2014年河南师范大学831英语写作与翻译考研真题及详解【圣才出品】

2014年考研真题英语作文【篇一：2014年考研英语一真题及作文答案(可直接打印——已排版)】2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题section i use of englishdirections:read the following text. choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark a,b,c or d on the answer sheet.(10 points)as many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. we suddenly can’t remember ___1___ we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. as the brain ___2___, we refer to these occurrences as senior moments. ___3___ seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a (n)___4___ impact on our professional, social, and personal___5___.now, a new web-based company has taken it a step ___13___ and developed the first brain training program designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental ___14___. the web-based program ___15___ you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. the program keeps ___16___ of your progress and provides detailed feedback___17___ your performance and improvement. most importantly, it ___18___modifies and enhances the games you play to ___19___ on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) ___20___exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.1. [a]where[b]when[c]that [d]why [d]collapses[d]while[d]obscure2. [a]improves [b]fades 3. [a]if[c]recovers[c]once[b]unless[b]limited 4. [a]uneven[c]damaging5. [a]wellbeing [b]environment [c]relationship [d]outlook6. [a]turns [b]finds[c]points[d]figures[d]associations7. [a]roundabouts [b]responses8. [a]gee9. [a]channel10. [a]persist[c]workouts[b]functions[b]condition[b]believe[c]circumstance s [d]criterion [c]sequence[c]excel[d]process [d]feature 1 / 1311. [a] therefore12. [a]according to13. [a]back [b] moreover [c] otherwise [d] however [d]instead of [d]around[d]flexibility[d]allows[d]pace[d]on[d]unusually[d]take[d]familiar [b]regardless of [c]apart from[b]further[b]stability[b]reminds[b]track [b]with [c]aside 14. [a]sharpness 15. [a]forces 16. [a]hold 17. [a]to[c]framework [c]hurries[c]order [c]for 18. [a]irregularly 19. [a]carry20.[a]risky[b]habitually [b]put [c]constantly [c]build [c]idle [b]effective section Ⅱ reading comprehensionpart adirections:read the following four texts. answer the questions below each text by choosing a, b, c or d. mark your answers on the answer sheet. (40 points)text 1in order to change lives for the better and reduce dependency george osborne, chancellor of theexchequer, introduced the upfront work search scheme. only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a cv, register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. what could be more reasonable?more apparent reasonableness followed. there will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance. th ose first fewdays should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on. he claimed.we’re doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster. help? really? on first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with reforms to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsidises laziness. what motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for fundamental fairness— protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.losing a job is hurting: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. it is financially terrifying, psychologicallyembarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. you are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. you are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. worse, the crucial income to feed yourself2 / 13and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.but in osborneland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency — permanent dependency if you can get it —supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood. it is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened. the principle of british welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. even the very phrase jobseeker’s allowance — invented in 1996 — is about redefining the unemployed as a jobseeker who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions. instead, the claimant receives a time-limitedallowance, conditional on actively seeking a job; no entitlement and no insurance, at ￡71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the eu.21. george osborne’s scheme was intended to[a]provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits.[b]encourage jobseekers’ active engagement in job seeking.[c]motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily.[d]guarantee jobseekers’ legitimate right to benefits.22. the phrase, to sign on (line 3, para. 2) most probably means[a]to check on the availability of jobs at the jobcentre.[b]to accept the government’s restrictions on the allowance.[c]to register for an allowance from the government.[d]to attend a governmental job-training program.23. what prompted the chancellor to develop his scheme?[a]a desire to secure a better life for all.[b]an eagerness to protect the unemployed.[c]an urge to be generous to the claimants.[d]a passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.24. according to paragraph 3, being unemployed makes one feel[a]uneasy[b]eaged.[c]insulted.[d]guilty.25. to which of the following would the author most probably agree?[a]the british welfare system indulges jobseekers’ laziness.[b]osborne’s reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.[c]the jobseekers’ allowance has met their actual needs.3 / 13[d]unemployment benefits should not be made conditional.text 2all around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession—with the possible exception of journalism. but there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than america.during the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in america grew twice as fast as inflation. the best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting evermore students to pile into law schools. but most law graduates never get a big-firm job. many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.there are many reasons for this. one is the excessive costs of a legal education. there is just one path for a lawyer in most american states: a four-year undergraduate degree in some uelated subject, then athree-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the american bar association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. this leaves today’s average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. law-school debt means that many cannot afford to go into government or non-profit work, and that they have to work fearsomely hard.reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them. one idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree. another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school. if the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed todo so. students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.the other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business. except in the district of columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. this keeps fees high and innovation slow. there is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.in fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’ efficiency. after all, other countries, such as australia and britain, have started liberalizing their legal professions. america should follow.26.a lot of students take up law as their profession due to[a]the growing demand from clients.[b]the increasing pressure of inflation.[c]the prospect of working in big firms.[d]the attraction of financial rewards.4 / 1327.which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most american states?[a]higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies.[b]admissions approval from the bar association.[c]pursuing a bachelor’s degree in another major.[d]receiving training by professional associations.28.hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from[a]lawyers’ and clients’ strong resistance.[b]the rigid bodies governing the profession.[c]the stem exam for would-be lawyers.[d]non-professionals’ sharp criticism.29.the guild-like ownership structure is considered restrictivepartly because it[a]bans outsiders’ involvement in the profession.[b]keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares.[c]aggravates the ethical situation in the trade.[d]prevents lawyers from gaining due profits.30.in this text, the author mainly discusses[a]flawed ownership of america’s law firms and its causes.[b]the factors that help make a successful lawyer in america.[c]a problem in america’s legal profession and solutions to it.[d]the role of undergraduate studies in america’s legal education.text 3the us$3-million fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as alexander polyakov said when he accepted this year’s a ward in march. and it is far from the only one of its type. as a newsfeature article in nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the nobel prizes in recent years. many, like the fundamental physics prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of internet entrepreneurs. these benefactors have succeeded in theirchosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science. what’s not to like? quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the news feature. youcannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the nobels, the new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. they could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. they could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research. they do not fund peer-reviewed research. they perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.5 / 13【篇二：2011-2014考研英语二作文真题及范文】真题：directions:suppose your cousin li ming has just been admited to a university. write him/her a letter to:(1)congratulate him/her,and(2)give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life.you should write about 100 words on answer sheet 2.do not sign your own name at the end of the e “zhang wei”instead.do not write the address. (10 points)参考范文dear li ming,congratulations! i’m absolutely delighted to hear that you have just been admitted to stanford university. i know there was a lot of competition this year but your hard work and perseverance certainly paid off.i’d like to give you several practical proposals on how to prepare for your university life. firstly, it’s m y hope that you will take advantage of the library in your university by reading books outside the college curriculum. secondly, i believe that free-time should be divided into three main activities: physical exercise, relaxation, and communication with friends and family.wish you further success in your continuing studies and hope you will invite me to your graduation ceremony in four years time. (115 words)yours faithfully,zhang wei参考译文李明：祝贺你！得知你已被斯坦福大学录取，我由衷地高兴。

