tape begins. Tacheometry and StadiaTacheometry is an optical solution to the measurement of distance. The word is derived from the Greek Tacns, meaning “swift”, and metrot, meaning “a measure”. Tacheometry involves the measurement of a related distance parameter either by means of a fixed-angle intercept. Theodolite tacheometry is an example of stadia system.The theodolite is directed at the level staff where the staff is held vertically and the line of sight of the telescope is horizontal.By reading the top and bottom stadia hairs on the telescope view and then the horizontal distance from center of instrument to rod can be obtained by multiplying the stadia interval factor K by the stadia interval and plus the distance C which is from the center of instrument to principal focus, i.e. D=Ks + C. Usually the nominal stadia interval factor K equals 100 which is a constant for a particular instrument as long as conditions remain unchanged, but it may be determined by observation in practice. The value of C is determined by the manufacturer and stated on the inside of the instrument box. For external-focusing telescopes, under ordinary condition, C may be considered as 1 ft without error of consequence. Internal-focusing telescopes are so constructed that C is 0 or nearly so; this is an advantage of internal-focus telescopes for stadia work. Most instruments now used for stadia are equipped with internal-focusing telescopes.Applications of tacheometry include traversing and leveling for the topographic surveys, location of detail surveys, leveling and field completion surveys for the topographic mapping, and hydrographic mapping. The relative precision is 1:1000 to 1:5000.Stadia is a form of tacheometry that uses a telescopic cross-hair configuration to assist in determining distances.A series of rod readings is taken with a theodolite and the resultant intervals are used to determine distances.Electronic Distance Measurement(EDM)The Electronic Distance Measurement(EDM) was first introduced in 1950s by the founders of Geodimeter Inc. The advent of EDM instrument has completely revolutionized all surveyingprocedures, resulting in a change of emphasis and techniques. Distance can now be measured easily, quickly and with great accuracy, regardless of terrain conditions.EDM instruments refer to the distance measurement equipments using light and radio waves. Both light waves and radio waves are electromagnetic. They have identical velocities in a vacuum (or space) to 299,792.458±0.001km/sec.These velocities, which are affected by the air’s density, are reduced and need to be recalculated in the atmosphere. The basic principle of EDM instruments is that distance equals time multiplied by velocity.Thus if the velocity of a radio or light wave and time required for it to go from one point to another are known, the distance between the two points can be calculated.The EDM instruments may be classified according to the type and wavelength of the electromagnetic energy generated or according to their operational range. EDM instruments use three different wavelength bands: (1)Microwave systems with range up to 150km, wave length 3 cm, not limited to line of sight and unaffected by visibility; (2)Light wave systems with range up to 5 km (for small machines), visible light, lasers and distance reduced by visibility; (3)Infrared systems with range up to 3 km, limited to line of sight and limited by rain, fog, other airborne particles. Although there is a wide variety of EDM instruments available with different wavelengths, there are basically only two methods of measurement employed which may divide the instruments into two classification as electro-optical (light waves) and microwaves (radio waves) instruments. These two basic methods are namely the pulse method and more popular phase different method. They function by sending light waves or microwaves along the path to be measured and measuring the time differences between transmitted and received signals, or in measuring the phase differences between transmitted and received signals in returning the reflecting light wave to source. Modern EDM instruments are fully automatic to such an extent that, after the instruments, set up on one station, emits a modulated light beam to a passive reflector set up on the other end of the line to be measured. The operator need only depress a button, and the slope distance is automatically displayed. More complete EDM instruments also have the capability of measuring horizontal