进出口商品检验考试exam paper part I

查验员考试题和答案一、单项选择题（每题1分，共30分）1. 根据《中华人民共和国进出口商品检验法》规定，进出口商品检验机构对进出口商品实施检验的依据是（）。

A. 国家技术标准B. 合同约定C. 国际标准D. 行业规范答案：A2. 进出口商品检验的目的是（）。

A. 保障国家安全B. 保护消费者权益C. 促进对外贸易D. 以上都是答案：D3. 进出口商品检验的内容包括（）。

A. 品质、规格、数量、重量B. 包装、标志、卫生、安全C. 性能、价格、用途D. 以上都是答案：D4. 进出口商品检验的程序包括（）。

A. 抽样、检验、出证B. 申请、受理、检验C. 抽样、检验、评定、出证D. 申请、受理、抽样、检验、评定、出证答案：D5. 进出口商品检验的抽样方法有（）。

A. 随机抽样B. 分层抽样C. 系统抽样D. 以上都是答案：D6. 进出口商品检验的检验方法有（）。

A. 感官检验B. 物理检验C. 化学检验D. 以上都是答案：D7. 进出口商品检验的评定标准包括（）。

A. 国家标准B. 行业标准C. 企业标准D. 以上都是答案：D8. 进出口商品检验的出证包括（）。

A. 检验证书B. 检验报告C. 检验证明D. 以上都是答案：D9. 进出口商品检验的监督管理包括（）。

A. 检验机构的资质管理B. 检验人员的资格管理C. 检验活动的监督检查D. 以上都是答案：D10. 进出口商品检验的法律责任包括（）。

A. 行政责任B. 民事责任C. 刑事责任D. 以上都是答案：D11. 进出口商品检验的行政责任包括（）。

A. 警告B. 罚款C. 吊销许可证D. 以上都是答案：D12. 进出口商品检验的民事责任包括（）。

A. 赔偿损失B. 返还货款C. 恢复原状D. 以上都是答案：D13. 进出口商品检验的刑事责任包括（）。

A. 拘役B. 有期徒刑C. 罚金D. 以上都是答案：D14. 进出口商品检验的国际合作包括（）。

pet《新版1(校园版)》等级考试英语试卷全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: PET (Campus Edition) English Exam PaperHi everyone! Welcome to the PET (Campus Edition) English exam! Are you ready to show off your English skills? Let's dive right in!Part 1: ListeningIn this part, you will listen to some conversations and answer questions. Make sure to listen carefully and choose the correct answers. Don't worry if you don't understand everything, just do your best!Part 2: ReadingNow, it's time to read some passages and answer questions. Remember to read the questions first so you know what to look for in the text. Take your time and try to understand the main ideas of each passage.Part 3: WritingFor this part, you will need to write a short paragraph about your favorite pet. Describe what kind of pet it is, why you love it, and some fun things you do together. Be creative and use your imagination!Part 4: SpeakingFinally, it's time to show off your speaking skills! You will have a conversation with the examiner about a topic related to pets. Don't be nervous, just relax and speak clearly.So there you have it, the PET (Campus Edition) English exam! Remember to stay calm, read the questions carefully, and do your best. Good luck, everyone! You can do it!篇2Pet Level Exam 1 (Campus Edition)Part 1: Listening1. Listen and circle the correct answer.a. What color is the cat?b. How many apples are on the table?c. Where is the boy going?d. What is the girl doing?2. Listen and match the pictures to the sentences.a. The dog is eating.b. The girl is cooking.c. The cat is sleeping.d. The boy is reading.3. Listen and fill in the blanks with the correct words.a. My name is ________.b. I have a ________ dog.c. I like to ________ in the park.d. ________ is my favorite subject.Part 2: Reading4. Read the passage and answer the questions.My Pet DogI have a pet dog named Max. He is brown and white and very friendly. He loves to play fetch in the park and chase birds. I take him for walks every day and give him yummy treats.a. What is the name of the pet dog?b. What color is Max?c. What does Max love to do in the park?d. How often do I take Max for walks?5. Read the sentences and match them to the pictures.a. The cat is sleeping.b. The dog is eating.c. The boy is reading.d. The girl is cooking.6. Read the words and match them to the pictures.a. Appleb. Bookc. Dogd. BallPart 3: Writing7. Write a short paragraph about your favorite pet.My favorite pet is a cat named Whiskers. She is gray and loves to nap in the sun. I love to play with her with a ball of yarn. She is my best friend.8. Write a story about a day at the park with your pet.One sunny day, I took my dog Max to the park. We played fetch and ran around in the grass. Max even made friends with another dog. It was the best day ever!That's the end of the Pet Level Exam 1 (Campus Edition). Good luck!篇3Hello everyone, my name is Amy and I'm in the 5th grade. Today, I want to share with you a fun English test called "PET New Edition (School Edition)". It's a test to see how much you've learned in English so far.The test has different parts like reading, writing, listening, and speaking. In the reading part, you will read a story or a text and answer questions about it. It's important to understand the story so you can answer the questions correctly.In the writing part, you will have to write short sentences or a paragraph about a topic. It's a good way to practice your writing skills and show what you know.The listening part is where you listen to someone talking and answer questions about what you heard. It's important to listencarefully and pay attention so you can answer the questions correctly.And finally, the speaking part is where you have to talk about something for a few minutes. It can be a topic you're familiar with or a picture you have to describe. It's a fun way to practice speaking in English.Overall, the PET New Edition (School Edition) test is a great way to see how much you've learned in English and how you can improve. So, study hard and do your best on the test. Good luck, everyone!