新高考英语二轮复习【培优小题狂练】专题32阅读理解七选五北京卷历年真题（考情+导图+真题+模拟）养成良好的答题习惯，是决定成败的决定性因素之一。
做题前，要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项，并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时，切忌跟着感觉走，最好按照题目序号来做，不会的或存在疑问的，要做好标记，要善于发现，找到题目的题眼所在，规范答题，书写工整;答题完毕时，要认真检查，查漏补缺，纠正错误。
【历年高考真题】Test 1 (2023•北京卷)根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，选项中有两项为多余选项。
It’s a joyful and stressful time of year in the United States for students and their families as they make decisions abo u t where to attend college. Families often turn to rankings systems to help make a decision. ____35____When I talk to families as a scholar of higher education, they’re often surprised that teachin gexcellence is not counted in rankings. ____36____Emerging research suggests that courses in lower-ranked universities, on average, scored higher on teaching than courses in higher-ranked universities. ____37____ The absence of teaching excellence from the rankings is surprising given the link between high-quality teaching and student success. Quality teaching is one of the most important predictors of a wide range of college outcomes.Rankings, however, are only one reason why a low value is placed on teaching in higher education. Administrators often don’t view teaching excellence as a way to increase enrolment (注册) or funding. ____38____ Research shows that the more time instructors spend on teaching, the lower their salary. What is the result Many instructors continue to teach using traditional lectures, which lead to lower success rates.____39____ Nevertheless, not much will change until schools with high-quality teaching are rewarded with more resources, higher rankings and increased enrolments. In the long term, universities, organisations that rank schools, and others should work to make teaching a valued, core part of the mission.What should students and their families do? They should give strong consideration to universities where high-quality teaching is valued, even though the schools may be ranked lower.A. Higher education has achieved its true potential.B. Therefore, it’s not highly valued in hiring or promotion.C. Quality teaching has been an important reputation-building factor.D. However, the rankings ignore a critical factor: the quality of teaching.E. Efforts to improve teaching at the university level have recently emerged.F. They’re even more surprised at how teaching is undervalued by universities.G. In fact, universities often shift emphasis from teaching to other ranking factors.Test 2 (2022•北京卷)Health and fitness help a person live a good and healthy life. Often due to various pressures, we tend to ignore our health. 35 It is the fitness level of our body that helps us fight these diseases.36 We need to be fit to have a healthy body. Similarly, if we are healthy we shall naturally be attracted towards maintaining the fitness of our body. Health is the state of our body at a given time. We may not have any disease but still have a weak body, which is ready to be targeted by viruses. 37 This does not definitely mean that we are not healthy. It means the fitness level is not in accordance with our age and the climatic conditions we live in.It is important for everyone to devote some time to health and fitness. 38 For instance, we must exercise daily regardless of our age and working style. There are different levels of exercises for different age groups and we must do them according to our own health and age.Additionally, it is important to relax our body. We should have at least six to eight hours of sleep every day. It helps in improving our immune (免疫) system and protects us against diseases.39 This, in turn, gives us new goals of health and fitness.A. Fitness levels decide the quality of life.B. Health and fitness are interrelated to each other.C. It also helps in keeping us calm and relaxes our mind.D. For instance, we may have a tendency to catch a cold easily.E. If we keep our body fit, we can enjoy life in a better manner.F. There are some activities which everyone should do in our life.G. This makes our body suffer and we will catch other diseases.Test 3 (2021•北京卷)Music has long been considered to be an enjoyable pastime for many people. ____35____ The mental health benefits from music can't be argued. Music could also be helping you with many other health problems behind the scenes.____36____However, for the same reason, music can be very beneficial if one is in pain. By distracting （分心）the mind from the pain, music, people say, can lower stress and anxiety levels. This, of course, can lead to less pain.Many people enjoy relaxing music in the evening prior to going to bed. ____37____While the validity of the idea is still being assessed, the lowered stress can even be tied back to blood pressure. Similarly, according to researchers, listening to just 30 minutes of soft music every day may help with healthy blood sugar levels, through the lowering of stress and anxiety.When it comes to heart health, there is speculation （推测）that it's not the style of music, but rather the tempo that makes it so good for your heart health. In one European study, participants listened to music as the researchers monitored their heart rates and blood pressure. ____38____ On the other hand, when the music slowed, the participants' stress and anxiety levels became lower and the effects on heart rates appeared to follow suit.