2014北航年翻译硕士考研试题英语翻译基础历年真题2011-2013

2014年北京航空航天大学357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解第一部分：将下列术语翻译成中文（本题共15分，每一题1分）。

1. appeal-focused text【答案】感染型文本2. class shift【答案】词类转换3. commission【答案】委托4. transeme【答案】译素5. restricted translation【答案】受限翻译6. low countries group【答案】低地国家学派7. minimax principle 【答案】最大最小原理8. translation universals 【答案】翻译普遍特征9. verbal consistence 【答案】词语一致10. concordance【答案】一致性11. calque【答案】仿造12. controlled language 【答案】受控语言13. prototype【答案】原型14. modification【答案】调整15. covert translation【答案】隐型翻译第二部分：将下列术语翻译成英文（本题共15分，每一题1分）。

1. 自动翻译【答案】automatic translation2. 中枢语言【答案】pivot language3. 连贯【答案】coherence4. 子语言【答案】sub-language5. 可修正性【答案】correctability6. 形式对应【答案】formal correspondence7. 地道翻译【答案】idiomatic translation8. 规范【答案】norms9. 语料库【答案】corpora10. 异国情调【答案】exoticism11. 重写【答案】rewriting12. 法庭传译【答案】court interpreting13. 巴别塔【答案】Babel14. 内罗毕宣言【答案】Nairobi Declaration15. 释译【答案】paraphrase第三部分：英译汉（本题共60分，第一段25分，第2段15分，第三段20分）。

北京航空航天大学翻译硕士考研真题，考研真题解析第二部分思想道德修养与法律基础历年分析题2015年：（1）如何理解“法治关乎国家治理，更关乎百姓福祉”？（6分）（2）为什么“全面推进依法治国，必须坚持党的领导”（4分）2014年：(1)为什么说鹦哥岭的大学生选择的是“一种有远见的生活方式”？（6分）（2）怎样看待“理想很丰满，现实很骨感”这种说法？（4分）2013年：（1）从法律角度如何理解“我无权拒绝他们入内阅读，但你有权选择离开”？（2）图书馆想乞丐和拾荒者年费开放对我们处理人际关系有何启示？（5分）2012年：（1）基于“信义兄弟”这个事例，怎样理解诚信及其道德力量？（6分）（2）在法律关系中，为什么也要坚守诚信？（4分）2011年：（1）如何理解"给人温暖就是给自己幸福"？（6分）（2）为什么说郭明义的先进事迹是"简单中的伟大"？（4分）2010年：（1）为什么文明出行“既是道德呼唤，也是法律要求”？（2）我们应如何从自身做起，构建文明的公共生活秩序？第三部分分析题必备知识点解析必备知识点1：中国梦，是中华民族的振兴之梦，也是每一个大学生的成才之梦。

