2020中考英语作文优秀范文
中考英语作文篇一
享受比赛
Once I saw the TV show, it was about the fathers and their kids having the match, they were separated by five groups and compete for the match. At first, they were competing happily, but as the game came to the end, the last group was so worried. The father inspired his kid to stick on and finish the match, while the kid was crying because he knew he must be the last. After the match, the father told his kid that winning was not the most important thing for the match, the first thing was to enjoy the game and finish it, the result was not that important. I agree with the father, the child must be endowed with the consciousness that to enjoy the game is more important than to win. Every match can only have one win, but we can enjoy every match。
曾经我看到一个电视节目，那是关于爸爸和孩子在比赛，他们分成五个组，在进行比赛。一开始，他们比得很开心，但是随着比赛来到结尾，最后的那组显得很着急。爸爸鼓励他的孩子坚持完成比赛，然而孩子却在哭泣，因为他知道他肯定是最后一名。比赛过后，爸爸告诉孩子，对于比赛来说，赢不是最重要的，最重要的是享受比赛，并且完成它，结果也不是那么的重要。我同意那位爸爸的话，孩子必须要有这样的意识，享受比赛比赢得比赛更为重要。每个比赛只有一个赢家，但是我们可以享受每场比赛。
中考英语作文篇二
To introduce our school
Welcome to our school! Our school is the key middle school in this city. Now we are in the front gate. Entry in this school, you can see there is a big football playground on the left and a big resturant on the right. If you’r e hungry, you can have something good in there. The grand teaching building is right behind the football playground. We spend most time in the classrooms. Behind the teaching building, there is a little lake with many fish in it. Oh, there is also a nice library next to the lake. After the class, we can entry the library freely to read the books we like. This is our school. Don’t you think it’s great?
中考英语作文篇三
My Day
I had a wonderful holiday at spring festival . I went to the park with my friends . We met at eight o'clock at the school gate . We went to the park by bike .It was a beautiful day . We sat under a big tree and chated with each other . We took about some movies and some fun things . We had lunch there . We ate hamburgers and some drinks , but I know they are not healthy and not good for us . Then we played some games .
We were all fell tired ,but we were very happy ! It was great fun !
中考英语作文篇四
My favorite gift
I have received many presents when I have my eleven birthday party. My parents give me a teddy bear, my uncle gives me a book. My best friend gives me a goldfish. Among all the gifts, I love the goldfish the most. I always want to have a pet in the family, but my parents don’t allow me to keep one. Now I have my own goldfish. I will keep it and take good care of it. This goldfish is very beautiful. Its colour is pink. I love watching it swimming in the water. Sometimes, I will feed it. I wish it can grow up with me. This is the best birthday present ever!
中考英语作文篇五
To introduce our school
Welcome to our school! Our school is the key middle school in this city. Now we are in the front gate. Entry in this school, you can see there is a big football playground on the left and a big resturant on the right. If you’re hungry, yo u can have something good in there. The grand teaching building is right behind the football playground. We spend most time in the classrooms. Behind the teaching building, there is a little lake with many fish in it. Oh, there is also a nice library next to the lake. After the class, we can entry the library freely to read the books we like. This is our school. Don’t you think it’s great?
最新中考英语作文优秀范文7篇 中考英语作文范文一： 寄信 All large cities around the world have many post offices located throughout the city, and even the smallest village has at least one postal station. You may go to a post office to mail a letter. However, there are mail boxes located on every second or third corner in all cities and towns. Any letter or small package having sufficient postage may be dropped in any of these mail boxes. If a person wishes a letter to be delivered more quickly to the address, he may buy a special delivery stamp and delivery is made directly by the messenger instead of by the regular carrier. 中考英语作文范文二： 校园春色
Spring comes at last. Everything begins to grow. The trees turn green, and the flowers come out. On the playground, in the fields, on each side of the road, the young grass grows everywhere. Spring also arrives in our school. Come and see, behind our teaching building, there are some small pear trees covered with white flowers; on both sides of it, there are some other flowers smiling at you, Some are yellow, some are red. In our school garden, more flowers are there. All kinds of flowers of many colours can be seen. Look, there are some Kites flying in the sky. The spring wind is blowing. The sun is shining brightly. Some boys are playing games in the sun, Listen, a group of girls are singing "Where's spring?" It sounds like the singing of lark birds. All these make me think that spring is here, spring is there, and spring is just in our school. Fhe boys and the girls are all like flowers in spring.
