Three-Dimensional Micro-Channel Fabrication in Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Elastomer

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A method of production of a water spiny composite nonwoven fabric225, a kind of water thorn compound nonwoven fabric and its production method226. A four-layer composite non-woven fabric and its production methods227, a special non-woven fabric and its production processThe production method of a natural aromatic plant fiber with slow - release aroma229, a nonwoven fabricA non-woven fabric forming machine231, a non-woven machine 2The preparation method of a nonwoven fabric233. A non-woven fabric folding machineA manufacturing method for non-woven paper235. A medical photographic background with nonwoven fabricsA method and equipment for producing nonwoven fabrics using a moving velocity of a felt sheet that reduces compressionA type of airflow that is used to produce nonwoven fabric238. A rotary screen printing non-woven fabric and production methodA tool for simulating the effect of Chinese painting on textiles and nonwoven fabrics240. 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The method of using nylon net and non-woven fabric fixed matrix on the steep slopeA device and method for spinning and laying synthetic yarns to produce nonwoven fabricsNon-woven fabrics used for synthetic leather and artificial leather, its production methods, and products manufacturedA combination of formaldehyde used for nonwoven fabrics250, for non-woven skin lotion251 non-woven fabric used to make protective clothing for interpurificationNon-woven fabrics made of hot glue or fiber253, down and no spinning254, far-infrared ceramics nonwoven fabrics255. Cultivation of non-woven blankets and methods for the production of lawn blankets and green roofsA method for manufacturing non-woven silver and anti-bacterial composite nonwoven fabrics257. The acupuncture nonwoven fabricThe pearl net is spineless259. Pearl net water spiny nonwoven 2260 silk cotton non-woven fabrics261. Paper, composite cloth and non-woven fabric breathable processing equipment262. Methods and equipment for making non-woven fabrics263 manufacturing a non-woven method and device for producing a filter rod。

