浙江农林大学英语2014年考博真题

2014年hfing考博亲手收集整理Vocabulary2002年春1The chairman proposed at the meeting that we have someone with ______innovation____ and imagination to design a marketing strategy.innovation2The fish moved silently through the water, ______propelled______ by short sweeps 扫过of its tail.Propelled推进;推动;3 A few workers have _____defied______ the majority decision and gone into work despite thestrike.defied ---defy 不服从，反抗4Philosophy differs from science in that its questions cannot be answered __empirically_____ by observation or experiment.empirically------以经验为主的5The music the Three Brothers played yesterday is described in the paper as an explosive ___consolidation______ of Latin American and modern jazz rhythms.consolidation----联合，合并6Didn’t you find her enthusiasm fo r the project _____contagious_______? Almost everyone on the team is now doing their utmost to resolve the difficulty.Contagious--adj.有传染性的；传染病的；有感染力的；会蔓延的7Recently a large international conference was held with aim of promoting ____sustainable______ development in all countries.sustainable-------vt.维持；支撑，支持；遭受，忍受；供养8 A government report indicates that since the early 1970s, the proportion 比例of high schoolgraduates going to college has ______stabilized______ at 50%.stabilized vt.（使）稳定，（使）稳固；使稳定平衡9The delegates 代表to the convention insist that steps be taken to stop the _______shrinkage____ of the world’s tropical forests.depletion10Professor Taylor is a real expert on art, as I feel completely ____inadequate____ whenever I talk to her about it.inadequate adj.不充足的；不适当的；不足胜任的；信心不足的，自叹不如2003秋1Hoping that he might be able to ___ shed light on________ the problem, I asked Mario to look at the engine.shed light on为…提供线索;对…透露情况;使…清楚地显出;阐明2His ____arrogance_______ and unwillingness to learn from others prevent him from being an effective member of the team.arrogance 傲慢3The economy grew at its fastest rate since 1980 thanks to a(n) _______boom______ in world rate.4He decided he was going to take ____revenge________ for the murder of his sister.5No one expected him to __testify___________ against his former employer.testify作证6Rachel was the ____unanimous__________ choice for the job thanks to her communication skills.Unanimous全体一致的7The police detective put together the pieces of evidence to form one ____coherent_______ account.coherent一致的8You should have your eyes examined __periodically_________ to be sure of your eyesight.Periodically定期性9You should treat those remarks with the ____negative_______ that they deserve --- don’t give them a second thought.negative adj.消极的，否认的;[数]负的;[心]反抗性的;无预期结果的10The book is a vain attempt to _____glorify________ the name of one of the worst dictators in modern history.11The government is seeking to _____extract______ itself from the latest financial scandal n.丑闻，丑名，.extract vt.提取；（费力地）拔出；选取；获得12Heavy rainfall in the south of England means that flooding is _____imminent_____- imminent adj.（通常指不愉快的事）即将发生的；迫切的，危急的；逼近的；迫在眉睫13He ____dispatched_________ his assistant to pick up the plans from the office.dispatched派遣,迅速处理14I didn’t ign ore her _____intentionally______ --- just didn’t recognize her.intentionally adv.有意地，故意地15You will only be allowed to leave early in __exceptional_________ circumstance.2004 春1It is important to keep the factory working at ___optimum___ efficiency all the time.optimum最适宜的2We need to take steps to counter the ____chronic____ decline in our export market.chronic adj.慢性的；长期的；习惯性的；3Her handwriting is so bad that it is barely____ legible________legible adj.易读的4We’re going to ____consolidate______ what we’v e learned so far by doing some revision exercises today.consolidate vt.把…合成一体，合并；巩固，加强；统一；合计金额5Kevin made one last __futile______ attempt to persuade Sandra to go with him, then left.futile adj.无效的，无用的；没有出息的6The school agreed to __retain______ their deci sion until they had spoken to William’s parents.retain 保留，保持7Republican party members were confidently ____proclaiming______ victory even as the first few votes came in.proclaiming v.正式宣布( proclaim的现在分词)；显示8The ____discrepancy______ between the two sets of figures suggests that someone has been stealing money from the bank.discrepancy n.矛盾；不符合（之处）9The idea that a good night’s sleep will cure everything is a complete _____fallacy_______ fallacy n.谬误，谬见；谬论；错误10Before a bill can become law it has to have the full ___endorsement_ of both Houses of Parliament.endorsement n.背书；担保；认可11The image is ____magnified______ by a series of lenses within the telescope.magnified adj.放大了的12Strangely enough, the most obvious explanation did not _occur to Jackie until the next day.occur to…发生在；被想起[到]13The Government wants a 3% inflation rate, but is this a ___feasible___ objective?feasible adj.可行的；可用的；可实行的；可能的14She was still __haunted_ by what happened in Barcelona although she had left twenty year earlier.haunted adj.闹鬼的；受到折磨的；令人烦恼的15The hands on my alarm clock are ____luminous____ so I can tell the time in the dark.adj.发光的；明亮的；清楚的2004 秋1You can’t cure a common cold, but you can ___alleviate________ the symptoms.vt.减轻，缓和2For years scientists have been baffled by the strange circles that have appeared in cornfields. 3The flood was a ____calamity_______ from which Bangladesh has never really recorded.A.calamity n.灾祸，灾难；不幸之事；困苦；不幸4Our company’s’ management _____launched_______ negotiations on a new union contract.2005 春1If wool is submerged in hot water, it tends to ___shrink_______2His last play was ___acclaimed______ by the critical as a masterpiece.n.杰作，名作；杰出的事向…喝彩；称赞…；欢呼或拥戴（某人）为3It is the builder’s job to make sure that the house conforms to the architect’s ___specifications______ in every way.n.规格；载明；详述；4Your letter has been __transferred________ to the authority concerned.5Among her many ____virtues________ are loyalty, courage and truthfulness.6The soldiers _____swung___ their arms as they marched.swung v.（使）摇摆7The co untry’s constitution ____embodies________ the ideals of equality and freedom.embodies v.表现( embody的第三人称单数)；象征；包括；包含8It was _____doubtful_______ whether the patient will survive the operation.9The brochure ____misled_________ us into thinking that our hotel was only five minutes from the beach.misled v.给…错误印象( mislead的过去式和过去分词)；使误解；把…带错路；把…带坏10“I’m far too busy to talk to you now.” he said, in his usual ______abrupt_______ manner.adj.突然的，意外的；无理的，唐突的11He’s rich and keeps ____boasting______ about how much m oney he’s got to impress people.v.有（引以为荣的事物）( boast的现在分词)；扬言12She was ____perceptive______ enough to realize right from the start that he was lying.adj.有知觉力的；感知的；有理解力的13The two countries _reclaimed their peace efforts after a break of two and a half years.adj.再生的；翻造的；收复的；回收的14People always greet each other warmly, __regardless of___ their different origins and beliefs.不管，不顾15The express train from London _____pulled in______ on time. 火车进站2005 秋1He was an ___eminent______ statesman and diplomat; his record was untarnished by scandals or rumors, and the public treated him with great respect.eminent 杰出的2Nobody expected Martha to change her plans; her decision to do something different was ___abrupt______ and surprising to all.abrupt 唐突的3In order to avoid the storm, the pilot of the plane was force to deviate from the usual course.deviate 偏离航线4When his father was injured, John ____pondered________ for weeks about whether he should stay in school or quit to take a job.pondered 思考5The _____scope____ of that textbook is too broad; too much material is mentioned and not enough specific detail is included.scope6Before I went into the forest I put on special medicine designed to ______repel_______ mosquitoes and other insects.repel抵制击退7The workmen __razed_____ the shabby old hotel and built a modern office building in the place where it had been.razed vt.彻底摧毁，将…夷为平地8Please don’t tell me any bad news today, I’m upset and feel especially _sensitive_.sensitive 容易生气的，敏感的9I admired Janie because she’s so ___versatile___, she’s accomplished in athletics, music, and history, and she’s a marvelous dancer and cook as well.versatile多才多艺10The true cause of the accident was made known after several witness __testified____ about what really happened.testified 作证11I have to find a new apartment since the lease on my current one has been __terminated____.Terminated终止12Because I was out of butter. I __substituted______ oil in the recipe.substituted代替13Although the new project was confusing when it was first presented, it gradually became clear as details were explained in _____subsequent_______ meetings.Subsequent随后的14She is a very __shrewd_ woman; you will not be able to deceive her or take advantage of her.shrewd精明的15The audience ______altered________ uncomfortably in their chairs as the speaker continued his long and boring speech.Altered挪动2006 春1You will only be allowed to leave early in ___exceptional____ circumstances.2His latest __wrath__ was buying a second-hand car which turned out to have a faulty engine.wrath愤怒3The champagnes had caused his face to __flush_____ and his eyes were bright.flush 面红4He needs a hobby to keep him busy and stop him from getting into ___mischief____ .Mischief恶作剧5Poor sight and hearing are common ___afflictions____ of old age.afflictions苦恼，折磨6The dream of many scientists has been to create a ____perpetual____ motion machine – one that would always continue moving once it had been started.perpetual永久的7Only a small __fraction_____ of those attending the convention came from outside the state.fraction分数，部分8Chemicals from the factory up the river ____contaminated____ the water, killing many fish and making the water totally unfit for human use.contaminated污染9It is strictly illegal to _shelter_ a gun, knife, or any other weapon when boarding an airplane.Shelter掩蔽10To ____alleviate___ the boredom of studying, it is a good idea to take frequent breaks.alleviate减轻11Although we felt ___compassion____ for the child who had lost his parents, there was really not much we could do to comfort him.Compassion同情12The police were ___baffled_____ by the crime and were never able to solve it.baffled阻碍13___accessories____ for the top-of-the-range car include a compact disc player, electric windows and a sunroof.accessories14The author uses the __analogy__ of bees when describing the workers at the bakery.analogy类比15The books will be ____dispatched____ from our warehouse tomorrow to your address.dispatched派遣2006 秋1I am _____inarticulate______ _ in the morning, until I have had my coffee.inarticulate迷糊的2 A tunnel has been ____bored_______ under the English Channel to link England and France.Bored挖凿，厌烦3This knife is too ___blunt________ to cut vegetables, could you please sharpen it?blunt不锋利4The editorial ______echoed______ the viewpoints of conservative politicians.Echoed重复5He’s one of those _____arbitrary___ people who think they’re always right about everything.arbitrary武断6They are busy ____compiling______ some fact and figures of documentary on the subject of E-commerce.compiling收集7Dr. Smith proposed a number of relate ideas that gradually crystallized into a practical plan.crystallized结晶，形成8The military government _dissolved_ the country’s parliament and suspended all politicalactivity.dissolved解散9Their many years of research have finally _culminated__ in a cure for the disease.culminated达到顶点10The passage you have just read in the paper is condensed_ from the Atlantic Monthly.condensed浓缩11The weeds just ____multiplied______, and before long the garden was a jungle.Multiplied繁殖12The country’s progres s is being ___constrained__ by a leader who refuses to look forward.constrained强迫，勉强，拘泥13The fuel used is almost _____invariably______ charcoal made from wood or shells.invariably不变地14The official _____statistics______ show that one out of four girls who marry between 16 and18 ends up in the divorce court.statistics统计15Rays of sunlight focused through a ____magnifying_____ glass onto a piece of paper may make the paper burn.magnifying放大20071Immigrants of all races in this area are demanding that they receive ______uniform_____ treatment from the authorities.uniform均衡的，一致的2Women want the same pay if they hold the same jobs as men. At home, however, they do not expect their husbands to _______share__ in the housework. 分担3In the past, consumers were often cheated or ____misled_______ into buying goods by business firms and they could hardly do anything about it.misled ------------------------------mislead4You may have ever entered a bookstore just to take ____shelter______ from a sudden shower, but you found time spent there was very enjoyable.shelter躲避，避难5 A lot of people worked long hours because high unemployment meant that they could easilybe ______replaced____.6With its stock price rising by 20 percent, the company becomes the second most___valuable______ technology firm in the country.Valuable有价值的7It is astonishing to know that children and youth ____make up______ the biggest segment of the country’s homeless population.make up组成8Many of these companies moved to the Inland South to take ______advantage_____ of the lower wages and the lack of strong labor unions in the region.9If the investment tax credit is ____repealed____ as a part of tax reform plan, the capital-intensive businesses such as steel-makers and airliners will face a hard time.Repealed撤销10While Apple was coming under increasing pressure from lower cost PC clones, the company’s initial response was to develop even more _sophisticate__ high-end computers.Sophisticate精通，复杂的11It is well known that the popular singer has a/an _incredible_ car in addition to a large house.incredible难以置信的12Oriental Radio has decided to cancel this pop star from a/an ___live_____ broadcast for his breach contract.13Firefighters were not attacking the major fires in Virginia directly but were putting out hot spots that could prove dangerous if winds _____picked up_______.picked up带起14The artist has made a ____discipline_______ of combining the first-rate photography and design with advanced technology in every piece of work he produces.Discipline训练15You are likely to get a promotion because of the profitable ______transaction______ you made for the company last month.transaction交易20081President Bush came to his parent's century-old summer home on the Maine coast for little relaxation, a distant cousin's wedding and some family time. However, several hundred anti-war demonstrators _____intruded_______ on his visit.Intruded侵入2Influenza is caused by a virus ___transmitted from______ one person _____to____ another in droplets coughed sneezed into the air. It is characterized by coldlike symptoms plus chills,fever, headaches muscle aches, and fatigue.transmitted from to传输3Pigeon is the common name for members of a family of birds; smaller species commonly known as doves, but sizes of pigeons and doves _____overlap____. The birds, almost worldwide in distribution, are most abundant in warm regions.overlap重复4Yangtze River flows at a width of up to 2km and an average depth of between 6 and 15m through a large plain with many lakes. This area is ____subject__________ to severe flooding and accumulation of river sediment.subject易患的5In 2005, President Bush put his political capital where his mouth was, and lost. He went all-out to _______convince_________ Congress and the American people that privatizing Social Security would be good and necessary.convince说服，使确信6 A growing number of companies are now trying to serve "segments of one." They attempt to_____adapt_______ their offer and communication to each individual customer. This is understandable with large industrial companies that have only a few major customers.adapt适应7The German general staff made another dangerous concession to what they considered a military necessity. The plan would be not ______triggered_______ when countries formally declared war but simply when they ordered mobilization.Triggered引起，引爆8Content is the subject matter of architecture, the element in architectural expression that communicates specific meanings that _____interpret________ to society the functions and techniques of buildings.Interpret解释，翻译9As online computer systems become more popular, televisions and computers are increasingly _______integrated_____. Such technologies combine the capabilities of computers, television etc., and greatly expand the services that can be provided.integrated综合，集成10 A theory is an organized set of principles that is designed to explain and predict somephenomenon. Good theories also provide specific testable predictions, or ____hypothesis_____ about the relation between two or more variables.Hypothesis 假设11Human evolution is lengthy process of change ___by which______ people originated fromapelike ancestors. Scientific evidence shows that the physical and behavioral traits shared by all people evolved over a period of at least 6 million years.by which12Because of various burdens, the 1980s in Ecuador became a decade of ____collapse____. It was made worse by bad floods in 1983, the collapse of world oil prices in 1985 and 1986, and a devastating earthquake in 1987.Collapse倒塌13Since 1970, when Sultan Qaboos carne to power and launched Oman's development, poverty has been largely _____eliminated____ and modem medical care has been provided throughout the country.Eliminated消除14Many societies today interpret the natural world and form beliefs based on science and logic.Societies in which many people do not practice any religion, such as the United States, may be known as ___secular________ societies.secular世俗的15Before the ______advent________ of hospitals, the family or communal sauna(桑拿) was favored by Finnish women for giving birth. Today, saunas are found in health clubs and gymnasiums around the world.Advent出现20091Not all persons arrested and _____charged_____ with a crime are guilty, and the main function of criminal courts is to determine who is guilty under the law.2Whoever has skills and knowledge in this country, I believe, should be properly treated and rewarded ___regardless of_______ his educational background and family origin.3 A survey earlier this year found that about 50 percent of South Africans think that “most” or“almost all” governmenta l officials are involved in__ corruption___.4Woodrow Wilson ___endeavoured_________ to preserve world peace by supporting the establishment of an organization to settle international disputes.endeavoured努力，尽力，竭力5Margaret Mead’s reputation was _______enhanced________ established with the publication of her first book in 1982 and was by her many subsequent contributions to anthropology.6The local people were joyfully surprised to find the prices of vegetables no longer __fluctuated________ according to the weather.fluctuated 波动7In calculating the daily calorie requirements for an individual, variations in body size, physical activity and age should be____ taken into account________.taken into account考虑8There was no light on the way and for a second she hesitated, unable to ___make out_ ___the dim figure awaiting her.make out辨认出9It is disturbing to note how many crimes we do know about were detected ___ by accident_______, not by systematic inspections or other security procedures.by accident10The violent ____temper______ of his youth reappeared and was directed not only at the army, but at his wife at alltemper脾气11Certainly no one could have predicted that a tiny worm would make possible such far-reaching ___insights_____ into the very nature of life.insights洞察力12Formulated in 1823, the Monroe Doctrine __asserted_____ that the Americans were no longer open to European colonization.asserted宣称13Maximum benefits typically range from $50,000 to $250,000, through some _____charges___ _have no limit.14Rejecting the urging of his physician father to study medicine, Hawking chose to __concentrate___ on math and theoretical physics.concentrate专心于15She has decided to __lay side___ some money every month to help three peasant girls in poverty-stricken areas.lay side储存20101Like most foreigners, I ask a lot of questions, some of which are insultingly silly. But everyone I __come across____ has answered those questions with patience and honesty.come across 偶然地2Among picture books for 4-8 years old, several outstanding works appeared that combined original stories with _imaginative_____ illustrations.imaginative富于想像力的3As skies fill with millions of migrating birds, European scientists say the seasonal miracle appears to depend on a seeming contradiction_ : The fatter the bird , the more efficiently it flies.contradiction 矛盾，反驳，否认4The party leader justified his subsequent re-election ____on the grounds__ that he had brought political stability and economic development to his country.on the grounds由于…的原因5 A leading British scholar has proposed translating Shakespeare into contemporary English__for the benefit of____ young audiences who are confused by jokes which are 400 years out of date.6The objective of this popular consultation is to determine, ___once and for all___, the final political status of the region, whether to remain of the country as a special district, or to part from it.once and for all .永远地;一劳永逸7The __optimal___ choice for a consumer, therefore, is the choice among the available ones that will enable him or her to maximize utility.Optimal最佳的8The Adult Vocational College is an opportunity to gain the right qualifications for various careers, for it offers an __extensive___ range of subjects and courses.extensive广阔的9It’s disturbing to note how many of crimes we do know about were detected _ by accident____, not by systematic inspections or other security procedures.by accident偶然地10In calculating the daily calorie requirements for an individual, variations in body size, physical activity and age should be __taken into account___.taken into account考虑11The more a nation’s companies __locate____ factories abroad, the smaller that country’s recorded exports will be.12The defence lawyer was questioning the old man who was one of the ___witnesses__ of the murder committed last month.witnesses13The belief that the universe is improving and that good will __ultimately___ triumph over evil prevails.Ultimately 最后14It was difficult to build a power station in the deep valley, but it _brought out____ as we had hoped.brought out创造出15The local people were joyfully surprised to find the prices of vegetables no longer __fluctuated__ according to the weather.fluctuated波动20111“This light is too dim for me to read by. Don’t we have a bright bulb?” said the elderly man?Dim 黯淡的2Mr. Smith asked his secretary to _insert___ a new paragraph in the annual report she was typing.insert 插入3We have arranged to go to the cinema on Friday, but we can be __feasible__ and go another day.feasible 可行的4The author of the book has shown his remarkable keen __insight__ into human nature.insight洞察力5The brave fireman had fought for days before the managed to _put out___ the forest fire.put out 扑灭6For the reasons, the newspaper is having ___distribution_ problems in the north of the country.distribution 分布，分配7During the past years the number of automobiles accidents in New York City has decreased. 8The most diligent students do additional reading to supplement the material in the textbook.diligent 勤奋的9They gained great influence by _attaching___ themselves to prominent city institutions.attaching v. 附上, 系上, 贴上,10She always handled the problems _in the light of___ her own experience and principles.in the light of鉴于11All parts of this sewing machine are __standardized__ so that it is very simple to get replacements for them.standardized标准化了的12At a press conference after the award ceremony the 18-year old girl spoke in a barely_audible___ voice.Audible听得见的13Why does a vegetarian restaurant make its dishes resemble meat in every way except _ingredients .Ingredients配料14He became __obsessed__ with the girl reporter who questioned him at press conference.obsessed迷住15According to a prominent philosopher intolerance is a/an ___barrier_ to understanding.Barrier障碍20121He was unable to endure the torture of the enemy and surrendered. He __betrayed______ his comrades.betrayed背叛2On the side of the hill, there is a _deep hole in the ground_ which was once the entrance to a gold mine.deep hole in the ground3She’s got so ____used to listening____ to light music that it has become a constant companion of her life.used to listening惯于做某事4Classroom testing, if well done, most certainly ____acts as________ a stimulus to study and real learning.acts as起到了5I feel quite confident in __recommending_______ Mr. Jackson to you for the vacant post of research assistant.recommending推荐6 A poor man has to _____go without________ many things which a rich man regards asalmost necessaries in life.go without享受不到7One of the attractive features of the course was the way the practical work had been ___integrated______ with the theoretical aspects of the subject.integrated融合，集成8Topics of conversation should be ___relevant______ to the experiences and interests of the students.9They did considerable work to ____acquaint_______ the masses of the United States with the elementary problems of Latin America.acquaint告知真相10Only the Chinese have successfully _____bred________ pandas and raised their babies in captivity.Bred繁殖，孕育11The purpose of the official inquiry is to __come at_______ the true facts leading to the loss come at得到，了解12The chairman made a(n) _____preliminary______ statement before beginning the main business of the meeting.preliminary初步的13Only in recent years ____have people_______ begun to realize that wild dogs, kept within bounds, often do more good than harm.have people这个是倒装句14At the last committee meeting, the notion that the club ____remain______ open until midnight was defeated.remain前面省略了一个should15I don’t think Johnson will succeed in his new job, for he is not ______competent____ to do that type of work.competent胜任201321.As the firm’s business increased they took on more and more employees. 录用22.Since the situation is changing，let’s take some flexible measures to deal with it.23.As a good photographer，you must develop an anwareness of the world around you and the people who inhabit it. 居住24.Not all persons arrested and charged with a crime are guilty，and the main function of criminal courts is to determine who is guilty under the law. 被指控25.As a result，the had to delay answering their letter by three days. 延迟，后面可以加动名词26.The report mentioned that some important people had attended the closing ceremony.闭幕式27.His birthday was celebrated in a big hotel and attended by about 200 people. 庆祝28.The innovation of jet travel has made the world seem smaller. 发明29.Before you can start a business，you will have to raise the necessary capital. 资本30.During the races there were two accidents to motor-cyclists including one fatal accident. 致命的31.The company is on the verge of bankruptcy，and thousands of jobs are at stake. 在紧急关头32.As a result of the strike，the Government is urging people to be economical with electricity.节俭的33.Very few scientists come up with a completely new answer to the world‘s problem 想出34.A passer-by was quick enough to grabbed at the falling child and drew him out the path of a lorry.抓住35.Although most dreams apparently happen spontaneously ，dream activity may be provoked by external influences.adv.自然地，自发地，不由自主地;不禁;油然。