考研英语2014真题作文2014年考研英语作文题目为，The Importance of Confidence （自信的重要性）。

范文参考如下：The Importance of Confidence。

Confidence is an important quality that can help people achieve success in various aspects of their lives. It is the belief in oneself and one's abilities, and it plays a crucial role in determining one's level of success and fulfillment. In this essay, I will discuss the importance of confidence and how it can impact an individual's life.First and foremost, confidence is essential for achieving success in one's career. When a person is confident in their abilities and skills, they are more likely to take on new challenges and pursue their goals with determination. This can lead to greater careeradvancement and opportunities for growth. In addition, confident individuals are more likely to take risks and seize opportunities that come their way, which canultimately lead to greater success in their professional lives.Furthermore, confidence is also important for building strong and healthy relationships. When a person isconfident in themselves, they are more likely to beassertive and communicate effectively with others. This can lead to better interpersonal relationships and a greater sense of connection with others. Additionally, confidence can also help individuals set boundaries and stand up for themselves when necessary, which is essential for maintaining healthy and fulfilling relationships.In addition to its impact on career and relationships, confidence is also important for one's overall well-being and mental health. When a person is confident in themselves, they are more likely to have a positive outlook on life and be resilient in the face of challenges. This can lead to greater emotional well-being and a greater sense offulfillment in life. Additionally, confidence can also help individuals cope with stress and anxiety, as they are more likely to believe in their ability to overcome difficulties and persevere in the face of adversity.In conclusion, confidence is an important quality that can impact various aspects of an individual's life. It is essential for achieving success in one's career, building strong and healthy relationships, and maintaining overall well-being and mental health. Therefore, it is importantfor individuals to cultivate and nurture their confidencein order to live a fulfilling and successful life.仿写如下：The Importance of Confidence。

2014考研真题及答案解析Section I Use of LanguageDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(S) for each numbered blank and mark A, B ,C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 Points)As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can't remember 1 we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance's name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain 2 , we refer to these occurrences as "senior moments." 3 seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(an) 4 impact on our professional, social, and personal 5 .Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there's actually a lot that can be done. It 6 out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental 7 can significantly improve our basic cognitive 8 . Thinking is essentially a 9 of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to 10 in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. 11 , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate 12 mental effort.Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step 13 and developed the first "brain training program" designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental 14 .The Web-based program 15 you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps 16 of your progress and provides detailed feedback 17 your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it 18 modifies and enhances the games you play to 19 on the strengths you are developing--much like a(n) 20 exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.1.[A]where [B]when [C]that [D]why2.[A]improves [B]fades [C]recovers [D]collapses3.[A]If [B]Unless [C]Once [D]While4.[A]uneven [B]limited [C]damaging [D]obscure5.[A]wellbeing [B]environment [C]relationship [D]outlook6.[A]turns [B]finds [C]points [D]figures7.[A]roundabouts [B]responses [C]workouts [D]associations8.[A]genre [B]functions [C]circumstances [D]criterion9.[A]channel [B]condition [C]sequence [D]process10.[A]persist [B]believe [C]excel [D]feature11.[A]Therefore [B]Moreover [C]Otherwise [D]However12.[A]according to [B]regardless of [C]apart from [D]instead of13.[A]back [B]further [C]aside [D]around14.[A]sharpness [B]stability [C]framework [D]flexibility15.[A]forces [B]reminds [C]hurries [D]allows16.[A]hold [B]track [C]order [D]pace17.[A] to [B]with [C]for [D]on18.[A]irregularly [B]habitually [C]constantly [D]unusually19.[A]carry [B]put [C]build [D]take20.[A]risky [B]effective [C]idle [D]familiar答案：1-5 ABDCA6-10 ACBDC11-15 DABAD16-20 BDCCB1. [标准答案] [A][考点分析] 上下文语义和连词辨析[选项分析] 本题考查连词。

2014年考研英语一真题详解：大作文52. Directions：Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay， you should1) describe the drawing briefly，2) interpret its intended meaning， and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET(20 points)【参考答案】As is shown above，in the first picture， along the road walked a young and vigorous mother，leading her girl hand in hand，with smile on her face three decades ago，while nowadays the daughter in the prime of her life guided her aged mother through the road arm inarm in the second picture. Recently there is a heated discussion about these pictures on Wei bo. Simple as they are， the meaning behind is as deep as ocean.The meaningful drawing mirrors a common phenomenon in contemporary society that there is the positive influence of fealty. It is universally acknowledged that supporting the aged is the responsibility of the sons and daughters of the Chinese people. First of all， emphases should be given to the cultivation of young children on respecting and loving the elders， which is undoubtedly an essential factor of this phenomenon. In addition，our government should take joint efforts to carry out effective measures on how to punish those who abuse the elders. Last but not the least，every individuals should keep deep in mind that it is the elders that contributed a lot to the rapid development of our society.Given all the above arguments，I take the attitude that， first of all， we should show filial piety to parents who bring us to maturity. More importantly， the public should embrace and promote the awareness of filial duty which is importance for a more active and healthy society. In conclusion，filial piety，as a traditional Chinese virtue，is indispensable for us living a more valuable and fulfilling life.。