METHODSThe Development of Flow-through Bio-Catalyst Microreactors from Silica Micro Structured Fibers for Lipid TransformationsSabiqah Tuan Anuar •Carla Villegas •Samuel M.Mugo •Jonathan M.CurtisReceived:10August 2010/Accepted:22December 2010/Published online:13February 2011ÓAOCS 2011Abstract This study demonstrates the utility of a flow-through enzyme immobilized silica microreactor for lipid transformations.A silica micro structured fiber (MSF)consisting of 168channels of internal diameter 4–5l m provided a large surface area for the covalent immobiliza-tion of Candida antartica lipase.The specific activity of the immobilized lipase was determined by hydrolysis of p -nitrophenyl butyrate and calculated to be 0.81U/mg.The catalytic performance of the lipase microreactor was dem-onstrated by the efficient ethanolysis of canola oil.The parameters affecting the performance of the MSF microre-actor,including temperature and reaction flow rate,were investigated.Characterization of the lipid products exiting the microreactor was performed by non-aqueous reversed-phased liquid chromatography (NARP-LC)with evapora-tive light scattering detector (ELSD)and by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC 9GC).Under optimized conditions of 1l L/min flow rate of 5mg/mLtrioleoylglycerol (TO)in ethanol and 50°C reaction tem-perature,2-monooleoylglycerol was the main product at [90%reaction yield.The regioselectivity of the Candida antartica lipase immobilized MSF microreactor in the presence of ethanol was found to be comparable to that obtained under conventional conditions.The ability of these reusable flow-through microreactors to regioselectively form monoacylglycerides in high yield from triacylglyce-rides demonstrate their potential use in small-scale lipid transformations or analytical lipids profiling.Keywords Microreactor ÁMicro structured fiber ÁLipid transformation ÁImmobilized enzymeAbbreviations APTES 3-(Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane DAG Diacylglycerol DO Dioleoylglycerol EE Ethyl oleate/C18:1ethyl ester ELSD Evaporative light scattering detector FID Flame ionization detectorGC 9GC Comprehensive two-dimensional gaschromatographyHPLC High performance liquid chromatography MAG Monoacylglycerol MO Monooleoylglycerol MSF Micro structured fiberNARP-LC Non-aqueous reversed-phased liquidchromatographyPCF Photonic crystal fibers PDMS Poly-dimethylsiloxane PMMA Poly(methyl-methacrylate)p NP p -Nitrophenol p NPB p -Nitrophenyl butyrate SEM Scanning electron microscopeS.Tuan Anuar ÁC.Villegas ÁJ.M.Curtis (&)Lipid Chemistry Group,Department of Agricultural,Food and Nutritional Science (AFNS),University of Alberta,Edmonton,AB T6G 2P5,Canada e-mail:jcurtis1@ualberta.caS.Tuan AnuarDepartment of Chemistry,Universiti Malaysia Terengganu,21030Terengganu,MalaysiaS.M.MugoDepartment of Physical Sciences (Chemistry),Grant MacEwan University,Edmonton,AB T5J 4S2,CanadaJ.M.CurtisLipid Chemistry Group and LiPRA,AFNS,University of Alberta,Edmonton,AB T6G 2P5,CanadaLipids (2011)46:545–555DOI 10.1007/s11745-010-3522-0TAG TriacylglycerolTO TrioleoylglycerolU Unit of lipase activityIntroductionRecently,microreactor technologies have gained attention for their application in clinical diagnostics,analytical and synthetic chemistry[1–3].For example,Kawaguchi et al.[4]have successfully demonstrated the use of aflow-system microreactor for the Moffatt–Swern oxidation of alcohols into carbonyl compounds.A microreactor inte-grates various chemical or analytical processes into a single platform made up of reaction channels in the micrometer (50–1,000l m)range.In such systems,the chemical reac-tion takes place under conditions of continuousflow[1]. Whether for analytical or synthetic applications,microre-actor technology offers several advantages including: reduced reaction time[2,3]due to the large surface area to volume ratio in the microchannel;enhanced control over the reaction process[3];it is less wasteful since only low volumes of reagent are used[3]and rapid optimization of reaction conditions can be achieved[2–5].The microre-actors are also ideally suited for continuousflow processes, a highly desired paradigm in processing.The fabrication of commercially available microreactors (mainly made from glass,quartz,silica or polymers)is however,generally achieved via expensive photolitho-graphic and wet-etching processes which are complicated and require specialized clean-room facilities[6].Therefore, there is much interest in developing cheaper and more easily accessible approaches to the fabrication of mic-roreactors for laboratory applications[1–10].Amongst the attractive platforms used,are microreactors obtained by means of imprinting on polymers including poly-dimeth-ylsiloxane(PDMS),poly(methyl-methacrylate)(PMMA) [11]or polyurethanes.However,the use of silica capillaries is possibly the easiest platform to employ as aflow through microreactor with potential for numerous chemical modi-fications for use in enzyme-,organo-,or metal-catalysts immobilization[8–10].There is considerable interest in the use of enzymes for lipid transformations such as in the preparation of struc-tured lipids[12]as well as in biodiesel production[13]. The interest is due to the high yields,minimal side products and mild reaction conditions that can be achieved with enzyme-catalyzed processes.A major impediment to the potential commercialization of enzyme-mediated processes is the cost of enzymes and their unstable nature.However, enzyme immobilized over the high surface area of the capillary walls will result in an efficientflow-through microreactor which is reusable for many process cycles after which the microreactors can be regenerated with new enzyme.Micro structuredfibers(MSF),also commonly known as photonic crystalfibers(PCF),are silica capillaries that consist of a micro structured arrangement of air channels within aflexible acrylate polymer-coated silica tube.They are widely used as radiation optical guides and in sensor applications[14].Basically,these opticalfibers are made up of three layers:the core,cladding and the coating.Both the core diameter(an individual air channel,usually in the 8–40l m range)and the number of channels in the pho-tonicfiber can vary depending on the design of thefiber.In addition,the coating diameter—outer diameter of the fiber—could range from200to500l m depending on the requirements of the application[14],such as in networking or bio-sensing.Here,we propose that the presence and chemistry of silanol groups within MSFs could be exploited as a plat-form for enzyme immobilization,as has been widely reported for other silica supports[8].MSF contain an array of microchannels and hence an enormous surface is available for enzyme immobilization,and may offer an excellent platform for aflow-through microreactor.In order to demonstrate the performance of such a microre-actor in mediating lipid transformations,the lipase from Candida antarctica was selected,since it is one of the most widely used enzymes for catalysis in lipid transesterifica-tion reactions[13,15].Overall,the objective of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of immobilizing enzymes onto MSF capillaries and utilizing the microre-actors in lipid transformations.This will combine the advantages of microreactor technology with the green chemistry achievable via enzyme immobilization. Materials and MethodsMaterialsMSF capillary(F-SM20,ID:4–5l m,outer diameter: 340l m,168holes)was obtained from Newport Corp. (Irvine CA,USA).Canola oil was obtained from a local grocery store(with*50%trioleoylglycerol).Sodium hydroxide powder(reagent grade,97%),sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate,3-(aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES,99%),di-sodium hydrogen phosphate(bioUltra, Fluka,[99%),glutaraldehyde solution(BioChemika, *50%in H2O),sodium cyanoborohydride(NaCNBH3, reagent grade,95%),lipase from Candida antarctica(EC 3.1.1.3,BioChemika)potassium sodium tartrate,copper sulfate,and Folin phenol reagent all were obtained fromSigma-Aldrich Ltd(ON,Canada).Acetic acid(glacial, HPLC)was purchased from Fisher Scientific(New Jersey, USA).C18:1ethyl ester(EE)and TLC18-1-A[contains by weight25%of each of trioleoylglycerol(TO),dioleoyl-glycerol(DO),monooleoylglycerol(MO),methyl oleate (ME)]standards were purchased from Nu-Chek(Elysian, MN,USA),while1-monooleoylglycerol standard(98%) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich(ON,Canada).All organic solvents were HPLC analytical grade from Sigma-Aldrich(ON,Canada).Water was purified by a Milli-Q system(Millipore;Bedford MA,USA).MSF ActivationThe MSF capillary(15cm)was activated byflushing with 1M NaOH solution for2h at aflow rate of10l L/min. The sodium hydroxide activated the inner surface(silanol groups)of the capillary wall.The residual alkali wasflu-shed by0.1M HCl for2h at aflow rate of10l L/min.The activated MSF was then dried under N2gas before the lipase enzyme immobilization step.Lipase Immobilization onto MSF Capillary SupportCandida antarctica lipase was immobilized by introduc-tion of amine functional groups onto the silica wall by a silanization reaction;this was followed by the formation of an imide using glutaraldehyde as a bifunctional reagent;finally immobilization was achieved via a condensation reaction with the lipase.This procedure was adapted with some minor modifications from the method reported by Ma et al.