2014年浙江大学考博真题和参考答案1. 听力听力 Part A 原文：原文： In In my my my opinion, opinion, opinion, technology technology technology has has has become become become too too too advanced. advanced. advanced. I I I am am am 17-years-old, 17-years-old, 17-years-old, and and and I I I can can can still still remember a time when I did not have a computer in my home, and if you did, it was uncommon. Not until the mid-1990s was it common for （middle class families ） to have computers. In our society society today, today, today, almost almost almost every every every single single single family family family has has has at at at least least least one one one computer computer computer if if if not not not more, more, more, and and and these these computers computers are are are incredibly incredibly incredibly advanced advanced advanced compared compared compared to to to what what what you'd you'd you'd have have have had had in in your your your home home home a a short short ten ten years ago. Over the years, I have seen technology bloom; all I have known my entire lifetime, is that that there there there is is going going to to to be be be something something something bigger, bigger, bigger, I I I should should should really really really say say say smaller, smaller, smaller, and and better （out on the market ） in no time. I can't believe how fast manufacturers are coming out with new technology. What will happen in the future, will technology become so advanced is changes the course of our humanity? humanity? Y ou Y ou can can can do do do everything everything everything you you you want want want from from from a a a computer, computer, computer, work, work, work, play,play,（talk to friends ）, research, and even order food! A person could live their entire life jammed up in a room with a computer, computer, and and and they they they would would would have have have access access access to to to everything everything everything they they they need! need! need! It It It is is is insane! insane! insane! The The The advances advances advances in in communication technology are blowing up all over the place as well. I, myself just bought a new camera phone, and this phone is amazing. The picture quality is superb, and not only that but I （have access to the ） internet on my PHONE! I can't believe how the cell phone market has so drastically increased. The first phone I ever had was five years ago, when I was 12 years old. That phone phone today today today would would would be be be considered considered considered huge, huge, huge, clunky, clunky, clunky, heavy, heavy, heavy, and and and "old". "old". "old". I I I personally personally personally couldn't couldn't couldn't even even imagine myself walking around with that phone （without being embarrassed ）. It just goes to show how much things have changed in five years, and people just keep on taking it all in. Every time time I I I have have have bought bought bought a a a new new new phone phone phone since since since that that that point, point, point, six six six months months months later, later, later, I I I have have have wanted wanted wanted a a a new new new one one because because my my my phone phone phone was was was not not not up up up to to to date. date. date. Can Can Can you you you believe believe believe it, it, it, after after after not not not even even even a a a year year year a a a phone phone phone can can completely go off the market because it is not advanced enough? The manufacturers are putting these things out faster than people can buy them. 2. 听力听力 Part B 原文原文括号内为答案括号内为答案It is an honor to speak with you today on the issue of （ public health disparities ）. I would first like to thank the organizations that made this event possible. This has truly been a collaborative effort among a diverse group of constituents. I think this sets a positive tone and precedent for a healthy and and spirited spirited spirited discussion. discussion. discussion. As As As many many many of of of you you you may may may know, know, know, reforming reforming reforming and and and improving improving improving our our our health health health care care system is an issue that is close to my heart. I believe that in the richest and most powerful country in the world, we ought to be able to provide （basic health care ）to all of our citizens. It is vitally important that we lessen the impact and burden of illness on all people in communities, regardless of race, gender, or religions. Our discussions today are critically important to rectify the injustices that many people face in our current health care system. Today’s sessions have a greater purpose than mere discussions and networking opportunities----today’s conference signifies a n increased an increased and （necessary call for action ） among our region’s top health professionals. Public health is directly connected to poverty, income, education, and community. We cant’ look at health care in a silo and assume it is only a luxury for the well off. Health care needs to be provided to all people of all color. We are morally responsible for （improving the disparities in health care ） because a healthy healthy society society society is is is the the the foundation foundation foundation on on on which which which we we we build build build our our our schools, schools, schools, our our our neighborhoods, neighborhoods, neighborhoods, and and and our our economy. economy. Health Health Health care care care is is not not a a privilege----it privilege----it is is is a a right. right. I I I know know know we we we have have have along along along road road road to to to travel travel travel in in achieving equality in health status. I know that everyone here knows this. And I am hopeful that perhaps more people than ever are （finally waking up to this reality ）. Part C1 原文原文 3个选择题个选择题There were very few places in the world that Jules Verne, the writer,, did not visit. He went round the world a hundred times or more. Once he did it in eighty days, unheard of in the nineteenth century. He voyaged sixty thousand miles under the sea, toured around the moon, exploded the center of the earth, and chatted with natives in Australia. Jules Verne, the man, was a stay-at-home. He was more likely to be tired from writing than from traveling. He did make a few visits to Europe and North Africa. And he made one six-week tour of New York State. But that was all. He spent less than one of his seventy-seven years really traveling. Yet he was the world’s most extraordinary tourist. H is books are crowded with hunting and fishing expeditions. Jules actually His books are crowded with hunting and fishing expeditions. Jules actually went hunting only once. Then he raised his gun and shot off the guard’s hat! He neve r held a test tube in his hand. But he was an inspiration to the scientist in the laboratory. Long before radio was invented, he had TV working in his books. His name for it was phono-telephoto. He had helicopters fifty years before the Wright brothers flew their first plane at Kitty Hawk. In fact, there were few wonders of the twentieth century that this man of the nineteenth century did not foresee. In his stories you can read about neon lights, moving sidewalks, air-conditioners, sky-scrapers, guided missiles, tanks, electrically operated submarines, and air-planes,and so on. 第一个问题第一个问题 问这个人是干什么的问这个人是干什么的 选the writer Part C2 Part C2 原文原文原文 第2篇 3个选择题个选择题Very old people do raise moral problems for almost everyone who comes in contactwith them. Their values values—this —this can’t be repeated too often—often—are are not necessarily ourvalues. Physical comfort, cleanness and order are not necessarily the most importantthings. The social services from time to time find themselves faced with a flat withdecaying food covered by small worms, and an old person lying alone in bed, takingno notice of the worms. But is it interfering with personal freedom to insist thatthey go to live with some of their relatives so that they might be taken better careof? Some social workers, the ones who clear up the worms, think we are in dangerof carrying this concept of personal freedom to the point where serious risks arebeing taken with the health and safety of the old. Indeed, the old can be easilyhurt or harmed. The body is like a car, it needs more mechanical maintenance as itgets older. You can carry this comparison right through to the provision of spareparts. But But never never forget that such operations operations are are painful experiences, experiences, however however goodthe results will be. And at what point should you stop to treat the old body? Isit morally right to try to push off death by seeking the development of drugs toexcite the forgetful old mind and to activate the old body, knowing that it isdesigned to die? You can’t ask doctors or scientists to decide, because so longas they can see the technical opportunities, they will feel bound to give them atry, on t try, on the principle that while there’s life, there’s hope.he principle that while there’s life, there’s hope.he principle that while there’s life, there’s hope.第三篇第三篇Animals do not possess a language in the true sense of the word. In the highervertebrates, as also in insects, particularly in the socially living species of bothgreat great groups, groups, groups, every every every individual individual individual has has has a a a certain certain certain number number number of of of inmate inmate inmate movements movements movements and and and sounds soundsfor expressing feelings. It has also innate ways of reacting to these signalswhenever it sees or hears hears them them them in in a fellow-member fellow-member of of the species. species. The The highly socialspecies of birds such as the jackdaw or the graylag goose, have a complicated codeof such signals which are uttered and understood by every bird without any previousexperience. The perfect co-ordination of social behaviour which is brought aboutby these actions and reactions conveys to the human observer the impression thatthe birds are talking and understanding a language of the own. Of course, this purelyinnate signal signal code code of of an an animal species species differs differs fundamentally fundamentally from from human human language, language,every word of which must be learned laboriously by the human child. Moreover, beinga genetically fixed character of the species a genetically fixed character of the species——just as much as any bodilycharacter character——this so-called language is, for every individual animal species,ubiquitous in its distribution. Obvious though this fact may seem, it was,nevertheless, with something akin to nevertheless, with something akin to naïve naïve naïve surprise that I heard the jackdaws in surprise that I heard the jackdaws innorthern Russia “talk talk”” exactly the same, familiar “dialect dialect”” as my birds at homein Altenberg. The superficial similarity between these animal utterances and humanlanguages diminishes further as it becomes gradually clear to the observer that theanimal, in all these sounds and movements expressing its emotions, has in no waythe conscious intention of influencing a fellow member of its species. This is provedby the fact that even geese or jackdaws reared and kept singly make all these signalsas soon as the corresponding mood overtakes them. Under these circumstances theautomatic and even mechanical character of these signals becomes strikingly apparentand reveals them as entirely different from human words.二.（15题，15分）单选题（顺序打乱了）分）单选题（顺序打乱了）The two friends sat in a corner and __B__ away to each other about the weather ．a ．talked b ．chatted c ．muttered d ．whispered He is going to __D__ the meeting on the subject of war and peace in a minute ．a ．speak b ．talk c ．remark d ．address Although not an economist himself, Dr. Smith has long been a severe critic of the government's ___A___ policies. a. economic b. economical b. economical c. economy d. economics  d. economics There are not many teachers who are strong _C_of traditional methods in English teaching. a. sponsors b. contributors b. contributors c. advocates  c. advocates d. performers A friendship may be ___B___ , casual, situational or deep and lasting. a. identical b. superficial b. superficial c. critical d. original  d. original Nobody Nobody yet yet yet knows knows knows how how how long long long and and and how how how seriously seriously seriously the the the shakiness shakiness shakiness in in in the the the financial financial financial system system system will will will _C_ _C_ down the economy. a. put b. settle b. settle c. drag d. knock  d. knock We are _D_ to the idea, but we doubt whether the time is ripe to put it into force. a. equal b. adequate b. adequate c. considerate d. sympathetic People People were were were surprised surprised surprised to to to find find find that that that Mr. Mr. Mr. Johnson Johnson Johnson had had had the the the ability ability ability to to to ___B__ ___B__ ___B__ everything everything everything he he he was was involved in. a. Prevail b. dominate c. preside  c. preside d. instruct You can do it if you want to, but in my opinion it’s not worth the __D__ it in volves. a. force b. trial  b. trial c. attempt d. effort The manager gave one of the salesgirls an accusing look for __D__ her attitude toward customers. a. straightforward b. partial b. partial c. favorable d. hostile You must pack plenty of food for the journey. __D__, you will need warm clothes, so pack them too. a. Equally b. Incidentally c. Inevitably c. Inevitably d. Likewise  d. Likewise This __B_ was conducted to find out how many people prefer rice. a. examination b. survey  b. survey c. inspection d. test As a defense against air-pollution damage, many plants and animals __B__ a substance to absorb harmful chemicals a. relieve b. release b. release c. dismiss c. dismiss d. discard He said that very clearly so that nobody was in any___B__ about what was meant. a. wonder b. doubt c. question d. consideration 三.完形填空（20题 20分）分）Throughout history man has had to accept the fact that all living things must die. But people now live longer than they (1) . Yet, all living things still show the (2) of aging, which will eventually (3) death. Aging is not a disease, （4）as a person passes maturity, the cells of the body and the (5) they form do not function as well as they did in childhood and teenage years. The body provides less (6) against disease and is more (7) to have accident. A number of related causes may (8) aging. Some cells of the body have a （9） long life, but they are not (10) when they die. As a person ages, (11) of brain cells and muscle cells decreases. Other body cells die and are （12）by new cells. In an aging person the new cells may not be as workable or as capable (13) growth as those of a young young person. person. person. Another Another Another (14) (14) (14) in in in aging aging aging may may may be be be changes within changes within the the cells(15). cells(15). cells(15). Some Some Some of of the the protein protein chemicals in cells are known to change with age and become less elastic. This is (16) the skin of old people wrinkles and hangs loose. This is also the reason why old people (17) in height. There may be other more important chemical changes in the cells. Some complex cell chemicals, （18）DNA DNA and and and RNA, RNA, RNA, store store store and and and (19) (19) (19) information information information that that that the the the cells cells cells need.Aging need.Aging need.Aging may may may affect affect affect this this this (20) (20) (20) and and change the informationcarrying molecules so that they do not transmit the information as well. 1.C A A ．would B B ．be used to C ．used to D ． used 2.B A A ．function B ．effect C C ．affect D D ． sign 3.D A A ．lead in B ．give in C C ．run into D ． result in 4.but 5.D A A ．hands B B ．feet C C ．heart D ． organs 6.B A A ．energy B ．protection C ．vigor D ． power 7.A A A ．likely B B ．probable C ．possible D ． alike 8.B A A ．attend to B B ．contribute to C C ．add to D ． devote to 9.fairly 10.A A A ．replaced B ．reborn C ．recovered D ． surrendered 11.C A ．a number B B ．the amount C ．the number D ． a great deal 12.replaced 13.C A ．to B ．for C ．of D ． in 14.A A ．factor B B ．effect C C ．reason D ． element 15.C A ．for themselves B ．of themselves C ．themselves D ．on their own 16.why 17.B A ．increase B ．shrink C C ．lengthen D ． decrease 18.such as 19.D A ．pass away B B ．pass by C C ．pass off D D ． pass on 20.D A ．improvement B ．procession C ．approach D ． process 四阅读（4篇，20分）分）阅读第一篇阅读第一篇In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the the child child child must must must physiologically physiologically physiologically be be be capable capable capable of of of producing producing producing and and and experiencing experiencing experiencing particular particular particular emotions emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. psychologists have found that there are two two basic basic basic processes processes processes by by by which which which learning learning learning takes takes takes place. place. place. one one one kind kind kind of of of learning learning learning is is is called called called "classical "classical conditioning". this occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward reward or or or punishment, punishment, punishment, it it it is is is through through through classical classical classical conditioning conditioning conditioning that that that a a a child child child learns learns learns to to to associate associate associate his his mother's face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion. The second kind of learning is called "operant conditioning." this occurs when an individual learns to to do do do things things things that that that produce produce produce rewards rewards rewards in in in his his his environment environment environment and and and learns learns learns not not not to to to do do do things things things that that that produce produce punishments. for example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more. Every Every day, day, we we grow grow grow and and and have have have new new new experiences. experiences. experiences. we we we constantly constantly constantly learn learn learn by by by reading, reading, reading, watching watching television, interacting with some people, and so forth. this learning affects our emotions. why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? if a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. on the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger. 1. the author's main purpose in writing the passage is to _B_. a) teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotion b) give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learning c) give parents some advice on how to modify their children's emotions through learning d) discuss with psychologist how positive and negative feelings are produced 2.if 2.if your your your jokes jokes jokes often often often find find find already already already echo echo echo in in in a a a person, person, person, you you you will will will learn learn learn though though though _B_ _B_ _B_ that that that telling telling jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presence. a) classical conditioning b) operant conditioning c) neither of them d) some other sorts of conditioning 3. 3. if if if a a a child child child is is is bitten bitten bitten or or or startled startled startled several several several times times times by by by a a a dog, dog, dog, he he he may may may learn learn learn to to to associate associate associate furry furry animals with pain or startle and thus develop a fear of furry animals. this is a typical example of learning through _A_. a) classical conditioning b) operant conditioning c) both of them d) neither of them 4. in the third paragraph, the author is _D_. a) discussing how we grow and have new experiences every day b) talking about learning to modify emotions through operant conditioning c) concentrating on learning by reading, watching television, interacting with people, and so on d) using examples to further illustrate learning through classical conditioning 5. in the following paragraphs the author will most probably go on to discuss __C_. a) definitions of positive feelings and negative feelings b) the third kind of learning c) further examples of learning through operant conditioning d) none of the above 阅读第2篇，篇，Do we need laws that prevent us from running risks with our lives? If so, then perhaps laws are needed prohibiting the sale of cigarettes and alcoholic drinks. Both products have been known to kill kill people. people. people. The The The hazards hazards hazards of of of drinking drinking drinking too too too much much much alcohol alcohol alcohol are are are as as as bad bad or or worse worse worse than than than the the the hazards hazards hazards of of smiking too many cigarettes. All right then, let's pass a law closing the liquor stores and the bars in this country. Let's put an end once and for all to the ruinous disease from which as many as 10 million Americans currently suffer--alcoholism.  But wait. We've already tried that. For 13 years, between 1920 and 1933, there were no liquor stores stores anywhere anywhere anywhere in in in the the the United United United States. States. States. They They They were were were shut shut shut down down down abilished abilished abilished by by by an an an amendment amendment amendment to to to the the Constitution and by a law of Congress. After January 20, 1920, there was supposed to be no more manyfacturing, selling, or transporting of "intoxicating liquors". Without any more liquor, people could not drink it. And if they did not drink it, how could they get drunk? There would be no more dangers to the public welfare from drunkenness and alcoholism. It was all bery logical. And yet prohibition of liquor, beer, and wine did not work. Why?  Because, law or no law, millions of people still liked to drink alcohol. And they were willing to take risks to get it. They were not about to change their tastes and habits just because of a change in the law. And gans of liquor smugglers millions of gallons of the outlawed beverages across the Canadian and Mexican borders. Drinkers were licky to know of an illegal bar that served Mexican or or Canadian Canadian Canadian liquor. liquor. Crime Crime and and and drunkenness drunkenness drunkenness were were were both both both supposed supposed supposed to to to decline decline decline as as as a a a rusult rusult rusult of of prohibition. Instead, people drank nore alcohol than ever-often poisoned alcohol. 1. Which of the following was NOT characteristic reason for the proposal of the 18th Amendment to the Constitution and the V olstead Act? A a) There would be no further danger to the public from alcoholism. b) There would be a rise in the cost of alcoholic beverages. c) Without liquor, people would not drink. d) People would not become drunk of create a public nuisance. 2. During Prohibition, illegal alcohol was_C___. a) sold openly b) no longer a temptation c) a major factor in the passage of the V olstead Act d) brought across the Mexican and Canadian borders 3. During Prohibition, people__B__. a) lived in fear of the law b) were willing to risk arrest for the pleasure of liquor c) recklessly endangered their comunities d) were respectful of the legal sanctions placed on them 4. When enacting the prohibition law, government officials assumend that__D__. a) every American would buy alcohol illegally b) all criminal activities would cease c) patrols of the Canadian border would halt the sale of alcohol d) the social threat from drunkerness would decline 5. It can be inferred from the passage that__A__. a) the Congress was wise to repeal Prohibition b) the Prohibition Era was characterized by a decrease in crime and drunkenness c) during Prohibition, most Americans stopped drinking d) laws should be passed to ban the sale of alcoholic beverages 第三篇第三篇As people continue to grow and age, our body systems continue to change. At a certain point in your life, your body system began to weaken. Your joint may become stiff. It may become more difficult for you to see and hear. The slow change of aging causes our bodies to lose some of their ability ability to bounce back from disease and injury. In order to live longer, we have always tried to to bounce back from disease and injury. In order to live longer, we have always tried to slow or stop this process that leads us toward the end of our lives. Many factors contribute to your health. A well-balanced diet plays an important role. The amount and type of exercises you get is another factor. Your living environment and the amount of stress you you are are are under under under is is yet yet another. another. another. But But But scientists scientists scientists studying studying studying senescence senescence senescence want want want to to to know: know: know: Why Why Why do do people grow old? They hope that by examining the aging process on a cellular level medical science may be able to extend the length of life. There is nothing to be afraid of as old age approaches. Many consider the later portions of life to be the best time for living. Physical activity may lessen, but often you gain a broader understanding of yourself and the world. What What we we we consider consider consider old old old age age age now now now may may may only only only be be be middle-aged middle-aged middle-aged someday someday someday soon. soon. soon. Who Who Who knows knows knows with with with so so many advances in medical science happening so quickly, life spans may one day be measured in centuries, rather than in years! 1. When people become aging, they will lose some of their ability to bounce back from disease and injury, “bounce back” here means __A__.A. to improve in health after one ‟s disease and injury B . to run fast C. to recover from disease and injury D. to jump after recovering 2. In order to live longer, ___A___. 。