2014年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析完整版Section I Use of LanguageDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(S) for each numbered blank and mark A, B ,C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 Points)As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can't remember 1 we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance's name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain 2 , we refer to these occurrences as "senior moments." 3 seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(an) 4 impact on our professional, social, and personal 5 .Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there's actually a lot that can be done. It 6 out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental 7 can significantly improve our basic cognitive 8 . Thinking is essentially a 9 of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to 10 in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. 11 , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate 12 mental effort.Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step 13 and developed the first "brain training program" designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental 14 .The Web-based program 15 you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps 16 of your progress and provides detailed feedback 17 your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it 18 modifies and enhances the games you play to 19 on the strengths you are developing--much like a(n) 20 exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.1.[A]where [B]when [C]that [D]why2.[A]improves [B]fades [C]recovers [D]collapses3.[A]If [B]Unless [C]Once [D]While4.[A]uneven [B]limited [C]damaging [D]obscure5.[A]wellbeing [B]environment [C]relationship [D]outlook6.[A]turns [B]finds [C]points [D]figures7.[A]roundabouts [B]responses [C]workouts [D]associations8.[A]genre [B]functions [C]circumstances [D]criterion9.[A]channel [B]condition [C]sequence [D]process10.[A]persist [B]believe [C]excel [D]feature11.[A]Therefore [B]Moreover [C]Otherwise [D]However12.[A]according to [B]regardless of [C]apart from [D]instead of13.[A]back [B]further [C]aside [D]around14.[A]sharpness [B]stability [C]framework [D]flexibility15.[A]forces [B]reminds [C]hurries [D]allows16.[A]hold [B]track [C]order [D]pace17.[A] to [B]with [C]for [D]on18.[A]irregularly [B]habitually [C]constantly [D]unusually19.[A]carry [B]put [C]build [D]take20.[A]risky [B]effective [C]idle [D]familiar答案：1-5 ABDCA 6-10 ACBDC 11-15 DABAD 16-20 BDCCB1. [标准答案] [A][考点分析] 上下文语义和连词辨析[选项分析] 本题考查连词。

姓名：报考专业：准考证号码：密封线内不要写题2014年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试答案科目名称：写作与翻译（■A卷□B卷）科目代码：858考试时间：3小时满分150 分可使用的常用工具：□无□计算器□直尺□圆规（请在使用工具前打√）注意：所有答题内容必须写在答题纸上，写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效；考完后试题随答题纸交回。

Part One Translation 50% (75points)I. Translate the following into Chinese. (40 points, 8 points for each item)1) The miseries I saw, as a boy, in the lives of nearly all men I continue to see in the lives of many---the body breaking toil, the tedium, the call to be tough, the humiliating powerlessness, the battle for a living and for territory.我在儿时从几乎所有男人的生活里所见到的种种苦难，如今从许多男人的生活里依然能够看到---劳命伤体的苦作，单调乏味的生活，不得不顽强地硬撑下去，因为无能为力而抬不起头，为了生存和立身之地而抗争。

2) As Financial Action Task Force offical John Carlson noted, "even criminals like to keep their money somewhere safe,"and the world's banks and financial institutions bear a share of the blame for the growth in money laundering. The FATF, created in 1989, has focused its energies on obliging banks and governments to tighten their rules regarding annonymity in financial affairs.正如金融事件特别委员会约翰·卡尔森指出的那样，"即使是罪犯也想把钱存在安全的地方，"全球的银行和金融机构对有增无减的洗钱活动均难辞其咎。