[8].Briefly,the activated MSF wasfilled with20% (v/v)APTES(5:2:3water:acetic acid:APTES)and left overnight with both capillary ends submerged in the20% APTES solution to complete the reaction.The MSF was thenflushed with0.1M sodium phosphate buffer(pH7), followed by reaction with glutaraldehyde solution(5% glutaraldehyde dissolved in0.1M sodium phosphate buf-fer)and left for4h in the solution.The capillary was then flushed with buffer again before continuously infusing it with8mg/mL lipase from Candida antarctica in sodium phosphate buffer(0.1M,pH7with0.1%NaCNBH3)for 24h at room temperature.The sodium borohydride is used to reduce the Schiff base formation and to stabilize the binding of the enzyme to the support.The enzyme-loaded microreactor wasfinallyflushed with the0.1M sodium phosphate buffer at which point it was ready for use.Immobilized Lipase AssayThe amount of lipase immobilized on the MSF was determined using the standard Lowry protein assay[16]. This was achieved by determining the difference in protein concentration before and after passing the Candida ant-arctica lipase solution through the MSF during the immobi-lization process.The Lowry solution was prepared freshly by mixing solution A(4mg/mL NaOH and20mg/mL Na2CO3in water)and solution B(10mg/mL potassium sodium tartrate and50mg/mL CuSO4in water),prior to use.Solutions of known protein concentration(calibration solutions containing0,2.5,5,7.5,10,12.5,15,17.5,20, 25,30,and35l g protein)and lipase solutions(2l L)were made up to a total volume of200l L with deionized water. 1mL of Lowry solution was added to each protein solution then after waiting for15min,100l L Folin phenol reagent was added.After a further30min,an aliquot was sampled in a UV-Vis cuvette(10mm square cuvette)and their absorbance was measured at750nm.The concentration of the enzyme solution before and after passing through the microreactor was determined from the protein calibration curve in order to estimate the amount of enzyme immo-bilized in the microreactor.Lipase Activity AssayTo determine the lipase(esterase)activity,a 3.5mM solution of p-nitrophenyl butyrate(p NPB)was prepared in a1:1mixture of acetonitrile(ACN)and0.1mM sodium phosphate buffer).The p NPB solution was passed through a15cm MSF lipase immobilized microreactor at1l L/min for1h.The hydrolysis products were then collected,their volume measured and then diluted to2.0mL in mixture of ACN:sodium phosphate buffer(1:1).The absorbance of the resulting solution of products(absorbing molecule, p-nitrophenol)was measured at a wavelength of410nm.A calibration curve was obtained by measuring the absor-bance of p-nitrophenol(p NP)standard solutions prepared in the same solvent mixture ACN:0.1mM sodium phos-phate buffer at concentrations of0.5,1,3,5and7mM. The concentration of p NP hydrolyzed was determined and lipase enzyme activity calculated.The enzyme activity was expressed as amount of p NP formed on the microreactor under the condition used per minute,i.e.,l g p NP/min.One enzyme unit(U)was the amount of protein liberating1l g of p NP per minute.Specific Activity of Immobilized LipaseBased on the amount of protein loaded and lipase activity, a specific activity of lipase immobilized in the MSF was calculated according to Dizge et al.[17].Lipid Sample Preparation and TransformationThe reactant solution of5mg/mL canola oil was prepared in ethanol.The mixture was mixed vigorously using avortex mixer to dissolve the lipid in ethanol.The param-eters affecting the performance of the microreactor including reaction flow rate and temperature were investi-gated and optimized as follows:TemperatureLipid transformation using the immobilized MSF was carried out at room temperature (24°C),30,40,50,and 60°C.A schematic illustrating the experimental conditions is shown in Fig.1.A syringe pump system (Harvard ‘11’Plus)was used to infuse reactant through the MSF mic-roreactor.The products from the reaction were collected in a small capped vials with the microreactor poked through the septum of the vial.The temperature that produced highest yield was then used to optimize the flow rate for the reaction.Reaction Flow RateThe reactant solution was then pumped through the lipase-immobilized MSF microreactor held at the optimized temperature (50°C)and using various flow rates (0.5,1,5and 10l L/min),each held for 3h.The products were collected into vials for analysis,as described below.In both the temperature and reaction flow optimization experiments,the reaction products collected from MSF microreactor were diluted 10–25times in HPLC solvent A (methanol with 0.1%glacial acetic acid)before being analyzed.Standard calibration curves were prepared using 0.05,0.1,0.5and 1.0mg/mL of total TLC 18-A-1and 0.05,0.1,0.2,0.5,and 1.0mg/mL of EE standards.The amount of each compound in the reaction products was determined from the standard calibration curve prepared.For GC 9GC analysis,samples were diluted in dichloromethane and quantified against a calibration curvecovering the range of 0.01–1mg/mL of each lipid component.Instrumentation (a)A Harvard Model ‘11’Plus syringe pump (Harvard Apparatus,Holliston MA)was used to pass all solu-tions through the MSF both during preparation of the microreactor and for lipid transformations.(b)High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)analysis was performed using an Agilent 1200HPLC system equipped with an evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD)model 1260Infinity (Agilent Tech-nologies,Santa Clara CA,USA).(c)Either an Agilent Zorbax HT C18column (4.6950mm,1.8l m)(Agilent Technologies;Santa Clara CA,USA)or a Supelco Ascentis Silica column (4.69150mm,3l m)(Sigma-Aldrich;ON,Canada)were used as described below.(d)UV/Visible measurements were made using a Jenwayspectrophotometer 6320D series (Bibby Scientific,Staffordshire,UK).(e)A LECO comprehensive 2-dimensional GC 9GC/FID system (LECO;St.Joseph,MI,USA)was used (Fig.2).It consists of a dual oven GC equipped with flame ionization detector and cryogenic modulator (quadjet)cooled with liquid nitrogen and split–splitless injector.All data was collected by Leco ChromaTOF-GC software v 3.34optimized for GC 9GC/FID.The columns used for GCxGC were a DB5HT gas chromatography column (30m 90.32mm 90.1l m,bonded and cross-linked 5%phenyl methylpolysiloxane,Agilent technologies;Santa Clara CA,USA)and an RXT65column (1m 90.25mm 90.1l m,crossbond 65%diphe-nyl-dimethyl polysiloxane,Restek;Bellefonte PA,USA).Fig.1Apparatus used with the fabricated MSF microreactor for small scale lipid reactionsNARP-LC/ELSDNon-aqueous reversed phased (NARP)HPLC with a C18column was used to speciate the lipid transformation prod-ucts as well as the starting materials and lipid standards.The ELSD was set to 33°C and the nitrogen gas flow rate was optimized.All samples were analysed using an injection volume of 10l L and a mobile phase flow rate of 1mL/min.A binary gradient of A,methanol with 0.1%glacial acetic acid;and B,isopropanol/hexane (5:4)was used.The starting condition was 0%B held for 5min then increased to 66%B in 10min,held at 66%B for 3.5min before returning to 0%B (2.5min)to equilibrate the column.GC 9GCGC 9GC was used as a second method to characterize the lipid classes produced by the MSF microreactor and to confirm the LC results.An aliquot of the product mixture was dissolved in dichloromethane prior to injection into the LECO GC 9GC/FID system.The carrier gas was H 2at a flow rate of 1.5mL/min,injection volume 1l L,split ratio of 15:1and He FID make-up gas was used.The inlet and detector temperatures were set to 320and 400°C,respectively.The temperature program for the first oven was 45°C (0.5min)increased at 2°C/min until 150°C (0min)then increased again at 3°C/min until 375°C (hold 10min).The second oven tracked the first but at a temperature 25°C higher at all times.The modulator offset was 15°C.Regiospecificity Determination Using Normal Phase-LC/ELSDNormal phase HPLC with a silica column was used for the regiospecific separation of the MSF microreactor lipidproducts,following an AOCS standard method [18].Ali-quots of the products formed under the optimized condi-tions (50°C,flow rate 1l L/min)were analyzed by HPLC/ELSD along with a 1-monooleoylglycerol standard.The method used an injection volume of 10l L,mobile phase flow rate of 0.5mL/min,column temperature maintained at 40°C and the ELSD operating at 90°C.The mobile phase was a binary gradient of A hexane,and B hexane/isopro-panol/ethyl acetate/10%formic acid (80:10:10:1,v/v)[18].The gradient was 2%B,linear increase to 35%B in 15min,then linearly increased to 98%in 1min,and finally held for 10min at 98%B.The column was allowed to equilibrate at the starting condition for 3min.Note that all samples and standards were prepared in hexane/isopropanol (9:1,v/v)prior analysis.Results and DiscussionLipase-Immobilized Microreactor FabricationIn this paper,we present the first demonstration of the use of a microreactor,fabricated by immobilizing lipase from Candida antarctica onto a silica MSF support,for the ethanolysis of canola oil triacylglycerols.The MSF mor-phology is shown in the scanning electron microscope image in Fig.3.Although the MSF have been mainly developed