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![癌症相关的免疫抑制抑制剂[发明专利]](https://img.taocdn.com/s1/m/8e0544ea4a7302768f9939df.png)
专利名称：癌症相关的免疫抑制抑制剂
专利类型：发明专利
发明人：J-M·巴雷,J-F·普罗斯特,M·拉马尔,S·德戈夫,H·布格拉拉,E·多纳迪厄
申请号：CN201880048764.4
申请日：20180529
公开号：CN111108123A
公开日：
20200505
专利内容由知识产权出版社提供
摘要：本发明涉及糖工程化Fc片段承载化合物在治疗癌症相关的免疫抑制中作为免疫抑制抑制剂的用途。
本发明还涉及包含至少该糖工程化Fc片段承载化合物的药物组合物。
申请人：加马玛布斯制药公司,国家健康与医学研究院(INSERM),国家科学研究中心(CNRS),笛卡尔巴黎大学
地址：法国图卢兹
国籍：FR
代理机构：北京同达信恒知识产权代理有限公司
代理人：石磊
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哪些产品，哪些国家需要什么认证CE认证CE标志是产品进入欧盟国家及欧盟自由贸易协会国家市场的“通行证”。
任何规定的（新方法指令所涉及的）产品，无论是欧盟以外还是欧盟成员国生产的产品，要想在欧盟市场上自由流通，在投放欧盟市场前，都必须符合指令及相关协调标准的要求，并且加贴CE标志。
这是欧盟法律对相关产品提出的一种强制性要求，为各国产品在欧洲市场进行贸易提供了统一的最低技术标准，简化了贸易程序。
目前包括24条新方法指令涉及CE认证。
需要CE认证的国家有：所有欧洲经济区域的国家。
包括:欧洲联盟：法国、联邦德国、意大利、荷兰、比利时、卢森堡、英国、丹麦、爱尔兰、希腊、西班牙、葡萄牙、奥地利、瑞典和、芬兰、塞浦路斯、匈牙利、捷克、爱沙尼亚、拉脱维亚、立陶宛、马耳他、波兰、斯洛伐克和斯洛文尼亚等25个国家。
欧洲自由贸易协会成员：瑞士、冰岛和挪威等3个国家。
以下产品需要加贴CE标志：――电气类产品――机械类产品――玩具类产品――无线电和电信终端设备――冷藏﹑冷冻设备――人身保护设备――简单压力容――热水锅炉――压力设备――民用爆炸物――游乐船――建筑产品――体外诊断医疗器械――植入式医疗器械――医疗电器设备――升降设备――燃气设备――非自动衡器――爆炸环境中使用的设备和保护系统VDE认证VDE的全称是VDE Testing and Certification Institute,意即德国电气工程师协会。
成立于1920年，总部位于德国法兰克福，是欧洲最有测试经验的试验认证和检查机构之一。
VDE作为一个国际认可的电子电器及其零部件安全测试及认证机构，在欧洲乃至国际上都享有较高的知名度。
其评估的产品范围包括家用及商业用途的电器、IT设备、工业和医疗科技设备、组装材料及电子元器件、电线电缆等。
VDE认证标志已在30个国家作了商标和/或服务标志的登记，因此，VDE认证标志是受到保护的，不能滥用，由于VDE对公众所负有的义务，VDE认证标志的内在价值无论在任何地方都是同样的。
![BIFMA M7[1]1-2005(中文版)](https://img.taocdn.com/s1/m/049dc5b35901020207409cf5.png)
测定从办公家具、部件和座椅中排放出的挥发性化合物(VOC)的标准试验方法Standard Test MethodFor Determining VOC Emissions From Office Furniture Systems, Components And Seating美国办公家具协会(BIFMA)BIFMA M7.1-2005前言这个标准检测方法材料是BIFMA所有成员共同努力的成果，并且由当事方，政府组织，室内设计组织和商业检测和采购组织组成的广泛代表组评审。
最初的标准检测方法制定工作由BIFMA家具排放标准小组委员会在2005年6月完成。
小组委员会参看了提议的标准测试方法来保证测试精确适当的描述评估来自人造板类产品，书桌型产品，座椅及相关产品的挥发性有机化合物的排放.BIFMA尤其要感谢雪城大学的建筑能源和环境系统实验室的张建顺博士在整个制定标准检测方法的过程中的广泛的技术领导和指导.BIFMA也同样要感谢参与制定新标准检测方法的高素质个人，这些技术审稿人是：●Leon Alevantis, 硕士, PE, 加州公共卫生服务部门●Marilyn Black博士, 空气质量科学●Al Hodgson, 伯克利分析协会●Bob Magee, 加拿大国家研究院●Mark Mason, 美国环保局空气污染及控制部.●Bruce Tichenor博士, 顾问, (美国环保局退休)技术审稿人不是编辑权威，但他们的评论和评审经过了张博士和BIFMA家具排放标准小组委员会的慎重考虑和处理。
这个提议的新标准检测方法是2005年9月核准和递交给BIFMA全体会员的。
BIFMA打算对这个文件进行一轮公开评审，评审人包括和BIFMA要求一致的，作为美国国家标准学会的标准实施先锋的利益集团和利益共享者.在彻底完成细致检查工作以后，这份建议采用的标准检测方法将提交给美国国家标准学会制定成美国国家标准.任何有兴趣参加BIFMA公共审阅的人可以发邮件给email@.欢迎所有对这个标准检测方法的改进建议。
Solutions for Comfort & Productivity 2006Full LineProduct Catalog V.3Workspace SolutionsTable of Contents3M™Adjustable Keyboard Trays . . . . . . . . . . . . .43M™Keyboard Drawers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123M™Gel Wrist Rests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133M™Document Holders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163M™Ergonomic Mouse – Optical . . . . . . . . . . . .183M™Glare Reducing Task Lights . . . . . . . . . . . . .183M™Monitor Stands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193M™Adjustable Foot Rests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193M™Adjustable CPU Stand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193M™Notebook and Mobile Solutions . . . . . . . . . .203M™Computer Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223M™Office Air Cleaners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 Exercises in Ergonomic Comfort . . . . . . . . . . . . .26Optimal Personal Comfort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273M™Work Surface Cleaners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .283StabilityStability, or rather instability – the degree of “bounciness”or “slop” in the AKT – impacts typing and mousing comfort. Minimizing this instability is essential forworkplace productivity and is driven by the quality of the keyboard tray’s construction and design.All of 3M ™’s Adjustable Keyboard Trays meet the ANSI/BIFMA x 5.5 – 1998 standard for stability and safety.Ease of AdjustabilityAKT height and tilt adjustability is essential for workstation ergonomics. Generally it is moreadvantageous for the height and tilt control mechanisms to be independent of each other. This way, the height of the keyboard can be adjusted without losing the tilt angle, and vice versa.There are typically three types of height adjustment systems:1 Lift and lock, the easiest of the three, works by simply tilting upward to unlock, then back down to lock in place.2 Lever arm mechanism works by engaging and disengaging a hand-held lever.3 Star-knob mechanism works by loosening and then tightening a knob on the side of the arm. Typically,star-knob systems do not have separate controls for tilt and height adjustment.Mousepad AdjustabilityMousepads on AKTs are generally available in two forms:• Not adjustable – integrated as part of the keyboard platform.• Adjustable – mouse platform is separate from keyboard platform and has varying degrees of adjustability.Mousepads should also be adjustable for left or right hand use. All 3M ™AKTs feature this functionality.Range of AdjustabilityAdjustable Keyboard Trays feature many degrees ofadjustability, including height, tilt, lateral sliding and swivel.• Height – While seated at a standard 29" high desktop, AKT height will rarely need to go above the desktop. Many ergonomists recommend sit/stand capable workstations in which the worker can alternate throughout the day between sitting and standing at the workstation. This is beneficial because it varies the muscle groups used, increases blood flow and reduces the risk of repetitive stress injuries. AKTs with sit/stand capability enable this behavior and will typically rise several inches above the desktop.• Tilt – Keyboard platforms should offer tilt adjustment in order to keep one’s wrists in a neutral position. The greater the degree of negative tilt, or forward tilt, the more ergonomic the AKT is.• Lateral Sliding – This feature enables users to adjust the left/right position of the keyboard to fit exact workstation configurations.• Swivel – A common feature that enables users to adjust the position of their keyboard relative to the workstation.Track & Arm LengthAKTs generally feature either a short (~17") or long (~21"+) track and arm length, each with unique benefits.• Long tracks and arms are compatible with cornerworkstations where the keyboard must extend beyond the edges of the desk. They will also work on regular straight-on workstations providing there is ample depth underneath the work surface.• Short tracks and arms are generally less expensive and perfect for regular straight-on and especially shallow workstations. They are not suitable, however, for corner workstations where a longer length is required.Wrist Rest ConstructionWrist Rests for both keyboard and mouse are essential to encouraging a neutral, ergonomic wrist position.Wrist Rests are made out of many materials including gel, foam and hard plastic. Gel-filled wrist rests provide the maximum comfort level, and all 3M ™AKTs feature gel-filled wrist rests for both keyboard and mouse.Adjustable Keyboard TraysWhat to look for in an Adjustable Keyboard TrayThere are many Adjustable Keyboard Tray (AKT) options to choose from today and it can be difficult to determine which is the best solution for your situation. This quick guide will help explain the features that end users and specialists in the field find most important.4Toll Free 1-800-332-7483123AKT200LEThe AKT200LE is the premium keyboard tray solution with sit/stand capability, outstanding stabilityand excellent knee clearance.List Price: $589.99AKT150LEThe AKT150LE is the ultimate solution for adjustability with lever-free height adjustment, separate knob adjustment for tilt, super adjustablemouse platform and unique left/right sliding feature that lets you fine tune the keyboard’s position.List Price: $399.99Lever-free liftand lock arm.Separatelyadjustable keyboardand mouse platforms. Keyboard Unique lateral adjustmentAKT100LEThe AKT100LE is the full-featured keyboard tray solution with lever-arm adjustments for height, separate pull-tab adjustment for tilt and super adjustable mouse platform.List Price: $389.99Lever adjust arm.Separatelyadjustable keyboard and mouse platforms.Separatelyadjustable keyboardand mouse platforms.star-knob adjustment for height and tilt is perfect for users who don’tchange keyboard and mouse position often. The super adjustablemouse platform still provides excellentergonomic benefit and comfort.List Price: $299.99Star-knob adjust arm.The AKT70LE is the value keyboard tray solution featuring an easy to use lever-arm mechanism for height adjustability, and a pull-tab system for tilt adjustment.List Price: $269.99Single platformfor keyboard and mouse.Lever adjust arm.The AKT60LE and AKT65LE are the economy keyboard tray solutions. Both feature star-knob style adjustment for height and tilt – ideal for users who rarely