中国梦让生活在这个时代的大学生与祖国人民一起共同享有人生出彩的机会，共同享有梦想成真的机会，共同享有同祖国和时代一起成长与进步的机会。

大学生如何实现中国梦？再例如，大学生在实现自己的人生理想等问题上（如就业难）往往使得大学生理想受挫。

针对这些问题，当代大学生如何理解理想与现实的关系？如何正确对待理想实现过程中的顺境与逆境？相关知识点1：辩证地看待和处理理想与现实的矛盾。

1.理想和现实存在着对立的一面，理想受现实的规定和制约，不能脱离现实而幻想未来。

理想与现实的矛盾与冲突，属于“应然”和“实然”的矛盾。

假如理想与现实完全等同，那么理想的存在就没有意义。

2．理想与现实又是统一的，理想之树深深扎根于现实的沃土之中，理想是在对现实认识的基础上发展起来的。

育明教育【温馨提示】现在很多小机构虚假宣传，育明教育咨询部建议考生一定要实地考察，并一定要查看其营业执照，或者登录工商局网站查看企业信息。

目前，众多小机构经常会非常不负责任的给考生推荐北大、清华、北外等名校，希望广大考生在选择院校和专业的时候，一定要慎重、最好是咨询有丰富经验的考研咨询师！2014年金融硕士考研参考书及教材《百科知识考点精编与真题解析》，李国正主编，光明日版出版社，2013年出版1 Translate the following terms into Chinese (15 points, 1 point each):1.Westward Movement2.the Market for Lemons3.CPI4.NASDAQ5. BRIC6. CCTV (not 中国中央电视台)7. GM crop8. IAEA9. opportunity cost10. Keynesians11. the Tories12. the State Department in Washington13. the Treasury Department of the U.S.14. protectionism15. Balance of PaymentsII Translate the following terms into English (15 points, 1 point each):1 港人治港2. 城乡信用合作社3. 可持续发展4.解放和发展生产力5.国家电网6. 存款准备金率7. 完善人民币汇率形成机制8. 中西医并重9. 突发事件应急管理机制10. 中国特色的社会主义11. 构建两岸关系和平发展框架12. 知足常乐13. 水火无情14. 厨房重地，闲人免进15. 一蹶不振III. Translate the following passages into Chinese (60 points)India's Central bank has raised interest rates in a bid to battle high inflation. The economy is growing at a brisk pace, but rising prices remain a key concern. The latest interest rate hikes announced by the Central Bank are higher than expected. The rate at which it lends to banks is up by a quarter percentage point to six per cent, while the rate at which it borrows from banks has been raised by half a percentage point to five per cent. A statement by the Central Bank said inflation remains the dominant concern. India's Finance Minister, Pranab Mukherjee supports the measure. He says, "I think it is in the right direction... Still the inflationary pressure is there in the system." It is the fifth time this year that interest rates have been raised. Interest rates began rising as the government started winding down stimulus measures put in place in 2008 to cope with the global financial slowdown. At that time interest rates had been slashed to encourage more spending by consumers. Now India's economy is growing briskly once again. But at the same time, prices have been spiraling. Even though inflation has dipped marginally in recent weeks, it is still around eight and a half percent. The rising prices are a huge worry for the government because they adversely affect poor people, who make up nearly forty per cent of the billion plus population. Opposition parties have accused it of not doing enough to rein in prices.The government hopes that raising interest rates will help bring down inflation. The government is also banking on ample monsoon rains this year to boost crop yields, and bring down the prices of food, which hit the poor particularly hard. The government's chief economic policy, Kaushik Basu says he expects inflation to taper off by March next year." But we were expecting it to be distinctly lower by the end of this fiscal year and I stay by that," Basu said. India's economy is expected to grow by nearly nine per cent this year – the world's second fastest-growing major economy after China. (377 words)IV. Translate the following passage into English (60 points)丝绸之路是公元前2世纪开始出现的一条联系中国和欧亚大陆的交通要道，由于这条道路开始时以丝绸贸易为主，所以人们便称它为丝绸之路。

1/11【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站： 12015年考研指导育明教育，创始于2006年，由北京大学、中国人民大学、中央财经大学、北京外国语大学的教授投资创办，并有北京大学、武汉大学、中国人民大学、北京师范大学复旦大学、中央财经大学、等知名高校的博士和硕士加盟，是一个最具权威的全国范围内的考研考博辅导机构。

更多详情可联系育明教育孙老师。

北京语言大学（回忆）翻译硕士英语一、单选20个二、阅读4篇前两篇各有5个选择题后两篇是根据文章回答问题，共5个问题三、写作题目方向是“What qualities should a competent person possess？”英语翻译基础一、词语翻译：BP EU WHO WWF2/11【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站： 2DNAMalthusian theory DPRK FIFAGoldman Sachs 南水北调拳头产品经济适用房红色旅游区孟子穆斯林入乡随俗破釜沉舟水浒二、英译汉：是关于环境会议讨论的文章，呼吁发达国家应当对不发达国家与岛国承担起更多责任而不是推卸责任。

三、汉译英：关于世博会的文章，世博会是一次空前的盛会。

介绍鳞次栉比风格独特的世博建筑和眼花缭乱的各国展品，包括希腊的雅典娜雕塑，春秋战国时期的铜车马和法国绘画大师的杰作。

汉语写作与百科知识一、名词解释：科学发展观3/11【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站： 3十二五通货膨胀宏观经济阿姆斯特丹斯宾诺莎犹太教自然权利秦观七夕节轴心时代纵横家二、应用文：写一篇450字的邀请函，邀请各界专家学者来北京XX 大学参加美国诗人XX 的研讨会，安排住在大学招待所，交通住宿费用自负，联系张XX，欢迎各界专家学者光临。