for use in light guiding optics,they contain numerous micrometer-sized pores (4–5l m)and provide a very large surface area,which makes them ideally suited for immobilizing high amounts of catalysts.Furthermore,the fact that the MSF is made from silica makes it even more attractive for the enzyme immobilization by employingwell-knownFig.2Schematic diagram of GC 9GC/FID used for analysis of lipid transformationproductsFig.3Scanning electron microscope (SEM)image of a Lipase-Immobilized MSF (168holes)at 9300magnificationsilanization chemistry.In order to ensure the maximum presence of silanol groups at the MSF surface,the use of alkali(NaOH)treatment has been shown to activate the silica wall by increasing hydrolysis of the silanol group [19].The reaction sequence of the immobilization lipase from Candida antarctica onto the silica walls of the MSF is given in Fig.4.Immobilization onto the silica support was achieved by grafting aminopropyl triethoxysilane(APTES)onto the active silanol group(Si–OH)on the MSF wall[20].The resultant pendant primary amine group provides a reactive functionality to form imines when reacted with the bifunctional reagent glutaraldehyde.This in turn results in a pendent carbonyl group from the grafted glutaraldehyde which further reacts with the amino groups of lipase forming a Schiff base,thus covalently attaching the enzyme to the MSF support[20,21].It is expected with such a strong covalent lipase attachment,the probability of enzyme leaching is low and hence the microreactor can potentially be reused multiple times.In contrast,using the simple,commonly used adsorption methods of immobili-zation,leaching is known to limit reusability[22,23]. Enzyme Activity AssayBefore employing the lipase loaded MSF microreactor it was essential to determine the success of the immobilization method.The total free protein concentration was deter-mined using the widely used Lowry protein assay[16].The amount of protein bound to the MSF microreactor support was estimated by the difference between amount of protein in the lipase solution infused through the MSF and the effluent emerging from the ing this method,the amount of protein loaded on the MSF was determined to be 5.8l g/l L(Table1).It is likely that not all lipase loaded in the MSF is active due to underlying physicochemical factors associated with the immobilization.As such,it was imperative to also determine the activity of the immobilized lipase.As described in detail in the Materials and Methods section, the lipase activity of immobilized MSF microreactor was determined by the enzymatic hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl butyrate(p NBP)to p-nitrophenol which is quantified ing this assay,a unit(U)of lipase activity is defined as the amount of enzyme that hydrolyses(liberates)1l g of p-nitrophenol(p NP)from p NPB as substrate.Table1summarizes of lipase activity assay yield.The enzymatic activity for the immobilized MSF microreactor was determined to be4.7l g p NP/min (U)for the15cm MSF microreactor.Hence,a specific activity of0.81U/mg was found for the immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica in the MSF microreactor.Data from the manufacturer indicates that the native lipase from Candida antarctica has specific activity of 1.06U/mg Fig.4The process of lipase-immobilization onto the silica support of a MSFTable1Determination of the amount of lipase immobilized onto the MSF capillaryProtein bound a from1mL lipase(mg/mL)Proteinboundyield(%)Lipase activity b(l g p NP/min)(U)Specific activity(U/mg)for15cmMSF microreactorSpecific activity fornative enzyme(U/mg)before immobilizationFabricated immobilized MSF 5.8375.59 4.70.81 1.06 a1mL of8mg/mL lipase solution was immobilized onto the MSF capillaryb1U=amount(mg)of enzyme to liberate1l g p NP/min under the assay conditionbefore immobilization(cf.Table1).Therefore,only about 23.6%of the enzyme activity was found to have been lost using the proposed immobilization process.This result is comparable with that found in other studies,for example specific activities of0.60–0.9were found using similar methods for lipase immobilized onto styrene–divinylben-zene and styrene–divinylbenzene–polyglutaraldehyde copoly-mers for biodiesel production[17].A goal in the development of the lipase immobilized MSF microreactor was to evaluate its performance in lipid transformations.This was done by transesterifying triole-oylglycerol(molecular weight884,TO)in ethanol in the MSF microreactor.From this reaction,the major transe-sterified products which were obtained were monooleoyl-glycerol(MO)and ethyl oleate(EE).Since MO and EE results from the hydrolysis of two and three ester bonds/ molecule,respectively,the theoretical conversion rates of trioleoylglycerol(TO)can be estimated from the measured lipase activity of4.7l g p NP/min(U)assuming that lipase catalysed hydrolysis of triacylglycerol(TAG)ester occurs at the same rate as the lipase catalysed hydrolysis of p NBP to give p NP.If this assumption is made,then the conver-sion rate of5mg/ml TO at1l L/min to MO and to EE would be predicted to be10and6.7l g/min(or0.0115and 0.0075mol/min),respectively.It is apparent that notwith-standing the gross assumptions made,the observed con-version rate(TO–MO)is of the same order of magnitude as the rate predicted based on the measured enzyme activity. This implies that to a rough approximation,the enzyme activity assay is quite consistent with the measured results for TO conversion(described in the next section).It should also be pointed out that canola oil rather than TO was actually used in the experiments,but this does not change the general arguments used above.Enzymatic-Catalyzed Ethanolysis Using the MSF MicroreactorThe ethanolysis of canola oil was performed using the lipase-immobilized MSF microreactor at different tem-peratures andflow rates,in order to determine the optimal conditions.The selected temperature range was chosen based on the optimized lipase enzyme conditions of other researchers including Irimescu et al.[12]and Ko¨se et al.[24]The former suggested optimal conditions at room temperature,while the latter indicated denaturation of enzyme at temperatures[50°C,by decreasing the reaction yield.The products obtained were then analysed by NARP-LC/ELSD and Fig.5a,b show the chromatograms obtained for both the starting material and pure standards.The conversion of TAG in canola oil was estimated by means of a calibration curve of a lipid standard consisting of TO, DO,MO and EE(Table2).The data in Table2show the relative concentrations of the reaction products obtained using aflow rate of 1l L/min of canola oil triacylglycerols(TAG)in ethanol solution passing through the lipase immobilized MSF microreactor,conditioned at various temperatures.From the LC/ELSD analysis it was found that whilst EE and monoacylglycerols(MAG)products were formed under all conditions,diacylglycerols(DAG)were not observed above the limit of detection,possibly due to the microscale nature of our study.The predominant formation of MO relative to DO is consistent with results of others[12].In Table2it is clear that at low temperatures,the conversion of TAG into other lipid forms was low,and a similar result was found at60°C.However,at around50°C virtually all of the TAG was consumed indicating a high efficiency of the immobilized lipase microreactor under these conditions.The effect of the reactionflow rate on the lipid con-version was then investigated with the temperaturefixed at50°C(cf.Fig.5c–e).As indicated in Fig.5c–e,the microreactorflow rates investigated included1,5and 10l L/min.The narrowflow rate range evaluated was due to the achievable linear force of the syringe pump utilized (Harvard‘11’Plus).The results show that the optimal flow rate for the enzymatic MSF microreactor reaction is at1l L/min,where complete disappearance of the TAG starting material was evident along with the formation of MAG and EE.As theflow rate increased above1l L/min, a broad‘hump’is seen in the chromatogram,co-eluting with unreacted starting material(Fig.5d,e).This is likely due to removal of oligomeric glutaraldehyde material from the walls of the microreactor attributable to the high pressures(*21psi)that occur with higherflow rates through the small channels in the MSF reactor.However, since theflow rate of1l L/min(which corresponds to a residence time of28.5s in the15cm MSF)allows suffi-cient contact time between the starting material and the lipase immobilized in the microreactors,these destructive conditions can be avoided.As demonstrated in Fig.5,the lipid transformation performance reduces asflow rate increases due to the lower contact time of the substrates with the immobilized lipase.At10l L/min the calculated MSF residence time was3s.Recently,there have been several reports describing how ethanolysis of TAG using immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica can,under certain conditions,become1,3regiospecific[12,25]. Furthermore,the reaction in excess ethanol can also pro-mote the formation of the2-MAG,compared to other products[26].For example,using an ethanol/TO molar ratio of77:1at25°C,Novozyme435beads and a reaction time of4h,Irimescu et al.[12]achieved an*88% reaction yield of which[98%of the acylglycerol content was2-monooleoylglycerol(2-MO).The actual molar ratio。