博士研究生入学考试真题英语-2014装备学院2014年博士研究生入学考试英语(1001)试题（注意：答案必须写在答题纸上，本试卷满分100分）Part I Vocabulary (10 points, 0.5 point each)Direction:There are 20 questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with something missing. Below each sentence are four words or phrases marked A,B, C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Markthe corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on yourAnswer Sheet.1. Mourinho is a young and ________ coach who is prepared to lead his tem to win the championship in his first season.A. clumsyB. humorousC. ambitiousD. intimate2. Just wait for more second, I am ________ ready.A. all butB. all overC. at allD. at any moment3. If you can’t think of anywhere to go on Saturday, we ________ as well stay home.A. shouldB. mightC. canD. need4. A nation that does not know history is ________ to repeat it.A. discouragedB. characterizedC. linkedD. fated5. They preferred a British Commonwealth or European arrangement, because this wassubstantially ________ their British thinking.A. in touch withB. in line withC. with relation toD. with reference to6. The traffic accident that delayed our bus gave us a ________ reason for being late.A. promptB. vagueC. irritableD. legitimate7. The United States has 10 percent of the total petroleum ________ of the world in its ownterritory, and has been a major producer for decades.A. reservoirsB. reservationsC. reservesD. reproductions8. This is the world’s first accurate ________ model of human heart in computer.A. settingB. laboringC. showingD. working9. In 2000 I visited Berkeley, where I began my long ________ with this world famousuniversity.A. interactionB. nominationC. reconstructionD. association10. ________ ads for phony business opportunities appear in the classified pages of dailyand weekly newspapers and magazines, and online.A. SpeciallyB. TypicallyC. EspeciallyD. Commonly11. Too much time has ________ since we worked on this project.A. circulatedB. elapsedC. occupiedD. detached12. The girl fresh from college finally received a job ________ she had been expecting.A. requestB. pleaC. suggestionD. offer13. However busy we are, we’ll try to get back home ________ the dinner on the eve of theLunar New Year.A. in time forB. in exchange forC. in store forD. in return for14. Some difficult choices involving life and death are simply outside the ________ ofeconomic analysis.A. dimensionB. scaleC. domainD. space15. China’s economy, which was now on the brink of collapse, was beginning to ________after the implementation of reform and opening-up.A. pay offB. take offC. leave offD. drop off16. After a month or so, she came to dislike the subject and wished she had not _______ it_______.B. put…up B. given…upC. taken…upD. made…up17. It is considered a crime to ________ an election of any kind by bribing voters.A. fabricateB. launchC. populateD. manipulate18. Visitors to this plateau are likely to have a _______ headache for the first few days.A. splittingB. slappingC. slicingD. sprawling19. The central government is intensifying efforts to popularize _______ education in rurallocalities.A. voluntaryB. impulsiveC. instinctiveD. compulsory20. They are studying what kind of preferences might ________ this surging demand forhome-made TV sets.A. take a fancy toB. bring into playC. give rise toD. grow out ofPart II Cloze Test (15 points, 1 point each)Directions:There are 15 questions in this part of the test. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose one suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D for eachblank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase youhave chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your AnswerSheet.New devices to aid in the manipulation of numbers were added to make the job fasterand more accurate. Electronic computers were 21 the fastest and most versatile instruments for storing and 22 now in use. Computers provide the means for greater speed and accuracy than 23 previously 23 possible. With the development of these new tools, it is as if man has suddenly become 24 of the mind.Although man 25 mentally richer ever since he started 26 , the electronic computer allows and will continue to allow him 27 tremendous “mental”tasks in a 28 short time. Great scientists of the past 29 ideas that sometimes had to wait for years before they 30 sufficiently well to be 31 . With the computer, the ideas of today’s scientists can be studied, tested, distributed and used more rapidly than 32 .Old lines and methods of communication do not work easily or efficiently as so much information 33 we have now. The repeated actions of preparing, sorting, filing, distributing and 34 records and publications can be 35 as calculating. Errors occur because people grow tired and can be distracted.Part III Reading Comprehension (30 point)Section A (20 points, 1 point each)Directions:In this part of the test, there are five short passages. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer fromthe four choices given and mark the corresponding letter with a single baracross the square brackets on your Answer Sheet.Passage OneA warning has been issued by the electricity board that theremay be a repetition of yesterday evening’s block-outs in the London area. Although these were not serious or prolonged, there were voltage reductions in many homes of up to an hour, and the traffic lights in Piccadilly Circus were out for twenty minutes, causing considerable traffic congestion. Some commuter services were also affected. Some passengers had to face delays of up to two hours and at Victoria Station an angry argument broke out between a station inspector and a man on his way to visit his wife in hospital, and police had to be called. Both men were arrested. Local electricity switchboards were jammed with calls from housewives demanding to know how they were expected to cook supper for their families on a cold cooker. In one street in West London, all the lights went out without warning. Shops were closed but a relief service of candles and hand torches was set up by neighbors concerned about the risk of accident to old people and children. Today local hardware shops in the area report a run on candles and paraffin lamps normally sold to campers.A spokesman for the Electricity Board said they regretted the inconvenience the public had suffered, but there was no guarantee that further power cuts would not be necessary. Particularly after dark when there was an increased use of electrical appliances in the home.The trouble appears to be due to a work to rule by staff at power stations in remote areas, who are insisting on increased pay for night shifts and higher travel allowances. Although the work to rule is unofficial, Union leaders are to meet members of the electricity Board early next month to discuss these demands. It is hoped that both sides will be able to reach a satisfactory agreement and that the threat of more serious industrial actionwill be averted.36. According to the Electricity Board consumers may expect ________ .A. voltage reductions in a certain areaB. increased voltage reduction in the London areaC. power cuts of more than an hour in certain areasD. prolonged power cuts in many areas37. Owing to the delay at Victoria Station________.A. two passengers were arrestedB. a man was taken to hospitalC. evacuated the old people and childrenD. took care to prevent accidents38. When the lights in one street went out, people _________.A. ran to the shops to buy candlesB. were involved in a series of accidentsC. evacuated the old people and childrenD. took care to prevent accidents39. The main cause of the power cuts seems to be _________.A. a strike by all night shift workers at power stationsB. the worker’s refusal to travel to remote power stationsC. the worker’s unwillingness to work night shiftsD. dissatisfaction among workers over conditions of service40. From the passage we understand that the present industrial unrest ________.A. was initiated by Trade Union officialsB. has been set in motion without Trade Union approvalC. is to be settled by arbitrationD. is to be taken to government levelPassage TwoDespite the defeat of the Nazis and their allies and thesetting up of the United Nations Organization in 1945, racism continues to haunt the world today. Men are denied employment, housing and educational opportunities because of their skin color; some rich countries still have racial immigration laws to keep out immigrants from poorer and hungrier lands; political leaders are imprisoned for life for demanding that all races should have the same political right; and even in the cities of the affluent Western world the Negro ghettoes burn, signaling to the world the blank despair of their inhabitants.The most striking instance of racism in the world today is that of the system of Apartheid（种族隔离制度）in South Africa. Apartheid is not as some people may still imagine a serious attempt to provide equal though separate facilities for all races. It is segregation carried through by men with white skins to their own advantage and to the disadvantage of the black and colored populations.Its viciousness lies not solely in the fact that different “races”must live in different areas, but far more in the fact that the areas assigned to the non-White groups are the overcrowded and eroded parts of the countryside. Inevitably those assigned to living there would face starvation unless they went as migrants and transients to seek work in the White areas. So what the theory of Apartheid means is this: that black men will work for white so long as political power lies where it does. Such a system as this is the product of conquest and of the monopoly of political power by a conquering group. The conquerors seize uponthe fact of skin color in order to imply that the inequality which they have created is given by Nature, that it is the inevitable consequence of biological differences, or even that itis the will of God.Such a political system could have established in many parts of the colonial world, but the process of decolonization set in train by the victory of 1945 and assisted by United Nations action succeeded in many countries in opening equal opportunities to all. Hence today we see many cases where those who govern a newly independent country are the children of peasants or of political prisoners.But where White supremacy and Apartheid prevail, colored people must either accept their inferior lot or be condemned for life to an island prison. A similar future is inevitable in other countries if their present political leaders establish governments based upon inequality of political rights between races.But racism and its social consequences are evident not only in the former colonial territories. They are an ever present feature of the life of advanced industrial countries. Increasingly in some at least of these countries the traditional political issues pale into insignificance beside the problem of racial inequality and men’s attempt to fight against it. Inevitably in the post 1945 world, with the advanced countries of Europe and North America undergoing a period of unparalleled economic prosperity, immigrants have come to their cities from the poorer countries, from the rural areas and from the areas where the old slave plantations were.There is much evidence to suggest that this migration has not represented an uncontrolled and uncontrollable flood, for the immigrants have exercised their own immigration control by going where the jobs are.Nevertheless this precisely how this immigration has been perceived in the countries concerned and they have reacted bythrowing up barriers either to immigration itself or to full equality of opportunity for the immigrant in fields such as housing or employment. Such barriers may not have an explicitly racial form. They may affect all newcomers. But there can be little doubt that colored people are most affected by them and that the discrimination involved is widely thought to be based upon color and race.41. The passages states that victims of racism include ________.A. immigrantsB. people whose skin is not whiteC. people of different color, and political leaders who fight for them; as well as would-be immigrants from poorer and hungrier countriesD. all those who are denied employment, housing and educational opportunities.42. “The Negro ghettoes burn.” Is it possible to infer from the passage who set them on fire.A. Yes, the Negroes themselves in protest against their living conditions.B. Yes, racists.C. Yes, the inhabitants of the ghettoes.D. No, we cannot really be sure from this passage.43. Apartheid is particularly wicked because _________.A. different races have to live in different areasB. the areas assigned to the non-white groups are not rich enough to support themC. some people still imagine it is a serious attempt at equal but separate developmentD. it is to the disadvantage of the black population44. In paragraph three the writer says that the non-whitepopulations are forced by ________.A. the Whites to work for themB. the law to work for the WhitesC. the threat of starvation to work for the WhitesD. claiming that “might is right”45. We can infer from this passage that the writer thinks that racism _________.A. is on the increase because of South Africa’s policiesB. is on the increase because of the growth of immigrant populationsC. has decreased because of the process of decolonizationD.continues to exist despite the defeat of the Nazis, the growth of UN and the process of decolonizationPassage 3A report published recently brings bad news about air pollution. It suggests that it could be as damaging to our health as exposure to the radiation from the 1986 Ukraine nuclear power disaster. The report was published by the UK Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. But what can city people do to reduce exposure to air pollution? Quite a lot, it turns out.Avoid walking in busy streets. Choose side streets and parks instead. Pollution levels can fall a considerable amount just by moving a few meters away from the main pollution source----exhaust fumes. Also don’t walk behind smokers. Walk on the windward side of the street where exposure to pollutants can be 50 percent less than on the downwind side.Sitting on the driver’s side of a bus can increase your exposure by 10 percent, compared with sitting on the side nearest the pavement. Sitting upstairs on a double-decker canreduce exposure. It is difficult to say whether traveling on an underground train is better or worse than taking the bus. Air pollution on underground trains tends to be less toxic that that at street level, because underground pollution is mostly made up of tiny iron particles thrown up by wheels hitting the rails. But diesel and petrol fumes have a mixture of pollutants.When you are crossing a road, stand well back from the curb while you wait for thelight to change. Every meter really does count when you are close to traffic. As the traffic begins to move, fumes can be reduced in just a few seconds. So holding your breath for just a moment can make a difference, even though it might sound silly.There are large sudden pollution increases during rush hours. Pollution levels fall during nighttime. The time of year also makes a big difference. Pollution levels tend to be at their lowest during spring and autumn when winds are freshest. Extreme cold or hot weather has a trapping effect and tends to cause a build-up of pollutants.46. What is the passage mainly about?A. How to fight air pollution in big cities.B. How to avoid air pollution in big citiesC. How to breathe fresh air in big citiesD. How serious air pollution is in big cities47. According to the report, air pollution in big cities _____________.lA. can be more serious than Chernobyl nuclear disasterB. cannot be compared with the disaster ChernobylC. can release as damaging radiation as the Chernobyl disasterD. can be more serious than we used to think.48. When you walk in a busy street, you should walk on the side ________.A. where the wind is comingB. where the wind is goingC. where the wind is weakerD. where the wind is stronger49. If you take a bus in a big city in china, you should sit _________.A. on the left side in the busB. on the right side on the busC. in the middle of the busD. at the back of the bus50. It is implied in the passage that __________.A. people should not take street level transportationB. tiny iron particles will not cause health problemsC. air pollution on an underground train is less poisonousD. traveling on an underground train is better than taking the busPassage 4The terrorist attacks in London Thursday served as a stunning reminder that today’s worl d, you never know that you might see when you pick up newspaper or turn on the TV. Disturbing images of terror can trigger an instinctive response no matter how close or far away from home the event happened.Throughout history, every military conflict has involved psychological warfare in one way or another as the enemy sought to break the morale of their opponent. But thanks to advances in technology, the popularity of the Internet, and proliferation news coverage, the rules of engagement in this type of mental battle have changed.Whether it’s a massive attack or a single horrific act, the effects of psychological warfare aren’t limited to the physical damage inflicted. Instead, the goal of these attacks is to instill a sense of fear that is much greater than the actual threat itself.Therefore, the impact of psychological terror depends largely on how the acts are publicized the interpreted. But that also means there are ways to defend yourself and your loved ones by putting these fears into perspective and protecting your children from horrific images.What Is Psychological Terror? “The use of terrorism as a tactic is based upon inducing a climate of fear that disproportionate with the actual threat,” says Middle Eastern historian Richard Bulliet of Colum bia University. “Every time you have an act of violence, publicizing that violence becomes an important part of the act itself.”“There are various ways to have your impact. You can have your impact by the magnitude of what you do, by the symbolic character of target, or the horrific quality of what you do to a single person,” Bulliet tells WebMD. “The point is that it isn’t what you do, but it’s how it’s covered that determines the effect.” For example, bulliet says the Iranian hostage crisis, which began in 1979 and lasted for 444 days, was actually one of the most harmless things that happened in the Middle East in the last 25 years. All of the U.S. hostages were eventually released unharmed, but the event remains a psychological scar for many Americans w ho watched helplessly as each evening’s newscast counted the days the hostages were being held captive.Bulliet says terrorists frequently exploit images of a group of masked individuals exerting total power over their captives to send the message that the act is a collective demonstration ofthe group’s power rather than an individual criminal act. “You don’t have the notion that a certain person has taken a hostage. It’s an image of group power, and the force becomes generalized rather than personalized,”say Bulliet. “The randomness and the ubiquity（无处不在）of the threat give the impression of vastly greater capacities.”Psychiatrist Ansar Haroun, who served in the U.S. army Reserves in the first gulf War and more recently in Afghanistan, says that terrorist groups often resort to psychological warfare because it’s the only tactic they have available to them. “They don’t have M-16s, and we have M-16s. They don’t have the mighty military power that we have, and they only have access to things like kidnapping,”says Haroun, who is also a clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego.“In psychological warfare, even one beheading（斩首）can have the psychological impact that might be associated with killing 1,000 of the enemy,” Haround te lls webMD.“You haven’t really harmed the enemy very much by killing one person on the other side. But in terms of inspiring fear, anxiety, terror, and making us all feel bad, you’ve achieved a lot of demoralization.”51. What has changed the rules of psychological warfare?A. Terrorist attacks.B. The increase of military conflicts.C. Advances in nuclear weapons.D. Prosperity of the media.52. The goal of psychological warfare is to __________.A. change the ideology of the opponentB. win a battle without military attacksC. generate a greater sense of fearD. bring about more physical damage53. According to Richard Bulliet, publicizing a act of violence becomes an important part of terrorism itself because ____________.A. psychological terrorism is a tacticB. terrorism depends on a climate of fear rather than on the actual threatC. the use of terrorism is to inspire fear that is more destructive than the actual threatD. publicizing the violence can make more people know the actual threat54. The Iranian hostage crisis shows that ___________.A. means determines effectsB. hostage crises are prevalentC. psychological terrors remain harmlessD. the American media is effective55. In this passage the author __________.A. emphasizes the great impact of psychological warfareB. criticizes the violence of terrorismC. calls for an end to psychological warfareD. opposes the hostage crisisSection B (10 points, 2 points each)Directions: In this section, there is a passage with five questions. After have read the passage, answer each question in English with no more than 15 words. Writedown your answer on the Answer Sheet.At the beginning of a country’s rise out of backwardness and poverty, more wealth does make a difference. However, citing surveys from china and south Korea, the economist Richard Easterlin points out: “In these countries, per capita income hasdoubled in 20 years but overall happiness does not seem to have followed the same path.”Economists aresurprised, because GNP（国民生产总值）has long been thought the best indicator of human welfare. More GNP generally means more money for most people, and more money improves the quality of life, and that means happiness.But, perhaps, the survey suggests that more money can make you happy only if those around you do not share in your good fortune. General prosperity may fail to enhance individual contentment. Perhaps it is a matter of being aware of your advantage, not that you need to get the highest salaries or be the object of envy. Maybe, individual goals vary too much to be generalized. Maybe one has nothing at all to do with the other. Freud was well aware that economic success did not make people happy. Most psychoanalysts and therapists today would agree. He thought only the realization of a deep childhood desire could provide such satisfaction.Another problem is that people are poor reporters of their own states of mind. They will usually tell you what they themselves want to believe. To know if someone is really happy or not, you have to catch him or her in the act of happiness. Being happy or acting happy are more reliable indicators than thinking too much about it.Professional therapists also know that what makes people happy defies explanation, but what prevents them from being happy doesn’t. Po or self-esteem undermines all feelings of success. Hunger and cold make it harder to relax and enjoy one’s experience. Insecurity and failure to engage one’s work leave one dissatisfied. Anxiety penetrates all our perceptions and feelings, and brings us down.Economists can probably hope to measure how well our basic needs for security and health are met in society, and if those are reasonably OK, people tend to find the happiness they seek. Most of us want to enjoy life, spend time with our children, play at sports, sing, dance and travel. If we can do those things without dread, the amount of money we have is irrelevant.56. According to the economist Richard Easterlin, what is the relationship between higher GDP and overall happiness?57. According to second paragraph, what does the individual happiness arise from?58. What does Freud’s doctrine show with relation to the wealth?59. In the 4th paragraph, what do the professional therapists imply?60. What is the author’s conclusion?Part IV Error Detection and Correction (10 points, 1 point each)Directions:Each of the following sentences contains an error. Your task is to identify that error and correct it. Write both the error and correction on your Answer Sheet61. Virginia Hamilton who has won consistent praise for her novels about Black children.62. When overall exports exceed imports, a country said to have a trade surplus63. Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when Frances Perkins became secretary of labor.64. Different species of octopuses（章鱼）may measure anywhere from two inches over thirty feet in length.65. Luminescence refers to the emission of light by meansanother than heat.66. Industrial buyers are responsible for supplying the goods and services that an organization required for its operations.67. The first national park in world, Yellowstone National Park, was established in 1872.68. Historians have never reached some general agreement about the precise causes of the Civil War in the United States.69. A leading Canadian feminist and author, Nellie McClung, struggled relentlessly in the early twentieth century to win politically and legal rights for Canadian women.70. Although they are in different countries, Windsor, Ontario, Detroit, and Michigan are close neighbors and cooperate on numerous matters of mutually interest.Part V Translation (15 points, 3 points each)Directions:Translate the five underlined sentences in the following passage into Chinese.Write down your translation on the Answer Sheet.(71)This Christmas season finds us a rather bewildered human race. We have neither peace within nor peace without.(72)Everywhere paralyzing fears harrow people by day and haunt them by night. Our world is sick with war; everywhere we turn see its ominous possibilities. And yet, my friends, the Christmas hope for peace and goodwill toward all men can no longer be dismissed as a kind of pious dream of some utopian. (73)If we don’t have goodwill toward men in this world, we will destroy ourselves by the misuse of our own instruments and our own power. Wisdom born of experience should tell us that war is out of date. (74)There may have a time when war served a negative good by preventing the spread and growth of an evil force, but the very destructive power of modern weapons of warfare。

浙江大学考博英语部分真题及其解析Section I Use of English(10%)Read the following text.Choose the best word or phrase for each numbered blank and ma,A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1(客观答题卡).We suffer from a conspicuous lack of role models and shared causes. This is1of reason,I think,that many young Asian-Americans continue to assimilate quietly into America2as doctors,scientists and engineers.Our struggles are individual and familial but3communal or political.Ours is a frustratingly limited version of the AMERICAN Dr earr While I can strive for4into Harvard and become the talk of the Korean mothers in ml home town,God forbid that I aim much further and higher than that――5fame ant in fluence as a writer,an Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi huo kao bo fu dao ti yan qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi intellectual or perhaps president of the United States.I wish more than anything else to feel like part of something6than myself and m~personal ambitions,part of a larger culture. Unfortunately,by coming to America my parent,7the cultural legacy they would have passed on to me.When I visited8last summer,found that I was9and chastised by many people for never learning how to speak Korean and for turning my10on their culture.Taxi drivers would 11to stop for me and my Korean-American friends because they knew from our12where we had come from.And13,in spite of the17years I have spent in this country,I feel more acutely conscious than ever of the fact that I am not completely14.Recently,a black man called me a"littleChinese faggot"in a men's room,and a15woman on the street told me to"go back to Japan."Americans,I think,feel a(n)16to keep both Asians and Asian-Americans at asociological,philosophical and geographical distance.With17numbers of Asian-American18applying to top colleges,many white students have begun to complain aboutAsian-American19and competitiveness,calling us"Asian nerds."Many Americans consider this as part of a larger"Asian invasionf associated20Japan's export success in America.01.[A]one[B]part[C]much[D]some02.[A]country[B]city[C]land[D]society03.[A]hardly[B]frequently[C]approximately[D] always04.[A]scholarship[B]citizenship[C]admittance[D] integration05.[A]toward[B]near[C]between[D]among06.[A]more[B]better[C]larger[D]longer07.[A]sold[B]maintained[C]memorized[D]sacrificed08.[A]Japan[B]China[C]Korea[D]Thailand09.[A]scorned[B]respected[C]surprised[D]ignored10.[A]side[B]head[C]eyes[D]back11.[A]like[B]refuse[C]straggle[D]want12.[A]skin[B]clothes[C]faces[D]politeness13.[A]also[B]so[C]yet[D]then14.[A]hated[B]ignored[C]treated[D]welcome15.IAI homeless[B]careless[C]selfless[D]shameless16.[A]fear[B]need[C]interest[D]hate17.[A]growing[B]expanding[C]developing[D] enlarging18.[A]people[B]residents[C]students[D]foreigners19.,[Al diligence[B]laziness[C]hardship[D] stubbornness20.[A]for[B]to[C]with[D]atgection II Reading Comprehension(60%)Part A(40%)Read the following texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1(客观答题卡).Text1InfraGard is a grass-roots effort to respond to the need for cooperation and collaboration n countering the threat of cybercrime and terrorism to private businesses and the government.By the end of September,there will be InfraGard chapters in all50states, Calloway said.With advice from the FBI,each local chapter will be run by a board of directors that includes members of private industry,the academic community and public agencies.Banks,utilities,and other businessesand government agencies will use a secure Web site to share nformation about attempts to hack into their computer networks.Members can join the system!t no charge.A key feature of the system is a two-pronged method of reporting attacks.A"sanitized"description of a hacking attempt or other incident-one that doesn't reveal the name or ensitive information about the victim-can be shared with the other members to spot trends?hen a more detailed description also can be sent to the FBI's computer crimes unit to ietermine if there are grounds for an investigation.Cybercrime has jumped in recent years across the nation, particularly in hotbeds of financial cormmerce and technology like Charlotte."Ten years ago,all you needed to protect yourself was a safe,a fence and security officers,"said Chris Swecker,who is in charge of the FBI's Charlotte office."Now any business with a modem is subject to attack."FBE agents investigating computer hacking that disrupted popular Web sites including ,CNN and Yahoo!this year identified several North Carolina victims.The investigation has also identified computer systems in North Carolina used by hackers to commit such attacks.Prosecutions of hackers have been hampered by the reluctance of businesses to report security intrusions for fear of bad publicity and lost business.Meanwhile,too many corporations have made it tooeasy for criminals by sacrificing security for speed and accessibility.Jack Wiles,who will lead the local InfraGard chapter's board,said a recent report estimated97percent of all cybercrime goes undetected.Wiles,a computer security expert,has a firewall on his personal computer to prevent hackers from getting into his files."I get at least one report a day that somebody was trying to get into my computer,"he said."The Net is a wonderful place,but it's also a dangerous one."21.From the first paragraph,we know[A]InfraGard is a protective measure aga/nst cybercrime.[BI InfraGard is a measure of cooperation and collaboration.[C]there will be50InfraGard chapters in all states.[DJ private business and the government are now committing cybererime.22.Each local chapter of InfraGard will be run by the following EXCEPT[Al academic communities.[B]public agencies.[C]FBI.[D]private industry.23.By saying"too many corporations have made it too easy for criminals by sacrificing security for speed and accessibility"the author means[A]too many corporations take no notice of the security problem of computers.[B]criminals are sacrificing security for speed and accessibility.[C]it's very easy to sacrifice security for speed and accessibility.[D]many companies suffer from computer hacking because they value speed and accessibility more than security.24.All the following are reasons for the rise in cybercrime EXCEPT[A]victims won't report intrusions by hackers.[B]vi victims have no fkewalls.[C]the use of modem is increasing.[D]companies don't pay enough attention to Security.25.It can be concluded from the passage that[A]not all hacking attempts are worthy of investigation.[B]information of the victims is inaccessible.[C]InfraGard chapters will be in effect by the end of September.[D] was once disrupted by hacking.Text2The annual Phi Delta Kappa/Gallup poll of attitudes towards public education releasedthis week found that a majorty of Americans feel t is important to put"a qualified,competent teacher in every classroom".Bob Chase,president of the National EducationAssociation(NEA),the main teachers'union,wasted no time in pointing out that this will require raising teachers'salaries so that more qualified candidates will enter the profession and stay there.A study by two economists suggests that the quality of America's teachers has more to do with how they are paid rather than how much. The pay of American public-school teachers isnot based on any measure of performance;instead,it is determined by a rigid formula based on experience and years of schooling,factors massively unimportant in deciding how well students do.The uniform pay scale invites what economists call adverse selection.Since the most talented teachers are also likely to be good at other professions,they have a strong incentive to leave education for jobs in which pay is more closely linked to productivity.For dullards,the incentives are just the opposite.The data are striking:when test scores are used as a proxy for ability,the bright est individuals shun the teaching profession at every juncture.Clever students are the least like lyto choose education as a major at university.Among students who do major in education,those with higher test scores are less likely to become teachers.And among individuals who enterteaching,those with the highest test scores are the most likely to leave the profession early.The study takes into consideration the effects of a nationwide 20%real increase in teacher salaries during the1980s.It concludes that it had no appreciable effect on overall teacher quality,in largepart because schools do a poor job of.recruiting and-selecting the best teachers.Also,even if higher salaries lure more qualified candidates into the profession,the overall effect on quality may be offset by mediocre teachers who choose to postpone retirement.The study also takes aim at teacher training.Every state requires that teachers be licensed,a process that can involve up to two years of education classes,even for those who have auniversity degree or a graduate degree in the field they would like to teach.Inevitably, this system does little to lure in graduates of top universities or professionals who would like to enter teaching at mid-career.26.Which statement is NOT TRUE according to the passage?[A]NEA is the largest society for teachers.[B]Education-majored students are not as wise as people have assumed.[C]Young teachers are paid less because their students don't do well enough.[D]The study is both concerned with the effects of rise in payment and teacher training.27.Increase in teacher salaries did not turn out so effective mainly because of the following reasons EXCEPT.[A]the authorities do not set standards for qualified teachers.[BI mediocre teachers postpone retirement.[C]the salaries were not attractive enough.[D]teachers didn't have equal opportunities.28.According to the passage,the reason for clever students' refusal to take teaching as profession is because.[A]it offers low pay.[B]they have interest in other professions.[C]it does not value productivity.[D]it uses poor recruiting strategies.29."The data are striking:when the brightest individuals shun the teaching profession at every juncture"means.[A]students doing well in study are willing to take teaching as a career.[B]students doing well in study can't avoid choosing teaching as a career.[C]students doing well in study are reluctant to be teachers.[D]students doing well in study are not reluctant to be teachers.30.All can be concluded BUT.[A]teaching in U.S.A needs a certificate.[B]the more outstanding one is,the more likely he is to choose teaching.[C]American public-school teachers are paid in proportion to experience and years of schooling.[D]increase in teacher's salaries is to attract more qualified candidates to teaching.Text3The Nobel prize in economics had a difficult birth.It was createdin1969to mimic thefive prizes initiated under Alfred Nobel's will. These had already been around for68years,andpurists fought hard to stop the newcomer.Some members of the Royal Swedish Academy ofSciences still dismiss economics as unscientific,and its prize as not a proper Nobel.Earlywinners were among the prize's fiercest critics.Gunnar Myrdal,who shared the award in1974,said the prize ought to be abolished(but he did not return the money).Milton Friedman,winnerin1976,doubted the ability of a few people in Stockholm to make decisions respected aroundthe world.By the1990s,the Nobel committee had gained a reputation for intransigence.Gary Becker won only after a flood of nominations forced the cabal in Stockholm to act.The father of game theory won only after Mr.Nash's sudden recovery from paranoid schizophrenia,though the disease had no bearing on the quality of his work,the best of which was done beforehe became ill.Robert Lucas received a prize that many economists believed he should have hadmuch earlier.In1998,the prize became the subject of countless jokes after the collapse of Long-Term Capital Management,a hedge-fund firm whose founders included Robert Mertonand Myron Scholes,the1997 Nobel laureates.The Merton/Scholes choice also highlighted another enduring problem with the prize:untimely deaths.Fischer Black, co-originator of the options-pricing model for which MessrsMerton and Scholes were recognised,died a year too soon to join his collaborators on st year,many economists hoped that ZviGriliches,a noted econometrician who wasunquestionably deserving of the prize,and was suffering from a long illness,would win.He didnot, and died soon afterwards.Because the prize came into being so late, there is still a backlogof elderly luminaries waiting to be recognised. Paul Samuelson,one of the younger winners,and Mr Becker,who was a friend of Griliches,want the committee to take old age explicitlyinto account.The committee could also cast its net more widely across the profession.Almost ail the laureates are also theoreticians;advances in empirical work and applications in the past two decades have yet to be paid due respect,a fact bemoaned by Mr Becker.Mr Samuelson adds that the economics committee's selection methods have excessively mimicked those used for the prizes in natural sciences: "If the right apple fell on your head,and you saw it,then you got the prize.But if you had a lifetime of excellence in all branches of physics,you didn't get it."31.From the first paragraph,we learned that.[A]the Nobel prize in economics was created under Alfred Nobel's will.[B]Gunnar Myrdal was one of the Nobel prize winners in economics.[C]Milton Friedman refused to accept the prize.[D]the Nobel committee had not the ability to make decisions.32.We can learn from the text that about the winners of the Nobel prize in economics during1990s,.[A]Gary Becker won the prize after he forced the committee to act.[B]Mr Nash's illness delayed his receiving of the prize.[C]obert Lucas received the prize earlier than expected.[D]Robert Merton and Myron Scholes played jokes on the prize.33.According to the text,the author's attitude toward Nobel prize in economics is.[A]doubtful.[B]positive.[C]hostile.[DJ indifferent.34.From the third paragraph,we learn that.[A]Fisher Black did not live long enough to win the Nobel prize.[B]the Nobel committee will soon take old age into account.[C]younger people are more likely to win the prize.[D]Zvi Griliches won the prize after he died.35.In the last paragraph of the text,Mr Samuelson's attitude toward the economics committee's selection methods is.[A]critical.[B]approving.[C]angry.[D]ironic.Text4In America alone,tipping is now a$16billion-a-year industry-all the more surprising since it is a behavioural oddity.Consumers acting rationally ought not to pay more than they have to for a given service,Tips,which are voluntary,above and beyond a service's contracted cost,and delivered afterwards,should not exist.So why do they?The conventional wisdom is that tips both reward the efforts of good service and reduce uncomfortable feelings of inequality.The better the service,the bigger the tip.A paper analysing data from2,547groups dining at20different restaurants shows that the correlation between larger tips and better service was very weak:only a tiny part of the variability in the size of the tip had anything to do with the quality of service.Customers who rated a meal as"excellent"still tipped anywhere between8%and 37%of the meal price.Tipping is better explained by culture than by economics.In America,the custom hasbecome institutionalised:it is regarded as part of the accepted cost of a service.In a New Yorkrestaurant, failing to tip at least15%could well mean abuse from the waiter. Hairdressers canexpect to get15-20%,the man who delivers your groceries$2.In Europe,tipping is lesscommon;in many restaurants, discretionary tipping is being replaced by a standard servicecharge. In many Asian countries,tipping has never really caught on at all.How to account for these national differences?Look no further than psychology.According to Michael Lynn,the Cornell paper'sco-author,countries in which people are moreextrovert,sociable orneurotic tend to tip more.Tipping relieves anxiety about being served bystrangers:And,says'Mr Lynn,"in America,where people are outgoing and expressive,tippingis about social approval.If you tip badly,people think less of you.Tipping well is a chance to show off." Icelanders,by contrast,do not usually tip-a measure of their introversion and lackof neuroses,no doubt.While such explanations may be crude,the hard truth seems to be that tipping does notwork.It does not benefit the customer.Nor,in the case of restaurants,does it actuallyincentivise the waiter,or help the restaurant manager to monitor and assess his staff.The cry ofstingy tippers that service people should"just be paid a decent wage"may actually makeeconomic sense.36.From the text we learn that Americans.[A]are willing to give tips because they love the practice.[B]like to givetips to service people to help them financially.[C]are reluctant to give tips,but they still do so.[D]are giving less and less tips.37.According to Paragraph3,we learn that.[A]tips are voluntary in America.[B]people don't tip in Europe.[C]tipping is rare in many Asian countries.[D]tipping is now popular in Iceland.38.According to Michael Lynn,.[A]nervous people do not usually tip.[B]A merican people are anxious.[C]Icelanders don't like to show off.[D]people will ignore you if you tip bakly.39.The text indicates that in America.[A]customers tip8%to37%of the meal price if a meal was "excellent".[B]a waiter can abuse a customer if he fails to tip15%.[C]the amount of tipping is standardized with different services.[D]the man who carry groceries for you can expect to get15-20%.40.According to the text,the author believes that in America.[A]the better the service,the bigger the tip.[BI tips can reward the effort of good service.[C]tips can reduce feelings of inequality.[D]tips cannot prompt better service.Part B(20%)slation shouM be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2(主观答题纸).(41)There are plenty of grim statistics about childhood in the Third World.showing thatthe journey for survival is long and hard. But in the rich world,children can suffer from adifferent kind of poverty-of the spirit.For instance,one Western country alone now sees14,000attempted suicides every year by children under15,and one child in five needsprofessional psychiatric counselling.There are many good things about childhood in the Third World.Take the close andconstant contact between children and their parents, relatives and neighbours.In the West,the very nature of work puts distance between adults and children.(42)But itl most Third World villages mother and father do not go miles away each day to do abstract work in offices,shuffling paper to make money mysteriously appear in banks.Instead.the child sees mother an(t father,relations and neighbours working nearby,and often shares in that work.A child growing up in this way learns his or her role through participating in the community's work:helping to dig or build,plant or water,tend to animals or look after babies-rather than through playing with water and sand in kindergarten,building with construction toys,keeping pets or playing with dolls.(43)These children may grow up with a less oppressive limitation of space and time than their Western counterparts.Set days and times are few and self-explanatory,determined mostly by the rhythm of the seasons and the different jobs they bring.(44)A child in the rich world,on the other hand.is provided with a wrist-watch as one of the earliest symbols of~owing up.so that he or she can worry,along with their parents about being late for school times,meal times clinic times,bed times,the times of TV shows……;Third World children are not usually cooped up indoors,still less in high-rise apartments.Instead of fenced-off play areas,dangerous roads,'keep off the grass'signs and'don't speak tostrangers',there is often a sense of freedom to play.(45)Parents can see theirchildren outsiderather than observe them anxiously from ten floors up.And other adults in the community canusually be counted on to be caring rather than indifferent or threatening.Of course twelve million children under five still die every year through malnutrition anddisease.But children in the Third World is not all bad.Section m Writing(30%)Teachers often consider some students as good students.What do you think good studentsare like?Describe the characteristics of good students according to your own opinion.Provideone or two examples where necessary.You may also need to use knowledge in education andpsychology to support your argument.You shouM write240-280words. Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET2(主观答题纸).[供报考学科教学（英语）专业考生使用][A卷]答案：e of English（10%）01.B02.D03.A04.C05.A06.C07.D08.C09.A 10.D11.B12.B13.C14.D15.A16.B17.A18.C19.A 20.CII.Reading comprehension（60%）21.A22.C23.D24.B25.A26.C27.A28.C29.C 30.B31.B32.B33.A34.A35.A36.C37.C38.C39.C 40.DPart B（20%）41.有关第三世界儿童成长的大量统计资料令人担忧。