change settings. The AKT65LE features tool-free installation and can be installed in less than 10 minutes.AKT60LE List Price: $229.99AKT65LE List Price: $259.99AKT60LE AKT65LETool-FreeInstallationStar-knob adjust arm.Single platformfor keyboard and mouse.3M Keyboard Drawers offer a cost effective alternative to Adjustable Keyboard Trays, with both above and below desk solutions as well as height and tilt adjustable models. Each keyboard drawer features a cushiony-soft 3M™Gel Wrist Rest and 3M12Gel Wrist RestsGel Wrist Rest PlatformsSleek platform works as beautifully as it looks. Designed with tapered wrist rests and no hard edges to maximize your comfort. Tilt feature helps keep your wrists properly aligned and improves ergonomic posture. Includes incredibly soft gel wrist rests and 3M ™Precise ™Optical Mousing Surface. Leatherette surfaces on wrist rests are buttery-soft and easy to keep clean.WR422LETilt-Adjustable Platform for Keyboard and Mouse. Mousing surface repositionable for left handed mousing. Lifetime warranty.List Price: $84.99WR421LETilt-Adjustable Platform for Mouse.WR422LEWR421LEWR420LESupport you need. Comfort you want.All 3M ™Gel Wrist Rests are designed to encourage a neutral wrist position while minimizing pressure points. Patented 3M ™Gel Wrist Rests provide the ultimate in wrist comfort: wrist support that is not too firm,not too soft—but always feels “just right.”BATTERY SAVING MOUSEPADBATTERY SAVING MOUSEPADWR420LETilt-Adjustable Platform for Keyboard.Lifetime warranty.List Price: $61.993M ™Precise ™Optical WR310BEFabric Wrist Rest – Blue WR310GYFabric Wrist Rest – Grey List Price: $26.99WR330MBFabric Wrist Rest – Black MW311MX3M WR320LELeatherette Wrist Rest – Black WR310MBFabric Wrist Rest – Black MW311BE3M MS201BEMW311BH3M MS201BHWR330BEFabric Wrist Rest – Blue List Price: $29.99WRJ320BEClear Gel Wrist Rest – BlueWR302TFClear Gel Wrist Rest – Tropical FishMW309TFWR302BHClear Gel Wrist Rest – BeachMWJ309BHWR302MBFabric Wrist Rest – Black MW307MB – BlackMS201TF MWJ309BE MWJ309PPMP114BD MP114LM MP114CFMP114LPBy keeping documents positioned as close to your computer monitor as possible, document holders help reduce eye, neck and shoulder movement. This, in turn, helps minimize strain and enhances overall comfort.Test before using.These models position documents at eye level, right next to your monitor, on either right or left side. They mount with 3M Adhesive strips for easy and clean removal, with no sticky residue. All fold away when not in use.Adhesive AttachmentDH445, DH440MB andDH240MB MonitorRight ClickLeft Click3rd Button(can be usedfor scrolling)Two sizes for the best fit3M™Polarizing Light Filterfilters out the light thatcauses reflective glare 18Height adjustableNotebook &Mobile SolutionsComfort,anywhere youwork.You may be one of a growing number ofpeople who find themselves working beyondthe confines of their desks – in airports, hotelrooms, at home, in coffee shops. Thesolutions offered here are designed to helpyou be more comfortable wherever you work,whether at the office or on the go.20LX410 Optical Travel Mouse Designed for “on the go” notebook users. Incredibly small, but amazingly comfortable to use. Two-button optical mouse with scroll wheel. 30" USB retractable cord. Plug and play capability on all PC and Mac operating systems. Includes storage case and instruction booklet. Measures 23/4" long. 30 day warranty.List Price $44.99LX451 Optical Mouse with Numeric KeypadTwo devices in one means less peripherals to carry. No more “hunting and pecking” for keys on notebook computers. Three-button scroll mouse with integrated numeric keypad and convenient travel bag. Features USB connectivity and 30" retractable cable. 30 day warranty.List Price $79.99LX210BE 3M™Precise™Optical Mousing SurfaceUltra-thin, portable mouse pad with repositionable adhesive, designed specifically for notebook users. Stows conveniently on back of notebook. Blue Water design. 30 day warranty.List Price $9.99Toll Free 1-800-332-7483Adjustable up to 3"PF400 Flat-Black Frame Style for LCD or CRT – Black LCD 15", CRT 14"-16" List Price: $211.90PF400 Flat-Frame Style for LCD or CRT – Putty LCD 15", CRT 14"-16" List Price: $211.90to computer monitor use. Helps protect fragile LCD screens from fingerprints, scratches and damage. Fits both LCD and CRT monitors– comes with two sets of hanger arms to meet most users’ preferences. Lifetime warranty.24M od e l Nu m b e rG l ar e R e du c ti o n *F r a me S ty l eA nt i -St a ti cA nt i -R a di a t io nL i gh to rE xt r aL i gh t T i n tG l as s **P r i v ac yF e a tu r eA ss e m b l y -F re eI S O9241-7C om p l i an tP r o t e c t s L C D S c r e e n W i d e s c r e e n F o r m a t M ee t sA O A Sp ec i f ic a ti o n PF400 L, XL, XXL 95% FlatPF450 L, XL, XXL 95% Contour PF400 LB, XLB, XXLB 95% PF500 L, XL95% FlatPrivacy FiltersF i ts L C D &C R T M o n i t o r s 3M ™ Filter Selection Guide 2006YES YES XL YES XL XLXL YES Flat Black EF200 L, XL, XXL 99% Flat EF200 LB, XLB, XXLB 99%Executive FiltersYES YES YES YES Flat BlackA p p l e G 4 W i d e s c r e e n L i s t P r i c e AF100 L, XL, XXL 95% FlatProfessional FiltersYESYESHF300 L, XL, XXL 99% FlatHigh Performance FiltersYES YES ***Standard FiltersBF10 L, XL, XXL 90% Flat BF20 L, XL, XXL90% FlatEX10 L, XL, XXL 90%YESYES Notebook/LCD Privacy FiltersPF12.1W PF12.1PF13.3 PF14.1W PF14.1 PF15.0 PF17.0 PF15.4W PF17.0W PF19.0PF18.1 Notebook/LCD Protection FiltersFramelessMounting AF14.1 Y esAF15.0 Y es AF17.0 Y esFlat BlackFrameless MountingMatte Finish PF15.2W $ 85.63$ 88.12$ 87.50$ 90.00$ 95.00$151.88$156.87$163.13$182.15$ 57.50$ 62.50$ 87.50* Up to %stated.** Light tint glass offers45% transmission,which means more light passes through than with standard tint glass (31% transmission).‡Extra light tint glass offers 70% light transmission.3M ™Computer Filters include a lifetime warranty.Excludes Standard (BF)models.Toll Free 1-800-332-7483Product SizeFramed FiltersActual Filter Viewing Area(inches)Ht x Wdth Diagonal Fits Monitors (diagonal viewable area)CRT LCDProduct Size Framless FiltersActual Filter Dimensions(inches)Ht x Wdth Diagonal Fits LCD Monitors &Notebooks(diagonal viewable area)NOTE: Monitor Size and Viewable Areaare diagonal measurements.Flat Framed FiltersLarge (PF500L, BF10L, BF20L)8.56" x 11.58" 14.48" 13"-15"N/A Large (PF400L & LB, EF200L & LB, 9.75" x 12.75"16.05" 14"-16" 15" AF100L, EX10L, HF300L)X-Large (XL, XLB)11.50" x 14.13" 18.21" 16"-19"17"-18" XX-Large (XXL, XXLB)13.00" x 16.00" 20.60" 19"-21"19"-20"Contoured Framed Filters Large (L) 8.56" x 11.58" 14.48" 13"-15" N/A X-Large (XL) 9.75" x 12.75" 16.05" 16"-18"15" XX-Large (XXL)13.00" x 16.00" 20.60" 19"-21"N/A PF12.17.32" x 9.74" 12.1" 12.1"PF12.1W 6.44" x 10.29" 12.1" 12.1" Widescreen PF13.37.99" x 10.63" 13.3" 13.3"PF14.1 & AF14.1 8.44" x 11.25" 14.1" 14.1"PF14.1W7.27" x 12.02" 14.1" 14.1" Widescreen PF15.0 & AF15.0 8.98" x 12.01" 15.0" 15.0"PF15.2W 8.46" x 12.66" 15.2" 15.2" Widescreen PF15.4W8.18" x 13.09" 15.4" 15.4" Widescreen PF17.0 & AF15.0 10.64" x 13.30" 17.0" 17.0"PF17.0W 9.04" x 14.47" 17.0"17.0" Widescreen PF18.1 11.30" x 14.13" 18.1" 18.1"PF19.011.89" x 14.83"19.0" 19.0"Use these guidelines to set up your workspace to ensure good ergonomic posture and to attain optimal personal comfort.Optimal Personal Comfort27Feet rest firmly on floor or foot rest.Adjustable keyboard tray and chair allow ample clearance between thighs and keyboard tray.Thighs are roughly parallel to the floor; lower legs are roughly perpendicular to it.Space under desk is clear to allow legs room to move and stretch.Monitor centered directly in front of eyes.Shoulders and arms are roughly perpen-dicular to the floor; elbows are held close to the sides.Chair offers lower back support.Clearance b etween b ack o f k nees a nd c hair s hould e qual 2".Seat offers adequatepadding,width and depth for personalcomfort. Head, neck and shoulders are positioned forward and upright (not bent or turned).Monitor positioned 20–30" (50–75 cm) from eyes.Hands Ergonomic Mouse and wrists are in a straight line with forearms (not bent up ordown).Source documents positioned close to monitor screen for easy viewing./myworkspace Workstation Recommendations20–30"0–60o50–75 cm Place input devices within the recommended area to avoid strain on your wrists, arms and hands.Position source documents in line with your screen, and no more than 35°to either side, to avoid excessive turning or bending of your neck.To avoid eyestrain, position your monitor within a comfortable viewing distance, at or below eye level, and within your 60°viewing field.3M, Command, Filtrete, Precise, Safety Walk,。