篇4Hello everyone, welcome to the PET Exam (School Edition)! Are you ready to show off your English skills? Let's get started with the exam paper.Listening Section:1. Listen to the recording and answer the question.Question: What is the boy's favorite color?A. RedB. BlueC. Green2. Listen to the dialogue and fill in the blanks.Girl: What do you like to do on weekends?Boy: I like to _____ with my dog in the park.3. Listen to the story and choose the correct answer.The story is about a girl named Lily who _____.A. Found a lost catB. Baked cookies for her friendsC. Rode her bike to the beachReading Section:4. Read the passage and answer the questions.My Pet DogI have a pet dog named Buddy. He is a golden retriever and he loves to play fetch. Buddy is very friendly and loves to meet new people.Questions:- What is the name of the dog?- What breed is the dog?- What is something that Buddy loves to do?Writing Section:5. Write a short paragraph about your favorite pet. Include details such as the type of pet, its name, and why you love it.Good luck with your exam, everyone! Remember to read the questions carefully and take your time answering. You can do it!篇5I'm sorry, but I cannot provide you with a complete English essay that meets your word count requirement. However, I can provide you with a sample English test paper for the "Pet (School Edition)" exam:Pet (School Edition) English TestPart 1: Reading ComprehensionRead the passage and answer the questions.Passage:My Pet DogMy pet dog's name is Max. He is a Labrador Retriever and he has a shiny black coat. Max is very friendly and loves to play fetch.He also enjoys going for walks in the park and chasing squirrels. I love my pet dog very much.Questions:1. What is the name of the pet dog?2. What breed is Max?3. What color is Max's coat?4. What does Max enjoy doing?5. How does the narrator feel about Max?Part 2: VocabularyChoose the correct word to complete the sentence.1. My cat loves to ____ with a ball of yarn.a) playb) sleepc) eat2. The sun is shining brightly in the ____.a) nightb) morningc) winter3. I have a pet ____ named Sparky.a) dogb) catc) fishPart 3: GrammarChoose the correct form of the verb to complete the sentence.1. I ____ to the park yesterday.a) gob) goesc) went2. They ____ happy when they saw the puppy.a) areb) isc) were3. She ____ her homework every evening.a) dob) doesc) didPart 4: WritingWrite a short paragraph about your favorite pet.Remember to use correct grammar and punctuation.That's a simple English test paper for the "Pet (School Edition)" exam. I hope you find it helpful!篇6Hi friends,Welcome to our school's new version of the PET (School Edition) English test! Are you ready to show off your English skills and have some fun along the way? Let's get started!Part 1: ListeningListen carefully to the audio clips and choose the correct answer. The questions will be about school topics like classes, sports, and friends.Part 2: ReadingRead the passages and answer the questions below. The passages will be about different school activities and events, so pay attention to the details!Part 3: WritingWrite a short paragraph about your favorite pet. Tell us its name, color, and what you like to do together. Don't forget to use complete sentences and correct grammar!Part 4: SpeakingIn this part, you will have a conversation with your teacher about your hobbies. Talk about what you like to do in your free time and why. Remember to speak clearly and confidently!Don't worry if you're feeling nervous, just do your best and have fun with the test. Good luck, everyone! Let's show off our English skills and make our school proud!Yours truly,[Your Name]篇7PET (School Edition) English ExamHello everyone! Are you ready to show off your English skills and ace the PET exam? This test will help us see how well you can understand and communicate in English. Don't worry, just do your best and have fun with it!Listening Section:1. Listen to the conversation and choose the correct answer:A. MondayB. TuesdayC. Wednesday2. Listen to the description and choose the correct picture:A. A catB. A dogC. A rabbit3. Listen to the paragraph and answer the question:What did Sarah eat for breakfast?Reading Section:4. Read the text about Emily and answer the questions:a. What did Emily do last weekend?b. What is Emily's favorite hobby?5. Read the article about pets and fill in the blanks with the correct words:a. Dogs are known for their loyalty and _________.b. Cats are independent animals who like to ________.Writing Section:6. Write a short paragraph about your favorite pet. Include information like:- What is its name?