2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)As many people hit middle age,they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be.We suddenly can’t remember1we put the keys just a moment ago,or an old acquaintance’s name,or the name of an old band we used to love.As the brain2,we refer to these occurrences as“senior moments.”3seemingly innocent,this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(n)4impact on our professional, social,and personal5.Neuroscientists,experts who study the nervous system,are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done.It6out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do,and the right mental7can significantly improve our basic cognitive8. Thinking is essentially a9of making connections in the brain.To a certain extent,our ability to10in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited.11, because these connections are made through effort and practice,scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate12mental effort.Now,a new Web-based company has taken it a step13and developed the first“brain training program”designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental14.The Web-based program15you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills.The program keeps16of your progress and provides detailed feedback17your performance and improvement.Most importantly,it18modifies and enhances the games you play to19on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n)20exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.1.[A]where[B]when[C]that[D]why2.[A]improves[B]fades[C]recovers[D]collapses3.[A]If[B]Unless[C]Once[D]While4.[A]uneven[B]limited[C]damaging[D]obscure5.[A]wellbeing[B]environment[C]relationship[D]outlook6.[A]turns[B]finds[C]points[D]figures7.[A]roundabouts[B]responses[C]workouts[D]associations8.[A]genre[B]functions[C]circumstances[D]criterion9.[A]channel[B]condition[C]sequence[D]process10.[A]persist[B]believe[C]excel[D]feature11.[A]Therefore[B]Moreover[C]Otherwise[D]However12.[A]according to[B]regardless of[C]apart from[D]instead of13.[A]back[B]further[C]aside[D]around14.[A]sharpness[B]stability[C]framework[D]flexibility15.[A]forces[B]reminds[C]hurries[D]allows16.[A]hold[B]track[C]order[D]pace17.[A]to[B]with[C]for[D]on18.[A]irregularly[B]habitually[C]constantly[D]unusually19.[A]carry[B]put[C]build[D]take20.[A]risky[B]effective[C]idle[D]familiarSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1In order to“change lives for the better”and reduce“dependency”George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer,introduced the“upfront work search”scheme.Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV,register for online job search,and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly.What could be more reasonable?More apparent reasonableness followed.There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance.“Those first few days should be spent looking for work,not looking to sign on.”he claimed.“We’re doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster.”Help?Really?On first hearing,this was the socially concerned chancellor,trying to change lives for the better,complete with“reforms”to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsidizes laziness.What motivated him,we were to understand,was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”—protecting the taxpayer,controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.Losing a job is hurting:you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state.It is financially terrifying,psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get.You are now not wanted;you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get.You are now not wanted;you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life.Worse,the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared.Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always:a job.But in Osborneland,your first instinct is to fall into dependency—permanent dependency if you can get it—supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood.It is as though20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk ofunemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens.Even the very phrase “jobseeker’s allowance”is about redefining the unemployed as a“jobseeker”who had no fundamental right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions.Instead,the claimant receives a time-limited“allowance,”conditional on actively seeking a job;no entitlement and no insurance,at£71.70a week,one of the least generous in the EU.21.George Osborne’s scheme was intended to.[A]provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits[B]encourage jobseekers’active engagement in job seeking[C]motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily[D]guarantee jobseekers’legitimate right to benefits22.The phrase,“to sign on”(Line3,Para.2)most probably means.[A]to check on the availability of jobs at the jobcentre[B]to accept the government’s restrictions on the allowance[C]to register for an allowance from the government[D]to attend a governmental job-training program23.What prompted the chancellor to develop his scheme?[A]A desire to secure a better life for all.[B]An eagerness to protect the unemployed.[C]An urge to be generous to the claimants.[D]A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.24.According to Paragraph3,being unemployed makes one feel.[A]uneasy[B]enraged[C]insulted[D]guilty25.To which of the following would the author most probably agree?[A]The British welfare system indulges jobseekers’laziness.[B]Osborne’s reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.[C]The jobseekers’allowance has met their actual needs.[D]Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional.Text2All around the world,lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession—with the possible exception of journalism.But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.During the decade before the economic crisis,spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation.The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money,tempting ever more students to pile into law schools.But most law graduates never get a big-firm job.Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.There are many reasons for this.One is the excessive costs of a legal education.There is justone path for a lawyer in most American states:a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject,then a three-year law degree at one of200law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam.This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with$100,000of debt on top of undergraduate w-school debt means that many cannot afford to go into government or non-profit work,and that they have to work fearsomely hard.Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers.Sensible ideas have been around for a long time,but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them.One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree.Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school.If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer,those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so.Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business.Except in the District of Columbia,non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow.There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.In fact,allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers,by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’efficiency.After all,other countries,such as Australia and Britain,have started liberalizing their legal professions.America should follow.26.A lot of students take up law as their profession due to.[A]the growing demand from clients[B]the increasing pressure of inflation[C]the prospect of working in big firms[D]the attraction of financial rewards27.Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?[A]Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies.[B]Admissions approval from the bar association.[C]Pursuing a bachelor’s degree in another major.[D]Receiving training by professional associations.28.Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from.[A]lawyers’and clients’strong resistance[B]the rigid bodies governing the profession[C]the stem exam for would-be lawyers[D]non-professionals’sharp criticism29.The guild-like ownership structure is considered“restrictive”partly because it.[A]bans outsiders’involvement in the profession[B]keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares[C]aggravates the ethical situation in the trade[D]prevents lawyers from gaining due profits30.In this text,the author mainly discusses.[A]flawed ownership of America’s law firms and its causes[B]the factors that help make a successful lawyer in America[C]a problem in America’s legal profession and solutions to it[D]the role of undergraduate studies in America’s legal educationText3The US$3-million Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment,as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year’s award in March.And it is far from the only one of its type.As a News Feature article in Nature discusses,a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years.Many,like the Fundamental Physics Prize,are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs.These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields,they say,and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.What’s not to like?Quite a lot,according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature.You cannot buy class,as the old saying goes,and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobles,The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them,say scientists.They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research.They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research.They do not fund peer-reviewed research.They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism.Some want to shock,others to draw people into science,or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.As Nature has pointed out before,there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes—both new and old—are distributed.The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences,launched this year,takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include.But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three recipients per prize,each of whom must still be living,has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research—as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson.The Nobles were,of course,themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money.Time,rather than intention,has given them legitimacy.As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards,two things seem clear.First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one.Second,it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere,It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism—that is the culture of research,after all—but it is the prize-givers’money to do with as they please.It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.31.The Fundamental Physics Prize is seen as.