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Analysis of Interpretation’s ResearchingAbstract: Interpretation plays a very important role in interlingual and intercultural communications. However, the study of interpretation has long been ignored. This paper introduces main interpretation research centers and their publications, provides some coping tactics of interpreting, and gives some suggestions on how to become a competent interpreter, so as to enhance the role of interpretation as the bridge between different languages and cultures.Key words: interpretation study; interpretation research centers；problems; coping tactics; suggestions1.IntroductionInterpretation is a communicative process which faithfully and orally transfers the information from one language to another . We are living in a world featured with increasing intercultural communication, and interpretation serves as an effective role to bridge the language and cultural gap. As a phenomenon or an activity, interpretation has a long history, dating back to the early period of human society, but researches on it have long been ignored.This paper consists of five parts, including the introduction and the conclusion. The first part serves as the introduction, which gives anoverall view of this paper. The second part presents a literature review of interpretation studies by introducing main interpretation research centers and their publications. The third part is a tentative study of coping tactics for interpreters. The fourth part provides some suggestions on how to be a competent interpreter. The last part serves as the conclusion.2.Main interpretation research centers and their publicationsOver the last few decades, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of publications on interpretation. A few centers which have a great influence in the contemporary history of interpreting research have been formed. Their present activity is particularly noteworthy. This section introduces the main research centers in which interpreting literature is published.Historically, Europe was the first and understandably the largest center of interpreting activity. Its interpreting schools are the oldest, most numerous, and best known worldwide.The Geneva school was the largest European center in the 1950s. It produced in particular two books on interpreting, Herbert(1952) and Rozan(1956), which have become classics and are still used by many instructors. This applies in particular to Rozan’s explanation of the principles of note-taking. ETI, the translation and interpretation school of the University of Geneva which is more than 50 years old, is very activein interpreting training and publishes a journal, Parallels, but has engaged in very little interpreting research since the 1960s. Some of its teachers, though, have produced remarkable papers on teaching, in particular of conference interpretation.France is another large center of academic activity and a major source of interpretation literature on training. Seleskovitch, Lederer, Dejean Le Feal, Maillot, and Durieux are representative figures. Many French authors are conference interpreters and have been vocal advocates of a philosophy of translation based on meaning in context (“le sens”), in which language specific aspects are virtually ignored.Italy has become a very important interpretation research center in recent times. In 1986, the Scuola Superiore per Interpreti e Traduttori of the Universita degli studi di Trieste convened a large symposium on interpretation, including the publication of the proceedings of the meeting, a book on empirical studies in interpreting, and a yearly interpretation research journal, The Interpreter’s Newsletter, which was an influential research journal in the field of interpretation studies.Vienna is the headquarter of INFOTERM. There is also much interpreting theorizing activity in German-speaking countries. Well known authors include de Beaugrande, M. Bowen, Buhler, Kirchhoff, Kurz, Moser, Neubert, Reiss, Snell-Hornby, Vermeer, and Wilss.Scandinavia is another active European center of interpretationresearch. In particular, the periodic Scandinavian Symposia on Translation Theory (SSOTT)，have started to attract the attention of outsiders to the region, and the University of Savonlinna has also been publishing work focusing on empirical research. Elsinorem Denmark, has hosted a series of Language Internationa l Conference on interpreting training.There is also training literature from other European countries, in particular Belgium, Spain, and the United Kingdom. British literature tends to be more practical than literature originating from other European countries.3.The history and present situation of interpreting research3.1 The history of interpreting researchLooking at the recent interpretation of research results,Looking at the recent interpretation of research results, interpretation of the definition of a representative study has:Hu Gengshen think Interpretation is the verbal equivalent information converted from one language to another language in the process, the fundamental purpose is to make the communication between two or more parties to be able to understand each other impromptu;Tak Ming believes that interpretation is an essential tool for human language communication in cross-cultural, cross-ethnic communication activities and humans depend on it.Domesticscholars interpreting the characteristics