面料词汇作者：发布时间：2009-05-13 14:39:44 浏览次数：26 adhesive-bonded fabric无纺织布air-impervious fabric不透气胶布air pervious waterproof fabric透气雨布all cotton fabric全棉布asbestos fabric石棉织品automobile tyre fabric汽车轮胎布bareface fabric光洁不起绒织物bituminized fabric沥青布blend(ed) fabric混纺(的)织物chemically woven fabrics无纺织布coated fabric涂层织物, 漆布, 人造革, 胶布conveyor fabric运输带帆布cord fabric帘布coronised fabric染整加工织物cotton fabric棉织物; 棉布crepe rayon fabric嫘萦绉绸crimp-proof fabric不皱布double rubberized fabric双层胶布filtration fabric滤布flocked fabric植绒织物foam fabric泡沫胶布foam-back fabric泡沫塑料面织物foam-laminated fabric 泡沫塑料面织物foundation fabric底布; 地布glass filtration fabric 玻璃纤维滤布greasy fabric毛织坯料hair seating fabric座垫毛织物heat-resisting fabric 耐热布incombustible fabric 不燃纺织品knitted fabric针织物, 针织坯布laid fabric无纬织物laminated fabric胶合[叠层]织物macerated fabric碎布nap fabric起绒[起毛]织物non-creasing fabric不皱布non-woven fabrics非织布; 非织造织物pearl fabrics双反面针织物permanent-press fabrics 永久性压烫织物phosphated fabric磷酸盐化织物pile fabric起毛织物plated fabrics添纱织物proof fabric胶布rubber coated fabric胶布, 涂胶带, 橡胶织带rubberized fabric胶布satin fabric缎纹织物scrim fabric(玻璃纤维)稀松平纹织物(做窗帘用) spun bonded fabric热压粘合无纺布supatex fabric非织造织物synthetic fabrics合成纤维织物three dimensional fabric三维织物transmission fabric传动带用布twill fabrics斜纹织物tyre fabric(s)轮胎布, 帘子布undersized fabric欠浆布unidirectional fabric单向纤维织物uniformly dyed fabric素染[匀染]织物unsized fabric无浆布unwoven fabric无纺织布, 非织造织物varnished glass fabric玻璃(纤维)漆布viscose cord fabric粘胶帘布warp-knitted fabric经编针织物wash and wear fabrics耐洗不皱织物; 洗可穿织物(免熨) weftless cord fabric无纬织物woven cotton fabrics棉织品woven glass fabric玻璃布, 玻璃织物zero twist fabric 零捻织物。