[A]a symbol of the entrepreneurs’wealth[B]a possible replacement of the Nobel Prizes[C]an example of bankers’investments[D]a handsome reward for researchers32.The critics think that the new awards will most benefit.[A]the profit-oriented scientists[B]the founders of the new awards[C]the achievement-based system[D]peer-review-led research33.The discovery of the Higgs boson is atypical case which involves.[A]controversies over the recipients’status[B]the joint effort of modern researchers[C]legitimate concerns over the new prizes[D]the demonstration of research findings34.According to Paragraph4,which of the following is true of the Nobles?[A]Their endurance has done justice to them.[B]Their legitimacy has long been in dispute.[C]They are the most representative honor.[D]History has never cast doubt on them.35.The author believes that the now awards are.[A]acceptable despite the criticism[B]harmful to the culture of research[C]subject to undesirable changes[D]unworthy of public attentionText4“The Heart of the Matter,”the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences(AAAS),deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America.Regrettably,however,the report’s failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.In2010,leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by“federal,state and local governments,universities, foundations,educators,individual benefactors and others”to“maintain national excellence inhumanities and social scientific scholarship and education.”In response,the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences.Among the commission’s51 members are top-tier-university presidents,scholars,lawyers,judges,and business executives,as well as prominent figures from diplomacy,filmmaking,music and journalism.The goals identified in the report are generally admirable.Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry,the report supports full literacy;stresses the study of history and government,particularly American history and American government;and encourages the use of new digital technologies.To encourage innovation and competition,the report calls for increased investment in research,the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students’ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the21st century,increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day. The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages,international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.Unfortunately,despite2½years in the making,“The Heart of the Matter”never gets to the heart of the matter:the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities. The commission ignores that for several decades America's colleges and universities have produced graduates who don’t know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits.Sadly,the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing“progressive,”or left-liberal propaganda.Today,professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets and self-reliance—as falling outside the boundaries of routine,and sometimes legitimate,intellectual investigation.The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education.Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate.36.According to Paragraph1,what is the author’s attitude toward the AAAS’s report?[A]Critical[B]Appreciative[C]Contemptuous[D]Tolerant37.Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to.[A]retain people’s interest in liberal education[B]define the government’s role in education[C]keep a leading position in liberal education[D]safeguard individuals’rights to education38.According to Paragraph3,the report suggests.[A]an exclusive study of American history[B]a greater emphasis on theoretical subjects[C]the application of emerging technologies[D]funding for the study of foreign languages39.The author implies in Paragraph5that professors are.[A]supportive of free markets[B]cautious about intellectual investigation[C]conservative about public policy[D]biased against classical liberal ideas40.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]Ways to Grasp“The Heart of the Matter”[B]Illiberal Education and“The Heart of the Matter”[C]The AAAS’s Contribution to Liberal Education[D]Progressive Policy vs.Liberal EducationPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order.For Questions41-45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes.Paragraphs And E have been correctly placed Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET(10points)[A]Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable—for example,the Parthenon in Athens,Greece,the pyramids of Giza in Egypt;and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England.But these sites are exceptions to the norm.Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching,while many others have been discovered by accident. Olduvai Gorge,an early hominid site in Tanzania,was found by a butterfly hunter who literally fell into its deep valley in1911.Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the1970s.[B]In another case,American archaeologists RenéMillion and George Cowgill spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City.At its peak around AD600,this city was one of the largest human settlements in the world.The researchers mapped not only the city’s vast and ornate ceremonial areas,but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common people lived.[C]How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground?Typically,they survey and sample(make test excavations on)large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield useful information. Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding the larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites.[D]Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes.In one case,many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copan,Honduras,have located hundreds of small rural villages and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot.The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and density of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD500and850,when Copan collapsed.[E]To find their sites,archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques.Airborne technologies,such as different types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft,allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging.Aerial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features,such as ancient buildings or fields.[F]Most archaeological sites,however,are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them.Such searches can take years.British archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamen existed from information found in other sites.Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years before he located the tomb in1922. In the late1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evan combed antique dealers’stores in Athens, Greece.He was searching for tiny engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominated Greece from the1400s to1200s BC.Evans’s interpretations of these engravings eventually led him to find the Minoan palace at Knossos(Knossós)on the island of Crete,in1900.[G]Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be successful. Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking,looking for surface clues such as small fragmentsof pottery.They often include a certain amount of digging to test for buried materials at selected points across a landscape.Archaeologists also may locate buried remains by using such technologies as ground radar,magnetic-field recording,and metal detectors.Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around sites.Two and three-dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations,illustrating how sites look,and presenting the results of archaeological research.41.→A→42.→E→43.→44.→45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life.It might be poetic,philosophical,sensual,or mathematical,but in any case it must,in my view,have something to do with the soul of the human being.Hence it is metaphysical;but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical:sound.I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music.(46)It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words,all we can do is articulate our reactions to it,and not grasp music itself.Beethoven’s importance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature of his compositions.He freed music from hitherto prevailing conventions of harmony and structure. Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to break all signs of continuity.The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected,as in the last piano sonata.In musical expression,he did not feel restrained by the weight of convention.(47)By all accounts he was a freethinking person,and a courageous one,and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding,let alone the performance,of his works.This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for the performers of Beethoven’s music.His compositions demand the performer to show courage,for example in the use of dynamics.(48)Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word.He was not interested in daily politics,but concerned with questions of moral behavior and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society.(49)Especially significant was his view of freedom,which,for him,was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.Beethoven’s music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence.For him,order does not result from forgetting or ignoring the disorders that plague our existence;order is a necessary development,an improvement that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual elevation.It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Erotica Symphony,but the second,so that suffering does not have the last word.(50)One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable,but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.SectionⅢWritingPart ADirections:Write a letter of about100words to the president of your university,suggesting how to improve stu -dents’physical condition.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e“Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address.(10points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of160-200words based on the following drawing.In your essay,you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)interpret its intended meaning,and3)give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20points)2014年全真试题答案Section I Use of English1.A2.B3.D4.C5.A6.A7.C8.B9.D10.C11.D12.A13.B14.A15.D16.B17.D18.C19.C20.BSection II Reading ComprehensionPart AText121.B22.C23.D24.A25.DText226.D27.C28.B29.A30.CText331.D32.B33.B34.A35.AText436.A37C38.C39.D40.BPart B41.C42.F43.G44.D45.BPart C46.这就是为什么当我们尝试用语言来描述音乐时，我们能做的只是清楚地表达对音乐的反应，却不能领会音乐的精髓。