of similar content, the focus will emphasize interpretation "accurate, smooth, fast."Interpretation is timely, disposable independently of (oral) translation.Wang Jinbo, Wang Yan in the textbook interpretation discussed prospects summarizes the characteristics of interpretation in the textbook interpretation.It is :real-time, dynamic, tech nature.Process of interpretation can be divided into three parts: understanding, conversion, expression. Chen Jing think must be done while listening to an interpreter in a limited time, analysis, memory and task expression.Good psychological quality is an important guarantee for interpreters to do interpretation, resourcefulness helps to play live interpreter, an important factor in interpreting psychological disorders often fail.Fang pointed out in robust interpretation of the work of the Central Standing Committee to meet a wide range of problems, which requires that he must have the ability to respond and cope with the associated method to understand.For example, in various occasions simple translation, translation complement other methods. Exploration on the interpretation fewer language style in this regard.Hu Gengshen proposed interpretation is also the existence of a stylistic identification with peer conversion, spoken addition to and written to distinguish the stylistic features, such as multi-use short words, the use of the clause and less word and other features, as well as from the solemn formal deliberations, such as casual to intimate five differentgenre.In recent years, studies on the evaluation of the quality of interpretation gradually increased, mainly divided into theoretical and empirical research.From the point of view of theoretical research are: Hu Gengshen explore interpreters effect evaluation method, and proposed a "trust" model law; Ino Tsuyoshi prepared "interpretation contest evaluation form"; Cai Xiaohong, Fang Fan Quan made affect the quality of interpretation and evaluation of various factors Relations theoretical assumptions.Research on the interpretation technique is actually a summary of the practical experience of the interpreters.In recent years, a lot of skill research, reflecting the people to sum up experience and improve the quality of interpretation of attention, scholars interpreting comprehensive study is also no shortage of skills.Hu discusses the techniques used in conjunction system when repeated words summed up the four treatment methods:"change translation", "Jane Translation", "provincial Translation", and "translation and text side by side.Bell said hole emphasized interpreters ability to understand issues, language problems title (bilingual proficiency involved), knowledge of the problem (with a broad range of knowledge).Simultaneous and consecutive interpreting domestic research skills more, for example, Huang Tian, Guo red through research that, along literal sentence under the guidance of relevance theory, prediction reasoning, interpretive translation and simplifiedtranslation may well be an effective way to translate the same pass.Li Changshuan think there is a general principle of simultaneous interpretation:get along and translation.Chinese scholars study IT skills mainly from the translator's subjectivity of interpretation aspects, for example, Liu Fuxiang thinks interpreter should be considered pre-service rehearsal relevant technical expertise; between post study while working; timely summary of the post.Lvshi Sheng think technology should be used for the purpose of language translation of strategy, technology-related features more obvious interpretation, the use of language for the purpose of this strategy is easier to accept.Zhu Junsong emphasize the interpretation of science and technology should pay attention to objectivity, so that to understand the narrative clearly, concise and accurate words to make sentences.3. 2 Present situation of interpreting researchSince 2004 the Institute held outside the high turn since the Fifth Conference interpreters, interpreting profession and the emergence of many new changes.In several years, there are many institutions and organizations have carried out an interpreter training course; lot of specialized training through interpreters into the community, to improve the overall quality of interpreters.Interpreting market unprecedented prosperity and began doctoral students engaged in the direction of interpretation.China Translation and Publishing Corporation has been alot of influence "translation theory and practice books" from 2005 onwards introduced Liu Heping editor of "interpreting research volume," including Bao Gang "Interpreting overview of the theory," Liu peaceful "Interpreting Theory and Teaching "and Yangcheng Shu's" Interpreting teaching: Theory and Practice. "These three theories monograph represents the latest research results of domestic interpretation.4.Problem and Prospect of interpretation4.1 Problems of interpretation researchInterpretation in China has some problems.First, the theory of interpretation lag.Theoretical study of Chinese interpreters whole is still very weak, more single type of research, mostly confined to a limited number of interpreters to explore the experience of teaching and practice type.Mostly research are theoretical research, strategy and skill as an interpreter to convert the introduction and conclusion, and the principles of interpreting teaching and training content and methods.Rare