and vertical or zenith angles as well as the slope distance. These instruments referred to as total station instruments.Angle and Direction MeasurementHorizontal and vertical angles are fundamental measurements in surveying. It is necessary to be familiar with the meanings of certain basic terms before describing angle and direction measurement. The terms discussed here have reference to the actual figure of the earth.Basic TermsA vertical line at any point on the earth’s surface is the line that follows the direction of gravity at that point.It is the direction that a string will assume if a weight is attached at that point and the string is suspended freely at the point.At a given point there is only one vertical line.A horizontal line at a point is any line that is perpendicular to the vertical line at the point.At any point there are an unlimited number of horizontal lines.A horizontal plane at a point is the plane that is perpendicular to the vertical line at the point. There is only one horizontal plane through a given point.A vertical plane at a point is any plane that contains the vertical line at the point.There are an unlimited number of vertical planes at a given point.Horizontal Angle and Vertical AngleA horizontal angle is the angle formed in a horizontal plane by two intersecting vertical planes, or a horizontal angle between two lines is the angle between the projections of the lines onto a horizontal plane. For example, observations to different elevation pointsB andC from A will give the horizontal angle ∠bac which is the angle between the projections of two lines (AB and AC) onto the horizontal plane. It follows that, although the points observed are at different elevations, it is always the horizontal angle and not the space angle that is measured (Figure 1). The horizontal angle is used primarily to obtain relative direction to a survey control point, or topographic detail points, or to points to be set out.A vertical angle is an angle measured in a vertical plane which is referenced to a horizontal line by plus (up) or minus (down) angles, or to a vertical line from the zenith direction. Plus and minus vertical angles are sometimes referred to as elevation or depression angles, respectively. A vertical angle thus lies between 0°and ±90°. Zenith is the term describing points on a celestial sphere that is a sphere of infinitely large radius with its center at the center of the earth. The zenith is anangle measured in a vertical plane downward from an upward directed vertical line through the instrument. It is thus between 0°and 180°. Obviously the zenith angle is equal to 90°minus the vertical angles. Vertical angles or zeniths are used in the correction of slope distance to the horizontal or in height determined. For the most part, the instrument used in the measurement of angles is called a transit or theodolite, although angles can be measured with clinometers, sextants (hydrographic surveys), or compasses.The theodolite contains a horizontal and vertical circles of either glass or silver.The horizontal and vertical circles of theodolite can be linked to circular protractors graduated from 0°to 360°in a clockwise manner set in horizontal and vertical plane. The horizontal circle is used when measuring or laying off horizontal angles and the vertical circle is used to measure or lay off vertical angles or zenith angles. Usually the units of angular measurement employed in practice are degrees, minutes, and seconds, the sexagesimal system.Angle MeasurementA horizontal angle in surveying has a direction or sense; that is, it is measured or designed to the right or to the left, or it is considered clockwise or counterclockwise. In the above figure, the angle at A fromB toC is clockwise and the angle from C to B is counterclockwise. With the theodolite set up, centered, and leveled over at station A, then a simple horizontal angle measurement between surveying point B, A and C would be taken as follows:⑴Commencing on, say, “face left”, the target set at survey point B is carefully bisected and the reading on horizontal scale is 25°. ⑵The upper plate clamp is released and telescope is turned clockwise to survey point C. The reading on horizontal circle is 75°⑶The horizontal angle is then the difference of the two directions, i.e. (75°-25°) =50°（⑷Change face and observe point C on “face right”, and note the reading=255°⑸Release upper plate and swing counterclockwise to point B and note the reading =205°⑹The reading or the