三、大作文：《孟子离娄下》中的《齐人有一妻一妾》，写一篇800字的记叙文或者议论文。

原文：齐人有一妻一妾而处室（1）者，其良人（2）出，则必餍（3）酒肉而后反（4）。

2014年北京航天航空大学211翻译硕士英语考研试题（回忆版）一⃝单选30’比较简单，一些单词语法二⃝阅读40’共四篇3篇选择1篇问答，感觉比较难特别第三篇关于文学的三⃝作文30’以前都是考翻译相关的，这次是The importance of team work~亮瞎翻译基础一⃝名词解释:mission2.calque3.Transeme4.Restricted translation5.Low counties group6.Translation universal7.Verbal consistence8.Prototype9.Modification10.中枢语言11.可修正性12.地道翻译13.内罗毕宣言14.释意15.异国情调二⃝段落翻译英译汉1.关于普鲁士德国的2.土耳其其中有个单词Ottoman我没有见过，因为还大写了首字母，我以为是人名翻译成了奥特曼，其实是土耳其的相当于turkish3.飞行的平稳直汉译英1.关于航天新闻发言人的讲话2.青春3.土豪百科一⃝中外文化名词解释1.唐三彩2.哭墙3.圈地运动4.棱镜门5.钓鱼岛列岛6.光年7.伤痕文学8.兰亭集序9.十字军东征10.影子银行11.李约瑟12.3D打印13.井田制14.康熙字典15.甲骨文16.浑天仪2.文言文翻译（翻译并各做300字以上评价）一篇摘自货殖列传序另一篇欧阳修的 秋声赋3.议论文商场如战场，讲规则和重结果都重要就二者的关系写800字以上作文百科知识：英美文学流派整理玄学派：是指17世纪英国文坛出现的一个独特的诗歌流派。

英国诗人约翰·邓恩是这个流派的代表人物，他因在诗歌中精妙地运用“奇喻”的比喻手法而蜚声文坛。

它们往往以精致典雅的形式表现情感与观念的矛盾，把古典主义的性情与浪漫主义的风骨很好地融合到了一起。

骑士文学盛行于西欧，反映了骑士阶层的生活理想。

骑士精神和道德是上层社会的贵族文化精神，它是以个人身份的优越感为基础的道德与人格精神，但它也积淀这西欧民族远古尚武精神的某些积极因素。

育明教育孙老师整理，来育明教于赠送资料，更多真题可咨询孙老师。

北京航空航天大学2014年翻译硕士MTI真题及答案-英语翻译基础第一部分，将下列术语翻译成中文。

appeal-focused textclass shiftcommissiontransemerestricted translationlow countries groupminimax principletranslation universalsverbal consistenceconcordancecalquecontrolled languageprototypemodificationconvert translation第二部分：将下列术语翻译成英文。

1.自动翻译2.中枢语言3.连贯4.子语言5.可修正性6.形式对应7.地道翻译8.规范9.语料库‘10.异国情调11.重写12.法庭传译13.巴别塔14.内罗毕宣言15.释译第三部分：英译汉（本题共60分，第一段25分，第2段15分，第三段20分)。

1.“War is a mere continuation of politics by other means,”Prussian theorist Karl Von Clausewitz wrote.Today,banking—broadly defined as lending and borrowing money through institutions and bond markets—is a continuation of politics,or war,by other means.In the20th century, Germany wielded power over European neighbors through brute military force.In the21st century,Germany,abetted by France,uses its influence with the European Central Bank and the European Union to dictate terms to Greece and other weak nations.And the effort to halt Iran’s march to nuclear prominence relies as much on the international banking’system’s willingness and ability to enforce financial sanctions as it does on the threat of bombs.2.Its foreign policy is becoming not so much Islamic as Ottoman, reestablishing a sphere of influence it had for400years.Abdullah Gϋl, Turkey’s sophisticated president,explains that while Turkey remains resolutely a part of the West,it is increasingly influential in the Middle East,Central Asia,and beyond.”Turkey is becoming a source of inspiration for other countries in the region,”he said to me while in New York last week.3.It is impossible to emphasize too strongly the necessity for forming correct habits in flying straight and level.All other flight maneuvers are in essence a deviation from this fundamental flight maneuver.Many flight instructors and students are prone to believe that perfection in straight-and-level flight will come of itself,but such is not the ease.It is not uncommon to find a pilot whose basic flying ability consistently falls just short of minimum expected standards,and upon analyzing the reasons for the shortcomings to discover that the cause is the inability to fly straight and level property.Straight-and-level flight is flight in which a constant heading and altitude are maintained. It is accomplished by making immediate and measured corrections for deviations in direction and altitude form unintentional slight turns, descents,and climbs.第四部分：汉译英（本题共60分，每段20分）。

2015年北京航空航天大学翻译硕士考研基本信息招生专业：翻译硕士（英语笔译）年份招生人数推免人数复试分数线2015468365 20143010350 20133210355考试科目1.101思想政治理论2.211翻译硕士英语3.357英语翻译基础4.448汉语写作与百科知识考研参考书1.《Dictionaryof Translation Studies》上海外语教育出版社(2004年)MarkShuttleworth&Moira Cowie2.英汉互译实用教程》武汉大学出版社（2006年），谭载喜主译3.上海古籍出版社出版（2006年）出版的古文观止4.《百科知识考点精编与真题解析》，李国正，光明日报出版社，2013年版。