2010年河南师范大学821英语写作与翻译考研真题及详解Ⅰ.Match file following numbers with the corresponding letters according to the contents,write the corresponding letter into the bracket（5points）:wrence Venuti2.Eugene Nida3.Andre Lefevere4.Peter Newmark5.Qian ZhongshuA.Reaching the acme of perfectionB.Foreignization and domesticationmunicative and semantic translationD.Rewriting theoryE.Functional equivalence【参考答案】1.B美国学者L.Venuti（文努迪）于1995年提出翻译的归化与异化（domestication andforeignization），指出翻译有两种情况，一种是让读者靠近作者即异化，另一种是让作者靠近读者即归化2.E功能对等理论（functional equivalence）是由美国语言学家尤金·A·奈达（EugeneNida）提出，他认为最大的功能对等是指译文文本的读者应该基本上能以原文读者理解和欣赏原文的方式来理解和欣赏译文文本。

3.D安德烈·勒菲弗尔（Andre Lefevere）基于前人研究基础提出“翻译即改写”的翻译理论观,并认为译作受意识形态、诗学和赞助人三因素的操控。

4.C交际翻译和语义翻译（communicative translation and semantic translation）是英国翻译家纽马克（Newmark）翻译理论的两种基本策略。

交际翻译法集归化、意译和地道翻译的优势。

2018年河南师范大学831英语写作与翻译考研真题及详解I. Term Explanation. （10%）Please Explain the Following Two Terms in English.a）Foreignization （5%）b）Functional equivalence （5%）【参考答案】a）It’s a term used by Venuti （1995）to designate the type of translation in which a TT is produced which deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original” F oreignization actually isn’t a translation, but a kind of transplantation. It aims to k eep the peculiarity of SL’s culture and itself. It tries to constantly remind the reader that the text is not in the original by for example allowing some words and expression to stay in the SL, changing the syntax or in other ways making the reader feel that the text is foreign. Through a foreignized translation text, the TL reader gets to know an exotic atmosphere, a new culture and the characteristics of a foreign language, which can enrich the expressions of their own language and even wipe away the weak points of their culture.b）Functional equivalence is a translation theory put forward by Eugene Nida. It is the core of his translation theory. According to Nida, translating consists reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the sourcelanguage message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.II. English-Chinese Translation （40%）Translate the Underlined Parts into Chinese.Cross-racial hostility is the stepchild of racism. The dynamics of cross-racial hostility are created by the imbalances on treatment between racially oppressed people based on exaggerated differences among us. Each group has its unique history of discrimination, racial violence, and institutionalized prejudice. Historically, each group “served” a particular role in meeting the socioeconomic needs of white America. For example, during western expansion in the 1800s.while the debate over free versus slave state raged, thousands of Chinese men were brought in to work the mines and railroads. The Chinese were not slaves but they were not free. The Chinese were also subject to lynching and other forms of violence from whites because of their race. After working the mines and railroads, the Chinese were barred from the trades and all but domestic employment. For the most part, they were left to support their own through family-owned stores, laundries, and restaurants in Chinatown ghettoes. The same, yet not the same. Different, yet not different.Where differences among white people tend to be evened out by white privilege, differences among people of color are blown out of proportion with personal jealousies and betrayal, encouraged by whites. The difference between the house nigger and the field nigger is a classic example of howdifferential/preferential treatment split and divided us. Both were slaves for life, but one was treated conspicuously better than the other. For example, “the light-skinned blacks, usually the offspring of white men and black women, were typically given the preferred wo rk inside the master’s home, while darker-skinned blacks were relegated to field work.”There was no guarantee this exemption would continue from one day to the next. The house nigger’s situation was always precarious. Their “privileges” and “status” could be taken away for any or no reason. In the daily ruthless life and death struggle, the desire for preferential treatment often overshadowed feelings of hatred for the master and replaced it with jealous hatred for each other.【参考译文】每个群体都经受过各异的种族歧视、种族暴力和制度化偏见的摧残。

2018年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目代码与名称：831英语写作与翻译适用专业或方向：外国语言文学、学科教学（英语）妥考试时间：3小时满分：150分试题编号：A卷（必须在答题纸上答题，在试卷上答题无效，答题纸可向监考老师索要）I.Term Explanation.(10%)Please Explain the Following Two Terms in English.a)Foreignization(5%)b)Functional equivalence(5%)II.English-Chinese Translation(40%)Translate the Underlined Parts into Chinese.Cross-racial hostility is the stepchild of racism.The dynamics of cross-racial hostility are created by the imbalances on treatment between racially oppressed people based on exaggerated differences among us.Each group has its unique history of discrimination,racial violence,and institutionalized prejudice.Historically、each group''served''a particular role in meeting the socioeconomic needs of white America. For example,during western expansion in the1800s,while the debate over versus slave state raged,thousands of Chinese men were brought in to work the mines and railroads.The Chinese were not slaves but they were not fi~ee.The Chinese were also subject to lynching and other forms of violence f?om whites because of their race. After working the mines and railroads,the Chinese were barred f?om the trades and all but domestic employment.For the most part they were left to support their own through family-owned undries,and restaurants in Chinatown ghettoes.The第1页，共3页same,yet not the same.Different,yet not different.Where differences among white people tend to be evened out by white privilege, differences among people of color arc blown out of proportion with personal jealousies and betrayal,encouraged by whites.The difference between the house nigger and the field nigger is a classic example of how differential/Dreferential treatment split and divided us.Both were slaves for lifb,but one was treated conspicuously better than the other.For examDle,"the light-skinned blacks,usually the offspring of white men and black women,were typically given the Dreferred work inside the master's home、while darker-skinned blacks were relegated to field work."There ws no guranttee this exemption would continue什om one day to the next. The house nigger's situation was always precarious.Their"privileges''and"status" could be taken away fbr any or no reason.In the daily ruthless li能and death struggle, the desire for preferential treatment often overshadowed fbelings of hatred for the master and replaced it with jealous hatred for each other.III.Chinese-English Translation(40%)Translate the Following Chinese Passage into English.文化是一个国家、一个民族的灵魂。