direction must be subtracted in the same order as 255°-205°=50°⑺The mean of two values would be accepted if they are in acceptable agreement. Modern electronic digital theodolites contain circular encoders that sense the rotations of the spindles and the telescope, convert these rotations into horizontal and vertical (or zenith) angles electronically, and display the value of the angles on liquid crystal displays (LCDs) or light-emitting diode displays (LEDs). These readouts can be recorded in a conventional field book or can be stored in a data collector for future printout orcomputation. The instrument contains a pendulum compensator or some other provision for indexing the vertical circle readings to an absolute vertical direction.The circle can be set to zero readings by a simple press of a button or initialized to any value on the instrument.Azimuth is the horizontal angle measured in a clockwise direction from the plane of the meridian, which is a line on the mean surface of the earth joining the north and south poles. Azimuth ranges in magnitude from 0°to 360°, values in excess of 360°, which are sometimes encountered in computations, are simply reduced by 360°before final listing.Bearing is the traditional way of stating the orientation of the line. It is actually the angle measured from the north or south.The bearing, which can be measured clockwise or counterclockwise from the north or south end of the meridian, is always accompanied by letters that locate the quadrant in which the line falls. For example, bearing N32W indicates a line trending 32°west of the north. It is equal to an azimuth of 328°.Bearing S12W indicates a line trending 12°west of the south. It is equal to an azimuth of 192°. It is important to state that the bearing and azimuth are respect to true north..TraversingThe purpose of the surveying is to locate the positions of points on or near the surface of the earth. To determine horizontal positions of arbitrary points on the earth’s surface and elevation of points above or below a reference surface are known as a control survey.The positions and elevations of the points make up a control network.There are different types of control networks depending on where and why they are established.A control network may have very accurate positions but no elevations (called a Horizontal Control Network) or very accurate elevations but no positions (called a Vertical Control Network).Some points in a control network have both accurate positions and elevations.Control networks range from small, simple and inexpensive to large and complex and very expensive to establish.A control network may cover a small area by using a “local” coordinate system that allows you to position the features in relation to the control network but doesn’t tell you where the features areon the surface of the earth, or cover a large area by consisting of a few well-placed and precise-established control points, which is sometimes called the primary control.The horizontal positions of points in a network can be obtained in a number of different ways.（The generally used methods are triangulation, trilateration, traversing, intersection, resection and GPS.The main topic of this text refers to the traversing.TriangulationThe method of surveying called triangulation is based on the trigonometric proposition that if one side and three angles of a triangle are known, the remaining sides can be computed by the law of sines.Furthermore, if the direction of one side is known, the direction of the remaining sides can be determined.And then coordinates of unknown points can be computed by application of trigonometry.TrilaterationSince the advent of long-range EDM instrument, a method of surveying called trilateration was adopted to combine with triangulation.The trilateration is based on the trigonometric proposition that if the three sides of a triangle are known, the three angles can be computed by the law of cosines.Trilateration possesses some advantages over triangulation because the measurement of the distances with EDM instrument is so quick, precise and economical while the measurement of the angles needed for triangulation may be more difficult and expensive. For some precise projects, the combination of triangulation and trilateration which is called triangulateration is applied.TraversingA survey traverse is a sequence of lengths and directions of lines between points on the earth, obtained by or from field angle and distance measurements and used in