EMEA/CHMP/QWP/251344/2006基因毒性杂质限度指南（中英文对照）London, 28 June 2006CPMP/SWP/5199/02EMEA/CHMP/QWP/251344/2006 The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products欧洲共同体药物评审委员会(EMEA)COMMITTEE FOR MEDICINAL PRODUCTS FOR HUMAN USE人用药品委员会(CHMP)GUIDLINE ON THE LIMITS OF GENOTOXIC IMPURITIES基因毒性杂质限度指南June 2002-October 2002 DESCUSSION IN THE SAFETY WORKINGPARTY安全工作组之内的讨论December 2002TRANSMISSION TO CPMPCPMP传递December 2002RELEASE FOR CONSULTATION专家讨论DEADLINE FOR COMMENTSMarch 2003建议收集最后期限DISCUSSION IN THE SAFETY WORKING June 2003-February 2004PARTY AND QUALITY WORKING PARTY安全工作组和质量工作组之间的讨论TRANSMISSION TO CPMP转移给CPMPMarch 2004RE-RELEASE FOR CONSULTATION再次放行给顾问团June 2004DEADLINE FOR COMMENTS收集意见的最后期限December 2004DISCUSSION IN THE SAFETY WORKINGPARTY AND QUALITY WORKING PARTY安全工作组和质量工作组之间的讨论February 2005-May 2006ADOPTION BY CHMP被CHMP采用28 June 2006DATE FOR COMING INTO EFFECT生效日期01January 2007KEYWORDS 关键词Impurities; Genotoxicity; Threshold of toxicological concern (TTC); Structure activity relationship (SAR)GUIDLINE ON THE LIMITS OF GENOTOXIC IMPURITIES基因毒性杂质限度指南TABLE OF CONTENTS 目录EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 内容摘要 (3)1. INTRODUCTION 介绍 (3)2. SCOPE 范围 (3)3. LEGAL BASIS法律依据 (3)4. TOXICOLOGICAL BACKGROUND 毒理学背景 (4)5. RECOMMENDATIONS 建议 (4)Genotoxic Compounds With Sufficient Evidence for a Threshold-Related Mechanism 具有充分证据证明其阈值相关机理的基因毒性化合物 (4)Genotoxic Compounds Without Sufficient Evidence for a Threshold-Related Mechanism 不具备充分证据支持其阈值相关机理的基因毒性化合物 (5)Pharmaceutical Assessment药学评价 (5)Toxicological Assessment毒理学评价 (5)Application of a Threshold of Toxicological Concern 毒理学担忧阈值应用 (5)Decision Tree for Assessment of Acceptability of Genotoxic Impurities基因毒性杂质可接受性评价决策树 (7)REFERENCES. 参考文献 (8)EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 内容摘要The toxicological assessment of genotoxic impurities and the determination of acceptable limits for such impurities in active substances is a difficult issue and not addressed in sufficient detail in the existing ICH Q3X guidances. The data set usually available for genotoxic impurities is quite variable and is the main factor that dictates the process used for the assessment of acceptable limits. In the absence of data usually needed for the application of one of the established risk assessment methods, . data from carcinogenicity long-term studies or data providing evidence for a threshold mechanism of genotoxicity, implementation of a generally applicable approach as defined by the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) is proposed. A TTC value of μg/day intake of a genotoxic impurity is considered to be associated with an acceptable risk (excess cancerrisk of <1 in 100,000 over a lifetime) for most pharmaceuticals. From this threshold value, a permitted level in the active substance can be calculated based on the expected daily dose. Higher limits may be justified under certain conditions such as short-term exposure periods.基因毒性杂质的毒理学评估和这些杂质在活性药物中的可接受标准的测定是一件困难的事情，并且在现有的ICH Q3X指南中也没有详细的规定。
DEUTSCHE NORM Dezember 2002LochplattenMaße24041ICS 19.120Perforated plates — Dimensions Tôle perforées — DimensionsErsatz fürDIN 24041:1981-10,DIN 24042:1981-10 und DIN 24043:1981-10VorwortDiese Norm wurde vom Normenausschuss Bauwesen im DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V. im Arbeitsausschuss 11.41.00 …Siebe, Siebung“ erarbeitet.ÄnderungenGegenüber DIN 24041:1981-10, DIN 24042:1981-10 und DIN 24043:1981-10 wurden folgende Änderungen vorgenommen:a) Die drei Normen wurden in einer Norm zusammengefasst;b) in den Tabellen 1, 2 und 3 wurden Werte für die relative freie Lochfläche bei Lochstellung Rd, Qd, Ld,Rg, Qg, und Lg ergänzt;c) der Anhang A mit Festlegungen zu technischen Lieferbedingungen für gelochte Platten und Coilswurde ergänzt;d) die Norm wurde redaktionell überarbeitet.Frühere AusgabenDIN 24041: 1954-11, 1973-04, 1981-10DIN 24042: 1954-11, 1973-04, 1981-10DIN 24043: 1954-11, 1973-04, 1981-10Fortsetzung Seite 2 bis 20Normenausschuss Bauwesen (NABau) im DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V.Normenausschuss Maschinenbau (NAM) im DIN©DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V. . Jede Art der Vervielfältigung, auch auszugsweise,Ref. Nr. DIN 24041:2002-12nur mit Genehmigung des DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e. V., Berlin, gestattet.Preisgr. 10Vertr.-Nr. 0010Alleinverkauf der Normen durch Beuth Verlag GmbH, 10772 BerlinDIN 24041:2000-1221 AnwendungsbereichDiese Norm gilt für rechteckige Platten mit regelmäßig angeordneten, runden, quadratischen oder länglichen Löchern in versetzten, diagonal versetzten oder geraden Reihen nach Bild 1 bis Bild 9, unabhängig von der Art des für sie verwendeten Werkstoffs.Die Toleranzen für Be- und Verarbeitung gelten für Material aus kalt- und warmgewalztem Stahl bis zu einerZugfestigkeit bis 500 N/mm 2.2 Normative VerweisungenDiese Norm enthält durch datierte oder undatierte Verweisungen Festlegungen aus anderen Publikationen.Diese normativen Verweisungen sind an den jeweiligen Stellen im Text zitiert, und die Publikationen sind nachstehend aufgeführt. Bei datierten Verweisungen gehören spätere Änderungen oder Überarbeitungen dieser Publikationen nur zu dieser Norm, falls sie durch Änderung oder Überarbeitung eingearbeitet sind. Bei undatierten Verweisungen gilt die letzte Ausgabe der in Bezug genommenen Publikation (einschließlich Änderungen).DIN 323-1, Normzahlen und Normzahlreihen — Hauptwerte, Genauwerte, Rundwerte.DIN 4185-2, Begriffe und Kurzzeichen für Siebböden — Teil 2: Lochplatten .3 BegriffeFür die Anwendung dieser Norm gelten die in DIN 4185-2 angegebenen Begriffe.4 Maße, BezeichnungKurzzeichen nach DIN 4185-2.4.1 Lochformen4.1.1 LochungenFür die Maße der Lochungen gelten die Tabellen 1 bis 3.Die genormten Kombinationen von Lochweite, Teilung und Lochstellung sind durch die Angabe der relativen freien Lochfläche A 0 in den Spalten 9 bis 11 der Tabellen 1 und 2 sowie in den Spalten 15 bis 17 der Tabelle 3gekennzeichnet.Durch die Grenzabmaße für die Teilung können sichtbare …Gassen“ entstehen. Falls sie ausgeschlossen werden sollen, ist dies besonders zu vereinbaren.Bei Quadratlochplatten darf die fertigungsbedingte Ausrundung der Lochecken höchstens einen Radius von r max = 0,15 w aufweisen.Maße in MillimeterBild 1 — Rundlochung in versetzten Reihen – RvDIN 24041:2002-123Maße in MillimeterBild 2 — Rundlochung in diagonal versetzten Reihen – RdMaße in MillimeterBild 3 — Rundlochung in geraden Reihen – RgMaße in MillimeterBild 4 — Quadratlochung in versetzten Reihen – QvDIN 24041:2002-124Maße in MillimeterBild 5 — Quadratlochung in diagonal versetzten Reihen – QdMaße in MillimeterBild 6 — Quadratlochung in geraden Reihen – QgMaße in MillimeterBild 7 — Langlochung in versetzten Reihen – LvDIN 24041:2002-125Maße in MillimeterBild 8 — Langlochung in geraden Reihen – LgMaße in MillimeterBild 9 — Langlochung in geraden Reihen, eckig – Lge4.2 Maße4.2.1 Lochungen 4.2.2 PlattenDie äußeren Maße von Rundlochplatten (a 1, b 2, s ) sowie die Breite der ungelochten Ränder (e 1, e 2, f 1, f 2) sind bei der Bestellung zu vereinbaren. Dabei darf das Maß für die Plattendicke s den in Tabelle 1, Spalte 8 und in Tabelle 3, Spalte 14 angegebenen Wert nicht überschreiten.Sollen für die äußeren Maße, für die Breiten der ungelochten Ränder und für die Rechtwinkligkeit die Angaben des Anhanges A gelten, dann ist dies bei der Bestellung im Anschluss an die Maßangaben mit dem Zusatz …fest“ zu kennzeichnen.ANMERKUNG Die Bearbeitung der Platten (Lochen und anschließendes Richten) verursacht in der Regel eine Änderung der äußeren Plattenmaße, die bis 2 % betragen kann. Die Einhaltung bestimmter Plattenmaße (Festmaße)bedarf daher einer besonderen Vereinbarung.4.3 BezeichnungRundlochplatten nach dieser Norm sind nach den Regeln für die Angabe von Lochungen nach DIN 4185-2 zu bezeichnen.Bezeichnung einer Rundlochplatte mit Rundlochung in versetzten Reihen (Rv), einer Lochweite w = 6,3 mm und einer Teilung p = 12 mm:Lochplatte DIN 24041 – Rv 6,3 – 12DIN 24041:2002-125 WerkstoffDer Werkstoff ist bei der Bestellung anzugeben.6 GewichtDie Gewichte von Lochplatten sind angenähert nach der folgenden Gleichung zu berechnen, wobei der erhöhte Gewichtsanteil ungelochter Ränder vernachlässigt wird:m = (100 −A0) ⋅a1⋅b1⋅s⋅γ(1) Dabei istm das Gewicht, in kgA0 die relative freie Lochfläche, in %a1, b1 die Plattenlänge und -breite, in ms die Plattendicke, in mmγdie Rohdichte des Werkstoffs, in kg/dm3Ist eine genauere Gewichtsangabe erforderlich, so sind der Anteil der gelochten Fläche aus der Gleichung (1) und der Anteil der ungelochten Ränder aus Volumen und Rohdichte getrennt zu ermitteln.6DIN 24041:2002-12 Tabelle 1 — Rundlochungen, Maße Maße in Millimeter7DIN 24041:2002-128Tabelle 1 (fortgesetzt)Maße in MillimeterDIN 24041:2002-12 Tabelle 2 — Quadratlochungen, Maße Maße in Millimeter9DIN 24041:2002-1210Tabelle 