5.《翻译硕士常考词汇精编》育明教育内部资料6.《全国翻译硕士考研真题解析》天津科技翻译出版社育明老师建议：1.推荐理工科考生跨专业报考北航翻硕2.北航翻硕就业形势非常好（1）一般而言，每篇阅读理解只讲一个主题，阅读时应通过段落主题句把握中心。

（2）考研文章的两类体裁：议论文，重点是作者的观点和态度。

说明文，重点是作者的态度，说明对象及其特点。

（3）阅读时看清文章是由几个自然段构成的，同时还要给文章分段，便于更好的回文章定位。

（4）阅读的重点位置时文章的首段、其余各段的段首段尾句、转折处、条件关系处、因果关系处，快速读过的信息是举例子的内容、引用的内容、类比的内容、具体数字以及冒号后面补充说明的部分。

（5）每个选项都应力争回文中定位，全部题目都能做到正确答案在原文中对应的位置，判断出出题的方式以及错误答案的特征。

（6）文章固定模式：A花开两朵，各表一枝模式：在文章开始提出两个核心概念，随后分段叙述。

关键：两个概念的定义以及他们的区别和联系。

B问题答案型模式：在第一段中出现一个问题，在随后各段提出该问题的答案。

关键：把握其中心往往就是该问题最直接最主要的答案。

C时文特点：耸人听闻，吸引眼球；貌似客观，内涵态度；抛砖引玉，一起争论阅读时文时，把握时文的中心出现在手段的末句，或者二段的首句。

翻译硕士英语学位MTI考试北京航空航天大学2013年真题(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Vocabulary(总题数：30，分数：30.00)1.A ______ examination is one which is in preparation for something.（分数：1.00）A.predominantB.prematureC.preferableD.preliminary2.Nazism and Fascism were ______ to be thrown into the dump of history.（分数：1.00）A.depositedB.doomedC.damnedD.deserved3.Every month ￥ 3 is ______ from our salary for house repairing payment.（分数：1.00）A.excludedB.expelledpelledD.docked4.The mayor was asked to ______ his speech in order to allow his audience to raise questions.（分数：1.00）A.constrainB.conductC.condenseD.converge5.Although most dreams apparently happen ______, dream activity may be provoked by external influences.（分数：1.00）A.spontaneouslyB.simultaneouslyC.homogeneouslyD.instantaneously6.Your story about the frog turning into a prince is ______ nonsense.（分数：1.00）A.shearB.sheerC.shieldD.sheet7.It will be safer to walk the streets because people will not need to carry large amounts of cash; virtually all financial ______ will be conducted by computer.（分数：1.00）A.transmissionsB.transitionsC.transactionsD.transformations8.The ______ of a cultural phenomenon is usually a logical consequence of some physical aspect in the life style of the people.（分数：1.00）A.implementationB.expeditionC.demonstrationD.manifestation9.All visitors are requested to ______ with the regulations.（分数：1.00）plyB.agreeC.assistD.consent10.The captain ______ the horizon for approaching ships.（分数：1.00）A.scannedB.scrutinizedC.exploredD.swept11.The vast majority of people in any given culture will ______ to the established standards of that culture.（分数：1.00）A.confineB.conformC.confrontD.confirm12.If you want this pain-killer, you"ll have to ask the doctor for a ______.（分数：1.00）A.receiptB.recipeC.subscriptionD.prescription13.His body temperature has been ______ for 3 days, the highest point reaching 40.5 degree centigrade.（分数：1.00）A.uncommonB.disorderedC.abnormalD.extraordinary14.Movie directors use music to ______ the action on the screen.（分数：1.00）A.contaminateplimentC.contemplateplement15.Some children display an ______ curiosity about every new thing they encounter.（分数：1.00）A.incredibleB.infectiousC.incompatibleD.inaccessible16.If you ______ the bottle and cigarettes, you"ll be much healthier.（分数：1.00）A.take offB.keep offC.get offD.set off17.Sometimes patients suffering from severe pain can be helped by "drugs" that aren"t really drugs at all ______ sugar pills that contain no active chemical elements.（分数：1.00）A.or ratherB.rather thanC.but ratherD.other than18.David likes country life and has decided to ______ farming.（分数：1.00）A.go back onB.go in forC.go through withD.go along with19.Jack was about to announce our plan but I ______.（分数：1.00）A.cut him shortB.turned him outC.gave him upD.put him through20.Fewer and fewer of today"s workers expect to spend their working lives in the same field, ______ the same company.（分数：1.00）A.all elseB.much worseC.let aloneD.less likely21.A complete investigation into the causes of the accident should lead to improved standards and should ______ new operating procedures.（分数：1.00）A.result inB.match withC.subject toD.proceed with22.Many of the scientists and engineers are judged ______ how great their achievements are.（分数：1.00）A.in spite ofB.in ways ofC.in favor ofD.in terms of23.It is only when you nearly lose someone ______ fully conscious of how much you value him.（分数：1.00）A.do you becomeB.then you becomeC.that you becomeD.have you become24.It"s no good ______ him. He is always indifferent towards others" matters.（分数：1.00）A.to turn toB.turning toC.turn toD.turned to25.______ for a long time, the fields are all dried up.（分数：1.00）A.There has been no rainB.Having no rainC.There having been no rainD.There being no rain26.Your examination results were quite satisfactory, but ______ if you had spent less time in playing football?（分数：1.00）A.wouldn"t they have been betterB.wouldn"t they be betterC.won"t they have been betterD.won"t they be better27.Why was the suggestion that she ______ to our party rejected the day before yesterday?（分数：1.00）A.be invitedB.to be invitedC.being invitedD.has been invited28.______ the door when a gust of wind blew the candle out.（分数：1.00）A.He had no sooner openedB.Hardly had he openedC.Scarcely did he openedD.No sooner did he open29.______ on a clear day, far from the city crowds, the mountains give him a sense of infinite peace.（分数：1.00）A.If walkingB.WalkingC.While walkingD.When one is walking30.We will visit Huangshan next year ______ we have enough money.