2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember 1 we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain 2 , we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.” 3 seemingly innocent ,this loss of mental focus can potentially have a (n) 4 impact on our professional, social, and personal 5 .Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. It 6 out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental 7 can significantly improve our basic cognitive 8 . Thinking is essentially a 9 of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to 10 in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. 11 , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate 12 mental effort.Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step 13 and developed the first “brain training program” designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental 14 .The Web-based program 15 you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps 16 of your progress and provides detailed feedback 17 your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it 18 modifies and enhances the games you play to 19 on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) 20 exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.1.[A] where[B] when[C] that[D] why2.[A] improves[B] fades[C] recovers[D] collapses3.[A] If[B] Unless[C] Once[D] While4.[A] uneven[B] limited[C] damaging[D] obscure5.[A] wellbeing[B] environment[C] relationship[D] outlook6.[A] turns[B] finds[C] points[D] figures7.[A] roundabouts [B] responses[C] workouts[D] associations8.[A] genre[B] functions[C] circumstances[D] criterion9.[A] channel[B] condition[C] sequence[D] process10.[A] persist[B] believe[C] excel[D] feature11.[A] Therefore[B] Moreover[C] Otherwise[D] However12.[A] according to[B] regardless of[C] apart from[D] instead of13.[A] back[B] further[C] aside[D] around14.[A] sharpness[B] stability[C] framework[D] flexibility15.[A] forces [B] reminds[C] hurries[D] allows16.[A] hold[B] track[C] order[D] pace17.[A] to[B] with[C] for[D] on18.[A] irregularly[B] habitually[C] constantly[D] unusually19.[A] carry[B] put[C] build[D] take20.[A] risky[B] effective[C] idle[D] familiarSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1In order to “change lives for the better” and reduce “dependency” George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the “upfront work search” scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV, register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be more reasonable?More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance. “Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on.” he claimed. “We’re doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster.” Help? Really?On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with “reforms” to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsidizes laziness. What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”— protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.Losing a job is hurting: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.But in Osborneland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency—permanent dependency if you can get it — supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood. It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase “jobseeker’s allow ance” is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker” who had no fundamental right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions. Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited “allowance,” conditional on actively seeking a job; no entitlement and no insurance, at £71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.21.George Osborne’s scheme was intended to .[A] provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits[B] encourage jobseekers’ active engagement in job seeking[C] motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily[D] guarantee jobseekers’ legitimate right to benefits22.The phrase, “to sign on” (Line 3, Para.2) most probably means .[A] to check on the availability of jobs at the jobcentre[B] to accept the government’s restrictions on the allowance[C] to register for an allowance from the government[D] to attend a governmental job-training program23.What prompted the chancellor to develop his scheme?[A] A desire to secure a better life for all.[B] An eagerness to protect the unemployed.[C] An urge to be generous to the claimants.[D] A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.24.According to Paragraph 3, being unemployed makes one feel .[A] uneasy [B] enraged [C] insulted [D] guilty25.To which of the following would the author most probably agree?[A] The British welfare system indulges jobseekers’ laziness.[B] Osborne’s reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.[C] The jobseekers’ allowance has met their actual needs.[D] Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional.Text 2All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession—with the possible exception of journalism. But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-firm job. Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education. There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that many cannot afford to go into government or non-profit work, and that they have to work fearsomely hard.Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them. One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree. Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school. If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business. Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow. There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’ efficiency. After all, other countries, such as Australia andBritain, have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow.26.A lot of students take up law as their profession due to .[A] the growing demand from clients [B] the increasing pressure of inflation[C] the prospect of working in big firms [D] the attraction of financial rewards27.Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?[A] Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies.[B] Admissions approval from the bar association.[C] Pursuing a bachelor’s degree in another major.[D] Receiving training by professional associations.28.Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from .[A] lawyers’ and clients’ strong resistance[B] the rigid bodies governing the profession[C] the stem exam for would-be lawyers[D] non-professionals’ sharp criticism29.The guild-like ownership structure is considered “restrictive”partly because it .[A] bans outsiders’ involvement in the profession[B] keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares[C] aggravates the ethical situation in the trade[D] prevents lawyers from gaining due profits30.In this text, the author mainly discusses .[A] flawed ownership of America’s law firms and its causes[B] the factors that help make a successful lawyer in America[C] a problem in America’s legal profession and solutions to it[D] the role of undergraduate studies in America’s legal educationText 3The US $ 3-million Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year’s award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.What’s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobles, The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes—both new and old—are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by thecollaborative nature of modern research—as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. The Nobles were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one. Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism—that is the culture of research, after all—but it is the prize-givers’ money to do with as they please. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.31.The Fundamental Physics Prize is seen as .[A] a symbol of the entrepreneurs’ wealth [B] a possible replacement of the Nobel Prizes[C] an example of bankers’ investments [D] a handsome reward for researchers32.The critics think that the new awards will most benefit .[A] the profit-oriented scientists [B] the founders of the new awards[C] the achievement-based system [D] peer-review-led research33.The discovery of the Higgs boson is atypical case which involves .[A] controversies over the recipients’status [B] the joint effort of modern researchers[C] legitimate concerns over the new prizes [D] the demonstration of research findings34.According to Paragraph 4,which of the following is true of the Nobles?[A] Their endurance has done justice to them.[B] Their legitimacy has long been in dispute.[C] They are the most representative honor.[D] History has never cast doubt on them.35.The author believes that the now awards are .[A] acceptable despite the criticism [B] harmful to the culture of research[C] subject to undesirable changes [D] unworthy of public attentionText 4“The Heart of the Matter,” the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. Regrettably, however, the report’s failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by “federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educators, individual benefactors and others” to “maintain national excellence inhumanities and social scientific scholarship and education.” In response, the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences. Among the commission’s 51 members are top-tier-university presidents, scholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives, as well as prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, music and journalism.The goals identified in the report are generally admirable. Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry, the report supports full literacy; stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government; and encourages the use of new digital technologies. To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students’ ability to solveproblems and communicate effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day. The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages, international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.Unfortunately, despite 2½ years in the making, “The Heart of the Matter” never gets to the heart of the matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities. The commission ignores that for several decades America's colleges and universities have produced graduates who don’t know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits. Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing “progressive,” or left-liberal propaganda.Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets and self-reliance—as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and sometimes legitimate, intellectual investigation.The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education. Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate.36. According to Paragraph 1, what is the author’s attitude toward the AAAS’s report?[A] Critical [B] Appreciative [C] Contemptuous [D] Tolerant37. Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to .[A] retain people’s interest in liberal education[B] define the government’s role in education[C] keep a leading position in liberal education[D] safeguard individuals’ rights to education38. According to Paragraph 3, the report suggests .[A] an exclusive study of American history[B] a greater emphasis on theoretical subjects[C] the application of emerging technologies[D] funding for the study of foreign languages39. The author implies in Paragraph 5 that professors are .[A] supportive of free markets [B] cautious about intellectual investigation[C] conservative about public policy [D] biased against classical liberal ideas40. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Ways to Grasp “The Heart of the Matter”[B] Illiberal Education and “The Heart of the Matter”[C] The AAAS’s Contribution to Liberal Education[D] Progressive Policy vs. Liberal EducationPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes.Paragraphs And E have been correctly placed Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)[A] Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable—for example, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece, the pyramids of Giza in Egypt; and the megaliths of Stonehenge insouthern England. But these sites are exceptions to the norm. Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching, while many others have been discovered by accident. Olduvai Gorge, an early hominid site in Tanzania, was found by a butterfly hunter who literally fell into its deep valley in 1911. Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the1970s.[B] In another case, American archaeologists René Million and George Cowgill spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City. At its peak around AD 600, this city was one of the largest human settlements in the world. The researchers mapped not only the city’s vast and ornate ceremonial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common people lived.[C] How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground? Typically, they survey and sample (make test excavations on) large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield useful information. Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding the larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites.[D] Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes. In one case, many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copan, Honduras, have located hundreds of small rural villages and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot. The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and density of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD 500 and 850, when Copan collapsed.[E] To find their sites, archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques. Airborne technologies, such as different types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft, allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging. Aerial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features, such as ancient buildings or fields.[F] Most archaeological sites, however, are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them. Such searches can take years. British archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamen existed from information found in other sites. Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years before he located the tomb in 1922. In the late 1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evan combed antique dealers’ stores in Athens, Greece. He was searching for tiny engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominated Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC. Evans’s interpretations of these engravings eventually led him to find the Minoan palace at Knossos (Knossós) on the island of Crete, in 1900.[G] Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be successful. Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking, looking for surface clues such as small fragments of pottery. They often include a certain amount of digging to test for buried materials at selected points across a landscape. Archaeologists also may locate buried remains by using such technologies as ground radar, magnetic-field recording, and metal detectors. Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around sites. Two and three-dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations, illustrating how sites look, and presenting the results of archaeological research.41.→ A →42.→ E →43.→ 44.→45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life. It might be poetic, philosophical, sensual, or mathematical, but in any case it must, in my view, have something to do with the soul of the human being. Hence it is metaphysical; but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical: sound. I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music. (46)It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.Beethoven’s importance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature of his compositions. He freed music from hitherto prevailing conventions of harmony and structure. Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to break all signs of continuity. The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected, as in the last piano sonata. In musical expression, he did not feel restrained by the weight of convention. (47)By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for the performers of Beethoven’s music. His compositions demand the performer to show courage, for example in the use of dynamics.(48)Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word. He was not interested in daily politics, but concerned with questions of moral behavior and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society. (49)Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.Beethoven’s music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence. For him, order does not result from forgetting or ignoring the disorders that plague our existence; order is a necessary development, an improvement that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual elevation. It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Erotica Symphony, but the second, so that suffering does not have the last word. (50)One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.。