2015年最新的初中英语作文范文4篇 2015年最新的初中英语作文范文一：地震Earthquake May 12th, 2008. That’s the most mournful day for our Chinese that will never be forgotten, because a horrible earthquake happened in Wenchuan, which caused tens of thousands of children’s death. 2008年5月12日。那是我们中国人最悲痛的一天，它将永远不会被我们忘记，因为汶川发生了可怕的地震，导致成千上万儿童死的亡。 On hearing the news, I felt so sorrowful. “Why was the god so cruel to them?”I asked. They were still at the entrance of the life. They seemed like little eagles that were willing to open their wings and hover in the sky. Maybe they would have their brilliant future. What a great loss to our nation! I had my deepest sympathy on the people in the disastrous area. So I donated some money and clothes to them. And I also prayed for the dead people sincerely. I eagerly hope that there would be no earthquakes in the future, so that we could live a more peaceful life. 听到这个消息，我感到感到非常悲伤。“为什么上帝对他们如此
初三英语作文范文【六篇】 初三英语作文范文篇一:我的英语老师MyEnglishTeacher ,, 我的英语老师姓李，他30岁了。他特别喜欢体育，所以看起采既年轻又强壮。他还很喜欢唱歌。每当我们上课累了的时候，他就教我们唱一些英文歌曲。有时还给我们讲一些有趣的故事。他经常鼓励我们用英语交谈和写作。虽然我们时不时地会犯一些错误，但他总是耐心地给我们指出并改正，还教我们如何正确表达。他真是一位好老师。我们都喜欢他，也喜欢上他的课。 初三英语作文范文篇二:我的假期myholiday I’ 我要去太阳度假。我将用宇宙飞船去那里。我要坐一个蓝色的宇宙飞船。然后我会驾驶飞船到太阳。太阳很热。所以我穿上超衬衫。早上，我会吃太阳汉堡作早餐。 Ateighto’clock, 八点我就可以和我的朋友那里玩耍了。他们是超级狗和超级女孩。狗是黑色和白色相间的。超级女孩很聪明。超级女生和超级狗喜欢和我玩。所以我和他们玩了四十分钟。然后我在我小小的红房子里的蓝色的小桌子上做我的功课。做完作业后，我就吃午餐。我会吃太阳沙拉。我会给太阳婴儿做一些红色的玩具熊。我会喝红色的果汁，红色的鱼和红色的米饭。所有的东西都是红色的。然后我需要大量的水因为在太阳上实在是太热了。所以我会步行到飞船，驾驶飞船回到地球。 Thisisagoodholidayonthesun. 这是一个在太阳上的愉快假期。
初三英语作文范文篇三:MyFavoriteHoliday我最喜欢的节日 ,theholidayIlikemostistheChildren’’,, 一年中有许多节日，这其中我最喜欢的节日是儿童节。每年的6月1日是儿童节。我们学校有许多庆祝活动。例如，学校会在那一天举行游园活动，我们可以玩很多游戏，赢了的话还能得到奖品。游园活动是我们学校欢迎的活动。另外，我们还能看电影或者在班里举行小小的活动，我们一般会买零食和水果，那真的很有趣。儿童节就是充满乐趣的节日，我们都很快乐。 初三英语作文范文篇四:我的网友MyNetFriend 参考翻译 我的网友 我只有九岁的时候我学会了如何使用电脑。我的母亲是我的第一个老师。我知道如何打字,如何复制一个文件,以及如何在互联网上访问一个网站。有一天,妈妈不在家。 我打开电脑,开始学习如何上网聊天。我遇到的第一个是一个男孩叫汤姆。他礼貌地跟我打招呼。当他知道我只是一个9岁的女孩,而且几乎一无所知在网上聊天,他开始向我展示如何使用聊天工具,如何下载,以及如何发电子邮件。我从他那里学到了很多。 初三英语作文范文篇五:难忘的事anunforgettablething
2018年中考英语作文热点预测及优秀范文精选汇总 为 假设你叫李华，你们市将要举行以“How to Eat in a Healthy Way”题的演讲比赛，请你准备写一篇演讲稿，内容包括： 1.说明此次演讲的主题(how to eat in a healthy way)。 2.我们应该少吃、不吃及多吃的食物有哪些，并说明原因。 3.描述自己的健康饮食习惯，并举例说明。 4.希望大家都有个好的饮食习惯。 作文要求： 1.不能照抄原文；不得在作文中出现学校真实的名称和学生的真实 姓名。 2.语句连贯，词数80个左右。 【优秀满分范文】 How to Eat in a Healthy Way Hello, everybody. I'm Li Hua.Today my topic is how to eat in a healthy way. Firstly, we should never eat fried food or foods with lots of sugar because they are not good for health.Secondly, try to eat more vegetables and fruit.Because they can make us become much healthier.