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2014年浙江省英语高考试题及答案全国卷第一部分：英语知识应用(共两节，满分30分）第一节:单项填空（共20小题，每小题0.5分，满分10分）从A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该选项标号涂黑.1. -—-I am going to Spain fort a holiday soon.—-— ______。

A. It’s my pleasure B。

Never mind C。

Leave italone D。

Good for you2。

The paper is due next month， and I am working seven days ______week, often long into______night.A. Aa； the B。

the；不填 C. a; a D。

不填；the3. An average of just 18.75cm of rain fell last year， making ______ thedriest year since Californiabecame a state in 1850。

A。

each B. it C。

this D。

one4. Joe is proud and ______，never admitting he is wrong and always looking for someone else to blame。

英语试卷一【±q461533046】Part I Answer Dialogue Completion1. We will be shown around the city : schools , museums , and some other places , _________ othe r visitors seldom go .A. whatB. whichC. whereD. when2．The famous basketball star . __________ tried to make a comeback , attracted a lot of attention .A. whereB. whenC. whichD. who3．He is only one of the students who _________ a winner of scholarship for three years .A. isB. areC. have beenD. has been4. Is this the reason __________ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work ?A. he explainedB. what he explainedC. how he explainedD. why he explained5. The result of the experiment was very good , __________ we hadn’t expected .A. whenB. thatC. whichD. what6. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase . ________ was very reasonable .A. which priceB . the price of whichC. its priceD. the price of whose7. Caral said the work would be done by October , ________ personally I doubt very much .A. itB . thatC. whenD. which8. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play , __________ , of course , made the others unhappy .A. whoB. whichC. thisD. what9. John said he’d been working in the office for an hour , __________ was true .A. heB. thisC. whichD. who10. He must be from Africa, _________can be seen from his skin.A. thatB. asC. whoD. what11. Have you seen the film “Titanic”, _________ leading actor is world famous ?A. itsB. it’sC. whoseD. which12. He was very rude to the customs office , _________ of course made things even worse .A. whoB. whomC. whatD. which13. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town __________ he grew up as a c hild .A. whichB. thatC. whereD. when14. I don’t like _________ you speak to her .A. the wayB. the way in thatD. the way of which15. All of the flowers now raised here have developed from those _________ in the forest .A. once they growB. they grew onceC. they once grewD. once grew16. In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 pm , ________ many people have got h ome .A. whose timeB. thatC. on whichD. by which17. _________ we know , China will be an __________ powerful country in 20 or 30 years’ time .A. That ; advancingB. This ; advancedC. As ; advancedD. It ; advancing18. I shall never forget those years __________ I lived in the country with the farmers , ________ has a great effect on my life .A. that ; whichB. when ; whichC. which ; thatD. when ; who19. The weather turned out to be very good , ________ was more than we could expect .A. whatB. whichC. thatD. it20. In the dark street , there wasn’t a single person __________ she could turn for help .A. thatB. whoC. from whomD. to whom21. He made another wonderful discovery , __________ of great importance to science.A. which I think isC. which I think itD. I think which is25. His son has become a doctor, ________ he wanted to be.A. whichB. thatC. whoD. what26. She said she was busy, _________ was a lie.A. whichB. thatC. whatD. that。

2014医学博士英语统考听力文字版Question 1W: It would help me if you could go over the last week and give me an idea how much beer drank each evening.M: Well, let me see, I went up to the pub 4 times last week, and drank about 3 pints each evening.Question: How much beer did the man drink last week?Question 2W: Is there anything else I can do to help me sleep at night? M: Don’t worry so much about things of work. I know, I know, easier said than done.W: Should I stay home from work?M: No, I don’t think that’s nec essary, just remember to stay calm.Question: What does the doctor suggest the woman do?Question3W: How’s even your feeling in general?M: No complaints, really.Question: What does the man mean?Question 4W: Our managing director is going to give you a raise.M: Really? Are you kidding me?W: Absolutely! He thinks you would!Question: What does the woman say?Question 5W: I’ve been so worried about my daughter. She’s so different and temperament for me. We are not always on the same wheeling.M: Th at’s quite common with mothers and daughters.W: She is a further personality and very much on the ball, but she is an excitable child.Question: What does the woman mean?Question 6W: Where is your injury?M: Here, my ankle.W: How did it happen?M: I tripped over on the pavement and twisted it. It was swollen and very painful.Question: What is true about the woman?Question 7W: John wants to move upwards and onwards within his new company.M: He is well qualified and the boss interested him.W: So you think he will achieve his goal?M: Yeah! For betting he will.Question: What did the man mean?Question 8M: Take the slip to the front desk and then arrange an appointment for the tests.W: Thank you, doctor! Have a nice day!Question: What will the woman do?Question 9M: There is one girl on my school who everybody picks up. W: Why?M: Because she doesn’t wear what everybody else wears. Question: What can be inferred about the girl in question?Question 10M: What’s your coming for today, Mrs. Anderson?W: I’ve been having some pains in my joints, especially the knees!Question: Where does the conversation most probably take place?Question 11W: How long does the pain last when you get it?M: It comes and goes! Sometimes I hardly feel anything, other times it can last up to half an hour or more.W: Is there any type of food that seems to cause stronger pain or other types?M: Um, heavy foods like stay insomnia usually bring s it on, I’ll been to avoid those.Question: What type of food seems to cause stronger pain to the man?Question 12W: Carl, your bicycle is too old, it’s not safe ty to ride.M: Yeah! I think I need to buy a new one, but it will go with time.Question: What did the man mean?Question 13M: How long could you have these symptoms?W: Oh, I have the cough for two weeks, but feeling ill just be past a few days.Question: What do we know about the woman’s illness?Question 14W: I think I could recover the cough at the end of this year. M: I’m sorry to burst your bubble, but the stock index still ranges between 1900 and 2900 after every year.Question 15M: I just want check to understand which pills to take and when?W: The yellow one in the morning and the others, oh, I think no, maybe, a h, you’d better to write it down! Then you wo n’t forget!M: Here is some paper! The yellow one once a day before breakfast, the large round one three times a day after meals, the small ones when you need one for sleeping.Question: Which of the following statements is true?Section B Dialogue One Question 16-20W: Hi, Patrick, how are your feeling today?M: A bit better.W: That’s good to hear. Are you still feeling nausea?M: No. I haven’t felt sick to my stomach so she is to switch my medication.W: Great, say, your test result came this morning.M: It’s about time. Is it good news or a bad?W: I guess it would be a bit of both. Which do you want first? M: Let’s get the bad news over with.W: OK. It looks like you are going to need surgery to remove your tumor from your leg. After the operation you’re going to have to escape your feet for at least 3 weeks. That means no soccer.M: It is a friend of you if you are going to say that.W: Now, for the good news. The belt shows the tumor is benign which means it is not cancerous. We’re going to take it out anyway just being on a safe side.M: Wow, that’s a load off my mind. Thanks doctor.W: Don’t get too excited, we still need to get the bottom of this way of loathing...M: I probably have just been so worried about stupid lump. W: These things off and on are stress-related but we’re still going to do a few blood test just rule a few things out.M: Things like what? Cancer?W: Actually, I am thinking more of the lines of food allergy.Passage 1Woman may be more susceptible to the lung-damaging effect to smoking than men, according to the new research by Inassessali Sohine ND, and her colleagues from ChimingLaboratory, Briven and Women Hospital and University of Bergen Norway. They analyzed the data from the Norwegian case control study, including 954 subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and 955 controls, all the current or ex-smokers. And COPD subject had moderate or severe COPD. Although analysis indicated the women may be more vulnerable to the effect to smoking, which is something previously suspected but not proven, said Dr. Sohine. The study results would be prevented on May 18, at the 115 international conference of American directive society in Santiago. Examining the total study samples there is no gender differences with respect to lung function and COPD severity. The women were on average younger, and they smoked significantly left than men. To experience the differences further they also analyzed two subgroups of study example, COPD subject on the age of 60 and COPD subjects with less than 20 pack years. In both subgroups we need have more severe disease and great impairment to the lung function than man. This means the female smokers in our study experienced reduced the lung function at a lower level of smoking exposure and at the earlier age than men, said Dr. Sohine. It’s long been suspected that the effective smoking on lung function may be modified by gender. Interaction analysts confirm that being female represents a higher risk of reduced lung function and severer COPD. But this gender reset was most pronounced women’s level of smoking exposure was low.According to Dr Sohine, the reason why the women may be more susceptible to the effect of cigarette smoke is still unknown. There are several possible explanations. Women have small airways, therefore eat cigarettes may be more harm. Also there are genderPassage 2In December 1997 large numbers of cattle, goats and sheep began dying in the Garissa district of north-eastern Kenya. A month later people started dying, too. It was, at the time, the biggest recorded outbreak of Rift Valley fever in East Africa. Some 100,000 stock animals succumbed and about 90,000 people were infected, hundreds fatally in five countries.In December 2007 the same thing happened. Or, it started to happen but was stopped in its tracks. The difference was that the second time around there was warning. In September researchers at the Goddard Space Century, Greenbelt, Maryland, part of America’s space agency, NASA, told the authorities in Kenya that they had a problem. They told them again in October. And again in November. By the time the epidemic emerged, the Kenyan health ministry had dispatched teams to the area to distribute mosquito nets and urge village leaders and religious authorities to stop people slaughtering and eating animals. Though the outbreak still killed 300 people in Kenya, Somalia and Tanzania, it could bea lot worse. According to Kenneth Linthicum of America’s Department of Agriculture, the number of deaths would probably have been more than twice as high without the warning.The warning itself was possible because of a model of how disease spreads that Dr Linthicum helped design. And the data that were plugged into that model came from satellites.What the researchers at Goddard had noticed at the time of the first outbreak was that in the months preceding it, surface temperatures in the equatorial part of the Indian Ocean had risen by half a degree. These higher temperatures brought heavy and sustained rains, cloud cover and warmer air to much of the Horn of Africa. Mosquitoes multiplied wildly, and lived long enough for the virus that causes the fever to develop to the point where it is easily transmissible. In September 2007 the researchers saw the same thing happening in the ocean, and suspected the same consequences would follow.参考答案：1-5 ABCCD 6-10 BDDAD 11-15 DDCAD16-20 BCDDAD 21-25DCABC 26-30 BADAD。

浙江大学博士研究生入学考试英语真题2014年(总分：130.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、单选题(总题数：10，分数：10.00)1.The two friends sat in a corner and _____ away to each other about the weather．（分数：1.00）A.talkedB.chattedC.mutteredD.whispered2.He is going to _____ the meeting on the subject of war and peace in a minute．（分数：1.00）A.speakB.talkC.remarkD.address3.Although not an economist himself, Dr. Smith has long been a severe critic of the government's _____ policies. （分数：1.00）A.economicB.economicalC.economyD.economics4.There are not many teachers who are strong _____ of traditional methods in English teaching. （分数：1.00）A.sponsorsB.contributorsC.advocatesD.performers5.A friendship may be _____ , casual, situational or deep and lasting. （分数：1.00）A.identicalB.superficialC.criticalD.original6.Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the shakiness in the financial system will _____ down the economy. （分数：1.00）A.putB.settleC.dragD.knock7.We are _____ to the idea, but we doubt whether the time is ripe to put it into force. （分数：1.00）A.equalB.adequateC.considerateD.sympathetic8.People were surprised to find that Mr. Johnson had the ability to _____ everything he was involved in. （分数：1.00）A.PrevailB.dominateC.preside9.You can do it if you want to, but in my opinion it’s not worth the _____ it involves. （分数：1.00）A.forceB.trialC.attemptD.effort10.The manager gave one of the salesgirls an accusing look for _____ her attitude toward customers. （分数：1.00）A.straightforwardB.partialC.favorableD.hostile二、完形填空(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Throughout history man has had to accept the fact that all living things must die. But people now live longer than they(1). Yet, all living things still show the(2)of aging, which will eventually(3)death. Aging is not a disease, （but）as a person passes maturity, the cells of the body and the(4) they form do not function as well as they(5) in childhood and teenage years. The body provides less(6)against disease and is more(7)to have accident. A number of related causes may(8)aging. Some cells of the body have a （fairly） long life, but they are not(9)when they die. As a person ages,(10)of brain cells and muscle cells decreases.(11)body cells die and are （replaced） by new cells. In an aging person the(12)cells may not be as workable or as capable(13)growth as those of a young person. Another(14)in aging may be changes within the cells(15). Some of the protein chemicals in cells are known(16)with age and become less elastic. This is why the skin of old people wrinkles and(17). This is also the reason why old people(18)in height. There may be other more important chemical changes in the cells. Some complex cell chemicals, such as DNA and RNA, store and(19)information that the cells need.Aging may affect this(20)and change the information carrying molecules so that they do not transmit the information as well.（分数：20.00）A.wouldB.be used toed toedA.functionB.effectC.affectD.signA.lead inB.give inC.run intoD.result inA.handsB.feetC.heartansA.doB.has doneC.didD.had doneB.protectionC.vigorD.powerA.likelyB.probableC.possibleD.alikeA.attend toB.contribute toC.add toD.devote toA.replacedB.rebornC.recoveredD.surrenderedA.a numberB.the amountC.the numberD.mostA.oldB.leftC.newD.otherA.toB.forC.ofD.inA.factorB.effectC.reasonD.elementA.for themselvesB.of themselvesC.themselvesD.on their ownA.changeB.to have changedC.to changeD.to being changedA.increaseB.shrinkC.lengthenD.decreaseA.pass awayB.pass byC.pass offD.pass onA.improvementB.processionC.approachD.process三、阅读理解(总题数：4，分数：80.00)In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. one kind of learning is called "classical conditioning". this occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment, it is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mother's face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion. The second kind of learning is called "operant conditioning." this occurs when an individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. for example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more. Every day, we grow and have new experiences. we constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with some people, and so forth. this learning affects our emotions. why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? if a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. on the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.（分数：20.00）(1).the author's main purpose in writing the passage is to _____ .（分数：4.00）A.teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotionB.give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learningC.give parents some advice on how to modify their children's emotions through learningD.discuss with psychologist how positive and negative feelings are produced(2).if your jokes often find already echo in a person, you will learn though ____ that telling jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presence. （分数：4.00）A.classical conditioningB.operant conditioningC.neither of themD.some other sorts of conditioning(3).if a child is bitten or startled several times by a dog, he may learn to associate furry animals with pain or startle and thus develop a fear of furry animals. this is a typical example of learning through ____. （分数：4.00）A.classical conditioningB.operant conditioningC.both of themD.neither of them(4).in the third paragraph, the author is ____.（分数：4.00）A.discussing how we grow and have new experiences every dayB.talking about learning to modify emotions through operant conditioningC.concentrating on learning by reading, watching television, interacting with people, and so oning examples to further illustrate learning through classical conditioning(5).in the following paragraphs the author will most probably go on to discuss _____.（分数：4.00）A.definitions of positive feelings and negative feelingsB.the third kind of learningC.further examples of learning through operant conditioningD.none of the aboveAny country has good reason to want its citizens to be as healthy as possible, since one of its greatest resources is an active population. No country wants its people to suffer unnecessarily from ill health. This was the kind of thinking which led to the introduction of a health service in many countries. In Britain this has developed into a “Welfare State” in which all citizens, rich and poor alike, can get most health treatment free. The money for this is partially raised by contributions from employers and employees. As three decades have shown, such automatic arrangements are not always ideal and there are arguments for and against the Health Service. The number of patients treated every year and the cost of treatment are much greater than was estimated. This means that the people who work for the Health Service—doctors, nurses and other hospital staff—have much more routine work to do and as a result they have little time for preventive medicine. The Health Service does need more staff—a need that can only be met if more money is made available to it. However, a powerful argument for the Health Service is that many people are able to receive expensive treatment which they could never afford themselves. Sometimes this free treatment is abused and people visit their doctors when they don’t really need to. Because they have so many patients, doctors cannot spend as long with each one as they would like, and some people prefer to pay for private treatment so that their doctors can give them more time. In fact, some wealthy people feel that they should pay, and so free more money for treatment to others. （分数：20.00）(1).In the author’s view, Britain is a Welfare State in that ______. （分数：4.00）A.all citizens are entitled to a free medical treatment in some senseB.poor, unlike the rich, could enjoy free medical treatmentC.health service is highly developed in BritainD.Britain doesn’t allow its people to suffer unnecessarily from ill health(2).We can infer from the passage that ______. （分数：4.00）A.the Health Service is introduced to many other countries by BritainB.the Health Service has been introduced and developed for 30 years in BritainC.an active population is the greatest resource in BritainD.all citizens in Britain have a good opinion of the Health Service(3).The best title for the passage would be ______. （分数：4.00）A.A Welfare StateB.Importance of the Health ServiceC.Disadvantages of the Health ServiceD.The Health Service(4).The author mentions that some wealthy people prefer to pay for private treatment because ____. （分数：4.00）A.their doctors can give them more time leave from workB.those doctors have better medical instrumentsC.they might save some money for the poorD.their doctors have a stronger sense of responsibility for the patients(5).The word “abused” (Par. 4) means ____. （分数：4.00）A.destroyeded in wrong wayC.ignoredD.wastedDo we need laws that prevent us from running risks with our lives? If so, then perhaps laws are needed prohibiting the sale of cigarettes and alcoholic drinks. Both products have been known to kill people. The hazards of drinking too much alcohol are as bad or worse than the hazards of smiking too many cigarettes. All right then, let's pass a law closing the liquor stores and the bars in this country. Let's put an end once and for all to the ruinous disease from which as many as 10 million Americans currently suffer--alcoholism. But wait. We've already tried that. For 13 years, between 1920 and 1933, there were no liquor stores anywhere in the United States. They were shut down abilished by an amendment to the Constitution and by a law of Congress. After January 20, 1920, there was supposed to be no more manyfacturing, selling, or transporting of "intoxicating liquors". Without any more liquor, people could not drink it. And if they did not drink it, how could they get drunk? There would be no more dangers to the public welfare from drunkenness and alcoholism. It was all bery logical. And yet prohibition of liquor, beer, and wine did not work. Why? Because, law or no law, millions of people still liked to drink alcohol. And they were willing to take risks to get it. They were not about to change their tastes and habits just because of a change in the law. And gans of liquor smugglers millions of gallons of the outlawed beverages across the Canadian and Mexican borders. Drinkers were licky to know of an illegal bar that served Mexican or Canadian liquor. Crime and drunkenness were both supposed to decline as a rusult of prohibition. Instead, people drank nore alcohol than ever-often poisoned alcohol. （分数：20.00）(1).Which of the following was NOT characteristic reason for the proposal of the 18th Amendment to the Constitution and the Volstead Act? （分数：4.00）A.There would be no further danger to the public from alcoholism.B.There would be a rise in the cost of alcoholic beverages.C.Without liquor, people would not drink.D.People would not become drunk of create a public nuisance.(2).During Prohibition, illegal alcohol was _____. （分数：4.00）A.sold openlyB.no longer a temptationC.a major factor in the passage of the Volstead ActD.brought across the Mexican and Canadian borders(3).During Prohibition, people _____. （分数：4.00）A.lived in fear of the lawB.were willing to risk arrest for the pleasure of liquorC.recklessly endangered their comunitiesD.were respectful of the legal sanctions placed on them(4).When enacting the prohibition law, government officials assumend that _____. （分数：4.00）A.every American would buy alcohol illegallyB.all criminal activities would ceaseC.patrols of the Canadian border would halt the sale of alcoholD.the social threat from drunkerness would decline(5).It can be inferred from the passage that _____. （分数：4.00）A.the Congress was wise to repeal ProhibitionB.the Prohibition Era was characterized by a decrease in crime and drunkennessC.during Prohibition, most Americans stopped drinkingws should be passed to ban the sale of alcoholic beveragesAs people continue to grow and age, our body systems continue to change. At a certain point in your life, your body system began to weaken. Your joint may become stiff. It may become more difficult for you to see and hear. The slow change of aging causes our bodies to lose some oftheir ability to bounce back from disease and injury. In order to live longer, we have always tried to slow or stop this process that leads us toward the end of our lives. Many factors contribute to your health. A well-balanced diet plays an important role. The amount and type of exercises you get is another factor. Your living environment and the amount of stress you are under is yet another. But scientists studying senescence want to know: Why do people grow old? They hope that by examining the aging process on a cellular level medical science may be able to extend the length of life. There is nothing to be afraid of as old age approaches. Many consider the later portions of life to be the best time for living. Physical activity may lessen, but often you gain a broader understanding of yourself and the world. What we consider old age now may only be middle-aged someday soon. Who knows with so many advances in medical science happening so quickly, life spans may one day be measured in centuries, rather than in years! （分数：20.00）(1).When people become aging, they will lose some of their ability to bounce back from disease and injury, “bounce back” here means _____. （分数：4.00）A.to improve in health after one?s disease and injuryB.to run fastC.to recover from disease and injuryD.to jump after recovering(2).In order to live longer, ______. （分数：4.00）A.we should postpone the process of agingB.we should try to do some exerciseC.we have to try to be on a dietD.we should keep in high spirits(3).Why are some scientists interested in studying senescence? ______ （分数：4.00）A.They may be able to find better ways to our lifeB.If they pin down the biochemical process that makes us age, there will be hope for extending the length of lifeC.They want find out if there is a link between how efficiently a cell could repair itself and how long a creature livesD.They want to increase the general ability of our bodies(4).Many consider the later portions of life to be the best time of living, because ______. （分数：4.00）A.they have a very good understanding of themselves and the outside worldB.they have nothing to do all day long only to watch their grandchildren growing up around themC.they have come through the battle of life safelyD.they consider their life has been a successful one(5).According to the passage, “spans” means _____.（分数：4.00）A.a long period of timeB.a length of timeC.a long distance from one place to anotherD.longevity翻译11. 2013年12月份以来，中国25个省份、100多座大中城市再次遭遇雾霾侵袭。