____39____But there is a whole range of other health issues that turning up the radio could be beneficial for, which is what makes music so valuable.A. This feeling can also result in many other health problems.B. Some experts say that music can be harmful if it is too loud.C. This idea is a little off-the-wall but still has scientific backing.D. They say it can play a big role in calming the brain enough to sleep.E. The implications of music on overall well-being are really impressive.F. It is also highly popular due to the individualized effects on stress and anxiety.G. Interestingly, the more cheerful the music was, the faster their heart rates were.Test 4 (2020•北京卷)Many people think that positive thinking is mostly about keeping one's head in the sand and ignoring daily problems, trying to look optimistic. In reality it has more to do with the way an individual talks to himself. Self-talk is a constant stream of thoughts of a person, who is often unaware and uncertain of some events, phenomena, people, or even the person himself. 46 Meanwhile, positive thinking can help to stop negative self-talks and start to form a positive view on an issue. People who regularly practise positive thinking tend to solve problems more effectively. They are less exposed to stress caused by external factors. They tend to believe in themselves and in what they do.47 People who think positively demonstrate increased life spans (寿命), lower rates of depression and anxiety, better physical and psychological health, reduced risks of death from heart problems. Positive thinking also contributes to one's ability to deal with problems and hardships.48 For example, researchers have found that in the case of a crisis accompanied by strong emotions, such as a natural disaster, positive thinking can provide a sort of buffer(缓冲作用)against depression and anxiety. Resilient(适应性强的)people who think positively tend to treat every problem as a challenge, a chance for improvement of any kind, or as an opportunity for personal growth. Pessimists, on the contrary, tend to perceive problems as a source of additional stress. 49In conclusion, positive thinking is a powerful and effective tool for dealing with hard times and improving the quality of one's life. It doesn't have anything to do with ignorant optimism when an individual refuses to notice a problem.50Thinking in a positive, self-encouraging way brings about many benefits to one's physical and mental health.A. It doesn't cause any severe emotional discomfort, either.B. Negative self-talk damages self-confidence and decreases self-respect.C. It helps one to remain clear-headed and confident in difficult situations.D. Positive thinking has several beneficial effects on the body and the mind.E. As thinking changes, an individual's behaviour and habits change as well.F. They often offer a real alternative to the common and regular way of thinking.G. They often feel discouraged long before trying to solve the problem, even if small.Test 5 (2019•北京卷)Much of the work in today’s world is accomplished（完成）in teams. Most people believe the best way to build a great team is to gather a group of the most talented individuals. 46 Companies spend millions hiring top business people. Is their money well spent?47 They focused on football, basketball and baseball. The results are mixed. For football and basketball, adding talented players to a team proves a good method, but only up to the point where 70% of the players are top talent; a bove that level, the team’s performance begins to decline. Interestingly, this trend isn’t evident in baseball, where additional individual talent keeps improving the team’s performance.To explain this phenomenon, the researchers explored the degree to which a good performance by a team requires its members to coordinate（协调）their actions. 48 In baseball, the performance of individual players is less dependent on teammates. They conclude that when task interdependence is high, team performance will suffer when there is too much talent, while individual talent will have positive effects on team performance when task interdependence is lower. If a basketball star is, for example, trying to gain a high personal point total, he may take a shot himself when it would be better to pass the ball to a teammate, affecting the team’s performance. Young children learning to play team sports are often told, ＂There is no I in TEAM.＂49Another possibility is that when there is a lot of talent on a team, some players may make less effort. Just as in a game of tug-of-war（拔河比赛）, whenever a person is added, everyone else pulls the rope with less force.50 . An A-team may require a balance—not just A players, but a few generous B players as well.A. It’s not a simple matter to determine the nature of talent.B. Sports team owners spend millions of dollars attracting top talentC. The group interaction and its effect drew the researchers’ attention.D. Stars apparently do not follow this basic principle of sportsmanship.E. Several recent studies examined the role of talent in the sports world.F. Building up a dream team is more complex than simply hiring the best talent.G. This task interdependence distinguishes baseball from football and basketball.Test 6 (2018•北京卷)Why Do We Get Angry?Anger seems simple when we are feeling it, but the causes of anger are various. Knowing these causes can make us examine our behavior, and correct bad habits. The main reasons we get angry are triggering（触发）events, personality traits（特征）, and our assessment of situations. ___51___Triggering events for anger are so many that to describe them all would take hundreds of pages. However, here are some examples: being cut off in traffic, a deadline approaching, experiencing physical pain, and much more. _____52_____ The reason why someone is triggered by something and others are not is often due to one’s personal history and psychological traits.Each person, no matter who they are, has psychological imbalances. People who have personality traits that connect with competitiveness and low upset tolerance are much more likely to get angry. ____53____ Also, sometimes pre-anger does not have to do with a lasting condition, but rather a temporary state before a triggering event has occurred.