My eating habits are good.For example, I often eat healthy foods, like wholemeal bread, eggs, vegetables and milk for breakfast and rice, noodles, and vegetables for dinner. I hope everyone can eat in a healthy way. 【写作要求】 作家雨果说过：“开启人类智慧的钥匙有三把，一是字母，二是数字，三是音符。”从这句话中，我们足可见音乐对人的发展的影响。请你根据以下提示，以Music为题，写一篇短文参加学校的英语作文竞赛。 提示：1. 音乐使人充满活力，让人快乐； 2. 没有音乐，生活就没有乐趣； 3. 你最喜欢的音乐是...... 4. 你不能忍受的音乐是...... 要求：1. 80词左右； 2. 恰当运用定语从句。 【优秀满分范文】 Music
今天是母亲节。假定你是李华，请给你的美国笔友John写一封电子邮件，谈谈你将如何与母亲一起度过这个特别的日子。要点如下： 1. 表述你与母亲间的情感； 2. 为母亲制作一张卡片； 3. 帮助母亲做点事； 4. 陪母亲散步等。 注意：1.词数80左右； 2.请不要逐句翻译，可适当发挥； 3.邮件的开头和结尾已为你写好，不计入总词数。 【优秀满分范文】 Dear John, It’s Mother’s Day today. It’s a special day, isn’t it? I think we should do something to show our love to our mothers on this special day. My mother and I are good friends. Whenever I meet with difficulties, she is always there, ready to help me. 1.Today I will make a beautiful card for her, with my thanks and best wishes on it. 2. Then I will help her wash the car this afternoon and cook her favourite food in the evening. 3.Besides, I’ll take a walk with her after dinner and then play chess with her, for she likes it very much. I’m sure she’ll be very happy. What’s your plan for Mother’s Day? I’m looking forward to hearing from you. Yours, Li Hua
中考英语作文范文30篇文章 Model Writings （以下30篇文章仅供同学对不同题材的参考） 句型：下划线 词组短语:黑体 精美句子：方框 1. How to Make Friends It’s hard to make friends if you stay alone all the time. It’s easier to make friends when you have similar interests. Look at people in the eyes when you ta lk to them. Don’t be afraid to show people what you are really good at. Talk about the things you like and do best. Be a good listener. Let people talk about themselves before talking about yourself. Be friendly to a lot of people. Try to help your friends when they are in trouble because a friend in need is a friend indeed. That way you’ll have a bigger group to choose from and have more chances to make friends. 2. My View on Television Television has been in our life for many years. We can’t live happily without television. It can give us the latest information and news. It can open up our eyes and enlarge our knowledge. We can get happiness from the plays on television. We’ll be bored all day if there is no television. Television programs are attractive. After a whole day’s hard work, we can sit before the television and drink a cup of tea. How wonderful it is! Television is also bad for people’s health. It’s not good for you to watch TV for too long, especially bad for your eyes. It is true that watching TV can influence our behavior and achievement. However, it depends on what we do. 3. Talk about Internet Today，I’ll talk about going online. We know that there are too many net-bars (网吧) around us. The Internet can make our lives interesting and enjoyable. Many of us like going online very much because we can learn how to use the computer and get more information from the Internet. We can learn English. We can read some good newspapers and magazines. It can make us clever through playing computer games. I can send e-mails to our friends quickly. We can chat online with our friends. It can help us get in touch with (取得联系)