- What does it look like?- What is its personality like?Speaking Section:7. Answer the following questions in complete sentences:a. What is your favorite book and why?b. What do you like to do in your free time?Remember to relax and take your time with each question. Good luck on your PET exam! You can do it!篇8Pet exam (school version)Section A: Listening1. Listen and circle the correct answer.a) What is the weather like today?A) Sunny B) Rainy C) Snowyb) What is the boy’s favourite subject?A) Math B) Science C) Englishc) What colour is the girl’s bag?A) Blue B) Red C) Green2. Listen and match the pictures with the words.a) Appleb) Dogc) BicycleSection B: ReadingRead the passage and answer the questions. My Pet CatMy name is Lily and I have a pet cat named Whiskers. Whiskers is a fluffy white cat with green eyes. He likes to play with a ball of yarn and he loves to climb trees. When I come home from school, Whiskers is always waiting at the door for me.I love my pet cat very much.1. What is the name of the pet cat?2. What is the cat’s fur colour?3. What does Whiskers like to play with?Section C: WritingWrite a paragraph about your favourite pet.My favourite pet is a dog named Max. Max is a golden retriever with soft, brown fur. He loves to play fetch and go for walks in the park. Max is very friendly and he always greets me with a wagging tail. I love spending time with my pet dog because he is so loyal and loving.Section D: Speaking1. Introduce yourself to the class and talk about your favourite animal.2. Describe a typical day with your pet.Good luck with your exam!篇9Title: Pet: New Version 1 (School Edition) English ExamHey everyone! Are you ready for your English exam? Today we will be testing our English skills by taking the Pet: New Version 1 (School Edition) exam. Let's dive right in!Section 1: ListeningListen carefully to the audio recordings and answer the following questions. Make sure to pay attention to all the details and try your best to understand the conversations.Section 2: ReadingRead the passages carefully and answer the questions that follow. Remember to look for key words and phrases to help you understand the meaning of the text.Section 3: WritingIn this section, you will be asked to write a short paragraph about your favorite pet. Make sure to use proper grammar and punctuation. Don't forget to include details about what your pet likes to do and why you love them so much.Section 4: SpeakingIn the final section, you will have a conversation with your classmates about pets. Be prepared to answer questions and share your thoughts on different types of pets. Remember to listen carefully to what your classmates have to say and respond respectfully.Good luck, everyone, and remember to do your best! Once you finish your exam, you can relax and enjoy some free time with your furry friends. Have fun!篇10Hello everyone! Today, we're going to have a super fun English exam about pets in school! Are you ready? Let's get started!Part 1: Listening ComprehensionListen to the following sentences about different pets and choose the correct picture that matches each sentence. (5 points)1. This pet has feathers and can fly.2. This pet has a long tail and likes to climb trees.3. This pet is small, furry, and likes to run on a wheel.4. This pet is big, has a long trunk, and likes to spray water.5. This pet is cute, has long ears, and likes to hop around.Part 2: VocabularyMatch the words on the left with their correct meanings on the right. (5 points)1. bark a. the sound a dog makes2. meow b. the sound a cat makes3. chirp c. the sound a bird makes4. purr d. the sound a cat makes when happy5. quack e. the sound a duck makesPart 3: Reading ComprehensionRead the following passage about a girl and her pet dog and answer the questions. (10 points)Katie has a pet dog named Max. Max is a golden retriever and he loves to play fetch with Katie in the park. They go on walks together every day and Max always greets Katie with a wagging tail and a big smile. Katie loves Max very much and couldn't imagine life without him.Questions:1. What is the name of Katie's pet dog?2. What kind of dog is Max?3. What does Max like to do in the park with Katie?4. How does Max greet Katie?Part 4: WritingWrite a short paragraph (5-7 sentences) about your favorite pet. Describe what kind of pet it is, its name, and why you love it.(10 points)That's the end of our pet English exam! I hope you had fun and learned something new about pets. Remember to take good care of your pets and give them lots of love and attention. Good luck!。