events and the actual process of interpreting objective descriptive study, while pure research to explore the process of interpretation is less deep.Then,the research level, the introductory track or directly applied research mostly, rarely both theory or idea development and innovation.Second, interpreting scientific research methods is not enough.Currently, the study of Chinese interpreters more or discuss methodological research ontheoretical arguments or interpreters contend level, interdisciplinary research really actually commenced, especially with empirical research objective empirical data to support rare.Also,interdisciplinary reference level is low, mostly simply apply the concepts and theories from other disciplines to explain the phenomenon of interpretation, with little practical interpretation of interpreters with specific activities in-depth analysis and description of the material in an objective interpretation of the relevant theory or thinking to empirical verification, correction or innovation is even more rare.Third, the limitations of a single interpretation of the research team. Chinese interpreters research team is now all-university teaching or research staff of foreign language education background, people paid little attention to research in other disciplines interpretation. Although they have good language base, some staff have a wealth of experience in interpreting the practice or teaching, but basically no specialized knowledge of other disciplines of learning or training, especially the lack of training and exercise systems research methods.4.2 Problems in interpretation:problem of listeningFor most people,they are not good listeners.Mary Munter propose the theory of 75% loss.Bob Lamons also believes in that our ratio of listening usually are 25% or even less.We can only remember about 50% of what we just listen in 10 minutes conversation,and then we will forget50% 0f others after 48 hours.Although interpretation is a special communicative process, interpreters can not concentrate all the time.Because we need to listen to dedicate highly concentrated, and the whole process of listening, we will encounter a variety of obstacles4.3 Prospect of interpretationFirst, to study the dynamic process of interpretation so that scientize the interpreting research. As a communicative activity,interpretation is always in dynamic among the communicative environment, themes and communicative objects such as constantly changing, and changing the human brain mechanisms have proved fundamentally an interpreter to explain the paradigm shift mechanism, the process of interpretation must be carried out dynamic studies. Interpreters should do scientific research and should be a static to a dynamic research direction.To make the interpretation of the dynamic process of descriptive studies, empirical research methods should be based, so to get out of the research stage interpreting studies of lessons learned into the real scientific research phase.Second, drawing on the results and methods related disciplines, so that specialized interpreting research.From the perspective of disciplines, the study of interpretation should be interdisciplinary research.Interpreting from the study abroad, study interdisciplinary interpretation has obvious characteristics can fully draw on the research results and methods of cognitive science, psychology,linguistics, translation studies and other related disciplines.Third, to broaden their horizons, enrich interpreting the study.Under the new situation, interpreting various community activities, as well as new forms of interpretation due to the emergence of new technologies in the country is bound to become more common, these new ways of interpreting bound in standards, quality, fidelity interpreter role on key issues such as the study of a series of new challenges for interpreters, but also make the teaching of interpretation facing new tasks, worthy of our attention, in-depth discussion and research.5. Coping tactics in interpretationCoping tactics are very fundamental practical skills in interpreting. In spite of interpreter’s preparations, problems do arise in interpreting situations because of processing capacity limitations, errors in processing capacity management, and gaps in the interpreters’Knowledge Base. Many of these problems can be said to be unavoidable. When interpreters are aware of such problems, they tend to use a set of tactics to limit their impact. This part attempts to provide a list of basic coping tactics for a general view of the issue, which apply to a large extent to simultaneous interpretation. They can also be used in consecutive interpreting except for a few differences.5.1 Reconstructing the segment with the help of contextWhen interpreters have not properly heard or understand a technical term, name number, or other type of speech segment, they can try to reconstruct it in their mind using their knowledge of the language, the subject, and the situation, in other words, their extralinguistic knowledge.If successful, reconstruction can result in full recovery of the information. However, it may entail some waiting until more information is available and require considerable time and processing capacity. It is associated with a high risk of saturation and individual deficits. Therefore, reconstruction from the context can not be considered as a high-priority tactic.5.2 Using the boothmate’s