（分数：1.00）A.lestB.untilC.unlessD.provided二、Part Ⅱ Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Section A(总题数：3，分数：30.00)At the end of the nineteenth century, a rising interest in Native American customs and an increasing desire to understand Native American culture prompted ethnologists to begin recording the life stories of Native American. Ethnologists had a distinct reason for wanting to hear the stories: they were after linguistic or anthropological data that would supplement their own field observations, and they believed that the personal stories, even of a single individual, could increase their understanding of the cultures that they had been observing from without. In addition many ethnologists at the turn of the century believed that Native American manners and customs were rapidly disappearing, and that it was important to preserve for posterity as much information as could be adequately recorded before the cultures disappeared forever.There were, however, arguments against this method as a way of acquiring accurate and complete information. Franz Boas, for example, described autobiographies as being "of limited value, and useful chiefly for the study of the perversion of truth by memory," while Paul Radin contended that investigators rarely spent enough time with the tribes they were observing, and inevitably derived results too tinged by the investigator"s own emotional tone to be reliable.Even more importantly, as these life stories moved from the traditional oral mode to recorded written form, much was inevitably lost. Editors often decided what elements were significant to the field research on a given tribe. Native Americans recognized that the essence of their lives could not be communicated in English and that events that they thought significant were often deemed unimportant by their interviewers. Indeed, the very act of telling their stories could force Native American narrators to distort their cultures, as taboos had to be broken to speak the names of dead relatives crucial to their family stories.Despite all of this, autobiography remains a useful tool for ethnological research: such personal reminiscences and impressions, incomplete as they may be, are likely to throw more light on the working of the mind and emotions than any amount of speculation from an ethnologist or ethnological theorist from another culture.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following is most similar to the actions of nineteenth-century ethnologists in their editing of the life stories of Native Americans?（分数：2.00）A.A politician fails to mention in a campaign speech the similarities in the positions held by her opponent for political office and by herselfB.A stockbroker refuses to divulge the source of her information on the possible future increase in a stock"s valueC.A sports announcer describes the action in a team sport with which he is unfamiliarD.A chef purposely excludes the special ingredient from the recipe of his prizewinning dessert(2).According to the passage, collecting life stories can be a useful methodology because ______.（分数：2.00）A.life stories provide deeper insights into a culture than the hypothesizing of academies who are not members of that cultureB.life stores can be collected easily and they are not subject to invalid interpretationsC.ethnologists have a limited number of research methods from which to chooseD.the collection of life stories does not require a culturally knowledgeable investigator(3).Information in the passage suggests that which of the following may be a possible way to eliminate bias in the editing of life stories?（分数：2.00）A.Basing all inferences made about the culture on an ethnological theoryB.Eliminating all of the emotion-laden information reported by the informantC.Translating the informant"s words into the researcher"s languageD.Reporting all of the information that the informant provides regardless of the investigator"s personal opinion about its intrinsic value(4).The primary purpose of the passage as a whole is to ______.（分数：2.00）A.question an explanationB.correct a misconceptionC.critique a methodologyD.clarify an ambiguity(5).The passage mentions which of the following as a factor that can affect the accuracy of ethnologists" transcriptions of life stories?（分数：2.00）A.The informants" social standing within the cultureB.The inclusiveness of the theory that provided the basis for the researchC.The length of time the researchers spent in the culture under studyD.The number of life stories collected by the researchersRadiation occurs from three natural sources: radioactive material in the environment, such as in soil, rock, or building materials; cosmic rays; and substances in the human body, such as radioactive potassium in bone and radioactive carbon in tissues. These natural sources account for an exposure of about 100 millirems a year for the average American.The largest single source of man-made radiation is medical X rays, yet most scientists agree that hazards from this source are not as great as those from weapons test fallout, since strontium 90 and carbon 14 become incorporated into the body, hence delivering radiation for an entire lifetime. The issue is, however, by no means uncontroversial. The last two decades have witnessed intensified examination and dispute about the effects of low-level radiation, beginning with the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, which reported in 1958 that "even the smallest amounts of radiation are likely to cause deleterious genetic and perhaps also somatic effects."A survey conducted in Britain confirmed that an abnormally high percentage of patients suffering from arthritis of the spine who had been treated with X rays contracted cancer. Another study revealed a high incidence of childhood cancer in cases where the mother had been given prenatal pelvic X rays. These studies have pointed to the need to reexamine the assumption that exposureto low-linear energy transfer presents only a minor risk.Recently, examination of the death certificates of former employees of a West Coast plant that produces plutonium for nuclear weapons revealed markedly higher rates for cancers of the pancreas, lung, bone marrow, and lymphatic system than would have been expected in a normal population. While the National Academy of Sciences committee attributes this difference to chemical or other environmental causes rather than radiation, other scientists maintain that any radiation exposure, no matter how small, leads to an increase in cancer risk. It is believed by some that a dose of one rem, if sustained over many generations, would lead to an increase of 1 percent in the number of serious genetic defects at birth, a possible increase of 1,000 disorders per million births. In the meantime, regulatory efforts have been disorganized, fragmented, inconsistent, and characterized by internecine strife and bureaucratic delays. A Senate report concluded that coordination of regulation among involved departments and agencies was not possible because of jurisdictional disputes and confusion. One federal agency has been unsuccessful in its efforts to obtain sufficient funding and manpower for the enforcement of existing radiation laws, and the chairperson of a panel especially created to develop a coordinated federal program has resigned.