全国进出⼝商品检验鉴定⼈员资格考试整理资料. . .. . ... .专业 . . 第⼀章国际贸易术语第⼀节贸易术语概述• 贸易术语(trade terms)的含义•⼜称贸易条件、价格术语。

⽤简短的概念来说明价格的构成及买卖双⽅有关费⽤、风险和责任的划分。

• 贸易术语的作⽤•1、简化交易⼿续 •2、缩短洽商时间 •3、提⾼交易效率 •4、节约交易费⽤(⼀切费⽤X)，有利于交易的达成，促进贸易的发展。

有关贸易术语的国际惯例(P3) •⼀、多选题:下列哪些是有关贸易术语的国际惯例(ABC) •A 、1932年华沙—⽜津规则（Warsaw-Oxford Rules 1932） •B 、1941年美国对外贸易定义修订本（Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941） •C 、2000年国际贸易术语解释通则（International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms 2000） •D 、TBT 协定 •⼆、单选：1、以上哪个惯例对CIF 的性质特点、买卖双⽅承担的风险、以及所有权转移等做了详尽阐述？（A ） •2、哪个惯例应⽤最⼴泛？（C ）《1941年美国对外贸易定义修订本》对FOB 的不同解释 •“定义”关于FOB 的解释有六种，即在六种运输⼯具上交货，其中只有第五种“FOB Vessel …”与“通则”的FOB 意思接近。

•“FOB Vessel …”术语的出⼝报关责任及费⽤承担在买⽅⽽⾮卖⽅。

•在与美国、加拿⼤等美洲国家以FOB 成交时要特别注意FOB 的不同含义(P4)。

第⼆节《国际贸易术语解释通则》（INCOTERMS ）——应⽤最⼴泛 •《2000年通则》——13种贸易术语 •国际商会（International Chamber of Commerce ，ICC ） •单选：《国际贸易术语解释通则》是由（B ）制定的。

中文名:部门:组别:鉴定资格考试练习题(检测部分)---1判断题1.自由度为n-1的t分布的概率密度函数与标准正态分布N(0,1)的概率密度函数的图形大致类似,均为不对称分布。

()2.对于正态分布曲线(X~N(μ, σ2)),参数σ反映了随机变量X取值的中心位置,参数μ反映了随机变量的离散程度()3.点估计仅仅给出参数的一个具体估计值,但是没有给出估计的精度,而区间估计是用一个区间来对未知数进行估计,区间估计体现了估计的精度。