determining positions of the point. The angles are measured using transits, theodolites, or total stations, whereas the distances can be measured using steel tapes or EDM instruments. A survey traverse may determine the relative positions of the points that if connects in series, and if tied to control stations based on some coordinate system, the positions may be referred to that system. From these computed relative positions, additional data can be measured for layout of new features, such as buildings and roads. Since the advent of EDM equipment, traversing has emerged as the most popular method to establish control networks such as basic area control, mapping, control of hydrographic surveys and construction projects.In engineering surveying, it is ideal way to surveys and dimensional control of route-type projects such as highway, railroad, and pipeline construction. In general, a traverse is always classified as either an open traverse or a closed traverse. An open traverse originates either at a point of known horizontal position with respect to a horizontal datum or at an assumed horizontal position, and terminates at a station whose relative position is not previously known..The open traverse provides no check against mistakes and large errors for its termination at anunknown horizontal position and lack of geometric closure. This lack of geometric closure means that there is no geometric verification possible with respect to the actual positioning of the traverse stations. Thus, the measuring technique must be refined to provide for field verification. At a minimum, distances are measured twice and angles are doubled. Open traverses are often used for preliminary survey for a road or railroad.A closed traverse can be described in any one of the following two ways: ⑴A closed loop traverse, as the name implies, forms a continuous loop, enclosing an area.This type of closed traverse starts at assumed horizontal position or at a known horizontal position with respect to a horizontal datum and ends at the same point. ⑵A connecting traverse starts and ends at separate points, whose relative positions have been determined by a survey of equal or higher order accuracy. A known horizontal position is defined by its geographic latitude and longitude, or by its X and Y coordinates on a grid system.Closed traverses, whether they return to the starting point or not, provide checks on the measured angles and distances.In both cases, the angles can be closed geometrically, and the position closure can be determined mathematically. Therefore they are more desirable and used extensively in control, construction, property, and topographic surveys.As we mentioned above, a closed traverse provides checks on the measured angles and distances. For example, the geometric sum of the interior angles in an n-side closed figure should be (n-2)×180°, but due to systematic and random errors of the measurements, when all the interior angles of a closed traverse are summed, they may or may not total the number of degrees required for geometric closure. The difference between the geometric sum and actual field sum of the interior angles is called angular closure. The total error of angular closure should be distributed evenly to each angle (if all angles were measured with the same precision) before mathematical analysis of the traverse. The important point before doing this is that the overall angular closure can’t be beyond the survey specifications.Closed traverses provide also checks on the measured distances, and the position closure can be determined mathematically, which means that an indication of the consistency of measuring distances as well as angles should be given to a traverse that closes on itself. Theoretically this position closure from the origin back to itself should be zero. But the Errors in the measured distances and angles of the traverses, however, will tend to alter the shape of the traverse, therefore we should compute the algebraic sum of the latitudes and algebraic sum of the departures, and compare them with the fixed latitude and departure of a straight line from the origin to the closing point. By definition, latitude here is the north/south rectangular component of a line and departure is the east/west rectangular component of a line. To differentiate direction, north is considered plus, whereas south is considered minus.Similarly, east is considered plus, whereas west is considered minus.Then the discrepancy should be adjusted by apportioning the closure both in latitudes and in departures on a reasonable basis. The adjusted position of each traverse point is determined with respect to some origin.This position is defined by its Y coordinates and its X coordinates with respect to a plane rectangular coordinate system in which the Y axis is assumed north-south whereas the X axis east-west.。