2014年浙江省高考英语试卷第一节：单项填空（共20小题，每小题0.5分，满分10分）从A、B、C和D 四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该选项标号涂黑．1．（0.5分）﹣﹣﹣I am going to Spain fort a holiday soon．﹣﹣﹣______．（）A．It's my pleasure B．Never mindC．Leave it alone D．Good for you2．（0.5分）The paper is due next month，and I am working seven days ______ week，often long into______night．（）A．a；the B．the；不填C．a；a D．不填；the3．（0.5分）An average of just 18.75cm of rain fell last year，making ______ the driest year since California became a state in 1850．（）A．each B．it C．this D．one4．（0.5分）Joe is proud and ______，never admitting he is wrong and always looking for someone else to blame．（）A．strict B．sympathetic C．stubborn D．sensitive5．（0.5分）I don't become a serious climber until the fifth grade，______ I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree．（）A．when B．where C．which D．why6．（0.5分）We most prefer to say yes to the ______ of someone we know and like．（）A．attempts B．requests C．doubts D．promises7．（0.5分）Last week a tennis ball hit me on the head，but I tried to _______ the pain，believing that it would go away sooner or later．（）A．share B．realize C．ignore D．cause8．（0.5分）"Every time you eat a sweet，drink green tea．"This is _____ my mother used to tell me．（）A．what B．how C．that D．whether9．（0.5分）No matter how carefully you plan your finances，no one can _____ when the unexpected will happen．（）A．prove B．imply C．demand D．predict10．（0.5分）While staying in the village，James unselfishly shared whatever he had with the villagers without asking for anything ______．（）A．in return B．in common C．in turn D．in place11．（0.5分）Sofia looked around at all the faces：she had the impression that she _____ most of the guests before．（）A．has seen B．had seen C．saw D．would see12．（0.5分）Facing up to your problem ____ running away from them is the best approach to working things out．（）A．more than B．rather than C．along with D．or rather13．（0.5分）The aim of education is to teach young people to think for themselves and not follow others ______．（）A．blindly B．unwillingly C．closely D．carefully14．（0.5分）Annie Salmon，disabled，is attended throughout her school days by a nurse _______ to guard her．（）A．to appoint B．appointingC．appointed D．having appointed15．（0.5分）Cathy had quit her job when her son was born _______ she could stay home and raise her family．（）A．now that B．as if C．only if D．so that16．（0.5分）They were abroad during the months when we were carrying out the investigation，or they _____ to our help．（）A．would have come B．could comeC．have come D．had come17．（0.5分）People won't pay attention to you when they still have a lot of ideas of their own crying _______ expression．（）A．from B．over C．with D．for18．（0.5分）There's no reason to be disappointed．______，this could be rather amusing．（）A．Above all B．As a resultC．In addition D．As a matter of fact19．（0.5分）How could you ______ such a fantastic job when you have been out of work for months．（）A．turn off B．turn in C．turn down D．turn to20．（0.5分）﹣I'd like a wake﹣up call at 7：00a．m．，please!﹣OK，_______．（）A．help yourselfB．You will certainly make itC．just do what you likeD．I'll make sure you get one第二节：完形填空（共1小题；每小题20分，满分20分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从21-40各题所给的四个选项中（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该选项标号涂黑．21．（20分）I had worried myself sick over Simon's mother coming to see me．I was a new （21），and I gave an honest account of the students'work．In Simon's case，the grades were awfully low．He couldn't read his own handwriting．（22）he was a bright student．He discussed adult subjects with nearly adult comprehension．His work in no way reflected his（23）．So when Simon's mother entered the room，my palms（手掌心）were sweating．I was completely（24）for her lisses on both my cheeks．"I came to thank you，"she said，surprising me beyond speech．（25）me，Simon had become a different person．He talked of how he（26）me，he had began to make friends，and for the first time in his twelve years，he had （27）spent an afternoon at a friend's house．She wanted to tell me how grateful she was for the（28）I hadnurtured（培养）in her son．She kissed me again and left．I sat，stunned （惊呆），for about half an hour，（29）what had just happened．How did I make such a life﹣changing difference to that boy without （30）knowing it？What I finally came to（31）was one day，several months before，when some students were（32）reports in the front of the class，Jeanne spoke（33），and to encourage her to raise her voice，L had sai，"Speak up．Simon's the expert on this．He is the （34）one you have to convince，and he can't hear you in the（35）of the room．"That was it．From that day on，Simon had sat up straighter，paid more attention，（36）more，and became happy．And it was all because he（37）to be the last kid in the last row．The boy who most needed （38）was the one who took the last seat that day．It taught me the most（39）lesson over the years of my teaching career，and I'm thankful that it came （40）and positively．A small kindness can indeed make a difference．21．A．cleaner B．reporter C．monitor D．teacher 22．A．Or B．And C．But D．So 23．A．courage B．abilities C．feelings D．dream 24．A．desperate B．responsible C．unprepared D．unsuitable 25．A．Because of B．In spite of C．Apart from D．As for 26．A．loved B．envied C．pleased D．criticized 27．A．gradually B．constantly C．recently D．obviously 28．A．self﹣respect B．self﹣doubt C．self﹣pity D．self﹣defence 29．A．imagining B．observing C．wondering D．regretting 30．A．also B．even C．always D．still 31．A．expect B．remember C．believe D．accept 32．A．writing B．reviewing C．editing D．giving33．A．quietly B．repeatedly C．quickly D．firmly 34．A．lucky B．lonely C．only D．likely 35．A．entrance B．middle C．front D．back 36．A．slept B．smiled C．shouted D．quarreled 37．A．intended B．pretended C．refused D．happened 38．A．change B．praise C．thanks D．visits 39．A．difficult B．painful C．valuable D．enjoyable 40．A．early B．slowly C．frequently D．occasionally．第一节：阅读下列材料，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该选项标号涂黑．41．（10分）Wealth starts with a goal saving a dollar at a time．Call it the piggy bank strategy（策略）．There are lessons in that time﹣honored coin﹣saving container．Any huge task seems easier when reduced to baby steps．I f you wished to climb a 12，000﹣foot mountain，and could do it a day at a time，you would only have to climb 33feet daily to reach the top in a year．If you want to take a really nice trip in 10years for a special occasion，to collect the 15，000cost，youhavetosave3.93a day．If you drop that into a piggy bank and then once a year put $1，434in a savings account at 1% interest rate after﹣tax，you will have your trip money．When I was a child，my parents gave me a piggy bank to teach me that，if I wanted something，I should save money to buy it．We associate piggy banks with children，but in many countries，the little containers are also popular with adults．Europeans see a piggy bank as a sign of good fortune and wealth．Around the world，many believe a gift of a piggy bank on New Year's Day brings good luck and financial success．Ah，but you have to put something in it．Why is a pig used as a symbol of saving？Why not an elephant bank，which is bigger and holds more coins？In the Middle Ages，before modern banking and credit instruments，people saved money at home，a few coins at a time dropped into a jaror dish．Potters（制陶工）made these inexpensive containers from an orange﹣colored clay（黏土）called"pygg，"and folks saved coins in pygg jars．The Middle English word for pig was"pigge"．While the Saxons pronounced pygg，referring to the clay，as"pug"，eventually the two words changed into the same pronunciation，sounding the"i"as in pig or piggy．As the word became less associated with the orange clay and more with the animal，a clever potter fashioned a pygg jar in the shape of a pig，delighting children and adults．The piggy bank was born．Originally you had to break the bank to get to the money，bringing in a sense of seriousness into savings．While piggy banks teach children the wisdom of saving，adults often need to relearn childhood lessons．Think about the things in life that require large amounts of money﹣﹣﹣college education，weddings，cars，medical care，starting a business，buying a home，and fun stuff like great trips．So when you have money，take off the top 10%，put it aside，save and invest wisely．41．What is the piggy bank strategy？．A．Paying 1% income tax at a time．B．Setting a goal before making a travel plan．C．Aiming high even when doing small things．D．Putting aside a little money regularly for future use．42．Why did the writer's parents give him a piggy bank as a gift？．A．To delight him with the latest fashion．B．To encourage him to climb mountains．C．To help him form the habit of saving．D．To teach him English pronunciation．43．What does then underlined word"something"（Paragraph 3）most probably refer to？．A．Money B．GiftsC．Financial success D．Good luck44．The piggy ban originally was．A．a potter's instrument B．a cheap clay containerC．an animal﹣shaped dish D．a pig﹣like toy for children45．The last paragraph talks about．A．the seriousness of educating childrenB．the enjoyment of taking a great tripC．the importance of managing moneyD．the difficulty of starting a business．46．（8分）Here is some must﹣know information from a handbook on how people behave in doing business in some countries．In BrazilBrazilians are warm and friendly．They often stand close when talking and it is common for them to touch the person on the shoulder．People often greet each other （particularly women）with light cheek kisses．Schedules tend to be flexible，with business meetings sometimes starting later than planned．But to be safe，be on time．Meals can stretch for hours﹣there's no such thing as rushing a meal in Brazil．Lunches also can start in the mid to late afternoon．Brazilians are social，preferring face﹣to﹣face communication over mails or phone calls．In SingaporeSingaporeans shake hands when they meet and often also greet each other with a small，polite bow．Business cards should be offered and received with two hands．Arriving late is considered disrespectful．So be on time．Efficiency（效率）is the goal，so meetings and dealings often are fast﹣paced．Singaporeans are direct in their discussions，even when the subject is about money．Rank is important and authority is respected．This determines both people interact in meetings．For example，people avoid disagreeing outright with someone with a higher rank．In the United Arab EmiratesIn the UAE，status is important，so the most senior or oldest should be greeted first with their titles．The handshake seems to be longer than elsewhere．So，do not pull away the handshake．Women should cover themselves when it comes to dress．Men also tend to be covered from neck to elbows（肘部）and down to the knees．People do not avoid entertaining in their homes，but they also hold business meals atrestaurants．Touching or passing food or eating with your left hand is to be avoided．When meetings are one﹣to﹣one，if your host offers you coffee，you should refuse．It might seem odd，but it is a cultural tradition．Coffee should only be accepted if it is always set out or presented．In SwitzerlandThe Swiss tend to be formal and address each other by last name．They also are respectful of private lives．You should be careful not to ask about personal topics．Punctuality （守时）is vital，something that comes from a deep respect for others'time．Arrive at any meeting or event a few minutes early to be safe．They also have clear structure in their companies．Higher﹣ups make the final decisions，even if others might disagree．Neat，clean dress is expected．The Swiss follow formal table manners．They also keep their hands visible at the table and their elbows off the table．It is polite to finish the food on your plate．46．The passage is mainly about．A．communication types B．the workplace atmosphere C．customs and social manners D．living conditions and standards 47．Why do Singaporeans avoid arguing with their boss？．A．They put efficiency in the first place．B．They dislike face﹣to﹣face communication．C．They want to finish meetings as quickly as possible．D．They are supposed to obey the person of a higher rank．48．In the UAE，when should you refuse the coffee if it is offered？．A．When greeting seniors．B．When meeting the host alone．C．When attending a presentation．D．When dining with business partners．49．In which country do people care about where to put their hands at the dinner table？．A．In Brazil．B．In Singapore．C．In the United Arab Emirate．D．In Switzerland．50．（10分）Last summer，two nineteenth﹣century cottages were rescued from remote farm fields in Montana，to be moved to an Art Deco building in San Francisco．The houses were made of wood．These cottages once housed early settlers as they worked the dry Montana soil；now they hold Twitter engineers．The cottages could be an example of the industry's odd love affair with"low technology，"a concept associated with the natural world，and with old﹣school craftsmanship （手艺）that exists long before the Internet era．Low technology is not virtual （虚拟的）﹣so，to take advantage of it，Internet companies have had to get creative．The rescued wood cottages，fitted by hand in the late eighteen﹣hundreds，are an obvious example，but Twitter's designs lie on the extreme end．Other companies are using a broader interpretation （阐释）of low technology that focuses on nature．Amazon is building three glass spheres filled with trees，so that employees can"work and socialize in a more natural，park﹣like setting．"At Google's office，an entire floor is carpeted in glass．Facebook's second Menlo Park campus will have a rooftop park with a walking trail．Olle Lundberg，the founder of Lundberg Design，has worked with many tech companies over the years．"We have lost the connection to the maker in our lives，and our tech engineers are the ones who feel impoverished （贫乏的），because they're surrounded by the digital world，"he says．"They're looking for a way to regain their individual identity，and we've found that introducing real crafts is one way to do that．"This craft based theory is rooted in history，William Morris，the English artist and writer，turned back to pre﹣industrial arts in the eighteen﹣sixties，just after the Industrial Revolution．The Arts and Crafts movement defined itself against machines．"Without creative human occupation，people became disconnected from life，"Morris said．Research has shown that natural environments can restore（恢复）our mental capacities．In Japan，patients are encouraged to"forest﹣bathe，"taking walksthrough woods to lower their blood pressure．These health benefits apply to the workplace as well．Rachel Kaplvin，a professor of environmental psychology，has spent years researching the restorative effects of natural environment．Her research found that workers with access to nature at the office﹣even simple views of trees and flowers﹣felt their jobs were less stressful and more satisfying．If low﹣tech offices can potentially nourish the brains and improve the mental health of employees then，fine，bring on the cottages．50．The writer mentions the two nineteenth﹣century cottages to show that．A．Twitter is having a hard timeB．old cottages are in need of protectionC．early settlers once suffered from a dry climate in MontanaD．Internet companies have rediscovered the benefits of low technology51．Low technology is regarded as something that．A．is related to nature B．is out of date todayC．consumes too much energy D．exists in the virtual world52．The main idea of Paragraph 5is that human beings．A．have destroyed many pre﹣industrial artsB．have a tradition of valuing arts and craftsC．can become intelligent by learning historyD．can regain their individual identity by using machines53．The writer's attitude to"low technology"can best be described as．A．positive B．defensive C．cautious D．doubtful54．What might be the best title for the passage？．A．Past Glories，Future DreamsB．The Virtual World，the Real ChallengeC．High﹣tech Companies，Low﹣tech OfficesD．The More Craftsmanship，the Less Creativity．55．（12分）A city child's summer is spent in the street in front of his home，and all through the long summer vacations I sat on the edge of the street and watched enviously the other boys on the block play baseball．I was never asked to take part even when one team had a member missing﹣not out of special cruelty，but because they took it for granted I would be no good at it．They were right，of course．I would never forget the wonderful evening when something changed．The baseball ended about eight or eight thirty when it grew dark．Then it was the custom of the boys to retire to a little stoop（门廊）that stuck out from the candy store on the corner and that somehow had become theirs．No grownup ever sat there or attempted to．There the boys would sit，mostly talking about the games played during the day and of the game to be played tomorrow．Then long silences would fall and the boys would wander off one by one．It was just after one of those long silences that my life as an outsider changed．I can no longer remember which boy it was that summer evening who broke the silence with a question：but whoever he was，I nod to him gratefully now．"What's in those books you're always reading？"he asked casually．"Stories，"I answered．"What kind？"asked somebody else without much interest．Nor do I know what drove me to behave as I did，for usually I just sat there in silence，glad enough to be allowed to reain among them；but instead of answering his question，I told them for two hours the story I was reading at the moment．The book was Sister Carrie．They listened bug﹣eyed and breathless．I must have told it well，but I think there was another and deeper reason that made them to keep an audience．Listening to a tale being told in the dark is one of the most ancient of man's entertainments，but I was offering them as well，without being aware of doing it，a new and exciting experience．The books they themselves read were the Rover Boys or Tom Swift or G．A．Henty．I had read them too，but at thirteen I had long since left them behind．Since I was much alone I had become an enthusiastic reader and I had gone through the books﹣for﹣boys series．In those days there was no reading material between children's andgrownups'books or I could find none．I had gone right from Tome Swift and His Flying Machine to Theodore Dreiser and Sister Carrie．Dreiser had hit my young mind，and they listened to me tell the story with some of the wonder that I had had in reading it．The next night and many nights thereafter，a kind of unspoken ritual （仪式）took place．As it grew dark，I would take my place in the center of the stoop and begin the evening's tale．Some nights，in order to taste my victory more completely，I cheated．I would stop at the most exciting part of a story by Jack London or Bret Harte，and without warning tell them that that was as far as I had gone in the book and it would have to be continued the following evening．It was not true，of course；but I had to make certain of my new﹣found power and position．I enjoyed the long summer evenings until school began in the fall．Other words of mine have been listened to by larger and more fashionable audiences，but for that tough and athletic one that sat close on the stoop outside the candy store，I have an unreasoning love that will last forever．55．Watching the boys playing baseball，the writer must have felt．A．bitter and lonely B．special and different C．pleased and excited D．disturbed and annoyed 56．The writer feels grateful even now to the boy who asked the question because the boy．A．invited him to join in their gameB．liked the book that he was readingC．broke the long silence of that summer eveningD．offered him an opportunity that changed his life57．According to Paragraph 3，story﹣telling was popular among the boys basically because．A．the story was from a children's bookB．listening to tales was an age﹣old practiceC．the boys had few entertainments after darkD．the boys didn't read books by themselves58．The boys were attracted to Sister Carrie because．A．it was written by Theodore DreiserB．it was specifically targeted at boysC．it gave them a deeper feeling of pleasureD．it talked about the wonders of the world59．Sometimes the writer stopped at the most exciting part of a story to．A．play a mean trick on the boysB．experience more joy of achievementC．add his own imagination to the storyD．help the boys understand the story better60．What is the message conveyed in the story？．A．One can find his position in life in his own way．B．Friendship is built upon respect for each other．C．Reading is more important than playing games．D．Adult habits are developed from childhood．第二节：下面文章中有5个段落需要添加首句（第61-65题）．请从以下选项（A、B、C、D、E和F）中选出适合各段落的首句，并在答题纸上将相应选项的标号涂黑．选项中有一项是多余选项．61．（10分）A．Be a good listener．B．Care about the details．C．Strike up a conversation．D．Make time for friendships．E．Reach out to the newcomers．F．Avoid causing inconveniencesDevelop Better Relationships with NeighborsGood neighbors are a lot like electricity or running water：we don't know howmuch we depend on them until we don't have them．They make our lives more pleasant and give us a sense of who we wrte，both as an individual and as a member of the community．Here‘s how to develop your relationships with these very important people in your life．61．Often neighbors don't even know each other's names．But it's okay to be the one to breakthe ice，even if you've lived next door for years．Most neighbors enjoy making small talk with thefolks on the other side of the fence．So as you see them at work in their yards，smile，wave，and sayhello．Ask how their kids are （whether they're babies or in college），whether they could use an extracucumber from your garden，or what they think of the price at the local supermarket．62．These days，the old Welcome Wagon is a thing of the past．But your new neighbors maybe feeling lonely and unsure，especially if they're far from home，and might appreciate a friendly facebearing fresh﹣baked chocolate cakes．If they have kids，tell them where the children in theneighborhood live．Recommend the best places to eat and sleep．Invite them over for coffee or teawhen they get settled，give them your number，and point to your house as you say good﹣bye．63．Return anything that you borrow from a neighbor，such as tools，in good repair and assoon as you've finished with them．Replace anything that belongs to your neighbor that you，yourchildren，or your pets break or soil．Make sure that your car is not blocking theirdoorway．Suchrandom acts of consideration will have your neighbors talking﹣and the talk will be good．64．If you value a friendship with your neighbors，spend time with them．What better wayto meet your neighbors than to invite them to an informal barbecue，pool party，or holiday openhouse？Better yet，you might even consider throwing a get﹣together in their honor．Deliver theinvitations in person to everyone who lives on your street and chat with each for five minutes beforemoving on to the next house．This way，you will get an idea of what your neighbors are like so thatyou can plan for appropriate food and music．65．In a good relationship，it's really the little things that count．Help to bring in the mailfor the elderly neighbor when there is a heavy rain．When your neighbor gorgets to take in his rubbishcans，roll them back into his yard．If you're truly concerned，you'll know when your neighbor needssome cheering up﹣a bunch of flowers or a helping hand when it's needed．All it takes to developyour relationship with neighbors is the respect for their feelings．第一节：短文改错（共1小题；每小题10分，满分10分）66．（10分）下面短文中有10处语言错误．请在有错误的地方增加、删除或修改某个单词．增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在其下面写上该加的词．删除：把多余的词用斜线（\）划掉．修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写上修改后的词．注意：1．每处错误及修改均仅限一词；2．只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分．例如：I was taking a train to London's Victoria Station．I had noticed that the carriage was noise and filled with people．Before long，a train inspector comes to check out tickets．A passenger realized he couldn't find his ticket but became quite upset．Then everyone in the carriage began searching the ticket，which was eventually found under a seat several rows from his owner．The person who found a ticket smiled with pleasure at his success．No one in the carriage had previous spoken to or even noticed the ticket﹣owner before．Yet，they had so quickly offered the strangers their help．If we could show concern to others on need，the world would be a better place to live in．第二节：书面表达（满分30分）67．（30分）学校图书馆需要购置一批新书，现向学生征求意见．假如你是李越，你认为学校图书馆最需要购置科普类图书（popular science books）和文学类图书（literary books）．请你用英语给图书馆王老师写一封100﹣120词的信，推荐这两类书，并分别说明推荐理由．注意：信的抬头与落款已给出（不计入词数）．Dear Mr．Wang，Yours sincerelyLi Yue．2014年浙江省高考英语试卷参考答案与试题解析第一节：单项填空（共20小题，每小题0.5分，满分10分）从A、B、C和D 四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该选项标号涂黑．1．（0.5分）（2014•浙江）﹣﹣﹣I am going to Spain fort a holiday soon．﹣﹣﹣______．（）A．It's my pleasure B．Never mindC．Leave it alone D．Good for you【分析】﹣﹣﹣我很快将去西班牙度假．﹣﹣﹣真有你的．【解答】答案D．It is my pleasure（用作对谢意的客气回答）愿意为您效劳；Never mind （用来回答道歉）没关系；Leave it alone"不要管它"；Good for you"真有你的"，是某人对一件事所表示"认同"的话．根据上文的语义来看，不是表达感谢和道歉的语境，可排除A和B；C项的意思和上文语义不相符，可排除C．而Good for you"真有你的"，是某人对一件事所表示"认同"的话，所以答案选D．2．（0.5分）（2014•浙江）The paper is due next month，and I am working seven days ______ week，often long into______night．（）A．a；the B．the；不填C．a；a D．不填；the【分析】我的论文下个月就要交，我现在一周工作七天，还经常熬夜到深夜．【解答】答案：A．第一空a表示"每一"，泛指每一周都要工作七天；work into the night工作到深夜为固定短语，也是特指；故选A．3．（0.5分）（2014•浙江）An average of just 18.75cm of rain fell last year，making______ the driest year since California became a state in 1850．（）A．each B．it C．this D．one【分析】去年降雨量平均仅是18.75cm，是加利福尼亚自从1850年成为一个州以来最干旱的一年．【解答】答案Beach指代个体，强调"每一个"；it可指代时间、距离、天气、环境等；this 意思是"这个"，通常this不用来修饰不可数名词，因为不可数名词没有"这个"的概念；one代替上文出现的可数名词单数，指同名同物．此处是指last year，故选B．4．（0.5分）（2014•浙江）Joe is proud and ______，never admitting he is wrong and always looking for someone else to blame．（）A．strict B．sympathetic C．stubborn D．sensitive【分析】乔是一个又自豪又固执的人，他从来不承认自己错了，总是责备其他人．【解答】答案：C．strict"严厉的，严格的"；sympathetic"同情的"；stubborn"固执的，顽固的"；sensitive"敏感的，感光的"．故选C．5．（0.5分）（2014•浙江）I don't become a serious climber until the fifth grade，______ I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree．（）A．when B．where C．which D．why【分析】我直到五年级才成为一个真正的攀登者，当时我是去救一个挂在树枝上的风筝．【解答】答案：A 从句子结构看，句中有逗号，又没有连词，说明此句是复合句．后一个分句是非限制性定语从句，先行词是the fifth grade，表示时间，故用when 引导．故选A项．6．（0.5分）（2014•浙江）We most prefer to say yes to the ______ of someone we know and like．（）A．attempts B．requests C．doubts D．promises【分析】我们大多喜欢对我们认识和喜欢的人提出的请求说是．【解答】答案：B attempts"尝试"；requests"请求"；doubts"怀疑"；promises"承诺"．因为只能对"请求"说"是"．故B项符合题意．7．（0.5分）（2014•浙江）Last week a tennis ball hit me on the head，but I tried to _______ the pain，believing that it would go away sooner or later．（）A．share B．realize C．ignore D．cause【分析】句意：上周一个网球砸到了我的头上，但是我尽力忽略我的疼痛，相信疼痛迟早会消失．【解答】答案C．A选项"分享"；B选项"实现；意识到"；D选项"引起"；C选项"忽略，忽视"；C项符合语境，故选C．8．（0.5分）（2014•浙江）"Every time you eat a sweet，drink green tea．"This is _____ my mother used to tell me．（）A．what B．how C．that D．whether【分析】句意："每次你吃糖果的时候，要喝点绿茶．"这是我妈妈过去常常告诉我的．【解答】答案：A．从句"____my mother used to tell me"位于is之后，是表语从句．而从句中的tell后需要接双宾语，所以从句中缺少一个宾语，须要连接代词what作宾语；that 和whether在表语从句中不作成分，why在表语从句中作状语，故选A．9．（0.5分）（2014•浙江）No matter how carefully you plan your finances，no one can _____ when the unexpected will happen．（）A．prove B．imply C．demand D．predict【分析】句意：一个人不管多么认真地计划他的经济收入，都不能预测那些预料之外的事何时发生．【解答】答案D．A选项"证明"；B选项"暗示"；C选项"需要"；D选项"预测"；D 项符合语境，故选D．。