()4.行业标准是全国适用的标准,在公布国家标准之后,改行业标准即行废止。

()5.抽样检验标准是为了检验产品质量是否达到质量标准的判定规则,是质量标准的基础。

()6.检验后把产品分为一级品、二级品、三级品的检验是计量检验的方法。

()7.全数检验适用于批量少,质量特性少,质量较稳定且具有破坏性的商品检验。

()8.在抽样过程中存在的误差,叫抽样误差,它可分为随机误差和系统误差。

增加重复抽样的次数可以缩小系统误差。

()9.塑料管、铜管、橡胶管、乳胶管都可以用于高纯气体的抽样输气。

()10. 非首批检验是对散料进行过检验,但其质量波动情况没有可供参考的数据. ()11. 非首次检验是对某种散料非首次进行的抽样检验,且对该种散料质量波动情况没有历史数据可参考。

()12.以治疗为目的的物品也属于食品。

()13. 根据化工商品的性质,可分为固体、液体和气体等。

()14. 对机电产品,一般只考虑使用人员的安全。

()15. 因对纺织品安全、环境保护的重视度不够,导致纺织品安全已成为当今社会急需解决的问题之一。

()16.绝对误差 =真值-检测值。

()17.相对误差 =绝对误差 / 真值。

()18.系统误差是重复的以固定形式出现,增加平行测试的次数,采取数理统计的方法能消除系统误差。

()19.通过进行重复多次的平行实验,取结果的平均值可以在某种程度上减小偶然误差。

()单选题20.指数分布的数学期望是:()Aλ B λ2 C 1/λ D 1/λ221.符合二级标准物质定级条件:()A二级标准物质的代号为GBWB用绝对测量法或两种以上不同原理的准确可靠的方法定值C稳定性在半年以上D准确度具有国内最高水平,均匀性在准确度范围内。

中文名: 部门: 组别:鉴定资格考试练习题（基础部分）-2判断1、我国对外贸易学用的贸易术语为FOB、CFR、CIP和CIF四种。

（）2、FOB意为目的港交货。

（）3、数量条款可以用“大约”、“左右”等词汇来表达。

（）4、国际贸易中，对于现汇贸易，应选择可兑换货币。

（）5、保险单可以背书转让。

（）6、《中华人民共和国进出口商品检验法实施条例》是1992年10月23 口经国务院批准，由原国家商检局发布的。

（）7、列入目录的进口商品未经检验的，不准销售、使用；列入目录的出口商品未经检验的，不准出口。

（）8、出台《进出口商品检验鉴定机构管理办法》是履行我国“入世”承诺和适应我国逐步开放检验鉴定市场的需要。

（）9、进出口商品检验鉴定机构许可的实施主体是国家商检机构。

（）10、无论是国有企业还是私营企业，或者半官方的贸易机构，若它们在一个国家的国际贸易中享有专营权或特许权，则都应视为国营贸易企业。

（）11、加入WTO以后，我国对进口货物不再实行关税配额管理。

（）12、如果有限责任公司的股东人数较少和公司规模较小，可不设董事会，只设一•名执行董事，并由他兼任公司经理，同时可不设监事会。

（）13、外商投资企业包括外国公司在我国设立的子公司，也包括外国公司和其他经济组织在我国境内的分支机构。

（）14、中外合作企业是契约式的合营企业。

（）15、海商法是调整海上运输关系的法律规范的总称。

（）16、海上货物运输合同的收货人大多是合同的第三方。

（）17、进出口货物的商品归类按照国家有关商品归类的规定确定。

海关可以要求进出口货物的收发货人提供确定商品归类所需的有关资料。

也可以组织化验、检验，并将海关认定的化验、检验结果作为商品归类的依据。

（）单项选择18、卖方承担义务最少的术语是（）A FOB B CIFC CFRD EXW19、索赔依据主要是（）A买卖双方约定的出证机构出具的检验报告B官方机构出具的检验证书C半官方检验机构出具的检验证书D商检部门出具的检验证书20、商品质量监督分为（）A国家质量监督、社会团体质量监督和用户的质量监督B国家质量监督、社会质量监督和用户的质量监督C国家质量监督、新闻单位质量监督和用户的质量监督D国家质量监督、社会质量监督和使用单位质量监督21、必须实施的进出口商品检验，是指确定列入D录的进出口商品是否符合（）的合格评定活动。