专业英语复习Unit 1 What is Geomatics? geoscience---n,地球科学informatics---n,信息学hydrographic---adj,水利的hydrographic survey---n,水利测量expertise---n,专家的意见flexibility---n,适应性incorporation---n,结合，合并visualization---n,可视化plotting---n,标图，测绘illustrative---adj,说明性的entity---n,实体digitize---v,数字化registration---n,注册，登记forestry---n,林学geology---n,地质学geographical---adj,地理学的，地理的infrastructure---n,基础下部组织，下部构造navigation---n,导航cadastre---n,地籍，地籍图cadastral surveying---地籍测量geophysics---n,地球物理学geomatics---测绘学geodesy---大地测量学surveying and mapping---测绘学photogrammetry---摄影测量学remote sensing(RS)---遥感global positioning system(GPS)---全球定位系统satellite positioning---卫星定位geographic information systems(GIS)---地理信息系统land management---土地管理computer graphics---计算机图形学appreciate---v,增值dwindle---v,减少ISO(International Standards Organization)---国际标准化surveyor---n,测量工作者market---v,定位award titles---授予学位photogrammetrist---n,摄影测量者process---v,处理analyze---v,分析aerial photography---航空影像学database---n,数据库geographic entities---地理实体civil and marine engineering---土木海洋工程demise---v,消失quarterly---adv,一年四次的，四季的aerial---adj,航空的Unit 2 Geodetic Surveying and Plane Surveyingartificial---adj,人造的analog---n,类似物dimensional---adj,空间的monument---n,纪念碑permanent monument---永久标石monumentation---埋石fieldwork---n,野外测量category---n,种类theodolite---n,经纬仪spheroid---n,球状体allowance---n,容许误差diameter---n,直径equator---n,赤道latitude---n,纬度longitude---n,经度meridian---n,子午线prime meridian---本初子午线gravity---n,重力gravity field---重力场curvature---n,曲率plumb---n,铅锤，adj,垂直的plumb line---铅垂线trigonometry---n,三角法chord---n,弦长triangle---n,三角形spherical---adj,球形的sophisticate---vt,弄复杂sophistication---n,复杂；强词夺理geoid---n,大地水准面tangent---adj,相切的n,切线backsight---n,后视foresight---n,前视refraction---n,折光geodetic surveying---大地测量plane surveying---平面测量control survey---控制测量horizontal survey---水平测量vertical survey---高程测量topographic survey---地形测量detail survey---碎部测量land survey---土地测量，地籍测量route survey---路线测量pipe survey---管道测量city survey---城市测量hydrographic survey---水利测量marine survey---海洋测量mine survey---矿山测量geological survey---地质测量feature---n,要素establish---v,建立a spheroid of reference---参考椭球coordinate---n,坐标algebra---n,代数学datum---n,基准面the mean surface of the earth---平均海水面the mean sea level---平均海平面canals---n,地铁boundary---n,边界automatically---adv,自动地real estate---房地产Unit 3 Distance Measurementdistance measurement---距离测量precise measurement---精密测量pacing---步测distance measuring instrument，rangefinder---测距仪EDM（electronic distance measurement）---电子测距仪geodimeter---光电测距仪electromagnetic distance measuring instrument---电磁波测距仪fixed error---固定误差proportional error---比例误差multiplication constant---乘常数addition costant---加常数stadia hair---视距丝stadia interval---视距间隔infrared---n,红外线laser---n,激光microwave---n,微波Unit 4 Angle and Direction Measurement perpendicular---adj,垂直的，正交的intersect---vt,横断,vi,相交，交叉projection---n,投影zenith---n,天顶celestial---adj,天上的celestial sphere---天球radius---n,半径compass---n,罗盘，指南针protractor---n,量角器clockwise---adj,顺时针方向的counterclockwise---adj,逆时针方向的commence---v,开始bisect---v,切成两份，对开spindle---n,轴initialize---vt,初始化azimuth---n,方位，方位角bearing---n,方向，方位quadrant---n,像限horizontal angle---水平角vertical angle---垂直角depression angle---俯角zenith distance---天顶距elevation angle---高度角horizontal circle---水平刻度盘vertical circle---垂直刻度盘true north---真北geodetic azimuth---大地方位角grid bearing---坐标方位角magnetic azimuth---磁方位角method by series,method of direction observation---方向观测法method in all combinations---全组合测角法plus(up) or minus(down) angles---正负角poles---n,极Unit 5 Traversingtraverse---n,导线traversing----导线测量arbitrary---adj,任意的triangulation---n,三角测量trilateration---n,三边测量triangulateration---n,边角测量proposition---n,命题law of sines---正弦定律law of cosine---余弦定律terminate---v,停止property---n,所有物，所有权evenly---adv,均匀地indication---n,指示，迹象consistency---n,一致性alter---v,改变departure---n,横距rectangular---adj,矩形的discrepancy---n,差异apportion---v,分配control network---控制网horizontal control network---平面控制网vertical control network---高程控制网control point---控制点forward intersection---前方交会resection---后方交会side intersection---侧方交会linear-angular intersection---边角交会法linear intersection---边交会法traverse point---导线点traverse leg---导线边traverse angle---导线折角open traverse---支导线closed traverse---闭合导线closed loop