中考英语作文一直是热点，该如何的去开展呢?下面看看小编带来的中考英语作文范文，供大家参考阅读! 最好的旅游方式 People travel by plane, by train, by ship, by bus. To me, the best way of traveling on a summer vacation is to go on foot. 人们会乘坐飞机、火车、轮船、公交车去旅游。对于我来说，最好的旅游方式是暑假期间徒步旅游。 On a summer vacation I travel to refresh myself and to see the countryside. When I use my feet and walk on a grass covered path or among the hills I feel detached from the noise of the city and closer to the nature. And when I travel on foot I get more freedom. I can plan my own schedule. I can choose my own route. I can stop where I like. And I can see things and people that I might miss if I travel on a train or on a bus. 暑假的时候，我通过旅游去释放自己和游览乡间。当我用双脚走在铺满小草的小径或山间时，我感觉(自己)远离城市的喧嚣，并且更亲近大自然。当我徒步旅行时我可以得到更多的自由。我可以自己选择行程。我可以自己选择路线。只要喜欢，我就可以停下来。而且我可以看到很多人和事，那些我可能乘坐火车或公车旅行而错失的。 When faster and more convenient ways for travel are becoming available, I still favor using my own feet. I get much pleasure from it. 当更快、更方便的旅游方式变成通用的，我仍然支持用自己的双脚(旅行)，我从中得到了许多乐趣。 白色的世界The White World As I live in the south, I never have the chance to see snow. I wish I could witness it once in my life. My wish came true this year, because my parents flied to the north city to spend the holiday. We bought a lot of clothes. When we took off the flight, it was so cold for me, because I never experienced such coldness. The world was white for me. The trees were covered with white snow, and it was amazing. I felt like I was in the story world. But in the house, it was so warm because of the central heating. It was even warmer than the south. The most exciting thing was to play snow. I built snow men with all kinds of shapes. It was so funny. My father and I played in the snow for a long time. It is so unforgettable for me. 由于我生活在南方，所以我从未有机会看到过雪。我希望我能见一次雪。今年我的愿望实现了，因为我的父母飞到北方度假.我们买了很多衣服，当我们航班落地时，对我来说是非常的冷，因为我从未经历过这样的寒意。整个世界对我来说都是白色的，白雪覆盖着树，真是很神奇，我觉得自己就好像在童话世界里一样。但在家里，却是非常的温暖，因为有中央供暖系统，甚至比南方还暖和。最令人兴奋的事情就是玩雪了。我做了各种形状
2020中考英语作文：热点话题，优秀范文！ 一. 学术文化篇 1. 沉迷网络游戏 李华沉迷于电脑游戏中，影响了学习。作为他的好朋友，你打算怎么帮他呢?请用下面所给的提示词写一篇不少于80字的短文。字迹工整，语言流畅。 提示词：give up concentrate on be (become)interested in ★范文 Li Hua spent too much time playing computer games and he fell behind others. As a good friend of his, I must do something to help him. Firstly, I think it’s very important for him to learn lessons well. He should spend most of his time on his study instead of computer games. Secondly, I must tell him that playing computer games too much is bad for his health, especially for his eyes. So he must give it up. I can play more sports with him after school. Maybe he will become more interested in sports than computer games. And then I'll ask him to concentrate more on his study. Of course, I will try my best to help him with all his subjects. I think I can do it in many fun ways and let him find much fun in studying. At the same time, I'll ask both his parents and our teachers to help him, too. If I try these, I'm sure he will make great progress soon. 2. 怎样学好英语
初中英语作文带翻译范文大全初中英语作文：糟糕的一天My Sad Day Today, when I went home after school, I saw the delicious snack, so I wanted to buy one of the snacks, then I could not find my wallet, I searched it many times, at last, I had to admit that my wallet was lost. I felt so worried, so I turned back to find my wallet, I watched the road carefully, suddenly, a black dog was in front of me, I felt so scared. The hog yelled at me, so I ran, the dog run after me, I run into the shop and got rid of the dog. I have to went home because of it was dark, my mother came out and told me I forget to bring my wallet, how stupid I am. 翻译：今天，当我放学回家后，我看到了美味的小吃，因此我想要买一些小吃，然后我找不到钱包，我搜索了很多遍，最后，我不得不承认我的钱包弄丢了。我很着急，所以我返回去找我的钱包，我一路仔细查找，突然，一条黑狗在我前面，我很害怕。那条狗朝着我叫，所以我跑了，狗追赶我，我跑进了一家商店，摆脱了那条狗。由于天色已暗，我不得不回家，我的妈妈出来，告诉我我忘记了拿钱包，我是多么的愚蠢啊。初中英语作文：我身边的噪音The Noises Around Me I live in the school now, I will go home on the weekend, at first, I thought living in school could make me focus on my study, while the fact is not. At noon, when I take a snap, the noise from the building machine is so loud, our school is under construction now, so the workers work day and night. But I couldn’t sleep well, my head aches, without not good sleep, I can’t focus my mind to study. What’s more, some students are playing games in the corridor, they laugh so loudly that do not realize they are bothering us. I hope the school could let the workers stop working at noon for two hours, so that it will be good to students. 