高性能液冷散热技术简介李骥 先进热管理技术实验室 中国科学院大学工学院大纲• 液冷技术背景; • 基础研究； • 应用。

应用以下内容皆为中国科学院大学所有，未经允许，不得转载转发。

液冷散热技术的优势(From )液冷散热技术的研究进展• 高端液冷散热 高端液冷散热器可以承载接近 以承载接 1000W/cm2热负载， 热负载 是目前各类技术中热负荷最高的技术种类。

• 目前应用中，对于液冷散热各环节的优化及节能 重视不够。

• 冲击液冷、带有相变的强迫冷却都是解决高热流 密度的先进技术，目前研究成果较多，但成熟的、 可靠的商用化较少。

• 最成熟的技术是单相微肋/微通道强迫循环冷却。

微通道强迫循环冷却液冷组件（原INTEL框架） -散热器 – 循环管路 – 液体泵 – 微结构冷板(From )某商业微泵的工作曲线P-Q2600rpm 4200rpmmmh2o 3500 3250 3000 2750 2500 2250 2000 1750 1500 1250 1000 750 500 250 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000cm^3/min 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 13000商 液冷散热器结构及性能 商业液冷散热器结构及性能120 Radiator微结构冷板的基础研究Thermal Performance Test SetupSome Test Articles针肋 结构Mini NACA Fin Mini Drop-form Fin Mini/micro Circular Fin通道 结构Mini-channel Micro-channel Micro-channel冷板优化原理Optimization ProcessNumerical Optimization Process Numerical Optimization ProcessMicrochannel Type00343500310.0343.5Pin Fin Type 0.031yp液冷商用化示范-CPU液冷散热器Heating ElementH ti El tHeating area：25mm*25mmAdiabaticAdiabaticfoam（2007年））0.1500.1350.1200.105可承载250W(300W/cm2)显卡液冷散热技术∼Graphic Card-GPU cooling主要参考文献•J Li*, Zhongshan Shi, 3D numerical optimization of a heat sink base for electronics cooling, International Communications in Heat and MassTransfer, Vol.39, No.2, pp.204-208, 2012.Vol39No2pp2042082012•PH Chen, SW Chang, KF Chiang and J Li, Patents Review for cooling of high power electronic components, Recent Patents on Engineering, Vol. 2, No.3, pp.174-188, 2008.pp1741882008•J Li, G P Peterson, 3-Dimentional Numerical Optimization of Silicon-based High Performance Parallel-channel Micro Heat Sink with Liquid Flow,International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.50, No.15-16,pp.I t ti l J l f H t d M T f V l50N15162895-2904, 2007.•J Li*, G P Peterson, Geometric Optimization of an Integrated Micro Heat Sink ith li id Fl IEEE T C t d P k i T h l iwith liquid Flow, IEEE Trans. Components and Packaging Technologies, Vol.29, No.1, pp.145-154, 2006 .•J Li*, G P Peterson, Boiling Nucleation and Two-Phase Flow Patterns underC fForced Liquid Convection in Microchannels, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.48, No.23-24, pp.4797-4810, 2005.•J Li, G P Peterson and P Cheng, Three-dimensional Analysis of Heat Transfer in a Micro Heat Sink with Single Phase Flow, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.47 (19-20), pp.4215-4231, 2004Thanks for your attention!。

China Textile Leader · 2017 No.12三维机织物的分类、性能及织造随着材料技术的飞速发展，人们对于复合材料性能各个方面的要求愈来愈高，现代纺织技术与树脂工业的结合催生了纺织复合材料，而三维纺织技术的发展，更为制备具有优良整体性和力学结构合理性的高性能复合材料提供了有力的保证。

以三维织物为增强体的纺织复合材料，具有比强度高、比刚度高、可设计性好、耐疲劳性能好、耐化学腐蚀性能好、生产成本低等优势，同时克服了传统二维平面织物层状复合材料存在抗冲击性能差、层间强度低的缺点，因而广泛应用于航空航天、船舶汽车、建筑仓储等诸多领域。

根据织造成形工艺的不同，三维织物又可分为三维机织物、三维针织物、三维编织物，其中三维针织物主要是经编织物为主，但受于生产设备的限制只能加工轻薄型织物；三维编织物生产效率较低，无法适应大规模生产；而三维机织物，可以利用传统织机或对传统织机加以改进进行大规模生产，且生产效率最高、制件尺寸最大，因而在所有三维纺织品中的应用有望最为广泛。

1 三维机织物的分类及性能1.1 根据织物组织结构分类根据纱线交织规律的不同，二维机织物基础组织可分为平纹、斜纹和缎纹，由这 3 种基础组织变化组合，又可衍生出多种多样的复杂组织。

同理，三维机织物的基础组织包括正交、角联锁和多层接结等 3 种，由这 3 种组织变化组合，又可衍生出各种复杂组织结构的三维机织物。

三维机织物是通过接结纱将多层织物连接在一起构成，接结纱又称捆绑纱、Z 向纱，根据接结方式又可分为经纱接结和纬纱接结，用于连接各层织物的那部分经（纬）纱就称为接结经或接结纬。

