(备考词汇专攻)2019届中考英语小复习 241-250(10份10组专题)
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（备考词汇专攻）2019届中考英语小复习241-250（10份10组专题）§241 known as / known by / known for/ known toⅠ. known as “作为…而出名”；“被称作…”，as后面的宾语与句子主语是同位的。
如：①George is known as a successful banker. 乔治作为成功的银行家而出名。
②The first tomb, known as Chang Ling, was built in the 15th century. 第一座陵墓叫长陵修建于是５世纪。
Ⅱ. known by “凭……来判断或认识”一般不太常用，多出现在某些谚语中。
如：① A man is known by the company he keeps. (谚)见其友，知其人。
Ⅲ. known for “因……而出名”，for后面多接表示特征、品质之类的词。
如：①Guilin is known for its beautiful sceneries. 桂林因风景优美而闻名。
②He is known for his frankness. 他以坦率而出名。
Ⅳ. known to “为……所知的”，to后面常接表示人的名词或代词。
如：①She is known to everyone in the college. 他在学院里人人皆知。
②The usage of that word is known to us all. 这个词的用法我们人人皆知。
§242 keekp doing sth/ keep on doing sth/ keep sb doing sth/ keep sb or sth from doing sth/ stop……from doing sth/ prevent……from doing sthⅠ.keep doing sth 表示“继续（不断）地做某事”指无停顿或停顿较短。
或后接表静态的动词。
如：sit sleep. Wait, stand,等。
He kept sitting there for half an hour without moving. 他一动不动地在那儿站了半个小时。
Ⅱ.keep on doing sth 表经过一段时间的间隙后“继续做同一件事”后可接表动态的词。
如walk, write talk 等。
还暗指不顾困难、反对、警告而“坚持”做某事。
They kept on working in the field, though it was raining.虽然天正在下雨，他们还是继续在田里干活。
Ⅲ.keep sb doing sth. “使某人处于某种状态”Our Chinese teacher kept us reading by ourselves the whole class. 整个一节课，我们的语文老师都让我们自己看书。
Ⅳ.keep sb / sth from doing sth. “阻止、防止某人/ 某物做某事”如：①The policeman kept the children from crossing the road when it was dangerous. 危险的时候，这位警察阻止了孩子们过马路。
②Be carful! Keep the glass from dropping on to the floor. 当心！防止玻璃掉到地板上。
Ⅴ. prevent……from doing sth与上同意，但较正式，隐含预防之意。
From在被动语态中不可省。
如：In many countries, laws have been passed to prevent factories from sending out poisonous gases and polluted water. 许多国家已制定法律来制止工厂排放有毒的气体和污水。
Ⅵ,stop……from doing sth. 与上可代换。
它常指现场的具体行为。
如：The policeman stopped the children from playing football in the street. 警察制止孩子们在街上踢球。
§243 kill/ murder/ slaughterⅠ.kill的意思是“杀”，是普通用语，不限于用刀杀人，而可指用任何办法把人或动物弄死。
如：①He was killed. 他被杀死了。
②He was killed in a train ac cident. 他在一次火车事故中死亡。
③They killed animals for food. 他们宰杀动物为食。
Ⅱ.murder的意思是“谋杀”，指非法地、存心不良地或有预谋地杀人。
如：T hey murdered a revolutionary. 他们谋害了一个革命者。
Ⅲ.slaughter的意思是“屠杀”，指大批地、残酷地杀人，也可指屠宰动物。
如：Old men, woman and children were mercilessly slaughtered. 老人、妇女和孩子们都遭到残酷的屠杀。
§244 kind/ sortⅠ.kind表示种类的意思时，指属于同种类的东西。
如：This is a new kind of machine. 这是一种新式机器。
What kind of man is he? 他是怎样的人？Ⅱ.sort的意思也是“种类”，指大体相似的东西。
在语言实践中，这两个词常被毫无区别地使用着，不过，当表示带有轻蔑的意味时，多用sort。
如：①What sort of book do you want? 你需要哪一种书？②I’ll never do this sort of thing. 我决不会干这种事。
③What sort of people go there? 什么样的人到那儿去？§245 know/ know about/ know ofⅠ. know “知道”；“了解”。
侧重直接性。
如：①I know her very well. 我很了解她。
②I don’t know his current address. 我不知道他目前的地址。
Ⅱ. know about “知道知道关于……的情况”。
①I happened to know about him. 我碰巧了解他的情况。
②I don’t know about that matter. 我不知道那件事。
Ⅲ. know of “知道有……”；“听说过……”，侧重间接性。
①I know of the town but I’ve never been there. 我知道有那么个镇子，但从未去过那里。
②I don’t know Mark, but I know of him. 我不认识马克，但我听说过他。
§246 know/ recognizeⅠ.know表示认识的意思时，可以表示认识或熟悉某人，也可以只表示认识某人是谁（即认得某人是个什么样子）。
它不仅可以用于人，还可以用于地方等。
如：①Do you know him? 你认识他吗？②I have known him for more than ten years. 我认识他有十多年了。
③I know him by sight but have never spoken to him. 我认识他是谁，但从没有和他谈过话。
④He knows the city thotoughly. 他很熟悉那个城市。
Ⅱ. recognize表示认识的意思时，表示能认出曾经见过或原来认识的人或物。
如：①Do you recognize him? 你认得他是谁吗？②I did not recognize him at once. 我一下子都认不得他了。
③When he came back to Nanjing, he hardly recognized the city. 当他回到南京时，他几乎认不得这个城市了。
§247 lay / lie这两个词常易混淆，主要是因为两者的意义及它们的过去式和分词形式极易混淆。
Ⅰ.lay通常用作及物动词，意为“摆、放、下蛋或产卵”等，过去式、过去分词和现在分词分别为laid, laid, laying。
如：①He laid the papers on the desk and then went out. 他把文件放在桌上，然后出去了。
②They were laying the foundation of the house. 他们在给房子打地基。
③The cuckoo lays its eggs in other bird s’ nets. 杜鹃在别的鸟巢中产卵。
Ⅱ.lie一般作不及物动词用，作“躺；平放”解时，其过去式和过去分词分别为lay, lain;作“撒谎”解时，其过去式和过去分词均为lied，现在分词均为l ying 。
如：①She lay on the beach all morning. 她整个上午都躺在沙滩上。
②How long has he lain there like that? 他像那样躺在那儿有多久了？③He lied to me. 他对我撒了谎。
§248 learn/ studyⅠ. 这两个动词都作“学习”讲，有时可以互换使用。
①He is learning / studying English now. 现在他在学习英语。
Ⅱ. learn 往往通过学习、练习或由别人教授以获得某种知识或技能，侧重学习的成果，有“学会、学到”的意思。
study 通常指比较深入地学习，含有努力去学的意味，它侧重学习的过程，有“研究、钻研”的意思。
如：①He studied hard and finally learned the language. 他努力学习，终于学会了这种语言。
②He studies in a school near here. 他在附近的一所学校读书。
③But I am learning to skate. 但我在学习滑冰。
§249 leave sw/ leave for swⅠ. Leave的意思是“离开”，既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词。
①He left Rome. 他离开了罗马。
②It’s time for us to leave. 我们该走了。
Ⅱ. Leave for 的意思是“前往”，指离开某地去另一地，for 后面跟表示目的地的地点名词。
①He left for Rome. 他动身去了罗马。