翻译：我现在在学校住，我会在周末回家，刚开始，我以为住在学校能让我集中精力学习，然而事实并非如此。在中午，当我午睡的时候，建筑的机器发出很大的噪音，我们学校现在正在建造中，因此工人日以继夜地工作。但是我无法好好入睡，我的头很痛，没有好的睡眠，我就无法集中精力学习。而且，一些学生在走廊外玩游戏，他们笑得如此的大声，没有意识到打扰了我们。我希望学校能让工人在中午停工两个小时，这样对学生好。初中英语作文：杜绝浪费Never Wasting the Food When I was small, I like to eat a lot of food, but I have a habit, I will not eat up all the food, I just like to taste all of it. When my mother saw this, she felt bad for me, she told me that all the food was the farmers’ hard work, I should not waste it. Thinking about this, I felt so shameful about my bad behavior, I decided to eat up the food. Wasting the food should be condemned, especially in the cities, people like to waste the food, they want to keep thin and only eat small portion. Now, the government advocates people clean the plate, this movement is welcomed by the public, more and more people have the idea not to waste the food. 翻译：在我小的时候，我喜欢吃很多东西，但是我有一个习惯，我不会把东西吃完，我喜欢浪费食物。当我的妈妈看到这些，她对我感觉不好，她告诉我所有的食物都是农民辛勤劳作的，我不应该浪费食物。想到这些，我对自己的坏习惯感到惭愧，我决定吃完所有的食物。浪费食物应该受到谴责，特别是在大城市，人们喜欢浪费食物，他们想要保持苗条，只吃小部分。现在，政府提倡人们光盘，这个做法得到了大众的肯定，越来越多的人意识到不浪费食物。初中英语作文：北京三日游A Three-day Tour to Beijing Last month I went to Beijing to visit one of my friends, because we haven’t seen each other for about two years and I got a holiday meanwhile. It is my first time to visit Beijing, which is always the dream city for all the Chinese. All the information about the city came from the books and TV, now I could see and get know of it by myself, how excited I am! There were so many tourist areas in my plan list, like Tian’anmen Square, Forbidden City, the Great Wall, t he Perking University and so on. However, due to my short holiday I only visit several places of my list, with my friend’s companion. I will take a long tour to Beijing next time if I have the chance.翻译：上个月我去北京看望我的一个朋友，因为我们有将近两年没见，而我刚好有假期。这是我第一次游览北京，这座全中国人都向往的城市。我对北京的所以认知都来自电视和书本，而现在我有机会亲自来看
书面表达写作模板 1：阐述主题题型----要求从一句话或一个主题出发，按照提纲的要求进行论述． １．问题现状, ２．怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点) In recent days, we have to face a problem-----A, which is becoming more and more serious. First, ------------(说明Ａ的现状)．Second, ---------------(举例进一步说明现状) Confronted with(面对) A, we should take a series of effective ways to deal with the situation. For one thing, ---------------(解决方法一). For another -------------(解决方法二). Finally, ----------(解决方法三). Personally, I believe that -------------(我的解决方法). Therefore(所以，因此), I’m confident that a bright future is waiting for us because --------------(带来的好处). 2：说明利弊题型----这种题型往往要求先说明一下现状，再对比事物本身的利弊，有时也会单从一个角度（利 或弊）出发，最后往往要求考生表明自己的态度（或对事物前景提出预测） １．说明事物现状，２．事物本身的优缺点（或一方面）３．你对现状（或前景）的看法 Nowadays many people prefer A because it has a important role in our daily life. Generally, its advantages can be seen as follows. First ----------(Ａ的优点之一). Besides ---------------（Ａ的优点之二）. But every coin has two sides. The negative（否定的，消极的）aspects（方面）are also apparent（显然的）. One of the important disadvantages is that ----------------(Ａ的第一个缺点)．To make matters worse,------------------(Ａ的第二个缺点)． Through the above analysis（分析）, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative ones. Therefore, I would like to ---------------(我的看法)． (From the comparison（比较）between these positive and negative effects of A, we should take it reasonably(合理地) and do it according to the situation we are in. Only by this way, -----(对前景的预测)．) 3：议论文的框架 (1) 不同观点列举型（选择型） There is a widespread（广泛的）concern over（对…关心）the problem that __作文题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic Most people think that观点一___. In their views there are 2 factors(要素) contributing to（有助于）this attitude 。