traverse---闭合环导线connecting traverse---附和导线angle closing error of traverse---导线角度闭合差total length closing error of traverse---导线全长闭合差closing error in coordinate increment---坐标增量闭合差traverse network---导线网triangulateration network---边角网triangulation network---三角网trilateration network---三边网survey specifications,specifications of surveys---测量规范preliminary---adj,初步的annex---adj,附加的the primary control---首级控制total station---全站议coordinate system---坐标系Unit 6 Methods of Elevation Determinationreference datum---参考基准面direct leveling,spirit leveling---几何水准测量differential leveling---微差水准测量ellipsoid---n,椭球preclude---v,排除reference datum---参考基准面level rod---水准尺level---水准仪elevation difference---高差difference in elevation---高差annexed leveling line---附和水准路线closed leveling line---闭合水准路线spur leveling line---支水准路线refraction correction---折光差改正elevation of sight---视线高程electronic level---电子水准仪automatic level---自动安平水准仪laser lever---激光水准仪optical level---光学水准仪adjusted---v,平差slope---n,斜坡trigonometric leveling---三角高程测量gravimetric leveling---重力水准测量river-crossing leveling---跨河水准测量barometric leveling---气压水准测量BM(benchmark)---水准基点backsight(BS)---后尺foresight(FS)---前尺height of instrument(HI)---仪器高height of target(HT)---目标高target---n,目标Unit 7 Robotic Total Stationprism---n,棱镜layout---n,放样data transfer---数据转换optical plummet---光学对中器a bubble level---水准气泡tripods---n,三角架orbit---n,轨道Unit 8 Errors in Meaeurementgeometric---adj,几何的，几何学的graduated---adj,分级的error propagation---误差传播propagate---v,传播atmospheric---adj,大气的blunder---n,粗差，错误obviate---vt,消除，排除，避免eliminate---vt,消除，排除conscientious---adj,尽责的maintenance---n,维护，保持quantify---vt,量化calibration---n,校准，标度law of probability---概率论theory of error---误差理论true error---真误差observation error---观测误差instrument error---仪器误差personal error---人为误差gross erreo---粗差systematic error---系统误差random error,accident error---偶然误差probable error---或然误差constant error---常差average error---平均误差absolute error---绝对误差relative error---相对误差error of closure,closing error,closure---闭合差error test---误差检验tolerance---n,限差limit error---极限误差horizontal refraction error---水平折光差index error of vertical circle---竖盘指标差gross errors---粗差system errors---系统误差random errors---偶然误差Unit 10 Accuracy and Precision calibrate---v,校准uniformity---n,一致，均匀reproducibility---n,重复能力，再现性scatter---v,分散methodology---n,方法论conform---vt,使一致，使遵从conformity---n,一致，符合indicator---n,指示器confuse---vt,使糊涂，搞乱Unit 18 Construction Layoutarchitect---n,建筑师urban---adj,城市的suburban---adj,郊外的on-site---工地上complexity---n,复杂reestablish---v,重建crew---n,全体人员curb---n,路边engineering survey---工程测量engineering control network---工程控制网construction control network---施工控制网control network for deformation observation---变形观测控制网precision---n,精度sensitivity---n,灵敏度reliability---n,可靠性construction survey---施工测量free station---自由设站法as-built survey---竣工测量setting-out survey,construction layout---施工放样setting-out of main axis---主轴线放样building axis survey---建筑轴线测量property line survey---建筑红线测量construction plan---施工平面图site map---工地总平面图cross section---横断面profile diagram，profile---纵断面图profile survey---纵断面测量cross-section survey---横断面测量Unit 20 Understanding the GPS(1) constellation---n,星群atmospheric drag---大气阻力solar panel---太阳能电池板pseudorange---n,伪距synchronize---v,同步synchronized---adj,同步的segment---n,部分altitude---n,高度，海拔orbital plane---轨道平面a master control station---主控站satellite ranging---卫星测距3-dimensiomal---latitude,longitude,altitude Unit 21 Understanding the GPS(2) ionosphere---n,电离层troposphere---n,对流层interference---n,干扰ephemeris---n,星历表nanosecond---n,纳秒antenna---n,天线space segment---空间部分control segment---控制部分user segment---用户部分GPS receiver ---GPS接收机GPS constellation---GPS星座master control station---主控站monitor station---监控站atomic clock---原子钟clock error---钟差broadcast ephemeris---广播星历precise ephemeris---精密星历Coarse/Acquisition Code (C/A code)---C/A码precise code---精码ionospheric delay---电离层延迟tropospheric delay---对流层延迟multipath effect---多路径效应Selective A vailability(SA)---选择可用性reference receiver---基准接收机roving receiver---流动接收机receiver antenna---接收机天线real-time kinematic(RTK)---实时动态定位differential GPS(DGPS)---差分GPS differential correction---差分改正real-time differential correction---实时差分改正post-processed differential correction---后处理差分改正sunspot---n,太阳黑点Unit 23 GIS Basicsdistinguish---v,区别，辨别attribute---n,属性v,归结于digitizer---n,数字转换器raster---n,光栅vector---n,向量，矢量overlay---n,覆盖，覆盖图buffering---n,缓冲theme---n,主题scanner---n,扫描仪optical disk---光盘floppy disk---软盘magnetic disk---磁带survey documents---测量文档Unit 24 Data Types and Models in GIS resolution---n,分辨度，分辨率postal code---邮递区号meander---v,蜿蜒而流，漫步border---n,边界vegetion---n,植被Unit 28 Fundamentals of Remote Sensing exemplify---vt,例证moisture---n,湿度synthetic aperture radar(SAR)---合成孔径雷达side-looking---adj,侧视的Unit 38concise---adj,简洁familiar---adj,通俗fluid---adj,流畅Author and affiliation---作者和通讯地址Abstract and keywords---摘要和关键字Methods or Procedures---Results and discussion or conclusion--- Acknowledgments---n,致谢Reference---n,参考文献School of Geodesy and Geomatics---测绘学院。