以下是为大家整理的《2014年考研英语作文题目及范文》的文章，供大家参考阅读！英语一题目及范文大作文：得分关键词：love 爱; repay love 回报爱trouble 麻烦; burden 负担take care of 照顾; filial piety 孝敬，孝心accompay 陪伴; loneliness 孤独healthy growth健康成长; responsibility/ obligation 责任Chinese traditional virtue 中国传统美德范文赏析：From the cartoon given above, we can observe that there are two people who show love with each other. On the left picture, thirty years ago, with a happy smile on her face, the beautiful young mother was holding his daughter's hand. On the right picture, with her mother becoming old, the little girl grows up , she holds her mother tightly. Thirty years past, but a happy and warm smile never disappears. The caption below reads, "holding together."We learn from the cartoon that love between parents and children should be mutual and constant. Our parents not only give us life, but also give us unselfish and generous love when we grow up. They provide us with the best things, fill all of our needs and protect us from being hurt. When they grow old, we should also unreservedly repay their love. Old parents are not as healthy as when they were young, inconvenience also abounds in their love, they undoutedly need our care and love, just as when we were young and little. Although sometimes they tell us,"I am fine, do not worry about me." Is that true? No! In effect, they just don't want to bring us extra trouble and burden !Although the pace of modern life is quickening and the competition is becoming fiercer. No matter how busy we are, we young people should also spare some time to accompany our old parents, help them escape from loneliness and listen to their inner voice. Taking care of old people is not so much Chinese traditional virtue as our basic obligation. By the way, do you remember how long you haven't called your parents or eaten with them ?参考译文：如图所示，我们可以看见有两个彼此显示出真爱的人。