2014年浙江大学考博真题和参考答案1.听力Part A 原文：In my opinion, technology has become too advanced. I am 17-years-old, and I can still remember a time when I did not have a computer in my home, and if you did, it was uncommon. Not until the mid-1990s was it common for（middle class families）to have computers. In our society today, almost every single family has at least one computer if not more, and these computers are incredibly advanced compared to what you'd have had in your home a short ten years ago. Over the years, I have seen technology bloom; all I have known my entire lifetime, is that there is going to be something bigger, I should really say smaller, and better （out on the market）in no time. I can't believe how fast manufacturers are coming out with new technology. What will happen in the future, will technology become so advanced is changes the course of our humanity? You can do everything you want from a computer, work, play,（talk to friends）, research, and even order food! A person could live their entire life jammed up in a room with a computer, and they would have access to everything they need! It is insane! The advances in communication technology are blowing up all over the place as well. I, myself just bought a new camera phone, and this phone is amazing. The picture quality is superb, and not only that but I （have access to the）internet on my PHONE! I can't believe how the cell phone market has so drastically increased. The first phone I ever had was five years ago, when I was 12 years old. That phone today would be considered huge, clunky, heavy, and "old". I personally couldn't even imagine myself walking around with that phone （without being embarrassed）. It just goes to show how much things have changed in five years, and people just keep on taking it all in. Every time I have bought a new phone since that point, six months later, I have wanted a new one because my phone was not up to date. Can you believe it, after not even a year a phone can completely go off the market because it is not advanced enough? The manufacturers are putting these things out faster than people can buy them.2. 听力Part B 原文括号内为答案It is an honor to speak with you today on the issue of（public health disparities）. I would first like to thank the organizations that made this event possible. This has truly been a collaborative effort among a diverse group of constituents. I think this sets a positive tone and precedent for a healthy and spirited discussion. As many of you may know, reforming and improving our health care system is an issue that is close to my heart. I believe that in the richest and most powerful country in the world, we ought to be able to provide （basic health care）to all of our citizens. It is vitally important that we lessen the impact and burden of illness on all people in communities, regardless of race, gender, or religions. Our discussions today are critically important to rectify the injustices that many people face in our current health care system. Today’s sessions have a greater purpose than mere discussions and networking opportunities----today’s conference signifies an increased and （necessary call for action）among our region’s top health professionals. Public health is directly connected to poverty, income, education, and community. We cant’ look at health care in a silo and assume it is only a luxury for the well off. Health care needs to be provided to all people of all color. We are morally responsible for （improving the disparities in health care）because a healthy society is the foundation on which we build our schools, our neighborhoods, and our economy. Health care is not a privilege----it is a right. I know we have along road to travel inachieving equality in health status. I know that everyone here knows this. And I am hopeful that perhaps more people than ever are（finally waking up to this reality）.Part C1 原文3个选择题There were very few places in the world that Jules Verne, the writer,, did not visit. He went round the world a hundred times or more. Once he did it in eighty days, unheard of in the nineteenth century. He voyaged sixty thousand miles under the sea, toured around the moon, exploded the center of the earth, and chatted with natives in Australia. Jules Verne, the man, was a stay-at-home. He was more likely to be tired from writing than from traveling. He did make a few visits to Europe and North Africa. And he made one six-week tour of New York State. But that was all. He spent less than one of his seventy-seven years really traveling. Yet he was the world’s most extraordinary tourist. His books are crowded with hunting and fishing expeditions. Jules actually went hunting only once. Then he raised his gun and shot off the guard’s hat! He never held a test tube in his hand. But he was an inspiration to the scientist in the laboratory. Long before radio was invented, he had TV working in his books. His name for it was phono-telephoto. He had helicopters fifty years before the Wright brothers flew their first plane at Kitty Hawk. In fact, there were few wonders of the twentieth century that this man of the nineteenth century did not foresee. In his stories you can read about neon lights, moving sidewalks, air-conditioners, sky-scrapers, guided missiles, tanks, electrically operated submarines, and air-planes,and so on.第一个问题问这个人是干什么的选the writerPart C2 原文第2篇 3个选择题Very old people do raise moral problems for almost everyone who comes in contact with them. Their values—this can’t be repeated too often—are not necessarily our values. Physical comfort, cleanness and order are not necessarily the most important things. The social services from time to time find themselves faced with a flat with decaying food covered by small worms, and an old person lying alone in bed, taking no notice of the worms. But is it interfering with personal freedom to insist that they go to live with some of their relatives so that they might be taken better care of? Some social workers, the ones who clear up the worms, think we are in danger of carrying this concept of personal freedom to the point where serious risks are being taken with the health and safety of the old.Indeed, the old can be easily hurt or harmed. The body is like a car, it needs more mechanical maintenance as it gets older. You can carry this comparison right through to the provision of spare parts. But never forget that such operations are painful experiences, however good the results will be. And at what point should you stop to treat the old body? Is it morallyright to try to push off death by seeking the development of drugs to excite the forgetful old mind and to activate the old body, knowing that it is designed to die? You can’t ask doctors or scientists to decide, because so long as they can see the technical opportunities, they will feel bound to give them a try, on the principle that while there’s life, there’s hope.第三篇Animals do not possess a language in the true sense of the word. In the higher vertebrates, as also in insects, particularly in the socially living species of both great groups, every individual has a certain number of inmate movements and sounds for expressing feelings. It has also innate ways of reacting to these signals whenever it sees or hears them in a fellow-member of the species. The highly social species of birds such as the jackdaw or the graylag goose, have a complicated code of such signals which are uttered and understood by every bird without any previous experience. The perfect co-ordination of social behaviour which is brought about by these actions and reactions conveys to the human observer the impression that the birds are talking and understanding a language of the own. Of course, this purely innate signal code of an animal species differs fundamentally from human language, every word of which must be learned laboriously by the human child. Moreover, being a genetically fixed character of the species—just as much as any bodily character—this so-called language is, for every individual animal species, ubiquitous in its distribution. Obvious though this fact may seem, it was, nevertheless, with something akin to naïve surprise that I heard the jackdaws in northern Russia “talk”exactly the same, familiar “dialect”as my birds at home in Altenberg. The superficial similarity between these animal utterances and human languages diminishes further as it becomes gradually clear to the observer that the animal, in all these sounds and movements expressing its emotions, has in no way the conscious intention of influencing a fellow member of its species. This is proved by the fact that even geese or jackdaws reared and kept singly make all these signals as soon as the corresponding mood overtakes them. Under these circumstances the automatic and even mechanical character of these signals becomes strikingly apparent and reveals them as entirely different from human words.二.（15题，15分）单选题（顺序打乱了）The two friends sat in a corner and __B__ away to each other about the weather．a．talked b．chatted c．muttered d．whisperedHe is going to __D__ the meeting on the subject of war and peace in a minute．a．speak b．talk c．remark d．addressAlthough not an economist himself, Dr. Smith has long been a severe critic of the government's ___A___ policies.a. economicb. economicalc. economyd. economicsThere are not many teachers who are strong _C_of traditional methods in English teaching.a. sponsorsb. contributorsc. advocatesd. performersA friendship may be ___B___ , casual, situational or deep and lasting.a. identicalb. superficialc. criticald. originalNobody yet knows how long and how seriously the shakiness in the financial system will _C_ down the economy.a. putb. settlec. dragd. knockWe are _D_ to the idea, but we doubt whether the time is ripe to put it into force.a. equalb. adequatec. considerated. sympatheticPeople were surprised to find that Mr. Johnson had the ability to ___B__ everything he was involved in.a. Prevailb. dominatec. presided. instructYou can do it if you want to, but in my opinion it’s not worth the __D__ it involves.a. forceb. trialc. attemptd. effortThe manager gave one of the salesgirls an accusing look for __D__ her attitude toward customers.a. straightforwardb. partialc. favorabled. hostileYou must pack plenty of food for the journey. __D__, you will need warm clothes, so pack them too.a. Equallyb. Incidentallyc. Inevitablyd. LikewiseThis __B_ was conducted to find out how many people prefer rice.a. examinationb. surveyc. inspectiond. testAs a defense against air-pollution damage, many plants and animals __B__ a substance to absorb harmful chemicalsa. relieveb. releasec. dismissd. discardHe said that very clearly so that nobody was in any___B__ about what was meant.a. wonderb. doubtc. questiond. consideration三.完形填空（20题20分）Throughout history man has had to accept the fact that all living things must die. But people now live longer than they (1) . Yet, all living things still show the (2) of aging, which will eventually (3) death. Aging is not a disease, （4）as a person passes maturity, the cells of the body and the (5) they form do not function as well as they did in childhood and teenage years. The body provides less (6) against disease and is more (7) to have accident. A number of related causes may (8) aging. Some cells of the body have a （9）long life, but they are not (10) when they die. As a person ages, (11) of brain cells and muscle cells decreases. Other body cells die and are（12）by new cells. In an aging person the new cells may not be as workable or as capable (13) growth as those of a young person. Another (14) in aging may be changes within the cells(15). Some of the protein chemicals in cells are known to change with age and become less elastic. This is (16) the skin of old people wrinkles and hangs loose. This is also the reason why old people (17) in height. There may be other more important chemical changes in the cells. Some complex cell chemicals, （18）DNA and RNA, store and (19) information that the cells need.Aging may affect this (20) and change the informationcarrying molecules so that they do not transmit the information as well.1.C A．would B．be used to C．used to D．used2.B A．function B．effect C．affect D．sign3.D A．lead in B．give in C．run into D．result in4.but5.D A．hands B．feet C．heart D．organs6.B A．energy B．protection C．vigor D．power7.A A．likely B．probable C．possible D．alike8.B A．attend to B．contribute to C．add to D．devote to9.fairly10.A A．replaced B．reborn C．recovered D．surrendered11.C A．a number B．the amount C．the number D．a great deal12.replaced13.C A．to B．for C．of D．in14.A A．factor B．effect C．reason D．element15.C A．for themselves B．of themselves C．themselves D．on their own16.why17.B A．increase B．shrink C．lengthen D．decrease18.such as19.D A．pass away B．pass by C．pass off D．pass on20.D A．improvement B．procession C．approach D．process四阅读（4篇，20分）阅读第一篇In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. one kind of learning is called "classical conditioning". this occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment, it is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mother's face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion.The second kind of learning is called "operant conditioning." this occurs when an individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. for example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more.Every day, we grow and have new experiences. we constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with some people, and so forth. this learning affects our emotions. why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? if a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. on the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.1. the author's main purpose in writing the passage is to _B_.a) teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotionb) give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learningc) give parents some advice on how to modify their children's emotions through learningd) discuss with psychologist how positive and negative feelings are produced2.if your jokes often find already echo in a person, you will learn though _B_ that telling jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presence.a) classical conditioningb) operant conditioningc) neither of themd) some other sorts of conditioning3. if a child is bitten or startled several times by a dog, he may learn to associate furry animals with pain or startle and thus develop a fear of furry animals. this is a typical example of learning through _A_.a) classical conditioningb) operant conditioningc) both of themd) neither of them4. in the third paragraph, the author is _D_.a) discussing how we grow and have new experiences every dayb) talking about learning to modify emotions through operant conditioningc) concentrating on learning by reading, watching television, interacting with people, and so ond) using examples to further illustrate learning through classical conditioning5. in the following paragraphs the author will most probably go on to discuss __C_.a) definitions of positive feelings and negative feelingsb) the third kind of learningc) further examples of learning through operant conditioningd) none of the above阅读第2篇，Do we need laws that prevent us from running risks with our lives? If so, then perhaps laws are needed prohibiting the sale of cigarettes and alcoholic drinks. Both products have been known to kill people. The hazards of drinking too much alcohol are as bad or worse than the hazards of smiking too many cigarettes. All right then, let's pass a law closing the liquor stores and the bars inthis country. Let's put an end once and for all to the ruinous disease from which as many as 10 million Americans currently suffer--alcoholism.But wait. We've already tried that. For 13 years, between 1920 and 1933, there were no liquor stores anywhere in the United States. They were shut down abilished by an amendment to the Constitution and by a law of Congress. After January 20, 1920, there was supposed to be no more manyfacturing, selling, or transporting of "intoxicating liquors". Without any more liquor, people could not drink it. And if they did not drink it, how could they get drunk? There would be no more dangers to the public welfare from drunkenness and alcoholism. It was all bery logical. And yet prohibition of liquor, beer, and wine did not work. Why?Because, law or no law, millions of people still liked to drink alcohol. And they were willing to take risks to get it. They were not about to change their tastes and habits just because of a change in the law. And gans of liquor smugglers millions of gallons of the outlawed beverages across the Canadian and Mexican borders. Drinkers were licky to know of an illegal bar that served Mexican or Canadian liquor. Crime and drunkenness were both supposed to decline as a rusult of prohibition. Instead, people drank nore alcohol than ever-often poisoned alcohol.1. Which of the following was NOT characteristic reason for the proposal of the 18th Amendment to the Constitution and the V olstead Act? Aa) There would be no further danger to the public from alcoholism.b) There would be a rise in the cost of alcoholic beverages.c) Without liquor, people would not drink.d) People would not become drunk of create a public nuisance.2. During Prohibition, illegal alcohol was_C___.a) sold openlyb) no longer a temptationc) a major factor in the passage of the Volstead Actd) brought across the Mexican and Canadian borders3. During Prohibition, people__B__.a) lived in fear of the lawb) were willing to risk arrest for the pleasure of liquorc) recklessly endangered their comunitiesd) were respectful of the legal sanctions placed on them4. When enacting the prohibition law, government officials assumend that__D__.a) every American would buy alcohol illegallyb) all criminal activities would ceasec) patrols of the Canadian border would halt the sale of alcohold) the social threat from drunkerness would decline5. It can be inferred from the passage that__A__.a) the Congress was wise to repeal Prohibitionb) the Prohibition Era was characterized by a decrease in crime and drunkennessc) during Prohibition, most Americans stopped drinkingd) laws should be passed to ban the sale of alcoholic beverages第三篇As people continue to grow and age, our body systems continue to change. At a certain point in your life, your body system began to weaken. Your joint may become stiff. It may become more difficult for you to see and hear. The slow change of aging causes our bodies to lose some of their ability to bounce back from disease and injury. In order to live longer, we have always tried to slow or stop this process that leads us toward the end of our lives.Many factors contribute to your health. A well-balanced diet plays an important role. The amount and type of exercises you get is another factor. Your living environment and the amount of stress you are under is yet another. But scientists studying senescence want to know: Why do people grow old? They hope that by examining the aging process on a cellular level medical science may be able to extend the length of life.There is nothing to be afraid of as old age approaches. Many consider the later portions of life to be the best time for living. Physical activity may lessen, but often you gain a broader understanding of yourself and the world.What we consider old age now may only be middle-aged someday soon. Who knows with so many advances in medical science happening so quickly, life spans may one day be measured in centuries, rather than in years!1. When people become aging, they will lose some of their ability to bounce back from disease and injury, “bounce back” here means __A__.A. to improve in health after one‟s disease and injuryB. to run fastC. to recover from disease and injuryD. to jump after recovering2. In order to live longer, ___A___.A. we should postpone the process of agingB. we should try to do some exerciseC. we have to try to be on a dietD. we should keep in high spirits3. Why are some scientists interested in studying senescence? ___B___A. They may be able to find better ways to our lifeB. If they pin down the biochemical process that makes us age, there will be hope for extending the length of lifeC. They want find out if there is a link between how efficiently a cell could repair itself and how long a creature livesD. They want to increase the general ability of our bodies4. Many consider the later portions of life to be the best time of living, because ____A__.A. they have a very good understanding of themselves and the outside worldB. they have nothing to do all day long only to watch their grandchildren growing up around themC. they have come through the battle of life safelyD. they consider their life has been a successful one5. According t o the passage, “spans” means ____B_____.A. a long period of timeB. a length of timeC. a long distance from one place to anotherD. longevity第四篇Any country has good reason to want its citizens to be as healthy as possible, since one of its greatest resources is an active population. No country wants its people to suffer unnecessarily from ill health.This was the kind of thinking which led to the introduction of a health service in many countries. In Britain this has developed into a “Welfare State” in which all citizens, rich and poor alike, can get most health treatment free. The money for this is partially raised by contributions from employers and employees.As three decades have shown, such automatic arrangements are not always ideal and there are arguments for and against the Health Service. The number of patients treated every year and the cost of treatment are much greater than was estimated. This means that the people who work for the Health Service—doctors, nurses and other hospital staff—have much more routine work to do and as a result they have little time for preventive medicine. The Health Service does need more staff—a need that can only be met if more money is made available to it.However, a powerful argument for the Health Service is that many people are able to receive expensive treatment which they could never afford themselves. Sometimes this free treatment is abused and people visit their doctors when they don’t really need to. Because they have so manypatients, doctors cannot spend as long with each one as they would like, and some people prefer to pay for private treatment so that their doctors can give them more time. In fact, some wealthy people feel that they should pay, and so free more money for treatment to others.46. In the author’s view, Britain is a Welfare State in that __A__.A. all citizens are entitled to a free medical treatment in some senseB. poor, unlike the rich, could enjoy free medical treatmentC. health service is highly developed in BritainD. Brit ain doesn’t allow its people to suffer unnecessarily from ill health47. We can infer from the passage that __B__.A. the Health Service is introduced to many other countries by BritainB. the Health Service has been introduced and developed for 30 years in BritainC. an active population is the greatest resource in BritainD. all citizens in Britain have a good opinion of the Health Service48. The best title for the passage would be __D__.A. A Welfare StateB. Importance of the Health ServiceC. Disadvantages of the Health ServiceD. The Health Service49. The author mentions that some wealthy people prefer to pay for private treatment because __C__.A. their doctors can give them more time leave from workB. those doctors have better medical instrumentsC. they might save some money for the poorD. their doctors have a stronger sense of responsibility for the patients50. The word “abused” (Par. 4) means __B__.A. destroyedB. used in wrong wayC. ignoredD. wasted五汉译英（25分）2013年12月份以来，中国25个省份、100多座大中城市再次遭遇雾霾侵袭。