（分数：10.00）(1).The primary purpose of the passage is to ______.（分数：2.00）A.explain the difference between natural and man-made radiationB.arouse concern about the risks connected with exposure to radiationC.publicize the results of British medical surveyD.advocate limiting the use of atomic weapons testing, since the fallout is extremely hazardous(2).Which of the following, according to the passage, is a list of three natural sources of radiation?（分数：2.00）A.Radioactive potassium in bone, strontium 90, uranium oreB.Carbon 14 in tissues, cosmic rays, X raysC.Cosmic rays, radioactive potassium in bones, radioactive carbon in tissuesD.X rays, carbon 14, plutonium(3).Which of the following does the author cite in support of the quotation from the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation?I. Strontium 90 and carbon 14 become incorporated into the body and deliver radiation for an entire lifetime.II. An abnormally high percentage of patients with arthritis of the spine who were treated with X rays subsequently contracted cancer.III. A high incidence of cancer appeared among children of mothers who had been given prenatal pelvic X rays.（分数：2.00）A.I onlyB.I, II, and IIIC.I and II onlyD.II and III only(4).According to the passage, some scientists believe that a dose of one rem of radiation continued over a period of generations would ______.（分数：2.00）A.raise the strontium 90 levels in the body but otherwise have little effectB.relieve the acute suffering of those afflicted with arthritis of the spine without side effectsC.have the effect of increasing by 1 percent the cases of serious genetic defectsD.cause an additional 1,000 per million cases of cancer of the bone marrow or lymphatic system(5).It can be inferred from the last paragraph of the passage that the chairperson who resigned from the panel to develop a coordinated federal program for radiation regulation most likely did so because（分数：2.00）A.he or she disagreed with the findings of the Senate committeeB.regulatory efforts have been balked by disputes, confusion, and bureaucratic delaysC.he or she supported the position of the National Academy of Sciences committee and opposed regulation of radiation exposureD.he or she was disorganized and inconsistent in chairing the panelThe age at which young children begin to make moral discriminations about harmful actions committed against themselves or others has been the focus of recent research into the moral development of children. Until recently, child psychologists supported pioneer developmentalist Jean Piaget in his hypothesis that because of their immaturity, children under age seven do not take into account the intentions of a person committing accidental or deliberate harm, but rather simply assign punishment for transgressions on the basis of the magnitude of the negative consequences caused. According to Piaget, children under age seven occupy the first stage of moral development, which is characterized by moral absolutism (rules made by authorities must be obeyed) and imminent justice (if rules are broken, punishment will be meted out). Until young children mature, their moral judgments are based entirely on the effect rather than the cause of a transgression. However, in recent research, Keasey found that six-year-old children not only distinguish between accidental and intentional harm, but also judge intentional harm as naughtier, regardless of the amount of damage produced. Both of these findings seem to indicate that children, at an earlier age than Piaget claimed, advance into the second stage of moral development, moral autonomy , in which they accept social rules but view them as more arbitrary than do children in the first stage.Keasey"s research raises two key questions for developmental psychologists about children under age seven: do they recognize justifications for harmful actions, and do they make distinctions between harmful acts that are preventable and those acts that have unforeseen harmful consequences? Studies indicate that justifications excusing harmful actions might include public duty,self-defense, and provocation. For example, Nesdale and Rule concluded that children were capable of considering whether or not an aggressor"s action was justified by public duty: five year olds reacted very differently to "Bonnie wrecks Ann"s pretend house" depending on whether Bonnie did it "so somebody won"t fall over it" or because Bonnie wanted "to make Ann feel bad." Thus, a child of five begins to understand that certain harmful actions, though intentional, can be justified; the constraints of moral absolutism no longer solely guide their judgments.Psychologists have determined that during kindergarten children learn to make subtle distinctions involving harm. Darley observed that among acts involving unintentional harm, six-year-old children just entering kindergarten could not differentiate between foreseeable, and thus preventable, harm and unforeseeable harm for which the perpetrator cannot be blamed. Seven months later, however, Darley found that these same children could make both distinctions, thus demonstrating that they had become morally autonomous.