2 (fortgesetzt)Maße in MillimeterT a b e l l e 3 — L a n g l o c h u n g , M a ßeM a ße i n M i l l i m e t e r1234567891011121314151617L o c h w e i t ewL o c h l än g elT e i l u n g p 1T e i l u n g p 2H a u p t -r e i h e R 5N e b e n -r e i h e R 10G r e n z a b m a ße G r e n z a b m a ßen a c h D I N 323-1b e i e i n e r T e i l u n g b e i e i n e r M e s s f e l d l än g e b e i e i n e r T e i l u n g b e i e i n e r M e s s f e l d l än g eP l a t t e n -d i c k e bsR e l a t i v f r e i e L o c h f l äc h e cA 0%b e i L o c h s t e l l u n gG r e n z -a b m a ßeG r e n z -a b m a ße p 1av o n p 2av o n m a x .L vL g L g e1211––1016331420112326––––345–––1,251,251,251010163,543,51414201,251,251,25252228––––––671,61,6––± 0,1212,520+ 0,4− 0,644,5± 0,525 ⋅ t 1± 6,31625± 1,28 ⋅ t 2± 51,61,63028––––891011––––222212,512,520204,5556161825281,61,622,53427312334273123342732241213142,52,52,5–––16202555,562025321,2522,539353239353240363315161718––––3,153,153,153,151616252567682022323223,151,63,15403140304031403042334131192021224444––––± 0,220202032+ 0,5− 0,87899± 0,616 ⋅ t 1± 525252840± 1,66 ⋅ t 2± 523,154444383035443830354640323623242526––––555520202032891010252528402,53,1544474234394742343950443640272829306,36,36,36,3––––+ 0,2− 0,425252540+ 0,6− 1611121412± 110 ⋅ t 1± 432363650± 25 ⋅ t 2± 6,33,1546,34423430414234304143363142DIN 24041:2002-121112T a b e l l e 3 (f o r t g e s e t z t )M a ße i n M i l l i m e t e rDIN 24041:2002-1212DIN 24041:2002-1213Anhang A (normativ)Technische Lieferbedingungen für gelochte Platten und CoilsA.1 Länge und BreiteNormalformate für Bleche und Platten werden geliefert ohne Beschneiden nach dem Lochen und Richten.Die Toleranzen können größer sein als die Stahlwerkstoleranzen (siehe Tabellen A.1, A.2, A.3, und Bild A.1).Tabelle A.1 — Nennlänge, Nennbreite und Grenzabmaße eines gelochten Bandes (coil) oder einerTafel (nicht beschnitten)Nennlänge aus Walzwerksformatenmm Grenzabmaßemm < 2000+ 120< 3000+ 140< 4000+ 160> 4000+ 180Nennbreitemm ≤ 1200+ 30> 1200 bis ≤1500+ 50> 1500+ 60Bild A.1 — Beispiel für BemaßungDIN 24041:2002-1214Tabelle A.2 — Äußere Maße von gelochten Platten (beschnitten)Äußere Maße von LochplattenPlattendickesa1mmb1mmbis 3 mmüber 3 mm≤ 100± 0,5± 1,0> 100≤ 300± 0,8± 1,5> 300≤ 1000± 1,2± 2,0> 1000≤ 2000± 2,0± 3,0> 2000≤ 4000± 3,0± 5,0> 4000± 4,0± 6,0Tabelle A.3 — Grenzabmaße der Breiten ungelochter Ränder bei Festmaßen TeilungpmmNach DIN 4185-2 Kurzzeichen für Teilung pfür die Breite der ungelochten Rändere1, e2, f1, f2mmbis 5± 5über 5 bis 20± 10über 20± p/2Mögliche Maße für ungelochte Ränder sind abhängig vom Lochdurchmesser w und von der Teilung pA.2 PlattendickeDie Toleranzen entsprechen den Stahlwerkstoleranzen. Engere Toleranzen müssen mit dem Hersteller vereinbart werden.A.3 Rechtwinkligkeit geschnittener LochplattenDie Rechtwinkligkeitstoleranzen u der Lochplatten sind in Tabelle A.4 angegeben.Tabelle A.4 —Rechtwinkligkeitstoleranzen der Lochplatten bei FestmaßenPlattendickesmm Rechtwinkligkeitstoleranzenumm≤ 30,2 (je 100 mm Kantenlänge) > 30,4DIN 24041:2002-1215Bild A.2 — Rechtwinkligkeitstoleranz u der LochplatteRechtwinkligkeitstoleranz u ist die rechtwinklige Projektion einer Querkante auf eine Längskante (siehe Bild A.2).A.4 ParallelitätWährend des Lochvorganges wird das Lochfeld gestreckt. Das Maß dieser Streckung hängt von vielen Faktoren ab, z. B. Lochgröße, Lochanordnung, Werkstoff, Dicke usw.Wegen dieser vielen Parameter ist es nicht möglich, Toleranzen für das Ausmaß dieser Streckung anzugeben. Bei der Endbearbeitung, insbesondere beim Richten, können die Spannungen Streckungen im Lochfeld hervorrufen, insbesondere dann, wenn die ungelochten Ränder längs und quer Teil des fertigen Bleches sind.Bild A.3 zeigt eine übertriebene Ansicht, wie so eine Platte aussehen kann. Die vollen Linien zeigen die Platte und das Lochfeld. Die gestrichelten Linien zeigen das Profil nach dem Planrichten. Dieses Profil kann erheblich abweichen, je nach Einfluss der verschiedenen Parameter, das Lochfeld kann sogarunsymmetrisch ausfallen.Bild A.3 — ParallelitätWenn das Material anschließend auf Maß geschnitten wird, kann das Problem sichtbar werden: d. h. das Lochfeld läuft mit dem Rand nicht parallel.Eingrenzungen einzelner Parameter müssen mit dem Hersteller besonders vereinbart werden.A.5 SäbelkantenBei Lochplatten mit unterschiedlichen seitlichen Rändern (e 2 > e 1) können sich die Platten säbelförmig verformen. So entsteht eine Abweichung, die Säbeligkeit d, zwischen der Mitte und dem Ende der Kante (siehe Bild A.4).DIN 24041:2002-1216Bild A.4 — Beispiel der SäbeligkeitDas Maß dieser Säbeligkeit d wird auf der konkaven Seite gemessen. Es hängt ab u. a. von der Länge,Breite, Dicke, offenen Siebfläche, dem Werkstoff und dem Verhältnis e 2 zu e 1.Wenn die Platten nach dem Lochen auf Maß geschnitten werden, bezieht sich die gebogene Kante nur auf das Lochfeld.Tabelle A.5 — Grenzwerte für Säbeligkeit dStreifen- und ProfillängemmSäbeligkeitdmm bis 200055,5bis 300057,5bis 400010,0bis 500012,5bis 600015,0A.6 EbenheitA.6.1 EbenheitstoleranzenEs gibt drei Lieferzustände:a) nicht gerichtet;b) maschinell gerichtet;c) mehrfach maschinell gerichtet.Soweit nicht näher angegeben, wird nach b) geliefert.Die Ebenheitstoleranz von maschinell gerichteten Platten ist in Tabelle A.6 angegeben.Tabelle A.6 — Ebenheitstoleranz von maschinell gerichteten Platten mit keinem oder schmalemungelochtem RandPlattenbreitea 1mmEbenheitstoleranzenH mm Dicke ≤ 1,00Dicke ≤ 3,00Dicke > 3,00≤ 1200101215> 1200 ≤ 1500121418> 1500 ≤ 2000151820DIN 24041:2002-1217A.6.2 MessverfahrenDie Platte wird auf einen planen Tisch gelegt. Die Ebenheitstoleranz wird bestimmt vom höchsten Punkt der Platte zum Niveau des Tisches – reduziert um die Plattendicke (siehe Bild A.5). Bei Blechen mit großenungelochten Feldern müssen besondere Vereinbarungen über die Ebenheit getroffen werden.Legende H = h – tBild A.5 — EbenheitstoleranzA.7 WellenkantenDie Spannungen, die während des Lochvorganges auf die Platte einwirken, können eine Verformung der Ebenheit der Kanten hervorrufen, so genannte Wellenkanten, vor allem dann, wenn es sich um gelochte Platten mit breiten Rändern oder auf beiden Seiten mit unterschiedlich breiten ungelochten Rändern handelt.Abweichungen der zulässigen Ebenheitstoleranz – wie in A.5 dargestellt – können für gelochte Platten sichergestellt werden, wenn Standardlochungen und annähernd gleiche, ungelochte Ränder auf der Längsseite vorgesehen werden (Breite des Randes kleiner als 2,5 % der Blechbreite, maximal 10 mm).Abweichende Toleranzen sind gesondert zu vereinbaren, wenn gelochte Platten mit breiteren ungelochten Rändern oder mit ungleich breiten Rändern auf der langen Seite, oder mit speziellen Lochungen (versenkte Lochungen, Prägungen usw.) und Platten aus Sonderwerkstoffen gefordert werden.A.8 Ungelochte FlächenJe nach Anwendungszweck sollte oder muss die Bemaßung nach Bild A.6 oder Bild A.7 erfolgen.Bild A.6 — StandardausführungJeder einzelne Wert X in Bild A.6 hängt von der zulässigen Teilungstoleranz ab. Diese muss zwischen Hersteller und Anwender abgesprochen werden.DIN 24041:2002-1218Bild A.7 — Spezialausführung zur Vermeidung von SummenfehlernANMERKUNG Die in Bild A.7 dargestellte Ausführung ist aufwendiger und teurer.A.9 Konischer LochquerschnittWenn der Stempel tief genug in die Platte eingedrungen ist, beginnt der Werkstoff zu reißen.Legende s Plattendickew Lochdurchmesserw 1maximaler Ausbruchdurchmesser h Höhe der Bruchzone r Eintrittsradius y Deformationszone cSchnittzone (zyl. Teil)Bild A.8 — Konischer LochquerschnittDer konische Lochquerschnitt ist u.a. abhängig von:a) der Festigkeit des Werkstoffs;b) dem Gefüge des Werkstoffs;c) dem Schnittspalt im Werkzeug.Grundsätzlich kann keine Angabe über den Lochquerschnitt und die Maße in der Bruchzone angegeben werden (siehe Bild A.8).