2014年浙江省英语高考试题及答案全国卷第一部分：英语知识应用（共两节，满分30分）第一节：单项填空（共20小题，每小题0.5分，满分10分）从A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该选项标号涂黑。

1. ---I am going to Spain fort a holiday soon.--- ______.A. It’s my pleasureB. Never mindC. Leave it aloneD. Good for you2. The paper is due next month, and I am working seven days ______ week, often longinto______night.A. a; theB. the; 不填C. a; aD. 不填；the3.An average of just 18.75cm of rain fell last year, making ______ the driest year since Californiabecame a state in 1850.A. eachB. itC. thisD. one4.Joe is proud and ______, never admitting he is wrong and always looking for someone else to blame.A. strictB. sympatheticC. stubbornD. sensitive5.I don’t become a serious climber until the fifth grade, ______ I went up to rescue a kite that was stuckin the branches of a tree.A. whenB. whereC. whichD. why6.We most prefer to say yes to the ______ of someone we know and like.A. attemptsB. requestsC. doubtsD. promisesst week a tennis ball hit me on the head, but I tried to _______ the pain, believing that it would goaway sooner or later.A. shareB. realizeC. ignoreD. cause8.“Every time you eat a sweet, drink green tea.” This is _____ my mother used to tell me.A. whatB. howC. thatD. whether9.No matter how carefully you plan your finances, no one can _____ when the unexpected will happen.A. proveB. implyC. demandD. predict10.While staying in the village, James unselfishly shared whatever he had with the villagers withoutasking for anything ______ .A. in returnB. in commonC. in turnD. in place11.Sofia looked around at all the faces: she had the impression that she _____ most of the guests before.A. has seenB. had seenC. sawD. would see12.Facing up to your problem ____ running away from them is the best approach to workingthings out.A. more thanB. rather thanC. along withD.or rather19.The aim of education is to teach young people to think for themselves and not follow others ______ .A. blindlyB. unwillinglyC. closelyD. carefully14.Annie Salmon, disabled, is attended throughout her school days by a nurse _______ to guard her.A. to appointB. appointingC. appointedD. having appointed15.Cathy had quit her job when her son was born _______ she could stay home and raise her family.A.now thatB. as ifC. only ifD. so that16.They were abroad during the months when we were carrying out the investigation, or they _____ toour help.A. would have comeB. could comeC. have comeD. had come17.People won’t pay attention to you when they still have a lot of ideas of their own crying _______expression.A. fromB. overC. withD. for18.There’s no reas on to be disappointed. ______, this could be rather amusing.A. Above allB. As a resultC. In additionD. As a matter of fact19.How could you ______ such a fantastic job when you have been out of work for months.A. turn offB. turn inC.turn downD. turn to20.—I’d like a wake-up call at 7:00 a.m., please!—OK, _______.A. help yourselfB. You will certainly make itC. just do what you likeD. I’ll make sure you get one第二节：完形填空（共20小题；每小题1分，满分20分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从21—40各题所给的四个选项中（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该选项标号涂黑。

2014年博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目: 英语满分：100分考试时间：180分钟Part I Vocabulary and Structure (15 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: For each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence.1. The patient has been ____________ of the safety of the operation.A. guaranteedB. assuredC. entrustedD. confirmed2. Some teenagers harbour a generalized resentment against society, which _________ them therights and privileges of adults, although physically they are mature.A. deprivesB. restrictsC. rejectsD. denies3. When travelling, you are advised to take travellers’ checks, which provide a secure____________ to carrying your money in cash.A. substituteB. selectionC. preferenceD. alternative4. The manager gave one of the salesgirls an accusing look for her ___________ attitude towardcustomers.A. impartialB. mildC. hostileD. opposing5. Christmas is a Christian holy day usually celebrated on December 25th ___________ the birth ofJesus Christ.A. in accordance withB. in terms ofB. in favor of D. in honor of6. No one imagined that the apparently _________ businessman was really a criminal.A. respectiveB. respectableC. respectfulD. receptacle7. In some parts of the world the indigenous population has been completely _______.A. wiped upB. wiped outC. wiped awayD. wiped off8. ___________ the invention of the steam engine, most forms of transport were horse-drawn.A. Akin toB. Prior toC. In addition toD. With reference to9. Because his workplace was so busy and noisy, he longed most of all for __________.A. lonelinessB. associationC. solitudeD. irrelevancy10. Because Mark needed to pass the exam, he made studying a _____________ over watching hisfavorite television show.A. priorityB. conformityC. perplexityD. concept11. The record of the past is always incomplete, and the historians who write about it __________reflect the preoccupations of their own time.A. bound toB. inevitablyC. indispensablyD. justifiably12. Man is a ________ animal, and much more so in his mind than in his body: he may like to goalone for a walk, but he hates to stand alone in his __________.A. conceited ... vanityB. solitary ... thoughtsC. gregarious ... opinionsD. special ... uniqueness13. He says he would write an English course book if he could find a(n) ________ to deal with theless interesting parts.A. accompliceB. collaboratorC. spouseD. kin14. International travelers may have difficulties understanding the adjustment problems that_________ them.A. amazeB. besetC. humiliateD. resurrect15. The distinctive qualities of African music were not appreciated or even _________.A. deploredB. perceivedC. reveredD. ignored16. The spokesperson knew he had made a ___________ error when he prematurely announcedthat all of the victims had survived the accident.A. glaringB. grievousC. dazedD. furtive17. His _________ for wanting to stay on as manager is to see England as the top team in theworld.A. measurementB. motivationC. requirementD.presentation18. Many of the villagers rely on fishing as their __________ source of income.A.primaryB.radicalC.externalD.noticeable19. She couldn’t imagine herself in any form of ___________ with her employer, much as sheliked him.A.prejudiceB. FantasyC. intimacyD.conflict20. The fall in the number of deaths from heart disease is generally _________ to improvements indiet.A.accountedB. referredC.creditedD.attributed21. Do you believe that he had killed a man with his __________ hands?A.bareB.nakedC.hollowD.sheer22. It ___________ me as strange that the man didn’t introduce himself before he spoke.A. occurredB. dawnedC. impressedD. struck23. He definitely meant to be rude—it was quite _________.A. spontaneousB. deliberateC. consciousD. expressive24. The lawyer told the judge that his __________ did not have a criminal record.A.clientB.customerC.employerD.administrator25. Attitudes learned at home __________ onto the playground.A.carry outB. carry onC. carry forwardD.carry over26. I’m worried about washing that shirt in case it __________.A.shrinksB.confinesC. diminishesD.outweighs27. After you’ve signed the contract, it will be impossible to _________.A.back outB.back upC.break offD.break down28. Korean newspapers only have four pages, so stories have to be very much ___________.A.to the coreB.to the effectC.to the pointD.to be exact29. She’s bought an exercise bike to keep _________.A. in effectB.in shapeC.in sessionD.in health30. The judge _________ most of the police evidence, saying it was clearly fabricated.A. disposedB. declinedC.dismissedD.discardedPart II Reading Comprehension (40 points, 2 points each)Directions: There are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer.Text AWhen we use a word in speech and writing, its most obvious purpose is to point to some thing or relation or property. This is the word’s “meaning.” We see a small four-footed animal on the road and call it a “dog,” indicating that it is a member of the class of four-footed animals we call dogs. The word “dog” as we have used it there has a plain, straight-forward, “objective” meaning. We have in no way gone beyond the requirements of exact scientific description.Let us suppose also that one grandparent of the dog was a collie, another was an Irish terrier, another a fox terrier, and the fourth a bulldog. We can express these facts equally scientifically and objectively by saying that he is a dog of mixed breed. Still we have in no way gone beyond the requirements of exact scientific description.Suppose, however, that we had called that same animal a “mongrel.” The matter is more complicated. We have used a word which objectively means the same as “dog of mixed breed,” but which also arouses in our hearers an emotional attitude of disapproval toward that particular dog. A word, therefore, can not only indicate an object, but can also suggest an emotional attitude toward it. Such suggestion of an emotional attitude does go beyond exact and scientific discussion because our approvals and disapprovals are individual—they belong to ourselves and not to the objects we approve or disapprove of. An animal which to the mind of its master is a faithful and noble dog of mixed ancestry may be a “mongrel” to his neighbor whose chickens are chased by it.Once we are on the lookout for this difference between “objective” and “emotional” meanings, we shall notice that words which carry more or less strong suggestions of emotional attitudes are very common and are ordinarily used in the discussion of such controversial questions as those of politics, morals, and religion. This is one reason why such controversies cannot yet be settled.There is a well-known saying that the word “firm” can be declined as follows: I am firm, thou are obstinate, he is pigheaded. That is a simple illustration of what is meant. “Firm,” “obstinate,” and “pigheaded” all have the same objective meaning—that is, following one’s own course of action andrefusing to be influenced by other people’s opinion. They have, however, different emotional meanings: “firm” has an emotional meaning of strong approval, “obstinate” of mild disapproval, “pigheaded” of strong disapproval.In much the same way when, during the World War, thoughts were dominated by emotions, the newspapers contrasted the spirit of our heroic boys with ruthlessness of the Huns （[贬义] 德国兵）, and the heroism of our troops with the enemy’s savagery. Now, with the more objective attitude that has been brought by the lapse of time, we can look back and see that spirit and ruthlessness are objectively the same thing, only the one word has an emotional meaning of approval, the other of disapproval. We can see, too, that a soldier going forward under shellfire to probable death is doing the same thing whether he is a German or one of our countrymen, and that to distinguish between them by applying the word savagery to the action of the one and heroism to that of the other is to distort reality by using words to make an emotional distinction between two actions which are objectively identical.31. The author’s point in the first three paragraphs is that ___________.A. there is no real difference between calling a dog a mongrel or calling it a dog of mixed breedB. “a dog of mixed breed” is an emotional termC. “mongrel” is an objective te rmD. words may suggest emotional attitudes as well as objective meanings32. The author maintains that _________.A. in discussing scientific subjects, emotional words are often used to make meanings clearerB. in discussing controversial questions, objective terms are generally used to help clarify meaningsC. in discussing scientific subjects, objective terms are generally used, in order to avoid controversyD. in discussing controversial questions, emotional terms are used very often33. The author believes that people have disagreements on many subjects partially because _______.A. people have not learned how to get along with each other without conflict and argumentB. words used in discussing those subjects carry emotional overtones which tend to antagonize peopleC. words with objective meanings mean different things to different persons, and must be usedcarefullyD. politics, morals, and religion cause controversies that cannot yet be settled34. Regarding war, the author believes that in World War I, _________.A. our men showed spirit and heroism, while the Germans displayed ruthlessness and savageryB. although our men acted heroically, there were occasions when they were almost as ruthless as theGermansC. there was no difference at all between the actions of our soldiers and of the German onesD. at the time of the war, most people thought that both sides had fought equally bravely, but withthe passage of time they began to realize how savage the Germans had really beenText BIf Johnny can’t write, one of the reasons may be a conditioning based on speed rather than respect for the creative process. Speed is neither a valid test of nor a proper preparation forcompetence in writing. It makes for murkiness, glibness, disorganization. It takes the beauty out of the language. It rules out respect for the reflective thought that should precede expression. It runs counter to the word-by-word and line-by-line reworking that enables a piece to be finely knit.This is not to minimize the value of genuine facility. With years of practice, a man may be able to put down words swiftly and expertly. But it is the same kind of swiftness that enables a cellist, after having invested years of efforts, to negotiate an intricate passage from Haydn. Speed writing is for stenographers and court reporters, not for anyone who wants to use language with precision and distinction.Thomas Mann was not ashamed to admit that he would often take a full day to write 500 words, and another day to edit them, out of respect for the most difficult art in the world. Flaubert would ponder a paragraph for hours. Did it say what he wanted it to say—not approximately but exactly? Did the words turn into one another with proper rhythm and grace? Were they artistically and securely fitted together? Were they briskly alive, or were they full of fuzz and ragged edges? Were they likely to make things happen inside the mind of the reader, igniting the imagination and touching off all sorts of new anticipations? These questions are relevant not only for the established novelist but for anyone who attaches value to words as a medium of expression and communication.E. B. White, whose respect for the environment of good writing is exceeded by no word-artist of our time, would rather have his fingers cut off than to be guilty of handling words lightly. No sculptor chipping away at a granite block in order to produce a delicate curve or feature has labored more painstakingly than White in fashioning a short paragraph. Obviously, we can’t expect our schools to make every Johnny into a White or a Flaubert or a Mann, but it is not unreasonable to expect more of them to provide the conditions that promote clear, careful, competent expression. Certainly the cumulative effort of the school experience should not have to be undone in later years.35. According to the passage, competence in writing is ________.A. an art that takes practiceB. a skill that requires dexterityC. a technique that is easy to learnD. a result of the spontaneous flow of words36. The main purpose of the passage is to ________.A. present an original ideaB. describe a new processC. argue against an established practiceD. comment on a skill and its techniques37. Our schools, according to the passage, ________.A. are providing proper conditions for good writingB. should not stress writing speed on a testC. should give essay tests rather than multiple-choice testsD. teach good writing primarily through reading38. In describing White as a “word-artist,” the author means that White _________.A. illustrated his storiesB. was colorful in his descriptionsC. was a great writerD. had artistic background39. It can be inferred from the passage that the author values good literature primarily for its abilityto ________.A. relieve the boredom of everyday lifeB. communicate ideas and experiencesC. accurately describe events as they occurD. provide individuals with skills for successText CThe American university is a direct descendant from the ancient universities in Europe. These are the oldest institutions, aside from the church itself, in Western civilization. They have survived many periods of trouble, of revolution, and of persecution. But the tradition of learning and of scholarly inquiry has lived on.Yet there are shortsighted people today who are saying that the modern university has outlived its usefulness; that it must be overthrown and replaced by something else whose nature is unspecified.Remember, however, that there have been many occasions during the last 700 years when people said that universities were irrelevant or that it was wrong for them to pursue long-term goals in the face of immediate and pressing problems. Fortunately, there have been stouthearted souls who insisted that the search for knowledge would never be outdated by current events and we can all be eternally thankful that the forces of ignorance were so often defeated. They must be defeated again.Knowledge and the search for knowledge have persisted through the centuries to the enormous benefit of human beings. The world may be troubled and distressed today but think how much better off the people in this country are now than they were 50 years ago or 100 years ago and how much better off they are than the millions of people in countries which have not benefited from the progress of knowledge. We in the Western world have encouraged scientific discovery and its application intensively for 200 years to our vast material benefit. Today we are at a turning point. We can now use our stores of wealth and of knowledge as tools to solve the new problems which now beset our modern society.What are those of us who have chosen careers in science and engineering able to do about meeting our current problems?First, we can help destroy the false impression that science and engineering have caused the current world troubles. Quite the contrary, science and engineering have made vast contributions tobetter living for more people.Second, we can identify the many areas in which science and technology, more considerably used, can be of greater service in the future than in the past to improve the quality of life. While we can make many speeches, and pass many laws, the quality of our environment will be improved only through better knowledge and better application of that knowledge.Third, we can recognize that much of the dissatisfaction which we suffer today results from our very successes of former years. We have been so eminently successful in attaining material goals that we are deeply dissatisfied that we cannot attain other goals more rapidly. We have achieved a better life for most people but we are unhappy that we have not spread it to all people. We have illuminated many sources of environmental deterioration but we are unhappy that we have not conquered all of them. It is our rising expectations rather than our failures which now cause our distress.Granted that many of our current problems must be cured more by social, political, and economic instruments than by science and technology, yet science and technology must still be the tools to make further advances in such things as clean air, clean water, better transportation, better housing, better medical care, more adequate welfare programs, purer foods, conservation of resources, and many other areas.The discovery and use of knowledge have always been relevant to a humane future. They are equally relevant today.40. The author is primarily concerned with the _________.A. answers to current problemsB. defense of the search for scientific knowledgeC. problems of our nation’s universitiesD. moral obligations of technology41. According to the author, a belief exists that much of our national dissatisfaction is due to the______.A. emphasis of science on material goalsB. irrelevancy of many of our modern universitiesC. failures of scientists to solve modern day problems as quickly as they solved problems of thepastD. improper use of past discoveries in science and technology42. It is the feeling of the author that the place of science in solving the problem of pollution will be________.A. on the same level as social and political influencesB. the only thing needed to solve the problem successfullyC. the frontrunner in developing new methods of approaching the problemD. overshadowed by other areas of knowledge43. It is suggested that science has been most successful in _________.A. developing material benefitsB. solving problems of worldwide concernC. preparing America for a humane futureD. controlling technology as a means of preventing serious problems44. It is stated that science contributed to all of the following EXCEPT _________.A. a better lifeB. peaceC. healthD. a better environmentText DSuppose you go into a fruiterer’s shop, wanting an apple—you take up one, and, on biting it, you find it is sour; you look at it, and see that it is hard and green. You take up another one, and that too is hard, green, and sour. The shopman offers you a third; but, before biting it, you examine it, and find that it is hard and green, and you immediately say that you will not have it, as it must be sour, like those that you have already tried.Nothing can be more simple than that, you think; but if you will take the trouble to analyse and trace out into its logical elements what has been done by the mind, you will be greatly surprised. In the first place you have performed the operation of induction. You found that, in two experiences, hardness and greenness in apples went together with sourness. It was so in the first case, and it was confirmed by the second. True, it is a very small basis, but still it is enough to make an induction from; you generalize the facts, and you expect to find sourness in apples where you get hardness and greenness. You found upon that a general law, that all hard and green apples are sour; and that, as far as it goes, is a perfect induction. Well, having got your natural law in this way, when you are offered another apple whi ch you find is hard and green, you say, “All hard and green apples are sour; this apple is hard and green, therefore this apple is sour.” That train of reasoning is what logicians call a syllogism, and has all its various parts and terms—its major premiss, its minor premiss, and its conclusion. And, by the help of further reasoning, which, if drawn out, would have to be exhibited in two or three other syllogisms, you arrive at your final determination, “I will not have that apple.” So that, you see, you hav e, in the first place, established a law by induction, and upon that you have founded a deduction, and reasoned out the special particular case. Well now, supposing, having got your conclusion of the law, that at some time afterwards, you are discussing th e qualities of apples with a friend; you will say to him, “It is a very curious thing, but I find that all hard and green apples are sour!” Your friend says to you, “But how do you know that?” You at once reply, “Oh, because I have tried them over and over again, and have always found to be so.” Well, if we were talking about science instead of common sense, we should call that an experimental verification. And, if still opposed, you go further and say, “I have heard from the people in Somersetshire and Devonshire, where a large number of apples are grown, that they have observed the same thing. It is also found to be the case in Normandy, and in North America. In short, I find it to be the universal experience of mankind wherever attention has been directed tothe subject.” Whereupon, your friend, unless he is a very unreasonable man, agrees with you, and is convinced that you are quite right in the conclusion you have drawn. He believes, although perhaps he does not know he believes it, that the more extensive verifications have been made, and results of the same kind arrived at—that the more varied the conditions under which the same results are attained, the more certain is the ultimate conclusion, and he disputes the question no further. He sees that the experiment has been tried under all sorts of conditions, as to time, place, and people, with the same result; and he says with you, therefore, that the law you have laid down must be a good one, and he must believe it.45. The underlined word in paragraph 2, “verification,” is most likely to mean ________.A. provingB. specificationC. adjustmentD. justification46. The author indicates that statements can be believed if __________.A. they concern natural eventsB. the statements are verified by many peopleC. they are written in a scholarly or scientific journalD. the premises upon which they are built is a major one47. “All men are mortal; Socrates was a man; Socrates was mortal.” The foregoing representsreasoning that is ________.A. verifiableB. inductiveC. syllogisticD. experimental48. Apples are used _________.A. in order to convince the reader that fruit has no intellectB. as an analogyC. for sarcasmD. to compare various types of persons49. According to the author _________.A. Normandy and North America have many similaritiesB. universal experiences are common occurrencesC. a syllogism always has three partsD. the main premises is more profound than the minor premises50. The author has the approach of _________.A. a scientistB. an artistC. a novelistD. a businessmanPart III Cloze (10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Decide which of the choices given below would best complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks.It is often observed that the aged spend much time thinking and talking about their past lives, 51 about the future. These reminiscences are not simply random or trivial memories, 52 is their purpose merely to make conversation. The old person’s recollections of the past help to 53 an identity that is becoming increasingly fragile: 54 any role that brings respect or any goal that might provide 55 to the future, the individual mentions their past as a reminder to listeners, that here was a life 56 living. 57 , the memories form part of a continuing life 58 , in which the old person 59 the events and experiences of the years gone by and 60 on the overall meaning of his or her own almost completed life.As the life cycle 61 to its close, the aged must also learn to accept the reality of their own impending death. 62 this task is made difficult by the fact that death is almost a 63 subject in the United States. The mere discussion of death is often regarded as 64 . As adults many of us find the topic frightening and are 65 to think about it—and certainly not to talk about it 66 the presence of someone who is dying. Death has achieved this taboo 67 only in the modern industrial societies. There seems to be an important reason for our reluctance to 68 the idea of death. It is the very fact that death remains 69 our control; it is almost the only of the natural processes 70 is so.51. A. better than B. rather than C. less than D. other than52. A. so B. even C. nor D. hardly53. A. preserve B. conserve C. resume D. assume54. A. performing B. playing C. undertaking D. lacking55. A. orientation B. implication C. succession D. presentation56. A. worthy B. worth C. worthless D. worthwhile57. A. In a word B. In brief C. In addition D. In particular58. A. prospect B. impetus C. impression D. review59. A. integrates B. incorporates C. includes D. interacts60. A. reckons B. counts C. reflects D. conceives61. A. keeps B. draws C. inclines D. tends62. A. Therefore B. And C. Yet D. Otherwise63. A. taboo B. dispute C. contempt D. neglect64. A. notorious B. indecent C. obscure D. desperate65. A. ready B. willing C. liable D. reluctant66. A. at B. on C. with D. in67. A. status B. circumstance C. environment D. priority68. A. encounter B. confront C. tolerate D. expose69. A. under B. above C. beyond D. within70. A. which B. what C. as D. thatPart IV Translation (20 points , 5 points each)Directions: Translate the following Chinese or English sentences to English or Chinese.71. 端午节，又叫龙舟节，是为了纪念爱国诗人屈原。

目录
2014年浙江农林大学340农业知识综合二考研真题试题试卷 (2)
考试科目：农业知识综合二第1页，共4页
2014年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目:农业知识综合二满分：150分考试时间：180分钟注意：所有试题答案写在答题纸上，答案写在试卷上无效。

动物生理学部分
一．单项选择题（在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个最合适的答案，并将该答案的选项填在题后的括号内。

每小题1分，共10分）
1.阈上刺激引起神经纤维一次兴奋后，其兴奋性的变化过程依次是
A．绝对不应期、相对不应期、超常期、低常期
B．绝对不应期、超常期、相对不应期、低常期
C．相对不应期、绝对不应期、超常期、低常期
D．相对不应期、超常期、绝对不应期、低常期
2．不是右侧大脑半球相对占优势的功能是
A．深度知觉B．语言功能C．触觉认识D．空间辨认能力
3.人的听觉中枢位于大脑皮层的（）
A.枕叶
B.顶叶
C.颞叶
D.额叶
4.兴奋性突触后电位是发生在（）
A.突触前膜上的去极化电位
B.突触前神经元上的锋电位
C.突触后膜上的去极化电位
D.突触后神经元上的锋电位
5.与骨骼肌相比，心室肌细胞动作电位的特点是()
A．复极化快,无平台期B．复极化慢,无平台期
C．复极化快,有平台期D．复极化慢,有平台期
6．哺乳动物心脏的正常起搏点是()
A．浦肯野纤维B．静脉窦C．窦房结D．房室结
7.低温储存较久的血液，血浆中离子浓度升高的是()
A．Na+B．Ca2+C．K+D．Cl-
8.迷走神经兴奋时()
A.胃肠平滑肌活动增强,消化腺分泌减少
B.胃肠平滑肌活动减弱,消化腺分泌增加。