接结经（纬）首先要将各自分开的两层织物牢固地连接在一起，能承受较大的剪应力，并有很好的结构稳定性。

因此，接结点在一个完全组织中要分布均匀，尽量减少经（纬）纱在织物中的屈曲程度，防止织物或最终复合材料的某一处在工况载荷下产生应力集中，形成材料的破坏。

外文原文Response of a reinforced concrete infilled-frame structure to removal of twoadjacent columnsMehrdad Sasani_Northeastern University, 400 Snell Engineering Center, Boston, MA 02115, UnitedStatesReceived 27 June 2007; received in revised form 26 December 2007; accepted 24January 2008Available online 19 March 2008AbstractThe response of Hotel San Diego, a six-story reinforced concrete infilled-frame structure, is evaluated following the simultaneous removal of two adjacent exterior columns. Analytical models of the structure using the Finite Element Method as well as the Applied Element Method are used to calculate global and local deformations. The analytical results show good agreement with experimental data. The structure resisted progressive collapse with a measured maximum vertical displacement of only one quarter of an inch (6.4 mm). Deformation propagation over the height of the structure and the dynamic load redistribution following the column removal are experimentally and analytically evaluated and described. The difference between axial and flexural wave propagations is discussed. Three-dimensional Vierendeel (frame) action of the transverse and longitudinal frames with the participation of infill walls is identified as the major mechanism for redistribution of loads in the structure. The effects of two potential brittle modes of failure (fracture of beam sections without tensile reinforcement and reinforcing bar pull out) are described. The response of the structure due to additional gravity loads and in the absence of infill walls is analytically evaluated.c 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Keywords: Progressive collapse; Load redistribution; Load resistance; Dynamic response; Nonlinear analysis; Brittle failure1.IntroductionThe principal scope of specifications is to provide general principles and computation al methods in order to verify safety of structures. The “ safety factor ”, which accor ding to modern trends is independent of the nature and combination of the materials u sed, can usually be defined as the ratio between the conditions. This ratio is also prop ortional to the inverse of the probability ( risk ) of failure of the structure.Failure has to be considered not only as overall collapse of the structure but also as un serviceability or, according to a more precise. Common definition. As the reaching of a “ limit state ” which causes the construction not to accomplish the task it was desi gned for. There are two categories of limit state :(1)Ultimate limit sate, which corresponds to the highest value of the load-bearing cap acity. Examples include local buckling or global instability of the structure; failure of some sections and subsequent transformation of the structure into a mechanism; failure by fatigue; elastic or plastic deformation or creep that cause a substantial change of t he geometry of the structure; and sensitivity of the structure to alternating loads, to fire and to explosions.(2)Service limit states, which are functions of the use and durability of the structure. E xamples include excessive deformations and displacements without instability; early o r excessive cracks; large vibrations; and corrosion.Computational methods used to verify structures with respect to the different safety co nditions can be separated into:(1)Deterministic methods, in which the main parameters are considered as nonrandom parameters.(2)Probabilistic methods, in which the main parameters are considered as random para meters.Alternatively, with respect to the different use of factors of safety, computational meth ods can be separated into:(1)Allowable stress method, in which the stresses computed under maximum loads are compared with the strength of the material reduced by given safety factors.(2)Limit states method, in which the structure may be proportioned on the basis of its maximum strength. This strength, as determined by rational analysis, shall not be less than that required to support a factored load equal to the sum of the factored live load and dead load ( ultimate state ).The stresses corresponding to working ( service ) conditions with unfactored live and dead loads are compared with prescribed values ( service limit state ) . From the four possible combinations of the first two and second two methods, we can obtain some u seful computational methods. Generally, two combinations prevail:(1)deterministic methods, which make use of allowable stresses. (2)Probabilistic meth ods, which make use of limit states.The main advantage of probabilistic approaches is that, at least in theory, it is possible to scientifically take into account all random factors of safety, which are then combin ed to define the safety factor. probabilistic approaches depend upon :(1) Random distribution of strength of materials with respect to the conditions of fabri cation and erection ( scatter of the values of mechanical properties through out the str ucture ); (2) Uncertainty of the geometry of the cross-section sand of the structure ( fa ults and imperfections due to fabrication and erection of the structure );(3) Uncertainty of the predicted live loads and dead loads acting on the structure; (4)U ncertainty related to the approximation of the computational method used ( deviation of the actual stresses from computed stresses ). Furthermore, probabilistic theories me an that the allowable risk can be based on several factors, such as :(1) Importance of the construction and gravity of the damage by its failure; (2)Numbe r of human lives which can be threatened by this failure; (3)Possibility and/or likeliho od of repairing the structure; (4) Predicted life of the structure. All these factors are rel ated to economic and social considerations such as：(1) Initial cost of the construction;(2) Amortization funds for the duration of the construction;(3) Cost of physical and material damage due to the failure of the construction;(4) Adverse impact on society;(5) Moral and psychological views.The definition of all these parameters, for a given safety factor, allows constructio n at the optimum cost. However, the difficulty of carrying out a complete probabilistic analysis has to be taken into account. For such an analysis the laws of the distribution of the live load and its induced stresses, of the scatter of mechanical properties of mat erials, and of the geometry of the cross-sections and the structure have to be known. F urthermore, it is difficult to interpret the interaction between the law of distribution of strength and that of stresses because both depend upon the nature of the material, on t he cross-sections and upon the load acting on the structure. These practical difficulties can be overcome in two ways. The first is to apply different safety factors to the mate rial and to the loads, without necessarily adopting the probabilistic criterion. The seco nd is an approximate probabilistic method which introduces some simplifying assump tions ( semi-probabilistic methods ) . As part of mitigation programs to reduce the likelihood of mass casualties following local damage in structures, the General Services Administration [1] and the Department of Defense [2] developed regulations to evaluate progressive collapse resistance of structures. ASCE/SEI 7 [3] defines progressive collapse as the spread of an initial local failure from element to element eventually resulting in collapse of an entire structure or a disproportionately large part of it. Following the approaches proposed by Ellinwood and Leyendecker [4], ASCE/SEI 7 [3] defines two general methods for structural design of buildings to mitigate damage due to progressive collapse: indirect and direct design methods. General building codes and standards [3,5] use indirect design by increasing overall integrity of structures. Indirect design is also used in DOD [2]. Although the indirect design method can reduce the risk of progressive collapse [6,7] estimation of post-failure performance of structures designed based on such a method is not readily possible. One approach based on direct design methods to evaluate progressive collapse of structures is to study the effects of instantaneous removal of load-bearing elements, such as columns. GSA [1] and DOD [2] regulations require removal of one load bearing element. These regulations are meant to evaluate general integrity of structures and their capacity of redistributing the loads following severe damage to only one element. While such an approach provides insight as to the extent to which the structures are susceptible to progressive collapse, in reality, the initial damage can affect more than just one column. In this study, using analytical results that are verified against experimental data, the progressive collapse resistance of the Hotel San Diego is evaluated, following the simultaneous explosion (sudden removal) of two adjacent columns, one of which was a corner column. In order to explode the columns, explosives were inserted into predrilled holes in the columns. The columns were then well wrapped with a few layers of protective materials. Therefore, neither air blast nor flying fragments affected the structure.2. Building characteristicsHotel San Diego was constructed in 1914 with a south annex added in 1924. The annex included two separate buildings. Fig. 1 shows a south view of the hotel. Note that in the picture, the first and third stories of the hotel are covered with black fabric. The six story hotel had a non-ductile reinforced concrete (RC) frame structure with hollow clay tile exterior infill walls. The infills in the annex consisted of two withes (layers) of clay tiles with a total thickness of about 8 in (203 mm). The height of the first floor was about 190–800 (6.00 m). The height of other floors and that of the top floor were 100–600 (3.20 m) and 160–1000 (5.13 m), respectively. Fig. 2 shows the second floor of one of the annex buildings. Fig. 3 shows a typical plan of this building, whose response following the simultaneous removal (explosion) of columns A2 and A3 in the first (ground) floor is evaluated in this paper. The floor system consisted of one-way joists running in the longitudinal direction (North–South), as shown in Fig. 3. Based on compression tests of two concrete samples, the average concrete compressive strength was estimated at about 4500 psi (31 MPa) for a standard concrete cylinder. The modulus of elasticity of concrete was estimated at 3820 ksi (26 300 MPa) [5]. Also, based on tension tests of two steel samples having 1/2 in (12.7 mm) square sections, the yield and ultimate tensile strengths were found to be 62 ksi (427 MPa) and 87 ksi (600 MPa), respectively. The steel ultimate tensile strain was measured at 0.17. The modulus of elasticity of steel was set equal to 29 000 ksi (200000 MPa). The building was scheduled to be demolished by implosion. As part of the demolition process, the infill walls were removed from the first and third floors. There was no live load in the building. All nonstructural elements including partitions, plumbing, and furniture were removed prior to implosion. Only beams, columns, joist floor and infill walls on the peripheralbeams were present.3. SensorsConcrete and steel strain gages were used to measure changes in strains of beams and columns. Linear potentiometers were used to measure global and local deformations. The concrete strain gages were 3.5 in (90 mm) long having a maximum strain limit of ±0.02. The steel strain gages could measure up to a strain of ±0.20. The strain gages could operate up to a several hundred kHz sampling rate. The sampling rate used in the experiment was 1000 Hz. Potentiometers were used to capture rotation (integral of curvature over a length) of the beam end regions and global displacement in the building, as described later. The potentiometers had a resolution of about 0.0004 in (0.01 mm) and a maximum operational speed of about 40 in/s (1.0 m/s), while the maximum recorded speed in the experiment was about 14 in/s (0.35m/s).4. Finite element modelUsing the finite element method (FEM), a model of the building was developed in the SAP2000 [8] computer program. The beams and columns are modeled with Bernoulli beam elements. Beams have T or L sections with effective flange width on each side of the web equal to four times the slab thickness [5]. Plastic hinges are assigned to all possible locations where steel bar yielding can occur, including the ends of elements as well as the reinforcing bar cut-off and bend locations. The characteristics of the plastic hinges are obtained using section analyses of the beams and columns and assuming a plastic hinge length equal to half of the section depth. The current version of SAP2000 [8] is not able to track formation of cracks in the elements. In order to find the proper flexural stiffness of sections, an iterative procedure is used as follows. First, the building is analyzed assuming all elements are uncracked. Then, moment demands in the elements are compared with their cracking bending moments, Mcr . The moment of inertia of beam and slab segments are reduced by a coefficient of 0.35 [5], where the demand exceeds the Mcr. The exteriorbeam cracking bending moments under negative and positive moments, are 516 k in (58.2 kN m) and 336 k in (37.9 kN m), respectively. Note that no cracks were formed in the columns. Then the building is reanalyzed and moment diagrams are re-evaluated. This procedure is repeated until all of the cracked regions are properly identified and modeled.The beams in the building did not have top reinforcing bars except at the end regions (see Fig. 4). For instance, no top reinforcement was provided beyond the bend in beam A1–A2, 12 inches away from the face of column A1 (see Figs. 4 and 5). To model the potential loss of flexural strength in those sections, localized crack hinges were assigned at the critical locations where no top rebar was present. Flexural strengths of the hinges were set equal to Mcr. Such sections were assumed to lose their flexural strength when the imposed bending moments reached Mcr.The floor system consisted of joists in the longitudinal direction (North–South). Fig. 6 shows the cross section of a typical floor. In order to account for potential nonlinear response of slabs and joists, floors are molded by beam elements. Joists are modeled with T-sections, having effective flange width on each side of the web equal to four times the slab thickness [5]. Given the large joist spacing between axes 2 and 3, two rectangular beam elements with 20-inch wide sections are used between the joist and the longitudinal beams of axes 2 and 3 to model the slab in the longitudinal direction. To model the behavior of the slab in the transverse direction, equally spaced parallel beams with 20-inch wide rectangular sections are used. There is a difference between the shear flow in the slab and that in the beam elements with rectangular sections modeling the slab. Because of this, the torsional stiffness is setequal to one-half of that of the gross sections [9].The building had infill walls on 2nd, 4th, 5th and 6th floors on the spandrel beamswith some openings (i.e. windows and doors). As mentioned before and as part of the demolition procedure, the infill walls in the 1st and 3rd floors were removed before the test. The infill walls were made of hollow clay tiles, which were in good condition. The net area of the clay tiles was about 1/2 of the gross area. The in-plane action of the infill walls contributes to the building stiffness and strength and affects the building response. Ignoring the effects of the infill walls and excluding them in the model would result in underestimating the building stiffness and strength.Using the SAP2000 computer program [8], two types of modeling for the infills are considered in this study: one uses two dimensional shell elements (Model A) and the other uses compressive struts (Model B) as suggested in FEMA356 [10] guidelines.4.1. Model A (infills modeled by shell elements)Infill walls are modeled with shell elements. However, the current version of the SAP2000 computer program includes only linear shell elements and cannot account for cracking. The tensile strength of the infill walls is set equal to 26 psi, with a modulus of elasticity of 644 ksi [10]. Because the formation ofcracks has a significant effect on the stiffness of the infill walls, the following iterative procedure is used to account for crack formation:(1) Assuming the infill walls are linear and uncracked, a nonlinear time history analysis is run. Note that plastic hinges exist in the beam elements and the segments of the beam elements where moment demand exceeds the cracking moment have a reduced moment of inertia.(2) The cracking pattern in the infill wall is determined by comparing stresses in the shells developed during the analysis with the tensile strength of infills.(3) Nodes are separated at the locations where tensile stress exceeds tensile strength. These steps are continued until the crack regions are properly modeled.4.2. Model B (infills modeled by struts)Infill walls are replaced with compressive struts as described in FEMA 356 [10] guidelines. Orientations of the struts are determined from the deformed shape of the structure after column removal and the location of openings.4.3. Column removalRemoval of the columns is simulated with the following procedure.(1) The structure is analyzed under the permanent loads and the internal forces are determined at the ends of the columns, which will be removed.(2) The model is modified by removing columns A2 and A3 on the first floor. Again the structure is statically analyzed under permanent loads. In this case, the internal forces at the ends of removed columns found in the first step are applied externally to the structure along with permanent loads. Note that the results of this analysis are identical to those of step 1.(3) The equal and opposite column end forces that were applied in the second step are dynamically imposed on the ends of the removed column within one millisecond [11] to simulate the removal of the columns, and dynamic analysis is conducted.4.4. Comparison of analytical and experimental resultsThe maximum calculated vertical displacement of the building occurs at joint A3 inthe second floor. Fig. 7 shows the experimental and analytical (Model A) vertical displacements of this joint (the AEM results will be discussed in the next section). Experimental data is obtained using the recordings of three potentiometers attached to joint A3 on one of their ends, and to the ground on the other ends. The peak displacements obtained experimentally and analytically (Model A) are 0.242 in (6.1 mm) and 0.252 in (6.4 mm), respectively, which differ only by about 4%. The experimental and analytical times corresponding to peak displacement are 0.069 s and 0.066 s, respectively. The analytical results show a permanent displacement of about 0.208 in (5.3 mm), which is about 14% smaller than the corresponding experimental value of 0.242 in (6.1 mm).Fig. 8 compares vertical displacement histories of joint A3 in the second floor estimated analytically based on Models A and B. As can be seen, modeling infills with struts (Model B) results in a maximum vertical displacement of joint A3 equal to about 0.45 in (11.4 mm), which is approximately 80% larger than the value obtained from Model A. Note that the results obtained from Model A are in close agreement with experimental results (see Fig. 7), while Model B significantly overestimates the deformation of the structure. If the maximum vertical displacement were larger, the infill walls were more severely cracked and the struts were more completely formed, the difference between the results of the two models (Models A and B) would be smaller.Fig. 9 compares the experimental and analytical (Model A) displacement of joint A2 in the second floor. Again, while the first peak vertical displacement obtained experimentally and analytically are in good agreement, the analytical permanent displacement under estimates the experimental value.Analytically estimated deformed shapes of the structure at the maximum vertical displacement based on Model A are shown in Fig. 10 with a magnification factor of 200. The experimentally measured deformed shape over the end regions of beamsA1–A2 and A3–B3 in the second floorare represented in the figure by solid lines. A total of 14 potentiometers were located at the top and bottom of the end regions of the second floor beams A1–A2 and A3–B3, which were the most critical elements in load redistribution. The beam top and corresponding bottom potentiometer recordings were used to calculate rotation between the sections where the potentiometer ends were connected. This was done by first finding the difference between the recorded deformations at the top and bottom of the beam, and then dividing the value by the distance (along the height of the beam section) between the two potentiometers. The expected deformed shapes between the measured end regions of the second floor beams are shown by dashed lines. As can be seen in the figures, analytically estimated deformed shapes of the beams are in good agreement with experimentally obtained deformed shapes.Analytical results of Model A show that only two plastic hinges are formed indicating rebar yielding. Also, four sections that did not have negative (top) reinforcement, reached cracking moment capacities and therefore cracked. Fig. 10 shows the locations of all the formed plastic hinges and cracks.。