___54___Sometimes even routine occurrences become sources of pre-anger, or anger itself. Sometimes ignorance and negative (消极的) outlooks on situations can create anger.___55___However, anger can easily turn violent, and it is best to know the reasons for anger to appear in order to prevent its presence. With these main reasons in mind, we can evaluate our level of anger throughout the day and prevent cases of outbursts by comprehending the reasons for our feelings.A. Our attitude and viewpoint on situations can create anger within us as well.B. But some types of situations can help us to get rid of the occurrence of anger.C. Anger is rarely looked upon as a beneficial character trait, and is usually advised to reduce it.D. Anger is a particularly strong feeling and maybe people think that they have reasons to feel angry.E. Having these personality traits implies the pre-anger state, where anger is in the background of your mind.F. Understanding these reasons will control our own anger if we are willing to evaluate ourselves with a critical eye.G. Not everyone acts the same in response to events, and that is why what triggers one person may or may not trigger another.Test 7 (2017•北京卷)Every animal sleeps, but the reason for this has remained foggy. When lab rats are not allowed to sleep, they die within a month. 71One idea is that sleep helps us strengthen new memories. 72 We know that, while awake, fresh memories are recorded by reinforcing(加强) connections between brain cells, but the memory processes that take place while we sleep have been unclear.Support is growing for a theory that sleep evolved so that connections between neurons(神经元) in the brain can be weakened overnight, making room for fresh memories to form the next day.73Now we have the most direct evidence yet that he is right. 74 The synapses in the mice taken at the end of a period of sleep were 18 per cent smaller than those taken before sleep, showing that the connections between neurons weaken while sleeping.If Tononi’s theory is right, it would explain why, when we miss a night’s, we find it harder the next day to concentrate and learn new information — our brains may have smaller room for new experiences.Their research also suggests how we may build lasting memories over time even though the synapses become thinner. The team discovered that some synapses seem to be protected and stayed the same size. 75 “You keep what matters,” Tononi says.A. We should also try to sleep well the night before.B. It’s as if the brain is preserving its most important memories.C. Similarly, when people go for a few days without sleeping, they get sick.D. The processes take place to stop our brains becoming loaded with memories.E. That’s why students do better in tests if they get a chance to sleep after learning.F. “Sleep is the price we pay for learning,” says Giulio Tononi, who developed the id ea.G. Tononi’s team measured the size of these connections, or synapses, in the brains of 12 mice.Test 8 (2016•北京卷)The Science of Risk-SeekingSometimes we decide that a little unnecessary danger is worth it because when we weigh the risk and the reward, the risk seems worth taking. 46 Some of us enjoy activities that would surprise and scare the rest of us. Why? Experts say it may have to do with how our brains work?The reason why any of us take any risks al all might have to do with early humans. Risk-takers were better at hunting, fighting, or exploring. 47 As the quality of risk-taking was passed from one generation to the next, humans ended up with a sense of adventure and a tolerance for risk.So why aren’t we all jumping out of airplanes then? Well, even 200,000 years ago, too much risk-taking could get one killed. A few daring survived, though, along with a few stay-in-the-cave types. As a result, humans developed a range of character types that still exists today. So maybe you love car racing, or maybe you hate it. 48No matter where you are on the risk-seeking range, scientists say that your willingness to take risks increases during your teenage years. 49 To help you do that, your brain increases your hunger for new experiences. New experiences often mean taking some risks, so your brain raises your tolerance for risk as well.50 For the risk-seekers a part of the brain related to pleasure becomes active, while for the rest of us, a part of the brain related to fear becomes active.As experts continue to study the science of risk-see king, we’ll continue to hit the mountains, the waves or the shallow end of the pool.A．It all depends on your character.B．Those are the risks you should jump to take.C．Being better at those things meant a greater chance of survival.D．Thus, these well-equipped people survived because they were the fittest.E．This is when you start to move away from your family and into the bigger world.F．However, we are not all using the same reference standard to weigh risks and rewards.G．New brain research suggests our brains work differently when we face a nervous situation.Test 9 (2015•北京卷)This Way to Dreamland Daydreaming means people think about something pleasant, especially when this makes them forget what they should be doing. Daydreamers have a bad reputa tion for being unaware of what’s happening around them. They can seem forgetful and clumsy. 71 They annoy us because they seem to be ignoring us and missing the important things.But daydreamers are also responsible for some of the greatest ideas and achievements in human history. 