2014大学英语竞赛b类试题及答案2014年大学英语竞赛B类试题及答案涵盖了听力、阅读、写作和翻译等部分。

以下是该竞赛的部分内容和答案示例：听力部分1. 短对话理解（Short Conversations）- 例题：What does the man mean by saying "I'm all ears"? - 答案：He is showing that he is ready to listen attentively.2. 长对话理解（Long Conversations）- 例题：Why does the woman decide to go to the library?- 答案：She needs to find materials for her term paper.阅读部分1. 阅读理解（Reading Comprehension）- 例题：What is the main idea of the passage?- 答案：The main idea of the passage is to discuss the importance of environmental protection.2. 快速阅读（Fast Reading）- 例题：According to the text, what is the author's attitude towards the new policy?- 答案：The author is skeptical about the effectiveness of the new policy.写作部分1. 写作（Writing）- 题目：Write an essay of 200 words on the topic "The Role of Technology in Modern Education."- 答案示例：Technology has revolutionized the way we approach education. It has made learning more interactive and accessible. With the advent of online courses and educational apps, students can learn at their own pace and from anywherein the world. Moreover, technology has also facilitated personalized learning, allowing educators to tailor their teaching methods to the needs of individual students. However, it is also important to ensure that technology does notreplace the human touch in education, but rather enhances it.翻译部分1. 英译汉（English to Chinese Translation）- 题目：Translate the following sentence into Chinese.- 例题：The rapid development of technology has brought about significant changes in our daily lives.- 答案：技术快速发展已经给我们的日常生活带来了显著的变化。

2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（浙江卷）英语试题选择题部分（共80分）第一部分：英语知识应用（共两节，满分30分）第一节：单项填空（共20小题，每小题0.5分，满分10分）从A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该选项标号涂黑。

1. —I am going to Spain fort a holiday soon.— ______.A. It’s my pleasureB. Never mindC. Leave it aloneD. Good for you【考点】考察交际用语【答案】D【解析】本题考察的交际用语.A我的荣幸(指帮助对方做完某事,对方向你表示感谢的时候,你回答对方的用语);B没关系;C别理我;D好的很;这对你有好处;句意:---我很快就要去西班牙度假了.—很好。

根据句意说明是对前面一种情况的评价。

故D正确。

【举一反三】—Putting on a happy face not only helps us make friends but also makes us feel better.— _______.A. I’d love toB. I’m with you on thatC. It’s up to youD. It’s my pleasure〖答案〗B〖考点〗本题考查交际用语。

〖解析〗句意为：——笑脸迎人不仅可以交到好朋友, 而且可以使我们感觉良好。

——这点我完全赞同。

2. The paper is due next month, and I am working seven days ______ week, often long into______night.A. a; theB. the; 不填C. a; aD. 不填；the 【考点】考察冠词【答案】A【解析】本句第一空中的a相当于per；per week每一个星期。

第二空使用定冠词the，表示特指long into the night直到深夜。

2014MD全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。

2.试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(Paper Two)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。

3.试卷一答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。

书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。

4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。

5.听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。

国家医学考试中心PAPER ONEPart 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%）Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a questionabout what is said, The question will be read only once, After you hearthe question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D.Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. About 12 pints B. About 3 pintsC. About 4 pintsD. About 7 pints2. A. Take a holiday from work. B. Worry less about work.C. Take some sleeping pills.D. Work harder to forget all her troubles.3. A. He has no complaints about the doctor.B. He won’t complain anything.C. He is in good condition.D. He couldn’t be worse.4. A. She is kidding.B. She will get a raise.C. The man will get a raise.D. The man will get a promotion.5. A. Her daughter likes ball games.B. Her daughter is an exciting child.C. She and her daughter are good friends.D. She and her daughter don’t always understand each other.6. A. She hurt her uncle.B. She hurt her ankle.C. She has a swollen toe.D. She needs a minor surgery.7. A. John likes gambling.B. John is very fond of his new boss.C. John has ups and downs in the new company.D. John has a promising future in the new company.8. A. She will get some advice from the front desk.B. She will undergo some lab tests.C. She will arrange an appointment.D. She will get the test results.9. A. She’s an odd character.B. She is very picky.C. She is easy-going.D. She likes fashions.10.A. At a street corner.B. In a local shop.C. In a ward.D. In a clinic.11.A. Sea food. B. Dairy products.C. Vegetables and fruits.D. Heavy foods.12.A. He is having a good time.B. He very much likes his old bicycle.C. He will buy a new bicycle right away.D. He would rather buy a new bicycle later.13.A. It is only a cough.B. It’s a minor illness.C. It started two weeks ago.D. It’s extremely serious.14.A. The woman is too optimistic about the stock market.B. The woman will even lose more money at the stock market.C. The stock market bubble will continue to grow.D. The stock market bubble will soon meet its demise.15.A. The small pills should be taken once a day before sleep.B. The yellow pills should be taken once a day before supper.C. The white pills should be taken once a day before breakfast.D. The large round pills should be taken three times a day after meals.Section BDirection:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, readthe four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Dialogue16.A. Because he had difficulty swallowing it.B. Because it was upsetting his stomach.C. Because he was allergic to it.D. Because it was too expensive.17.A. He can’t play soccer any more.B. He has a serious foot problem.C. He needs an operation.D. He has cancer.18.A. A blood transfusion.B. An allergy test.C. A urine test.D. A biopsy.19.A. To see if he has cancer. B. To see if he has depression.C. To see if he requires surgery.D. To see if he has a food allergyproblem.20.A. Relieved.B. Anxious.C. Angry.D. Depressed.Passage One21.A. The cause of COPD.B. Harmful effects of smoking.C. Men more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.D. Women more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.22.A. 954.B. 955.C. 1909.D. 1955.23.A. On May 18 in San Diego. B. On May 25 in San Diego.C. On May 18 in San Francisco.D. On May 25 in San Francisco.24.A. When smoking exposure is high.B. When smoking exposure is low.C. When the subjects received medication.D. When the subjects stopped smoking.25.A. Hormone differences in men and women.B. Genetic differences between men and women.C. Women’s active metabolic rate.D. Women’s smaller airways.Passage Two26.A. About 90,000.B. About 100,000.C. Several hundreds.D. About 5,000.27.A. Warning from Goddard Space Flight Center.B. Warning from the Kenyan health ministry.C. Experience gained from the 1997 outbreak.D. Proper and prompt Aid from NASA.28.A. Distributing mosquito nets.B. Persuading people not to slaughter animals.C. Urging people not to eat animals.D. Dispatching doctors to the epidemic-stricken area.29.A. The higher surface temperatures in the equatorial part of the Indian Ocean.B. The short-lived mosquitoes that were the hosts of the viruses.C. The warm and dry weather in the Horn of Africa.D. The heavy but intermittent rains.30.A. Warning from NASA.B. How to treat Rift Valley fever.C. The disastrous effects of Rift Valley fever.D. Satellites and global health – remote diagnosis.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection:In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A B C and D .are given beneath each of them. You are tochoose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then markyour answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.A good night’s sleep is believed to help slow the stomach’s emptying, produce asmoother, less abrupt absorption of sugar, and will better __________ brain metabolism.A. regulateB. activateC. retainD. consolidate32.The explosion and the oil spill below the surface of the Gulf of Mexico left mymind in such a ________ that I couldn’t get to sleep.A. catastropheB. boycottC. turmoilD. mentality33.Coronary heart attacks occur more commonly in those with high blood pressure,in the obese, in cigarette smokers, and in those _________ to prolonged emotional and mental strain.A. sympatheticB. ascribedC. preferableD. subjected34.Most colds are acquired by children in school and then ___________ to adults.A. conveyedB. transmittedC. attributedD. relayed35.Several of the most populous nations in the world ________ at the lower end ofthe table of real GDP per capita last year.A. fluctuatedB. languishedC. retardedD. vibrated36.Presently this kind of anti-depressant is still in clinical _______, even though theconcept has been around since 1900s.A. trialsB. applicationsC. implicationsD. endeavors37.Studies revealed that exposure to low-level radiation for a long time may weakenthe immune system, ________ aging, and cause cancer.A. haltB. postponeC. retardD. accelerate38.The mayor candidate’s personality traits, being modest and generous, _______people in his favor before the election.A. predisposedB. presumedC. presidedD. pressured39.With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health, Tai Chi has a strong________ to a vast multitude of people.A. flavorB. thrillC. appealD. implication40.If you are catching a train, it is always better to be _______ early than even afraction of a minute too late.A. infinitelyB. temporarilyC. comfortablyD. favorably Section BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence, Choose theword or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the originalsentence if it is substituted for the underlined part, Mark your answeron the ANSWER SHEET.41.All Nobel Prize winners’ success is a process of long-term accumulation, in whichlasting efforts are indispensable.A. irresistibleB. cherishedC. inseparableD. requisite42.The Queen’s presence imparted an air of elegance to the drinks reception atBuckingham Palace in London.A. bestowedB. exhibitedC. imposedD. emitted43.Physicians are clear that thyroid dysfunction is manifest in growing children in theform of mental and physical retardation.A. intensifiedB. apparentC. representativeD. insidious44.The mechanism that the eye can accommodate itself to different distances hasbeen applied to automatic camera, which marks a revolutionary technique advance.A. yieldB. amplifyC. adaptD. cast45.Differences among believers are common; however, it was the pressure ofreligious persecution that exacerbated their conflicts and created the split of the union.A. eradicatedB. deterioratedC. vanquishedD. averted46.When Picasso was particularly poor, he might have tried to obliterate the originalcomposition by painting over it on canvases.A. duplicateB. eliminateC. substituteD. compile47.For the sake of animal protection, environmentalists deplored the constructionprogram of a nuclear power station.A. disapprovedB. despisedC. demolishedD. decomposed48.Political figures in particular are held to very strict standards of marital fidelity.A. loyaltyB. moralityC. qualityD. stability49.The patient complained that his doctor had been negligent in not giving him a fullexamination.A. prudentB. ardentC. carelessD. brutal50.She has been handling all the complaints without wrath for a whole morning.A. furyB. chaosC. despairD. agonyPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.For years, scientists have been warning us that theradiation from mobile phones is detrimental to our health,without actually having any evidence to back these __51__ up. However, research now suggests that mobile phone radiation has at least one positive side effect: it can help prevent Alzheimer’s, __52__ in the mice that acted as test subjects.It’s been suspected, though never proven, that heavy use of mobile phones is bad for your health. It’s thought that walking around with a cellphone permanently attached to the side of your head is almost sure to be __53__ your brain. And that may well be true, but I’d rather wait until it’s proven before giving up that part of my daily life.But what has now been proven, in a very perfunctory manner, is that mobile phone radiation can have an effect on your brain. __54__ in this case it was a positive rather than negative effect.According to BBC news, the Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center conducted a study on 96 mice to see if the radiation given off by mobile phones could affect the onset of Alzheimer’s.Some of the mice were “genetically altered to develop beta-amyloid plaques in their brains” __55__ they aged. These are a marker of Alzheimer’s. all 96 mice were then “exposed to the electro-magnetic __56__ generated by a standard phone for two one-hour periods each day for seven to nine months.” The lucky things.__57__ the experiment showed that the mice altered to be predisposed to dementia were protected from the disease if exposed before the onset of the illness. Their cognitive abilities were so unimpaired as to be virtually __58__ to the mice not genetically altered in any way.Unfortunately, although the results are positive, the scientists don’t actually know why exposure to mobile phone radiation has this effect. But it’s hoped that further study and testing could result in a non-invasive __59__ for preventing and treating Alzheimer’s disease.Autopsies carried out on the mice also concluded no ill-effects of their exposure to the radiation. However, the fact that the radiation prevented Alzheimer’s means mobile phones __60__ our brains and bodies in ways not yet explored. And it’s sure there are negative as well as this one positive. 51. A. devicesB. risksC. phenomenaD. claims52. A. at leastB. at mostC. as ifD. as well53. A. blockingB. cookingC. exhaustingD. cooling54. A. ExceptB. EvenC. DespiteD. Besides55. A. untilB. whenC. asD. unless56. A. rangeB. continuumC. spectrumD. field57. A. ReasonablyB. ConsequentlyC. AmazinglyD. Undoubtedly58. A. identicalB. beneficialC. preferableD. susceptible59. A. effortB. methodC. huntD. account60. A. do affectB. did affectC. is affectingD. could have affectedPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B,C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Passage oneI have just returned from Mexico, where I visited a factory making medical masks. Faced with fierce competition, the owner has cut his costs by outsourcing some of his production. Scores of people work for him in their homes, threading elastic into masks by hand. They are paid below the minimum wage, with no job security and no healthcare provision.Users of medical masks and other laboratory gear probably give little thought to where their equipment comes from. That needs to change. A significant proportion of these products are made in the developing world by low-paid people with inadequate labor rights. This leads to human misery on a tremendous scale.Take lab coats. Many are made in India, where most cotton farmers are paid an unfair price for their crops and factory employees work illegal hours for poor pay.One-fifth of the world’s surgical instruments are made in northern Pakistan. When I visited the area a couple of years ago I found most workers toiling 12 hours a day, seven days a week, for less than a dollar a day, exposed to noise, metal dust and toxic chemicals. Thousands of children, some as young as 7, work in the industry.To win international contracts, factory owners must offer rock-bottom prices, and consequently drive down wages and labor conditions as far as they can. We laboratory scientists in the developed world may unwittingly be encouraging this: we ask how much our equipment will cost, but which of us asks who made it and how much they were paid?This is no small matter. Science is supposed to benefit humanity, but because of the conditions under which their tools are made, may scientists may actually be causing harm.What can be done? A knee-jerk boycott of unethical goods is not the answer; it would just make things worse for workers in those manufacturing zones. What we need is to start asking suppliers to be transparent about where and how their products are manufactured and urge them to improve their manufacturing practices.It can be done. Many universities are committed to fair trade in the form of ethically sourced tea, coffee or bananas. That model should be extended to laboratory goods.There are signs that things are moving. Over the past few years I have worked with health services in the UK and in Sweden. Both have recently instituted ethical procurement practices. If science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit.61. From the medical masks to lab coats, the author is trying to tell us ________.A. the practice of occupational protection in the developing worldB. the developing countries plagued by poverty and disease.C. the cheapest labor in the developing countries.D. the human misery behind them.62. The concerning phenomenon the author has observed, according to the passage,________.A. is nothing but the repetition of the miserable history.B. could have been even exaggerated.C. is unfamiliar to the wealthy west.D. is prevailing across the world.63. The author argues that when researchers in the wealthy west buy the tools oftheir trade, they should ___________.A. have the same concern with the developing countries.B. be blind to their sources for the sake of humanityC. pursue good bargains in the international market.D. spare a thought for how they were made.64. A proper course of action suggested by the author is ___________.A. to refuse to import the unethical goods from the developing world.B. to ask scientists to tell the truth as the prime value of their work.C. to urge the manufacturers to address the immoral issues.D. to improve the transparency of international contracts.65. By saying at the end of the passage that if science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit, the author means that ___________.A. the scientific community should stand up for all humanityB. the prime value of scientists’ work is to tell the truth.C. laboratory goods also need to be ethically sourced.D. because of science, there is hope for humanity.Passage twoA little information is a dangerous thing. A lot of information, if it’s inaccurate or confusing, even more so. This is a problem for anyone trying to spend or invest in an environmentally sustainable way. Investors are barraged with indexes purporting to describe companies’ eco-credentials, some of dubious quality. Green labels on consumer products are ubiquitous, but their claims are hard to verify.The confusion is evident form New Scientist’s analysis of whether public perceptions of companies’green credentials reflect reality. It shows that many companies considered “green” have done little to earn that reputation, while others do not get sufficient credit for their efforts to reduce their environmental impact. Obtaining better information is crucial, because decisions by consumers and big investors will help propel us towards a green economy.At present, it is too easy to make unverified claims. Take disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions, for example. There are voluntary schemes such as the Carbon Disclosure Project, but little scrutiny of the figures companies submit, which means investors may be misled.Measurements can be difficult to interpret, too, like those for water sue. In this case, context is crucial: a little from rain-soaked Ireland is not the same as a little drawn from the Arizona desert.Similar problems bedevil “green” labels attached to individual products. Here, the computer equipment rating system developed by the Green Electronics Council shows the way forward. Its criteria come from the IEEE, the world’s leading professional association for technology/Other schemes, such as the “sustainability index”planned by US retail giant Walmart, are broader. Developing rigorous standards for a large number of different types of product will be tough, placing a huge burden on the academic-led consortium that is doing the underlying scientific work.Our investigation also reveals that many companies choose not to disclose data. Some will want to keep it that way. This is why we need legal requirements for full disclosure of environmental information, with the clear message that the polluter will eventually be required to pay. Then market forces will drive companies to clean up their acts.Let’s hope we can rise to this challenge. Before we can have a green economy we need a green information economy – and it’s the quality of information, as well as its quantity, that will count.66. “The confusion” at the beginning of the 2nd paragraph refers to ________.A. where to spend or invest in a sustainable wayB. an array of consumer products to chooseC. a fog of unreliable green informationD. little information on eco-credibility67. From the New Scientist’s analysis it can be inferred that in many cases ________.A. eco-credibility is abusedB. a green economy is crucialC. an environmental impact is lessenedD. green credentials promote green economy68. From unverified claims to difficult measurements and then to individual products, the author argues that ________.A. eco-credibility is a game between scientists and manufacturesB. neither scientists nor manufactures are honestC. it is vital to build a green economyD. better information is critical69. To address the issue, the author is crying for ________.A. transparent corporate managementB. establishing sustainability indexesC. tough academic-led surveillanceD. strict legal weapons70. Which of the following can be the best inference from the last paragraph?A. The toughest challenge is the best opportunity.B. It is time for another green revolution.C. Information should be free for all.D. No quantity, no quality.Passage ThreePeople are extraordinarily skilled at spotting cheats –much better than they are detecting rule-breaking that does not involve cheating. A study showing just how good we are at this adds weight to the theory that our exceptional brainpower arose through evolutionary pressures to acquire specific cognitive skills.The still-controversial idea that humans have specialized decision-making systems in addition to generalized reasoning has been around for decades. Its advocates point out that the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionarily, since cheats risk undermining the social interactions in which people trade goods or services for mutual benefit.The test whether we have a special ability to reason about cheating, Leda Cosmides, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and her colleagues used a standard psychological test called the Wason selection task, which tests volunteers’ ability to reason about “if/then” statements.The researchers set up scenarios in which they asked undergraduate volunteers to imagine they were supervising workers sorting appliances for admission to two schools;a good one in a district where school taxes are high, and a poor one in an equally wealthy, but lightly taxed district. The hypothetical workers were supposed to follow a rule that specified “if a student is admitted to the good school”, they must live in the highly taxed district.Half the time, the test subjects were told that the workers had children of their own applying to the schools, thus having a motive to cheat; the rest of the time they were told the workers were merely absent-minded and sometimes made innocent errors. Then the test subjects were asked how they would verify that the workers were not breaking the rule.Cosmides found that when the “supervisors”thought they were checking for innocent errors, just 9 of 33, or 27 percent, got the right answer – looking for a student admitted to the good school who did not live in the highly taxed district. In contrast, when the supervisors thought they were watching for cheats, they did much better, with 23 of 34, or 68 percent, getting the right answer.This suggests that people are, indeed, more adept at spotting cheat than at detecting mere rule-breaking, Cosmides said. “Any cues that it’s just an innocent mistake actually inactivate the detection mechanism.”Other psychologists remain skeptical of this conclusion. “If you want to conclude that therefore there’s a module in the mind for detecting cheaters, I see zero evidence for that,” says Steven Sloman, a cognitive scientists at Brown University in Province, Rhode Island. “It’s certainly possible that it’s something we learned through experience. There’s no evident that it’s anything innate.”71. The findings of the study were in favor of ____________.A. the highly developed skills of cheating at schoolB. the relation between intelligence and evolutionC. the phenomenon of cheating at schoolD. the human innate ability to cheat72. The test “supervisors” appeared to be more adept at ________.A. spotting cheats than detecting mere rule-breakingB. detecting mere rule-breaking than spotting cheatsC. spotting their own children cheating than others doing itD. detecting cheats in the highly taxed district than in the lightly taxed one73. When she says that …that can’t be the only thing going on in the mind, Cosmides most probably implies that ________.A. cheating is highly motivated in the social interactionsB. our specific cognitive skills can serve an evolutionary purposeC. there is no such a mental thing as a specialized decision-making systemD. the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionary74. In response to Cosmides’ claim, Sloman would say that ________.A. it was of great possibilityB. it could be misleadingC. it was unbelievableD. it’s acquired75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Cheating at SchoolB. Cheating as the Human NatureC. Imaginary Intelligence and CheatingD. Intelligence Evolved to Root Out CheatsPassage FourFor many environmentalists, all human influence on the planet is bad. Many natural scientists implicitly share this outlook. This is not unscientific, but it can create the impression that greens and environmental scientists are authoritarian tree-huggers who value nature above people. That doesn’t play well with mainstream society, as the apparent backlash against climate science reveals.Environmentalists need to find a new story to tell. Like it or not, we now live in the anthropocene (人类世) – an age in which humans are perturbing many of the planet’s natural systems, from the water cycle to the acidity of the oceans. We cannot wish that away; we must recognize it and manage our impacts.Johan Rockstrom, head of the Stockholm Environment Institute in Sweden, and colleagues have distilled recent research on how Earth systems work into a list of nine “planetary boundaries”that we must stay within to live sustainably. It is preliminary work, and many will disagree with where the boundaries are set. But the point is to offer a new way of thinking about our relationship with the environment – a science-based picture that accepts a certain level of human impact and even allows us some room to expand. The result is a breath of fresh air: though we are already well past three of the boundaries, we haven’t trashed the place yet.It is in the same spirit that we also probe the basis for key claims in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 2007 report on climate impacts. This report has been much discussed since our revelations about its unsubstantiated statement on melting Himalayan glaciers. Why return to the topic? Because there is a sense that the IPCC shares the same anti-human agenda and, as a result, is too credulous of unverified numbers. While the majority of the report is assuredly rigorous, there is no escaping the fact that parts of it make claims that go beyond the science.For example, the chapter on Africa exaggerates a claim about crashes in farm yields, and also highlights projections of increased water stress in some regions while ignoring projections in the same study that point to reduced water stress in other regions. There errors are not trifling. They are among the report’s headline conclusions.Above all, we need a dispassionate view of the state of the planet and our likely future impact on it. There’s no room for complacency: Rockstrom’s analysis shows us that we face real dangers, but exaggerating our problems is not the way to solve them. 76. As the first paragraph implies, there is between environmentalists and mainstream society _____________.A. a misunderstandingB. a confrontationC. a collaborationD. a consensus77. Within the planetary boundaries, as Rockstrom implies, ___________.A. we humans have gone far beyond the limitations。

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编42(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．Although the two companies talked about how little ______ there is between them, they still expect to eliminate about 100,00 positions from among a combined work force of 140,000 after their mergence.(2004年厦门大学考博试题) A．overlapB．combinationC．congregationD．inundation正确答案：A解析：本题空格处意思是两家公司之间的重叠处很少。

A项“overlap重叠处”符合题意，如：The style in these two books largely overlaps．(这两本书的文体有许多处是一致的。

)其他三项“combination结合；congregation集合：inundation 洪水”都不正确。

2．My calculation was wrong because 1 ______ one tiny point.A．mistookB．failedC．exaggeratedD．overlooked正确答案：D解析：overlook vt．(本义)俯瞰，眺望；(引申)看漏，忽略；宽容。

3．The massacre of innocent people cannot ever be condoned.(2002年中国社会科学院考博试题)A．overlookedB．praiseC．condemnedD．satisfied正确答案：A解析：本题中，condoned的意思是“宽恕，赦免”。