Überschlägig kann gesagt werden, dass die Bruchzone h zwischen 0,6 s und 0 liegt, abhängig von denvorerwähnten Bedingungen.DIN 24041:2002-1219A.10 Stanzgrat und SchnittgratDie allgemeine Zeichnungsansicht (Draufsicht) ist die Stempeleintrittsseite. Die Gratseite muss ausdrücklich angegeben werden bei unsymmetrischen Teilen und Blechen mit entsprechender Weiterverarbeitung.Der Schnittgrat liegt üblicherweise auf der gleichen Seite wie der Stanzgrat (siehe Bild A.9). Wegen rationeller Arbeitsweise auf der Schere kann der Schnittgrat jedoch auch auf der Gegenseite liegen, wenn es nicht ausdrücklich anders vereinbart wurde.Beim Richten der Platten kann der Grat ins Loch zurückgedrückt werden.Die Höhe des Grates kann bestimmt werden durch die Messung der Plattendicke mit einem Mikrometer in der Nähe des Loches (Steg oder ungleicher Rand) und einer Messung an dem Lochrand. Der Unterschied zwischen beiden Messungen gibt die Grathöhe an (siehe Tabelle A.7). Die beiden Messpunkte dürfen nichtzu weit auseinanderliegen, damit nicht Dickentoleranzen einfließen können.Bild A.9 — Stanzgrat und SchnittgratTabelle A.7 — Zulässige Grathöhe bei normalen LochungsverhältnissenPlattendickes mm Grathöheamm bis 0,60,15von 0,7 bis 71,50,17von 1,6 bis 73,70,20von 3,7 bis 76,70,25von 6,7 bis 12,70,50größer 120,50aSonderwerkstoffe abweichende WerteBis zu 10 % der gelochten Oberfläche oder 10 % der Lochanzahl dürfen außerhalb dieser Grathöhen liegen.Höhere Anforderungen, insbesondere bei Lochplatten für Dekorationszwecke, sind besonders zu vereinbaren.A.11 StempelbruchWährend des Lochprozesses können Stempel teilweise oder ganz brechen. Die Problematik unvollständiger oder fehlender Löcher ist bei fertigungstechnisch schwierigen Lochungen größer (Verhältnis Lochdurch-messer zu Plattendicke ≤ 1, Stegbreite zu Plattendicke ≤ 1, kleine Löcher, Sonderwerkstoffe, extrem offene Siebfläche).DIN 24041:2002-1220Bei technischer Lochung ist im Normalfall eine Toleranz von 2 % unvollständige oder fehlende Löcher,bezogen auf das Lochfeld, dem Stand der Technik entsprechend. Bei fertigungstechnisch schwierigen Lochungen und bei Sicht- oder Dekorationsplatten sind andere Toleranzen zu vereinbaren.A.12 Lochfeldanfang und -endeAus werkzeugtechnischen Gründen werden Stempel und Matrizen in den Werkzeugen in größeren Abständen als dem Teilungsabstand der Löcher im Lochblech angeordnet. Dadurch entsteht ein Lochbild mit unvollständigen Lochreihen (siehe Bild A.11), auch …großer Anfang“ genannt; erst nach dem zweiten Pressenhub hat man das vollständige Lochbild.Soll bereits beim ersten Pressenhub das volle Lochbild (siehe Bild A.10) gestanzt werden, ist dies gesondertzu vereinbaren.Bild A.10 — Normal versetzte Lochreihen(vollständiges Lochbild)Bild A.11 — Doppelt versetzte Lochreihen(unvollständiges Lochbild)A.13 SchmiermittelrückständeZur Herstellung von gelochten Platten ist verfahrensbedingt eine Schmierung notwendig. Schmiermittelreste verbleiben auf der Oberfläche. Sofern nichts anderes vereinbart, werden gelochte Platten ohne Nach-behandlung geliefert. Darüber hinausgehende Nachbehandlungen wie entfetten, beizen oder andere sind besonders zu vereinbaren.A.14 OberflächeBei der Herstellung von Lochplatten sind verfahrensbedingte Oberflächenbeeinträchtigungen nicht auszuschließen. Besondere Ansprüche an die Oberfläche verlangen einen höheren Aufwand und sind zu vereinbaren. Es wird empfohlen, den Verwendungszweck, insbesondere Sichtflächen, dem Hersteller mitzuteilen.。
THE ABSOLUTE BEST SOLUTION FOR HEIGHT ADJUSTABILITY Featuring high quality, European engineering and design, the Workrite Sierra HX is the foundation for the most innovative adjustable height workcenter for today’s professional workplace.Sierra HX meets BIFMA G1-2013 height adjustability requirements, can handle payloads of 225–300 pounds, and features hidden crossbar design that provides greater knee clearance for the user.Sierra HX is available in three finishes with the widest range of size configurations and feature options, making it the most versatile workcenter in the Workrite portfolio.Select the ProgrammableSwitch for a digital readout,preset heights, and much more.Select the Standard Switchfor simple up/down control. ADJUSTABLE HEIGHT WORKCENTERS SIERRA HX™ ELECTRICSpecifications• • 24" or 30" depths• • • • • • • • • • ADJUSTABLE HEIGHT WORKCENTERSSIERRA HX™ ELECTRIC FRAME SETModel #2-Leg ShapesSilver Charcoal White SEHX36-S SEHX36-C SEHX36-W SEHX42-S SEHX42-C SEHX42-W SEHX48-S SEHX48-C SEHX48-W SEHX54-S SEHX54-C SEHX54-W SEHX60-S SEHX60-C SEHX60-W SEHX66-S SEHX66-C SEHX66-W SEHX72-SSEHX72-C SEHX72-W3-Leg Equal Corner Shapes SEHX54EC-S SEHX54EC-CSEHX54EC-W SEHX60EC-S SEHX60EC-CSEHX60EC-W SEHX66EC-S SEHX66EC-C SEHX66EC-W SEHX72EC-SSEHX72EC-C SEHX72EC-W 3-Leg Offset Corner Shapes SEHX5442OC-S SEHX5442OC-C SEHX5442OC-W SEHX6042OC-S SEHX6042OC-C SEHX6042OC-W SEHX6048OC-S SEHX6048OC-C SEHX6048OC-W SEHX6054OC-S SEHX6054OC-C SEHX6054OC-W SEHX6642OC-S SEHX6642OC-C SEHX6642OC-W SEHX6654OC-S SEHX6654OC-C SEHX6654OC-W SEHX6660OC-S SEHX6660OC-C SEHX6660OC-W SEHX7248OC-S SEHX7248OC-C SEHX7248OC-W SEHX7260OC-S SEHX7260OC-C SEHX7260OC-W SEHX7842OC-S SEHX7842OC-C SEHX7842OC-W SEHX8448OC-SSEHX8448OC-CSEHX8448OC-WWorkcenter FeetWorksurface DepthModel #24"FFK24-S FFK24-C FFK24-W 30"FFK30-S FFK30-C FFK30-W Dual DepthFFK2430 -S FFK2430 -C FFK2430 -W 24"SFK24-S SFK24-C SFK24-W 30"SFK30-S SFK30-C SFK30-W Dual DepthSFK2430-SSFK2430-CSFK2430-W Workcenter ControlsModel #Standard Switch STDSWITCHProgrammable SwitchPROSWITCHWorkcenter AccessoriesHeight Model#Bench Mount KitDesigned for mounting keyboard arms to Sierra HX Electric Workcenterswhere linear supports limit the availability of a flat mounting surface. Attaches between the underside of the worksurface and the keyboard arm track. Used for all installations of tracks greater than 17". ◆Fits all Workrite keyboard arms ◆Powered coated steel construction1.12"–1.5"BMK-1-BProducts listed on this page are available through GSA ContractGS-28F-0030S SIN #711-2 (Schedule 71)ADJUSTABLE HEIGHT WORKCENTERSSIERRA HX™ ELECTRIC FRAME SET©2014 Workrite Ergonomics, 2277 Pine View Way, Suite 100, Petaluma, CA 94954 800.959.96751400228-0814 Subject to change without notice.T3423–B33mm Edge BandHOW TO CONFIGURE YOUR WORKSURFACESelect a worksurface laminate & edgebandWorkrite’s standard laminated worksurface program features 19 popular Wilsonart® laminates with coordinating 3 mm edgeband options. For larger, more accurate swatches of available laminates, please refer to the Materials & Finishes tab of the Workrite binder. Special order worksurfacesAdditional Wilsonart laminates and edge treatments may be available through our Special Order Program. Special order laminates and edge treatments are subject to minimum order quantities and require extended lead times. See the Special Order information in the Materials & Finishes tab of the Workrite binder.A guide to the edge treatment model #Edge treatment part numbers consist of : Worksurface size Edge typeA guide to the laminate model #Laminate part numbers consist of : Laminate color Edgeband colorThe example shown is for a top in WildCherry with Rainier Cherry 3 mm edgeband.The example given is for a 34" wide, 23" deep rectangle that fits a 36" × 24" space, with 3 mm block edge0705460–152LaminatesDesigner White0D35460Black 0159560Fashion Gray0D38160Titanium EV0481060Silicon EV0481160Nickel EV0481360Tungsten EV0481460Canyon Zephyr0484260Misted Zephyr0484360Morro Zephyr0484660Shadow Zephyr0485760Wild Cherry0705460Beigewood0785060Monticello Maple0792538River Cherry0793738Skyline Walnut7964K12Kensington Maple 1077660Black (Woodgrain)1595K78Windsor Mahogany 0703960EdgebandDesigner White348Black300Folkstone004Shaker Gray026Pepperdust007Brownstone006Jute395Anchor Gray048Kodiak Brown089French Roast023Rainier Cherry152Beigewood250Candlelight Maple206River Cherry249Graphite008Sugar Maple153Windsor Mahogany151ADJUSTABLE HEIGHT WORKCENTERSWORKSURFACESProducts listed on this page are availablethrough GSA ContractGS-28F-0030S SIN #711-2 (Schedule 71)。
BIFMA G1-2002ERGONOMICS GUIDELINE FOR VDT (Visual Display Terminal)FURNITURE USED IN OFFICE WORK SPACESBIFMA InternationalDate: 28/FEB/2002© Copyright“Portions of material in this BIFMA publication are copyrighted by the International Organization for Standardization (‘ISO’) and are being reproduced from ISO 9241-5:1998 with permission of the American National Standards Institute on behalf of ISO. No part of this material may be copied or reproduced in any form, electronic retrieval system or otherwise or made available on the Internet, a public network, by satellite or otherwise without the prior written consent of the American National Standards Institure, 11 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036.”BIFMA G1-2002 ERGONOMICS GUIDELINE FOR VDT (Visual Display Terminal) FURNITUREUSED IN OFFICE WORK SPACESBIFMA InternationalDate: 28/FEB/2002© CopyrightTable of Contents Page FIGURES (3)TABLES (4)1FOREWORD (5)2SCOPE (6)3CONFORMANCE CRITERIA (6)4LIMITATIONS (7)5DEFINITIONS (8)6GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS (9)7THE WORK CHAIR (13)7.1S EAT H EIGHT (13)7.2S EAT D EPTH (16)7.3S EAT W IDTH (18)7.4S EAT P AN A NGLE (20)7.5B ACK S UPPORT (21)7.5.1Seat Backrest Height (21)7.5.2Backrest Width (22)7.5.3Lumbar Support (23)7.6M OVEMENTS OF THE S EAT P AN AND B ACK S UPPORT (25)7.7A RM S UPPORT (26)7.7.1Armrest Height (26)7.7.2Armrest Length (29)7.7.3Inside Distance Between Armrests (30)8WORK SURFACES (33)8.1C LEARANCES U NDER W ORK S URFACES FOR S EATED W ORK (34)8.1.1Height Clearance for Legs - Sitting (34)8.1.2Depth Clearance for Knees - Sitting (38)8.1.3Width Clearance for Thighs - Sitting (40)8.1.4Height Clearance at Foot Level - Sitting (42)8.1.5Depth Clearance at Foot Level - Sitting (44)8.2C LEARANCES U NDER W ORK S URFACES FOR S TANDING W ORK (48)8.2.1Height Clearance at Foot Level - Standing (48)8.2.2Depth Clearance at Foot Level - Standing (50)8.2.3Width Clearance at Foot Level - Standing (51)8.3S UPPORT S URFACE H EIGHTS FOR I NPUT D EVICES AND VDT S (54)8.3.1Support Surface Height for Input Devices - Sitting (54)8.3.2Support Surface Height for VDT - Sitting (59)8.3.3Support Surface Height for Input Devices - Standing (64)8.3.4Support Surface Height for VDT – Standing (66)8.4S UPPORT S URFACE D EPTH FOR VDT – S ITTING OR S TANDING (70)9ADDITIONAL RELEVANT INFORMATION (72)O THER R ELEVANT P RINCIPLES FROM ISO 9241-5 (72)R ELEVANT NATICK/TR-89/044 A NTHROPOMETRIC M EASUREMENTS (74)S UMMARY OF G UIDELINE FOR F URNITURE USED IN VDT W ORKSTATIONS – D IMENSIONS AND R ANGES (75)10RECOMMENDED READING (77)FiguresPage Figure 1 – CMD (BIFMA - Chair Measuring Device) (11)Figure 2 – Typical Working Postures (12)Figure 3 – Popliteal Height (14)Figure 4 – Buttock-Popliteal Length (16)Figure 5 – Hip Breadth, Sitting (18)Figure 6 – Waist Breadth (22)Figure 7 – Elbow Rest Height (27)Figure 8 – Hip Breadth, Sitting (31)Figure 9 – Thigh Clearance (34)Figure 10 – Popliteal Height (35)Figure 11 – Knee Height (35)Figure 12 – Buttock-Knee Length (38)Figure 13 – Abdominal Extension Depth (39)Figure 14 – Hip Breadth, Sitting (41)Figure 15 – Lateral Malleolus Height (43)Figure 16 – Buttock-Popliteal Length (45)Figure 17 – Foot Length (45)Figure 18 – Abdominal Extension Depth (46)Figure 19 – Seated Clearance Envelope Based on 95th Percentile Male Dimensions (48)Figure 20 – Lateral Malleolus Height (49)Figure 21 – Hip Breadth, Sitting (52)Figure 22 – Foot Clearance Envelope -- Standing Based on 95th Percentile Male Dimensions (53)Figure 23 – Thigh Clearance (55)Figure 24 – Popliteal Height (55)Figure 25 – Elbow Rest Height (56)Figure 26 – Forearm to Thigh Space (58)Figure 27 – Seated Viewing Angles (60)Figure 28 – Eye Height, Sitting (60)Figure 29 – Popliteal Height (61)Figure 30 – The ISO-Allowable Extremes for VDT Placement, and Variations of Monitor Size and User Dimensions - Sitting , Make a Recommendation for VDT Support Surface HeightImpractical (63)Figure 31 – Elbow Rest Height, Standing (64)Figure 32 – Standing Viewing Angles (67)Figure 33 – Eye Height, Standing (67)Figure 34 – The ISO-Allowable Extremes for VDT Placement, and Variations of Monitor Size and User Dimensions - Standing, Make a Recommendation for VDT Support Surface HeightImpractical (69)TablesPage Table 1Popliteal Height (14)Table 2Buttock-Popliteal Length (17)Table 3Hip Breadth, Sitting (19)Table 4Waist Breadth (23)Table 5Elbow Rest Height, Sitting (27)Table 6Hip Breadth, Sitting (31)Table 7Height Clearance for Thighs and Lower Legs (36)Table 8Height Clearance for Knees (36)Table 9Buttock-Knee Length Minus Abdominal Extension Depth (39)Table 10 Width Clearance for Thighs (41)Table 11Height Clearance at Foot Level (43)Table 12Depth Clearance at Foot Level (46)Table 13Height Clearance at Foot Level (49)Table 14Hip Breadth, Sitting (52)Table 15Calculated Input Device Support Surface Height (56)Table 16Elbow to Thigh Clearance (57)Table 17Eye Height, Sitting (From Floor) (61)Table 18Support Surface Height for Standing Work (65)Table 19Eye Height, Standing (68)Table 20Relevant NATICK/TR-89/044 Measurements (74)Table 21Summary of Guideline for Furniture used in VDT Workstations – Dimensions and Ranges (75)1ForewordThe Ergonomics Guideline for VDT (Visual Display Terminal) Furniture used in Office Work Spaces,referred to throughout this document as “the Guideline”,quotes the measurable ergonomics guiding principles and design requirements of the international standards published by the International Organization for Standardization, (ISO) 9241 Ergonomic Requirements for Office Work, Part 3: Visual Display Requirements (1992) and (ISO) 9241 Work Station Layout and Postural Requirements, Part 5 (1998).ISO 9241-3 and 9241-5 represent accepted principles for office ergonomics. They also provide guidance for evaluating workstation furniture that conforms to the body sizes of the working population. Because body sizes vary widely in different parts of the world, ISO 9241-3 and ISO 9241-5 do not provide specific dimensions for workstation components such as chairs and work surfaces.This Guideline also considered the dimensions and adjustment ranges as they appear in ANSI/HFS 100 (1988), CAN/CSA Z412 (2000) and CAN/CGSB 44-232 (1997) and 44-227 (1997). Where reference information is incomplete, conflicting or impractical, this Guideline suggests commonly used industry practices.The application of the concept of Fit, as defined by ISO 9241-5, 4.3, is the primary consideration of this Guideline:“Selection and design of furniture and equipment requires a fit to be achievedbetween a range of task requirements and the needs of users. The concept offit concerns the extent to which furniture and equipment (work chairs, worksurfaces, visual display units, input devices, etc.) can accommodate individualusers’ needs.Good fit is needed for the intended user population including users sharingworkstations and users with special needs, e.g. handicapped persons. Fit canbe accomplished by furniture built for a specified use (or user), or be providedin a range of sizes and forms or by adjustability and combinations thereof.Since, except under special circumstances, workstations cannot be custom-made for individual users, some alternative forms of ensuring a good fit arerequired. The extent to which the workstation provides a good fit between therequirements of users and their work should be of primary consideration.”2ScopeThe purpose of this Guideline is to provide guidance in applying some of the relevant measurable ergonomic principles and design requirements found in ISO 9241-3 and 9241-5 to the dimensions and adjustment ranges of components used in the design of work spaces utilized specifically for intensive VDT1 use in North America, using the anthropometric data provided in Natick/TR-89/044. Other tasks may require considerations not addressed in this Guideline.Proper application of ISO’s principles will enhance the performance and comfort of VDT users. The more intensive the VDT usage, the more important adherence to these principles becomes.This Guideline is intended for use by:•BIFMA Members, Furniture Dealers and their clients•Interior Designers/Architects/Specifiers/Industrial Designers•Facility and Material Managers•Purchasing Managers•Ergonomists•Testing Facilities•Other professionals involved in the design, manufacturing, specifying, qualifying, and purchasing of office furniture for VDT work spaces3Conformance CriteriaDesigning products to fit the 5th percentile female body dimensions to the 95th percentile male body dimensions will accommodate a large number of users. This Guideline attempts to achieve that objective.It is important, however, to realize that purchasing/designing furniture for the above range will not accommodate at least 5 percent of the users for any particular dimension. In order to accommodate users outside the 5th to 95th percentile ranges, it will most likely be necessary to purchase components that are not within that range. The practice of ergonomics requires fitting the work environment to the user. A furniture component that fits a particular user conforms to ISO and the recommendations in this Guideline, even if it does not conform to certain numerical ranges.1See definition of VDT work space.•The individual workspace dimensions recommended in this document are based on a single anthropometric database, Natick. The workspace dimensions are based on meeting the requirements of the relevant 5th percentile female through 95th percentile male body dimensions in an upright posture. Alternate postures may result in different dimensional requirements.•If the anthropometric dimensions of a particular user population can be estimated, it is preferable to utilize those dimensions to accommodate thatpopulation.•The application of ergonomic principles is broader than anthropometry, and workstation design should consider other aspects such as lighting, acoustics, heating and ventilation, and psycho-social aspects.