72 Can you imagine what kind of world we would have without such ideas and inventions? So how can you come up with brilliant daydreams and avoid falling over tree roots or otherwise looking like a fool? First, understand that some opportunities(机会) for daydreaming are better than others.Feeling safe and relaxed will help you to slip into daydreams. 73 And if you want to improve your chances of having a creative idea while you’re daydreaming, try to do it while yo u are involved in another task—preferably something simple, like taking a shower or walking, or even making meaningless drawings.It’s also important to know how to avoid daydreams for those times when you really need to concentrate. “Mindfulness”, being focused, is a tool that some people use to avoid falling asleep.74 Finally, you never know what wonderful idea might strike while your mind has moved slowly away. 75 Always remember that your best ideas might come when your head is actually in the clouds.A．Having interesting things to think about also helps.B．They stare off into space and wander by themselves.C．Without wandering minds, we wouldn’t have relativity , Coke or Post-it notes.D．At one time, daydreaming was thought to be a cause of some mental illnesses.E．It involves slow, steady breathing for self-control that helps people stay calm and attentive.F．Daydreams are often very simple and direct, quite unlike sleep dreams, which may be hard to understand.G．Therefore, it’s a good idea to keep a notebook or voice recorder nearby when you’re in the daydream zone.【名校好题强化】【01】（2023上·北京朝阳·高三统考期中）Many of us set goals, but sometimes we fail to achieve them. There are many causes why we don’t manage to realize our goals. 1 There is a way, though, to help address this problem: set reminders. People employ a psychological strategy called cognitive (认知的) offloading, where we use a physical action to reduce demands on our brain. Specifically, we may outsource our intentions from being stored in our brains to reminders outside our head. 2 Understanding the benefits of cognitive offloading can improve our ability to remember andfollow through with our intentions. The biggest benefit is simply that it improves memory performance. It increases the probability that we will work towards the goals we need to reach.3 “The more we offload unimportant information, such as items on a shopping list, the more we can use our brai n for those more significant cognitive tasks, such as creativity,” said Sam Gilbert, professor at the University College London.4 Still, there are potential negative parts for it. We are more likely to forget what we offloaded if we no longer access our storage, such as when our smartphone dies. We also tend to offload the important things we most want to remember. In a surprise test where their reminders were wiped clean, the participants were more likely to forget the important items and recall the unimportant ones, that is, the more important the intention we want to remember, the more likely we are to offload it—and to forget it.We’d better tend to create reminders when we think we need them, but not necessarily when we do need them. 5 “I f our understanding of our memory ability is wrong, this suggests that we will either overuse or underuse reminders,” Gilbert said. “We can learn by noticing the times that we have forgotten to do something and could have used reminders to help.”A．Cognitive offloading has noticeable benefits.B．One common reason is that we simply forget them.C．Besides, it can free up our limited cognitive resources.D．A good example can be documents on our smartphone calendars.E．The process of cognitive offloading helps us identify false information.F．Our beliefs about how good our memory is directly influence whether we set them.G．Other experts say it’s too soon to understand how cognitive offloading affects our brains.【02】（2023上·北京丰台·高三统考期中）All the feelsYou can make your picture book memorable by concentrating on emotional connection. This works across every principle of writing, regardless of age range or genre (文体), because it is universally recognized. 6The reason why emotional connection works is that emotion is a fundamental human experience. 7 It also brings us together and reminds us that although we have differences, people are fundamentally the same. By bringing emotion into your story, you tap into that consciousness. The story feels more real to us. It is consistent with us, and as a result, we have a richer reading experience.8 This is useful for your picture book writing, such as choosing vocabulary to use or adopting a suitable linguistic style. Once you know the genre of a book, you can think about the kind of emotional storytelling a reader would expect from this genre.For example, if it’s a funny picture book, your reader is clearly expecting to laugh. Make sure they laugh. If it’s an adventure story, your reader will be expecting to feel excitement, anticipation and probably a little mild fear. If it’s a heartwarming story, your reader expects to feel warm, comforted and overflowing with love. 9Another reason for including emotion in your picture book is to really get your reader inside your character’s head. Firstly, it helps build on the young reader’s emotional development and understanding of self and others. 10 As well as caring about character, an emotion-filled picture book therefore keeps us on our toes.If you want your story to stand out amongst other stories, give your reader something to remember — a strong emotional connection.A．Secondly, it creates interest in the character.B．It helps us make sense of the world around us.C．An emotional ending in a picture book works well.D．When we feel something, we will have sharp minds.E．