一、Interpretations1.a level surface 水平面2.a horizontal plane 一个水平面3.surveying 测量学4.spirit leveling 直接水平5.DS3 Levels DS3水准仪6.J6 theodolite J6经纬仪7.traversing 导线测量8.control surveying 控制测量9.topographic surveying 地形测量10.topographic map 地形图11.photogrammetry 摄影测量12.remote sensing 遥感13.map地图14.the global positioning system 全球定位系统15.the geographic information system地理信息系统二、Translation1.A vertical line in the direction toward the center of the earth is to be said in thedirection of the nadir. A vertical line in the direction away from the center of the earthand above observer’s head is said to directed toward the zenith.翻译：一条铅垂线的方向朝向地心被称为朝向天底方向。

一条铅垂线的方向远离地心并超过观测者头部被称为朝向天顶方向。

2.The more general case occurs when the two points to be compared are in suchsituations as they are far apart or there are some obstacles to them. So it is impossibleto set up the level only once to determine the result.翻译：大多数情况下当两点在远距离的情况下对比的时候他们之间就会存在一些障碍。

测绘工程专业英语pdf测绘工程专业英语涉及了该领域的专业词汇和表达方式。

以下是一些常见的测绘工程专业英语词汇和短语：1. surveying engineering：测绘工程2. mapping：测绘3. surveying instrument：测绘仪器4. surveying chain：测链5. leveling instrument：水准仪6. theodolite：经纬仪7. global positioning system (GPS)：全球定位系统8. digital elevation model (DEM)：数字高程模型9. digital terrain model (DTM)：数字地形模型10. remote sensing：遥感11. image processing：图像处理12. geographic information system (GIS)：地理信息系统13. map projection：地图投影14. coordinate system：坐标系15. triangulation：三角测量16. traverse surveying：导线测量17. leveling：水准测量18. GPS positioning：GPS定位19. map compilation：地图编制20. photogrammetry：摄影测量21. structure from motion (SfM)：运动结构法22. close-range surveying：近景测量23. LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging)：激光雷达测量24. bathymetry：水深测量25. grading and layout：土方量计算与施工布置26. map updating：地图更新。

Unit 1 what is Geomatics●Geomatics —测绘学 English for Geomatics Engineering(测绘工程专业英语)●Geodesy —大地测量学 Informatics —信息学，情报学GEODESY+GEOINFORMATICS = GEOMATICS (将大地测量学和地球信息学两词合成后就成为测绘学这一专业词汇)●Surveyor —测量员 Hydrographic —海道测量，水道测量More explicit job descriptions such as Land Surveyor , Engineering Surveyor , or Hydrographic Surveyor for example.(更多这类工作详细描述为土地测量员、工程测量员、水道测量员等等）●Surveying and mapping —测绘 Photogrammetry —摄影测量学Remote sensing(RS) —遥感 Global positioning system —全球定位系统The science and technology of acquiring , storing , processing, managing , analyzing , and presenting geographically referenced information (geo-spatial data).This broad term applies both to science and technology , and integrates the following more specific disciplines and technologies including surveying and mapping , geodesy , satellite positioning , photogrammetry , remote sensing , geographic information systems(GIS) , land management , computer systems , environmental visualization and computer graphics .测绘学是关于捕获、存储、处理、分析以及显示地理学相关信息（地球空间数据）的科学技术。

Section 2 The Reliability of a Survey and Errors测量误差的可靠性Since every technique of measurement is subject to unavoidable error, surveyors must be aware of all sources and types of error and how they combine. If the accuracy of a measurement is defined as the nearness of that value to its true value (a quantity we can never know) then a surveyor must ensure that the techniques he chooses will produce a result that is sufficiently accurate. He must know, therefore, how accurate he needs to be, how to achieve this accuracy and how to check that the required accuracy has been achieved.由于每个测量技术是不可避免的误差，测量员必须知道的所有误差的来源和类型，以及它们是如何结合。

如果测量的准确性，其真正的值（我们可以永远不知道的数量）的接近程度，该值被定义为，然后测量员必须确保他选择的技术将产生一个结果，是足够精确的。

因此，他必须知道他需要的精度如何，如何实现这一目标的准确性和如何检查所要求的精度已经达到。

Accuracy requiredWhen surveying to produce a plan, the accuracy required is defined by the scale of the plot, since there should be no plottable error in the survey data. A good draughtsman can plot a length to within 0.25 mm and so, if a plan of an area is required at a scale of 1/1000, i.e., 1 mm on the plan represents 1 m on the ground, the smallest plottable distance is 0.25 m. Thus, for a survey at 1/1000 scale, all the measurements must be taken such that the relative positions of any point with respect to any other must be determined to 0.25 m or better.当测量一个平面时,精度通常是根据展图比例决定的，因为在绘图中不能有测量误差。