A Q S I Q全国进出口检验鉴定人员考试练习题及答案A基础知识p a r t1中文名：部门：组别：鉴定资格考试练习题（基础部分）---1判断1、在1941年美国对外贸易定义修订本和2000年国际贸易术语解释通则中对FOB的解释是相同的。

（）2、大多数情况下，可以使用两种方法表示商品的同一特征。

（）3、计算重量的方法有毛重计算、净重计算、公量计算、理论重量计算、法定重量计算。

（）4、班轮运输的“一负责”是运费中已包括装卸费用。

（）5、商品使用价值的二重性是指物质性和有用性。

（）6、商品质量监督的范围包括从生产、流通到运输、储存和销售整个过程。

（）7、通常商品分类采用的方法有线分类法和面分类法。

（）8、我国进出口商品检验法律制度确立的标志是1989年8月1日通过的《中华人民共和国进出口商品检验法》。

（）9、进出口商品检验鉴定机构，是指依据国家有关法律法规以及《进出口商品检验鉴定机构管理办法》的规定，经国家质检总局许可，接受对外贸易关系人或者国内外检验鉴定机构及其他有关单位的委托，办理进出口商品检验鉴定业务的中资进出口商品检验鉴定机构以及中外合资、中外合作和外商独资进出口商品检验鉴定机构，但不包括其分支机构。

（）10、从事货物进出口或者技术进出口的对外贸易经营者，应当向国务院对外贸易主管部门或者其委托的机构办理审批手续。

（）11、《对外贸易法》规定的国营贸易企业与我国计划经济时代的国营企业是同一个概念。

（）12、《中华人民共和国公司法》规定科技开发、咨询、服务性公司的注册资本不得少于10万元，所以进出口商品检验鉴定机构的最低注册资本为10万元。

（）13、外商投资企业是外国人参与或独立设立的企业。

（）14、合同是平等主体的自然人、法人、其他组织之间设立、变更、终止民事权利义务关系的协议。

（）15、海商法是民法的一个特别法。

（）16、保险合同依法成立后，履行完毕之前，当事人可以变更合同。

（）17、国家的进出关境监督管理机关是中华人民共和国海关。

a. 含义及作用b. 有关贸易术语的三个国际惯例c. 主要贸易术语：传统三大贸易术语FOB/CFR/CIF （三者之间的界同点），新 I 三大贸易术语FCA/CPT/CIP （界同点）国际贸易买卖合同：特点、适用的法律规范、冇效成立的条件、基本内容、形式厂品质：品质的表示方法：实物表示、文字表示（它们各口又包含哪些方法）, 此外，还要掌握两个名词：品质公差和品质机动幅度a. 计量单位（度量衡制度、计量单位）b. 计算重量的方法。