•The application of ISO principles to specific user/workspace combinations may result in dimensional conflicts. The final criteria for determining whether anindividual user has been accommodated are the parameters given in theUltimate Test for Fit. Multiple product solutions may be required in order toaccommodate the entire user population.Note:Merriam-Webster dictionary definitions are used for terms in this Guideline unless otherwise defined in this section.armrests: “Support for the lower arms” (ISO 9241-5). For the purpose of this Guideline, armrests are attached to the chair.BIFMA International: Business and Institutional Furniture Manufacturer’s Association, a not-for-profit trade association of furniture manufacturers and suppliers.CGSB: Canadian General Standards Board, a Canadian governmental agency that produces voluntary standards in a wide range of subject areas through standards committees and the consensus process.CMD: The BIFMA Chair Measuring Device used for the measurement of seating products.CMD-1 Chair Measurement Procedure: A universal procedure for the BIFMA Chair Measuring Device.CSA: Canadian Standards Association, also known as CSA International, a voluntary membership association engaged in standards development and certification activities.HFES: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, the principal association of ergonomists in the United States.input device:“User controlled device that transmits information to a system” (ISO 9241-9).ISO: International Organization for Standardization, a worldwide federation of national standards bodies.Natick report: The 1987-88 anthropometric survey of Army personnel prepared for the United States Army Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center in Natick, Massachusetts. (Technical Report Natick/TR-89/044)support surface: See “work surface”.VDT (Visual Display Terminal): For the purposes of this Guideline, a VDT may include a central processor unit, display, and/or input devices. This does not include the category of portable computers typically referred to as “lap top” computers with the display and input device integral to the same unit.VDT work space: The portion of a workstation dedicated to intensive VDT use. Typically, these work spaces are comprised of seating, VDT support surfaces, input device support surfaces, etc. VDT intensive use may include tasks such as CAD design, word processing, graphic design, data entry and telemarketing.workstation: A group of furniture items and components where a person performs work.work surface: Surface on which equipment and task materials are used.(Defined in ISO 9241-5 as “worksurface”.)6General ConsiderationsAnthropometric Data SourceData relating to body sizes of the user population are taken from the standard and derived measurements published in Technical Report Natick/TR-89/044 by the United States Army Natick Research Development and Engineering Center (Natick). Copies of the Natick report may be obtained from the National Technical Information Service using accession number AD A225 094.All Natick data, quoted text and relevant body dimensions (measurements and diagrams) used throughout this Guideline, unless otherwise noted, are from the following Natick source:Claire C. Gordon, Thomas Churchill, Charles E. Clauser, BruceBradtmiller, John T. McConville, Ilse Tebbetts and Robert A. Walker(1989). 1988 Anthropometic Survey of US Army Personnel:Methods and Summary Statistics. NATICK/TR-89/044. Natick, MA:US Army Natick Research, Development, and Engineering Center.(AD A225 094)While the population measured by Natick does not precisely reflect the actual office working population of North America, it is the most encompassing set of measurements available at this time. The measurements are consistent with the anthropometric measurements described in ISO 7250: Basic Human Body Measurements for Technological Design. If another database is available, or has been developed for a particular population, the user of this Guideline is encouraged to apply such information. The Ultimate Test(s) for Fit suggested by this Guideline can be applied universally.The posture and measurement diagrams used throughout this document are for anthropometric measurements and illustrative purposes only. They are not necessarily meant to represent preferred or recommended postures.Some dimensions used in this document were derived by adding and/or subtracting anthropometric dimensions within subjects. That procedure adds and/or subtracts anthropometric dimensions for each subject contained in the Natick data base, and then calculates a mean for the new dimension. Percentiles are calculated using the means and standard deviations for the derived dimensions. That method produces more accurate dimensions than simply adding and/or subtracting percentile dimensions in the published Natick tables, which is between subject groups.Guideline LayoutThe sections of this Guideline pertaining to the ergonomic recommendations are presented in the following format:•Section Title•ISO Related Quote and Reference*•Relevant Body Dimension- What is it and how is it measured**- Relevant NATICK/TR-89/044 Data•Why is Parameter “x” (for example, Seat Height) Important•Discussion•Recommended Dimensions/Ranges•Ultimate Test for Fit for the Individual User* All ISO 9241 text quoted throughout this Guideline is italicized.** NATICK/TR-89/044 references used are in quotation marks only.Chair MeasurementThe chair dimensions provided in this Guideline are obtained using the BIFMA Chair Measuring Device (CMD)® BIFMA/CMD-1 (see Figure 1) and the Universal Measurement Procedure©. . The definitions used in the BIFMA Universal Measurement Procedure relating to product dimensions and adjustment ranges are applicable throughout this Guideline.Figure 1 – CMD (BIFMA - Chair Measuring Device)The BIFMA CMD ©has a weight of 45.5 kg (100 lb.).There are other similar devices that are used to determine such measurements. These devices have many differences, including the use of different weights, which may cause differences in the measurements. Therefore, these devices cannot be used in the application of this guideline.Work Surface Measurement ToleranceTolerance, unless otherwise specified, shall be:•Linear measurements, ± 1.5 mm (1/16 in.),Working PosturesWhile the Natick body dimensions are generally taken from upright postures, there is no uniquely correct working posture that would fit any user for an extended period of time and/or accommodate every personal working habit. The dimensions given in this Guideline consider these generally upright postures only. Other dimensions may be acceptable if other postures are assumed.Figure 2 – Typical Working PosturesSome typical working postures (based on seat pan angle) include:−Rearward Tilt (positive seat pan angle)−Upright (near horizontal seat pan)−Forward Tilt (negative seat pan angle)−Standing−Alternating between sitting and standingAll of these working postures are acceptable as long as the concept of fit is given proper consideration. ISO principles suggest that movement within and among these and other postures be encouraged.7The Work ChairSitting Postures (ISO 9241-5, 5.2.2)“The purpose of well-designed seating is to provide stable support which allowsmovement, comfort, and task accomplishment.”General Considerations (ISO 9241-5, 5.5.1)“The purpose of good seating is to provide stable body support in a dynamicposture which is comfortable over a period of time, physiologically satisfactory and appropriate to the task or activity which is to be performed.”7.1Seat HeightSeat Height (ISO 9241-5, 5.5.2.2)“The appropriate seat height for a user for sitting in the upright position is thepopliteal height plus the thickness of footwear. Work chairs designed toaccommodate a specified user population shall achieve fit for the range suitablefor the intended user population. This range can be covered by applying theconcept of fit.”“Within a selected range of adjustability, the seat height shall be user adjustable.”Relevant Body Dimension: Popliteal HeightWhat is Popliteal Height and How is it Measured?Popliteal Height is “the vertical distance from a footrest surface to the back of the right knee (the dorsal juncture of the right calf and thigh), [and] is measured withan anthropometer. The subject sits with the thighs parallel, the feet in line with the thighs, and the knees flexed 90 degrees.”Figure 3 – Popliteal HeightNATICK/TR-89/044 Supporting Information:Table 1 Popliteal HeightFemale Malecm inches cm inches 5th Percentile Popliteal Height35.1313.8339.4615.53Plus Shoe Allowance* 3.00 1.18 3.00 1.18Resulting Height38.1315.0142.4616.7195th Percentile Popliteal Height42.9416.9147.6318.75Plus Shoe Allowance* 3.00 1.18 3.00 1.18Resulting Height45.9418.0950.6319.93*No Natick guidance is available for shoe allowance. ISO 9241-5, Table A1suggests 30 mm (1.2 in.).Why is Seat Height Important?Proper seat height(s) ensure the comfort of the lower limbs by avoiding pressure on the underside of the thigh caused by a seat pan that is too high, or decreased thigh-to-torso angle if the seat pan is too low. Seat height is also important insetting the hand position and, given that it dictates sitting eye height, is a criticalfactor in determining the line of sight.DiscussionTable 1 indicates that a 12.5 cm (4.9 in.) adjustment range from 38.1 cm (15.0 in.) to 50.6 cm (19.9 in.) will accommodate from the 5th percentile female to the 95thpercentile male popliteal height.Mechanical restrictions in the design of height adjustment mechanisms oftenmake the 12.5 cm (4.9 in.) range difficult to achieve. When attempting to fit alarge group of users, it may be necessary to consider multiple chairs, therebyproviding more than one range of height adjustability.For example:−One chair with a 6.9 cm (2.7 in.) seat height adjustment range from 38.1 cm (15.0 in.) to 45.0 cm (17.7 in.) will accommodate the 5th through the 90thpercentile female and up to the 30th percentile male popliteal heights.