立体花的编织方法人们自古以来就一直在创造美丽的花团锦簇，以表达欣喜、庆贺或表达深情。

无论是在家中还是在庆祝活动中，制作的花艺都会增添气氛，让人们感受到独特的美丽。

立体花是一种山花、水晶、蜂蜜等细部编织而成的花环，其编织方式主要包括以下几种：第一种是以本性针编织（Knitting）的形式来编织立体花，它分为三类：长针编织（Long-hook knitting）、短针编织（Short-hook knitting）和无针编织（No-hook knitting）。

长针编织的花环，线条编织自上而下，特点是编织合成的花环较大，花环变化比较多，但花环后部比较松松，受力较小；短针编织的花环，线条从上到下进行缝合，外观比较紧，花环变化较少，后部受力较强；而无针编织的花环，以半圆形或圆形方式编织，可以把花环编织得更整齐，但受力也比较小。

第二种是以编织（Weaving）的形式来编织立体花，它分为两类：平面编织（Plane weaving）和三维编织（Three-dimensional weaving），平面编织的花环，它的编织花样比较简单，但它的装饰性较差；而三维编织的花环，它的编织花样更丰富，如该花环上可以添加不同的装饰物，例如珠子、丝绸和米布等，使花环看起来更加美观。

第三种是以织物（Fabric）的形式来编织立体花，它分为两类：平面织物（Plane fabric）和三维织物（Three-dimensional fabric），平面织物则是以一块织物缝合成一个花环，可以做出比较精细的花环，但是它的受力性较差；而三维织物则是用多层织物结合而成的花环，它的编织花样更丰富，受力性也更强。

综上所述，立体花的编织方式有三种：本性针编织、编织和织物，它们有千变万化的编织花样，无论是在户外庆祝活动中还是在室内家居装饰里，都能制作出精致而独特的立体花环。

科学研究创京津冀植被净初级生产力时空动态研究孙小博（北京建筑大学测绘与城市空间信息学院北京102616）摘　要：京津冀地区植被净初级生产力（NPP）的研究对于该区域自然植被的可持续发展具有重要的指导意义。

利用2000—2015年MODIS17A3数据集，通过简单差值法、变异系数法和一元线性回归法，主要分析了京津冀地区16年来植被净初级生产力时空格局及其变化趋势，同时分析气温、降水、土地利用变化等影响因素与植被NPP之间的关系。

结果表明：一是2000—2015年京津冀地区植被NPP均值主要集中在200~400gC/（m²·a），空间分布上呈现东南高、西北低的特点；二是时间尺度上，该区域内植被NPP呈现轻微增长的趋势；三是降水量变化对植被NPP影响更为显著，耕地、林地变化情况与植被NPP的关系较为密切。

关键词：净初级生产力MODIS17A3时空特征影响因素中图分类号：Q948文献标识码：A文章编号：1674-098X(2022)10(a)-0011-05Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of Net Primary Productivity of Vegetation in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei RegionSUN Xiaobo( School of Geomatics and Urban Spatial Informatics, Beijing University of Civil Engineering andArchitecture, Beijing, 102616 China )Abstract: The study of the net primary productivity of vegetation(NPP) in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region has an important guiding significance for the sustainable development of natural vegetation in this region. In this paper, using the dataset of MODIS17A3 from 2000 to 2015, the spatial and temporal patterns of NPP of the vegetation in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region over 16 years and their trends were analyzed through the simple difference method, the coefficient of variation method, and the linear regression method. The relationship between relevant factors such as temperature, precipitation, land-use change, and NPP was also analyzed. The results show that, first, the average NPP of vegetation in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region from 2000 to 2015 is mainly 200~400gC/(m²·a), and the spa‐tial distribution is high in the southeast and low in the northwest. Second, on the time scale, NPP of vegetation in the region shows a slight growth trend. Third, the change of precipitation has a more significant impact on NPP of vegetation, and the change of cultivated land and forest land is closely related to NPP of vegetation.Key Words: NPP; MOD17A3; Spatiotemporal characteristics; Influencing factors1 概述植被净初级生产力（Net Primary Productivity，NPP）是指单位面积的绿色植物在一定时间内进行光合作用所产生的有机物总量除去自养呼吸消耗后，用于自我生长和繁殖的有机物的量［1］。