In the first place（首先）,原因一__.Furthermore（此外）, in the second place, 原因二__. However, People differ in（在…方面不同）their opinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that观点二___. In their point of view, on the one hand（一方面），原因一___. On the other hand（另一方面）,原因二___. Therefore, there is no doubt that观点二____. As far as（就…而言）I am concerned, I firmly（坚定地）support the view that 观点一或二____.It is not only because ____, but also because ____. The more_______, the more ________. （2）利弊型的议论文 Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over the 文题______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in议题_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly,优点一______. And secondly 优点二_____. Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", 讨论议题___ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with(首先),缺点一____. In addition（除…之外）, 缺点二____. In a word(总之), we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play(有效发挥，充分发挥), and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum（最小化）at the same time. In that case（假如那样的话）, we will definitely make a better use of the 讨论议题___. 4：现象说明文 Recently, what amazes us most is————现象. There are many reasons explaining(现象). The main reason is________. what is more(而且，更重要的是)___. Thirdly __. As a result __. In Conclusion（总之，最后）_____. 5：说明原因型
中考英语作文必背十篇经典范文 中考英语作文必背经典范文一How to learn English well？As we know , English has become an international language. It is more popular than any other language in China . English is widely spoken in the world and it is the most useful language around the world . But how to learn it well ? The best way is to use it all the time . If we can talk in English , think in English we can learn it well . At school , we should learn to hear , speak, read and write carefully . We should spend enough time in practicing English . If we keep on working hard at English , we will be able to be good at it one day . 中考英语作文必背经典范文二Plans For the Summer Holiday The summer holiday is coming. I’m going to have a good rest and learn torelax myself.I will read more books，because reading can not only make me clever,but also make me get more knowledge. What’smore,I will try to spend more time chatting with my parents and helpthem to do some housework. I am going to take part in socialactivities so that I can know more about t he society. If possible, I’dlike to go to visit Shanghai. I’m sure I’ll have an interesting and meaningful summer holiday .中考英语作文必背经典范文三Great changes in my hometown More than twenty years ago, my hometown was just a small , old and poor town. Most of people were farmers. There were few factories. The
关于中考英语作文优秀范文附翻译 中考英语作文优秀范文：阅读的益处Speaking of reading, many people are excited because reading brings them both knowledge and entertainment. By reading, we can learn lots of information and know our history. But for some people, reading is not their priority. They will choose to watch movies to have fun. However, I think people can benefit a lot by reading. First of all, reading can let us know what have happened in history. Since history is recorded in books, if we read books, then we can not only know what have happened in history but also we can better understand the great figures of the age. Secondly, reading can enrich our knowledge. By reading, we can know different kinds of things, how things happen and how to avoid bad things from happening. Books record a wide range of things about life. Through reading, we can know various aspects of life. All in all, we can find lots of benefits through reading. 中考英语作文优秀范文翻译 说到读书，很多人都感到很兴奋，读书不仅能带给他们知识，而且也能带给他们娱乐。通过读书，我们能得到很多信息，了解我们的历史。但是对于一部分人来说，阅读并不是他们的首选。他们会选择 ————来源网络搜集整理，仅供个人学习查参考