helpTheoretically, in simultaneous interpretation there are at least two interpreters in the booth at all times. One is active who produces a target language speech, while the other is passive who listens but not speaks. The passive colleague, who can devote full attention to listening, has a better chance of understanding difficult speech segments than the active interpreter, whose processing capacity is being shared by other efforts. Moreover, on the production side, the passive interpreter can consult a glossary or another document, which takes up much time and processing capacity, and then give the information to the active colleague, generally in writing. The presence of a passive interpreter in the booth is therefore amajor asset to the active interpreter.First,the physical interference .Interpreters are often due to environmental noise, temporary hearing weakened, information overload, the speaker of expression, and many physical factors weaken the ability to answer.Second,interference of value orientation.Due to the different personal frame of reference, it is possible according to their own interpreters values orientation,ideas, ethics, personal experiences and misunderstood in his primitive sense to express the speaker.Third,poor notes.Interpreter’s notes are an skill that essential but difficult to grasp better.If interpreters notes on some of the details,it will inevitably lead to an interpreter can not grasp the key frame of speakers, which can not fully translated.Fourth, preconceptions.When we are interpreting,especially in simultaneous interpretation,we actively promote training simultaneous predictive power, but the forecast is not most important in listening of Business Interpretation.6. Suggestions for interpretersIn interpretation, the interpreter is a key role and stands in the center of the interlingual and intercultural communicative activity. As we know, a good interpreter should be equipped with good hearing, speaking, writing and reading ability. Some suggestions and requisites for interpreters are summed up here.Firstly, the interpreter should possess high level of linguistic proficiency. He should be at home in the two languages concerned and quite familiar with their characteristics, similarities and differences .The interpreter should have a good command of a large quantity of vocabulary of the language, involving the related as well as unrelated fields in interpretation.Secondly, the interpreter should have abundant knowledge. An interpreter is supposed to be a “walking encyclopedia”. The interpreting process is largely dependent on interpreter’s encyclopedic knowledge which is stored in his cognitive environments for interpretation. The more knowledge the interpreter shares with communicators, the better he will do the job. It is impossible for the interpreter to possess all the knowledge in the world, but he is supposed to know everything of something and something of everything.Thirdly, a bi-cultural vision is indispensable to an interpreter. He should be aware of the possible cultural diversities in the speech and know how to remove these cultural difficulties effectively. As a cultural mediator, he or she will need to be a specialist in negotiating understanding between cultures .Fourthly,paying attention to your partner.Interpreters should pay attention to the other side rather than their own, self-centered to avoid problems.Good translator must learn generosity, not every speaker iswell-trained, do not find fault with other people's mistakes, not to interrupt their speeches, said the focus on the main content.Then,don’t make false assumptions.This is also closely related with the self-centered,and related to each person's values and preconceptions habits.Many errors in interpretation are because of listening to false assumptions.Notice others’emotion when you are listening the facts.Interpreters not only to listen to the information, and sometimes should also pay attention to the emotional spokesperson, otherwise it would not easy to deal with.Sometimes speakers just need to vent;Sometimes the speaker wants to have a chance to fully express themselves, "win" or "lose" may not be important;Sometimes there may be some speakers can not say export purposes.So,to avoid errors, interpreters should carefully observe each other emotions: attention to its tone, facial expressions and body languageFinally, the interpreter should keep on learning. He has to make every effort to keep abreast of linguistic, cultural, and social development through the media and the internet. He should listen carefully to how language is used by native speakers from different countries and note their use of words and expressions. He should also learn much about different specialized topics such as economics, law and technology, and develop deeply into the one he interprets.7. ConclusionInterpretation plays a very important role in interlingual and intercultural communication. With China’s opening to the outside world and its entry into WTO, the demand for interpreters has increased dramatically. However, interpreting is by no means an easy job. This paper presents an overview of interpretation studies in recent years by introducing main interpretation research centers and their publications, provides some coping tactics of interpreting, and gives some suggestions on how to become a competent interpreter. 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