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following best describes the passage as a whole?（分数：2.00）A.An outline for future researchB.An expanded definition of commonly misunderstood termsC.A confirmation of an established authority"s theoryD.A discussion of research findings in an ongoing inquiry(2).According to the passage, Piaget and Keasey would not have agreed on which of the following points?（分数：2.00）A.The kinds of excuses children give for harmful acts they commitB.The age at which children begin to discriminate between intentional and unintentional harmC.The intentions children have in perpetrating harmD.The circumstances under which children punish harmful acts(3).It can be inferred that the underlined term "public duty" in the context of the passage means which of the following?（分数：2.00）A.The necessity to apprehend perpetratorsB.A justification for punishing transgressionsC.An obligation to prevent harm to anotherD.The assignment of punishment for harmful action(4).According to the passage, Keasey"s findings support which of the following conclusions about six-year-old children?（分数：2.00）A.They have the ability to make autonomous moral judgmentsB.They regard moral absolutism as a threat to their moral autonomyC.They do not understand the concept of public dutyD.They make arbitrary moral judgments(5).According to the passage, the research of Nesdale and Rule suggests which of the following about five-year-old children?（分数：2.00）A.Their reactions to intentional and accidental harm determine the severity of the punishments they assignB.They, as perpetrators of harmful acts, disregard the feelings of the children they harmC.They take into account the motivations of actions when judging the behavior of other childrenD.They justify any action that protects them from harm四、Section B(总题数：1，分数：10.00)rDNA TechnologyAfter thirty years of investigation into cell genetics, researchers made startling discoveries in the 1960s and early 1970s which culminated in the development of processes, collectively known as recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) technology, for the active manipulation of a cell"s genetic code. The technology has created excitement and controversy because it involves altering DNA—which contains the building blocks of the genetic code.Using rDNA technology, scientists can transfer a portion of the DNA from one organism to a single living cell of another. The scientist chemically "snips" the DNA chain of the host cell at a predetermined point and attaches another piece of DNA from a donor cell at that place, creating a completely new organism.Proponents of rDNA research and development claim that it will allow scientists to find cures for disease and to better understand how genetic information controls an organism"s development. They also see many other potentially practical benefits, especially in the pharmaceutical industry. Some corporations employing the new technology even claim that by the end of the century all major diseases will be treated with drugs derived from microorganisms created through rDNA technology. Pharmaceutical products already developed, but not yet marketed, indicate that these predictions may be realized.Proponents also cite nonmedical applications for this technology. Energy production and waste disposal may benefit: genetically altered organisms could convert sewage and other organic material into methane fuel. Agriculture might also take advantage of rDNA technology to produce new varieties of crops that resist foul weather, pests, and the effects of poor soil.A major concern of the critics of rDNA research is that genetically altered microorganisms might escape from the laboratory. Because these microorganisms are laboratory creations that, in all probability, do not occur in nature, their interaction with the natural world cannot be predicted with certainty. It is possible that they could cause previously unknown, perhaps incurable diseases. The effect of genetically altered microorganisms on the world"s microbiological predator-prey relationships is another potentially serious problem pointed out by the opponents of rDNA research. Introducing a new species may disrupt or even destroy the existing ecosystem. The collapse of interdependent relationships among species, extrapolated to its extreme, could eventually result in the destruction of humanity.Opponents of rDNA technology also cite ethical problems with it. For example, it gives scientiststhe power to instantly cross evolutionary and species boundaries that nature took millennia to establish. The implications of such power would become particularly profound if genetic engineers were to tinker with human genes, a practice that would bring US one step closer to Aldous Huxley"s grim vision in Brave New World of a totalitarian society that engineers human beings to fulfill specific roles．Questions：（分数：10.00）(1).What is the author primarily concerned with doing in the passage?（分数：2.50）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (2).According to the passage, what are the potential benefits of rDNA technology? Please sum up briefly.（分数：2.50）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (3).What are the major arguments of opponents of rDNA research and development? Please make a brief summary.（分数：2.50）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (4).In the last sentence of the passage. the author makes reference to "a totalitarian society that engineers human beings to fulfill specific roles". What is his purpose by doing that?（分数：2.50）__________________________________________________________________________________________五、Part Ⅲ Writing(总题数：1，分数：30.00)31.Directions:Please write an essay of about 400 words on the following topicWhat Qualifies a Good Translator?（分数：30.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。