This is obviously not a complete list, but it is a starting point.F．Here is why it works and how you can use it in your picture book writing.G．Picture books have many different genres and your job is to know which genre your story sits in.【03】（2023上·北京海淀·高三统考期中）Which is healthier: a bag of crisps or a vegetable salad? That is easy. Now which is healthier: a pizza made from scratch or one made from the same basic ingredients, with the same number of calories, pulled out of a box in the freezer? Many people would instinctively(本能地) say the former, perhaps showing a vague concern with processed food. Such food can often be delicious. And there is much to cheer about calories being cheap and abundant. 11What’s the distinction between “ultra-processed food(upf)” and “processed food”? Almost everything people consume is processed in some form. Rice is harvested; animals are butchered. Upf is usually described as “formulations of ingredients, made by a series of industrial processes, many requiring advanced equipment and technology”. 12 The one in the freezer, with its extra, modified ingredients, is upf.Upf harms people in ways both known and unknown. It seems to affect the trillions of bacteria that contribute to health in a range of ways. Calorie-rich but usually nutrient-poor, upf contributes to obesity(肥胖症).Upf displaces healthier alternatives, particularly for poor people. 13 Extra weight was once a sign of wealth, but among British and American women today, obesity rates are higher at lower-income levels.14 Additives that may be safe in small quantities may be harmful in combination with other chemicals or when consumed regularly. If we are what we eat, considering the impact of upf is essential.15 People who live in so-called “food swamps”, where upf is everywhere but real food is harder to reach, could spend large amounts of time and money seeking out fresh food, but that is not how most people live. There is nothing wrong with the odd fast-food trip, but anyone who can afford to eat less upf probably should.A．Environment matters, too.B．It’s cheap to produce and buy.C．But that cheapness and abundance come at a cost.D．Even foods labeled “natural” or “organic” can be processed.E．A pizza made from scratch contains minimally processed food.F．Some people have a particular weakness for salty potato crisps.G．The reasons why upf can be harmful are not always clear, even to scientists.【04】（2023·全国·高三专题练习）It’s a joyful and stressful time of year in the United States for students and their families as they make decisions about where to attend college. Families often turn to rankings systems to help make a decision. 16When I talk to families as a sch olar of higher education, they’re often surprised that teaching excellence is not counted in rankings. 17Emerging research suggests that courses in lower-ranked universities, on average, scored higher on teaching than courses in higher-ranked universities. 18 The absence of teaching excellence from the rankings is surprising given the link between high-quality teaching and student success. Quality teaching is one of the most important predictors of a wide range of college outcomes.Rankings, however, are only one reason why a low value is placed on teaching in higher education. Administrators often don’t view teaching excellence as a way to increase enrolment (注册) or funding. 19 Research shows that the more time instructors spend on teaching, the lower their salary. What is the result? Many instructors continue to teach using traditional lectures, which lead to lower success rates.20 Nevertheless, not much will change until schools with high-quality teaching are rewarded with more resources, higher rankings and increased enrolments. In the long term, universities, organisations that rank schools, and others should work to make teaching a valued, core part of the mission.What should students and their families do? They should give strong consideration to universities where high-quality teaching is valued, even though the schools may be ranked lower.A．Higher education has achieved its true potential.B．Therefore, it’s not highly valued in hiring or promotion.C．Quality teaching has been an important reputation-building factor.D．However, the rankings ignore a critical factor: the quality of teaching.E．Efforts to improve teaching at the university level have recently emerged.F．They’re even more surprised at how teaching is unde rvalued by universities.G．In fact, universities often shift emphasis from teaching to other ranking factors.【05】（2023·北京·首都师范大学附属中学校考模拟预测）Children love getting dirty. 21 But getting muddy could have a powerful effect on their wellbeing, too.“Don’t get dirty!” was once a constant family warning, as parents despairingly watched their children spoil their best clothes. Whether they were running through farmers’ fields, climbing trees or catching tadpoles, it was inevitable that children’s whites w ould turn brown before the day was over.Today, many parents may secretly wish their children had the chance to pick up a bit of dirt. With the rise of urbanism, and the temptation of video games and social media, contact with nature is much rarer than in the past. 22What is gained in laundry bills may be lost in the child’s wellbeing. According to recent research, the dirt outside is teaming with friendly microorganisms. 23Many of the psychological benefits of outdoor play are already well established. Natural scenes provide the perfect level of stimulation, which is thought to help recharge the brain when it is tired and easily distractible. Supporting this theory, one study from 2009 found that children。
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