− A second chair with a range of 9.0 cm (3.5 in.) from 41.6 cm (16.4 in.) to50.6 cm (19.9 in.) will accommodate the 45th percentile female through the95th percentile male popliteal heights.−When combined, those two chair height adjustment ranges accommodate the 5th percentile female to the 95th percentile male popliteal heights.The range of seat height adjustment needs to cater to the intended userpopulation. Allowances should be made for footwear and variations in sittingpostures. A footrest is necessary in cases where the work chair height is to be set in a position which does not allow a VDT user’s feet to rest flat on the floor. (ISO9241-5, 5.6.2) The use of a footrest may restrict postural changes. Recommendation for Seat HeightA chair, or combination of chairs, with a minimum seat height range from 38.1 cm(15.0 in.) to 50.6 cm (19.9 in.) is recommended.Ultimate Test for Fit for the Individual UserUsers should be able to sit with their feet comfortably on the floor or footrestwithout undue pressure on the underside of the thighs. The thigh-to-torso angleshould not be less than 90°.7.2Seat DepthSeat Depth (ISO 9241-5, 5.5.2.3)“The fit for seat depth is achieved if the depth is less than the buttock-popliteallength of the user. Work chairs designed to accommodate a specified userpopulation can achieve fit by either adjustability or by using different sizes of theseat pan for the range suitable for the intended user population.”“Adjustable seat depth can be achieved either by adjusting the back rest inrelation to the seat or by moving the seat pan in relation to the back rest. If theseat depth is fixed, priority should be given to proper back support since properback support is more important than the support of the whole length of the thighs.”Relevant Body Dimension:Buttock-Popliteal LengthWhat is Buttock-Popliteal Length and How is it Measured?Buttock-Popliteal Length is “the horizontal distance between a buttock plateplaced at the most posterior point on either buttock and the back of the right knee (the popliteal fossa at the dorsal juncture of the calf and thigh) [and] is measured with an anthropometer. The subject sits erect. The thighs are parallel and theknees flexed 90 degrees with the feet in line with the thighs.”Figure 4 – Buttock-Popliteal LengthNATICK/TR-89/044 Supporting Information:Table 2 Buttock-Popliteal LengthFemale Malecm inches cm inches 5th Percentile Buttock-Popliteal44.0017.3245.8118.04LengthMinus Clearance Allowance*-1.00-0.39-1.00-0.39Resulting Length43.0016.9344.8117.6595th Percentile Buttock-Popliteal52.7720.7854.5521.48LengthMinus Clearance Allowance*-1.00-0.39-1.00-0.39Resulting Length51.7720.3953.5521.09* See DiscussionWhy is Seat Depth Important?An adequate seat depth supports the thighs and allows the user to sit back farenough to use the lower portion of the backrest without creating pressure on the back of the knees.DiscussionTable 2 indicates that after applying a clearance allowance of 1.0 cm (0.4 in.) to prevent the back of the knees from contacting the seat, a seat no deeper than43.0 cm (16.9 in.) will fit the 5th percentile female and all users with a longerbuttock-popliteal length. While that dimension will provide full thigh support for smaller users, users with long thighs may prefer a deeper seat. This isacceptable; however, if the seat depth is greater than 43.0 cm (16.9 in.), onlyusers with longer thighs will be able to properly utilize the back support. Oneshould keep in mind that “back support is more important than the support of the whole length of the thighs” (ISO 5.5.2.3). A seat cushion with a waterfall front or declining front edge will significantly reduce compression on the back of theknees.Recommendation for Seat DepthFor chairs with fixed seat depth, the depth should not be deeper than 43.0 cm(16.9 in.) to accommodate the 5th percentile female buttock-popliteal length.For adjustable seat depth chairs, the adjustment range should include a seatdepth of 43.0 cm (16.9 in.) or less.Ultimate Test for Fit for the Individual UserUsers should be able to sit in the chair without undue pressure against the back of the knees, with their back properly supported by the backrest and with adequate buttock and thigh support.7.3Seat WidthSeat Width (ISO 9241-5, 5.5.2.4)“For seat width, fit is achieved when the seat width is wider than the width of thehips.”Relevant Body Dimension: Hip Breadth, SittingWhat is Hip Breadth, Sitting and How is it Measured?Hip Breadth, Sitting is “the distance between the lateral points of the hips or thighs (whichever are broader) [and] is measured with a beam caliper. The subject sits erect with the feet and knees together.”Figure 5 – Hip Breadth, SittingNATICK/TR-89/044 Supporting Information:Table 3 Hip Breadth, SittingFemale Malecm inches cm inches 5th Percentile34.2513.4832.8712.94Hip Breadth, SittingPlus Clothing Allowance* 2.500.98 2.500.98Resulting Breadth36.7514.4635.3713.9295th Percentile43.2217.0241.1616.20Hip Breadth, SittingPlus Clothing Allowance* 2.500.98 2.500.98Resulting Breadth45.7218.0043.6617.18* See DiscussionWhy is Seat Width Important?Adequate seat width allows users to adjust their posture. If the seat pan is toonarrow, undue pressure to the thighs will occur which can restrict blood flow andcause discomfort.DiscussionTable 3 indicates that when an allowance of 2.5 cm (1.0 in.) for clothing is added to the actual Hip Breadth measurement, a seat cushion of no less than 45.7 cm(18.0 in.) should fit all users to the 95th percentile female hip breadth (which iswider than the 95th percentile male hip breadth). Generally, seats wider than the user’s hip breadth are desirable. Seats narrower than the user’s hip breadth may not provide an adequate support surface and, if the chair has armrests, willcompromise getting into and out of the chair. The 45.7 cm (18.0 in.) seat widthwill not allow as much movement for 95th percentile hip breadths as it will for users with narrower hip breadths.Recommendation for Seat WidthSeat widths should be no less than 45.7 cm (18.0 in.).Ultimate Test for Fit for the Individual UserThe seat should be wider than the hip breadth of the user to allow space formovement and clothing. The seat width should not limit the ability to comfortablyuse the armrests (see section 7.7.3 Inside Distance Between Armrests).7.4Seat Pan AngleSeat Angle (ISO 9241-5, 5.5.3.2 )“The seat angle should allow users to vary their posture forward and backward.”“Seats may be designed with a fixed or adjustable seat angle. Adjustable seatpans may incorporate a forward as well as a rearward tilt.”Relevant Body Dimension: Not applicableNATICK/TR-89/044 Supporting Information:None availableWhy is Seat Pan Angle Important?Appropriate seat pan angles provide the user with adequate support in variousseated working postures.DiscussionExcessive forward seat pan angle may cause users to slide out of the seat, orshift too much weight to their feet resulting in prolonged static loading of legmuscles. If rearward tilting of the seat is accompanied by an excessive rise in its front edge, it may not allow users to keep their feet firmly on the floor or footrest.Without the ability to keep their feet firmly on the floor, the user may experienceexcessive pressure under the thighs.Recommendation for Seat Pan AngleIndustry practice suggests that the seat pan angle, if fixed, should fall within arange from 0° (horizontal) to 4° rearward. If adjustable rearward, forward or both, the seat pan angle adjustment should include some part of the range from 0°(horizontal) to 4° rearward.Ultimate Test for Fit for the Individual UserThe angle of the seat pan should allow the user to support their feet on the floor or footrest. Seat pan angles should not cause the user’s torso-to-thigh angle to beless than 90°. Forward seat pan angles should not cause users to shift excessive weight to their feet or experience the sensation of sliding out of the chair.。