2011年北京航空航天大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解Part Ⅰ. Vocabulary (30 points)Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence.1. Testing new-model plane is a _____ job, but he decided to devote himself to it.A. promisingB. mysteriousC. beneficialD. hazardous【答案】D【解析】句意：测试新机型是一项危险的工作，但他还是决心投身其中。

hazardous危险的，冒险的。

promising有希望的，前途有望的。

mysterious神秘的，不可思议的。

beneficial 有益的，有帮助的。

2. They have _____ their names upon the pages of history.A. prescribedB. inscribedC. describedD. subscribed【答案】B【解析】句意：他们将自己的名字载入史册。

inscribe题写，题赠，铭刻于。

prescribe开处方；规定。

describe描述，形容。

subscribe订阅；捐赠；签名；同意。

3. Electronic toys and games, which came on the market in 1976, already _____ a more than half-billion-dollar business.A. consist ofB. compose ofC. compriseD. compromise【答案】C【解析】句意：电子玩具及电子游戏尽管在1976年才上市，其市场业务规模已超过5亿美元。

1/12【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站： 12015年考研指导育明教育，创始于2006年，由北京大学、中国人民大学、中央财经大学、北京外国语大学的教授投资创办，并有北京大学、武汉大学、中国人民大学、北京师范大学复旦大学、中央财经大学、等知名高校的博士和硕士加盟，是一个最具权威的全国范围内的考研考博辅导机构。

更多详情可联系育明教育孙老师。

北京语言大学（回忆）翻译硕士英语一、单选20个二、阅读4篇前两篇各有5个选择题后两篇是根据文章回答问题，共5个问题三、写作题目方向是“What qualities should a competent person possess？”英语翻译基础一、词语翻译：BP EU WHO WWF2/12【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站： 2DNAMalthusian theory DPRK FIFAGoldman Sachs 南水北调拳头产品经济适用房红色旅游区孟子穆斯林入乡随俗破釜沉舟水浒二、英译汉：是关于环境会议讨论的文章，呼吁发达国家应当对不发达国家与岛国承担起更多责任而不是推卸责任。

三、汉译英：关于世博会的文章，世博会是一次空前的盛会。

介绍鳞次栉比风格独特的世博建筑和眼花缭乱的各国展品，包括希腊的雅典娜雕塑，春秋战国时期的铜车马和法国绘画大师的杰作。

汉语写作与百科知识一、名词解释：科学发展观3/12【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站： 3十二五通货膨胀宏观经济阿姆斯特丹斯宾诺莎犹太教自然权利秦观七夕节轴心时代纵横家二、应用文：写一篇450字的邀请函，邀请各界专家学者来北京XX 大学参加美国诗人XX 的研讨会，安排住在大学招待所，交通住宿费用自负，联系张XX，欢迎各界专家学者光临。

三、大作文：《孟子离娄下》中的《齐人有一妻一妾》，写一篇800字的记叙文或者议论文。

原文：齐人有一妻一妾而处室（1）者，其良人（2）出，则必餍（3）酒肉而后反（4）。