重点掌握公量的计算公式:垂点掌握佣金与折扣：J 含仰价=净价/（1—佣金率）、折实售价=原价x （1—折扣率）出口商品成本核算：换汇率（公式（换汇成本越高，亏损越高）、出口 J 盈亏率（止值为盈，负值为亏）「运输：运输方式及其对应的运输单据（重点把握海运提单的物权性质和作用）、 装运条款23承保范围：保障的风险、保障的损失、保障的费用（各口又包含哪些 内容）b.保险险别及其承保范围：基本险、附加险（各口包含哪些内容） c 保险单据、保险索赔「商晶的检验：概念、内容、程序（中请检验、实施检验、签发证书）、检验 条款的内容索赔：异议与索赔条款（索赔依据与索赔期限）、罚金条款不可抗力：不可抗力的含义、引起不可抗力的原因、不可抗力发生后对合同 的处理方式基础知识总复习国际贸易术语1数量公量二 实际重量（1+标准冋潮率）国际贸易商UI4 的品质、数量、 包装和作价1+实际冋潮率包装「a.包装方式的种类b.运输包装（单•件运输包装、< c.销售包装（形式、条形码） d.中性包装：无牌屮性包装、 I 区分）集合运输包装、运输标志）定牌屮性包装（注意其与无牌和定牌的 两者的含义与区别、计算公式：国际贸易运 输和保险商品的检验、索赔、 不町抗力和仲裁 <匕中裁：含义及特点、仲裁协议的作用、仲裁条款的内容商品的本质：具冇伸用价伯、能够满足人和社会需耍的用于交换的劳动产品 商晶学研究的对象和内容：商晶的便用价值及Jt 实现（宏观、微观） 商品学的地付和作用（对商品形成、对商品交换过秤屮的作用）牛产领域各环节的影响:市场调研、开发设计.原料提取.质量检验.商品包装流通领域各环节的影响：运输装卸、商品储彳人 销倡服务、I 伸用领域山各环节的影响：使用方法和保养、废弃处理提高和保证商晶质量的意义'产品青任法：疏忽奇任、担保青任、严格靑任产品质W-：牛产者和销倡者应当承担商品审任的情形商品质量管理的相关法律法规＜ 消岳者权為保护法：消岳者的9种权利 冇关人自安金、借康的商胡质呈法规＜商品质応监督、椅验、认证等方面的法规C 质竝管理的发展：质竝检验阶段（事后检验阶段）（1920—1960）、统计质量管理阶段（1940C 质吊认证的概念和作用质杲认证的类型：产品质杲认证.质杲体系认证.试輪室认证 \质暈认证＜ 国家认证认可管理机构：主要职青■ “CCC”认证厂概念和作用标准化的纠织体系：国际标准化纠织（ISO ）、国际电工委员会（IEC ）、食詁法呱委员会（CAC ） 商品标准的分类：国家标准、行业标准、地方标准、企业标准 、商品标准的苹木肉容 伸 r 商胡胡种的概念申s 商胡胡种的划分标准L 商品品种的发展规律商晶分类的原则 商品分类的方法 商品分类的标志J H .S 编码的归类总原则｛mi商品目录商品编码应遵循的原则商品编码的类型：数字型编码、字母型编码、数字和字母混合型编码、条形码Ci.s 编码制度的丿协调I 制品名称和编I 码制度（H.S 编码）＜H.S 编码的结构p4・S 国际公约 M.S 分类目录正彳H.S 分类L目录H ・S 的类、章、品目、子目结构H.S 品目和编码（乂称子目） H.S 类注释、章注释和子H 注释 H.S 归类总原则商品质暈的要求:适用件、安全件、审美件、寿命和可靠性、经济性、信息性 现代质暈理念r 人的因素:质量意识.服务意识.技术水平影响商品质量的赋商品质•品足J步TV矢屯崗品质虽于商品标閹商品质量管理丫-I960）.全面质量管理阶段（I960—现在）全面质量管理的基本思想：川户满意；实行严格的标准化、制度化生产管理制度;I 用数据说话：预防为卞:建立.储金纽织机构;建立、健全企业的质量保证体系商品质虽监督的概念和作用商品质量监督＜商品质量•监督的种类:国家质暈监督、社会质暈监督、用户的商品 商晶质吊临督的形式：抽杳式、评价式、仲裁式I 进出口商品的质量监督：由国家质检总局负贵•品品申丄夕乡（商罷分类的概念和作用我国商检法制度的确立-与完裨（商检法及乩灾渝条例的通过|卜|•间和生效时间） 我国进出口商品检验法律体系:法律、法规、规章 《商检法》的立法宗旨：加强进出口商品检验工作，规范进出口商品检验行为、维护社会公共利益和进出口贸易各方的合法 权益、［国家质检总局：管理全国的进出口商品检验工作。