Design, fabrication and control of soft robots

英文原文:Design for Modularity: Product Design for Decomposition and IntegrationABSTRACTIn the last few years, corporation has engaged in studies to improve their design processes, ranging from marketing to support. Recent government, academic and industrial sector initiatives have sought advance technologies for developing and managing product development environment. Many companies have established a concurrent design process for their product development and have recognized a need for tools in evaluating the level of decomposition and integration, while analyzing the impact on the final design. This article will propose a three-phase methodology for design of products while considering modularity, assembly and manufacture.KEYWORDSModularity, Group technology, Optimization, Decomposition, Classification1. IntroductionModular design is a design technique that can be used to develop complex products using similar components . Components used in a modular product must have features that enable them to be coupled together to form a complex product. Modular design can be also viewed as the process of producing units that perform discrete functions, and then the units are connected together to provide a variety of functions. Modular design emphasizes the minimization of interactions between components, which will enable components to bedesigned and produced independently from each other. Each component, designed for modularity, is supposed to support one or more function. When components are structured together, to form a product, they will support a larger or general function. This shows the importance of analyzing the product function and decomposing it into sub-functions that can be satisfied by different functional modules. Modularity can be applied in the product design, design problems, production systems, or all three. It is preferable to use the modular design in all three types at the same time.Modular products refer to products that fulfill various overall functions through the combination of distinct building blocks or modules. In the sense that the overall function, performed by the product, can be divided into sub functions that can be implemented by different modules or components. An important aspect of modular products is the creation of a basic core unit to which different elements (modules) can be fitted, thus enabling a variety of versions of the same module to be produced. The core should have sufficient capacity to cope with all expected variations in performance and usage.Most design problems can be broken down into a set of easy to manage simpler sub-problems. Sometimes complex problems are reduced into easier sub-problems, where a small change in the solution of one sub-problem can lead to a change in other sub-problems’ solutions. T his means that the decomposition has resulted in functionally dependent sub-problems. Modularity focuses on decomposing the overall problem into functionally independent sub-problems, in which interaction or interdependence between sub-problems is minimized. Thus, a change in the solution of one problem may lead to a minor modification in other problems, or it may have no effect on other sub-problems.Modularity in production systems aims at building production systems from standardized modular machines. The fact that a wide diversity of production requirements exists has led to the introduction of a variety of production machinery, and a lack of agreement on what the building blocks should be. This means that there are no standards for modular machinery. In order to build a modular production system, production machinery must be classified into functional groups from which a selection of a modularproduction system can be made to respond to different production requirements. Rogers classified production mach inery into four basic groups of “primitive” production elements. These are process machine primitives, motion units, modular fixtures, and configurable control units. It is argued that if a selection is made from these four categories, it will be possible to build a diverse range of efficient, automated and integrated production system.2．Overview of Product DevelopmentProduct development is a necessary and important part of the activities performed by a manufacturing firm. Due to changes in manufacturing technology, consumer preferences, and government regulations (to name a few influences), existing products will become less profitable over time. The sales volume of a typical product starts slowly, accelerates, becomes flat, and then steadily declines. Although there may be a few products that remain profitable for many years, firms continually develop new products that will generate more profits. Product development determines what the firm will manufacture and sell. That is, it attempts to design products that customers will buy and to design manufacturing processes that meet customer demand profitably. Poor decisions during product development lead to products that no one wants to buy and products that are expensive to manufacture in sufficient quantity.A product development process is the set of activities needed to bring a new product to market. A product development organization includes the engineers, managers, and other personnel who make process and product engineering decisions and perform these activities. (Note that, in this paper, the term new product covers the redesign of an existing product as well.)Because making good decisions requires expertise and an organization of people can be experts in only a few things, a manufacturing firm specializes in a certain class of products. It focuses its attention on the market for that class of products, the technologies available to produce that class, and the regulations relevant to that class.Like other parts of the business, a product development organization seeks tomaximize the profit of the manufacturing firm subject to the relevant regulatory and ethical constraints and other conditions that the firm’s owners impose based on their values. A product development organization does this by regularly introducing new products that the firm can manufacture, market, and sell. Fundamentally, then, a product development organization transforms information about the world (e.g., technology, preferences, and regulations) into information about products and processes that will generate profits for the firm. It performs this transformation through decision-making (Herrmann and Schmidt, 2002). Because the design problem is highly complex, product development teams decompose the problem into a product development process, which provides the mechanisms for linking a series of design decisions that do not explicitly consider profit.The following nine steps are the primary activities that many product development processes accomplish (Schmidt et al., 2002):Step 1. Identify the customer needs.Step 2. Establish the product specification.Step 3. Define alternative concepts for a design that meets the specification.Step 4. Select the most suitable concept.Step 5. Design the subsystems and integrate them.Step 6. Build and test a prototype; modify the design as required.Step 7. Design and build the tooling for production.Step 8. Produce and distribute the product.Step 9. Track the product during its life cycle to determine its strengths and weaknesses.This list (or any other description that uses a different number of steps) is an extremely simple depiction that not only conveys the scope of the process but also highlights the inherent (but unquestioned) decomposition. There are many other ways to represent product development processes and the component tasks, including the use of schedules or a design structure matrix (Smith and Eppinger, 2001).Manufacturing firms understand that design decisions (though made early in theproduct life cycle) have an excessive impact on the profitability of a product over its entire life cycle. Consequently, product development organizations have created and used concurrent engineering practices for many years (Smith, 1997, provides a historical view). Many types of tools and methods (such as cross-functional product development teams and design for manufacturing guidelines) have been created, adopted, and implemented to improve decision-making. Cooper (1994) identifies three generations of formal approaches to product development, all of which involve decomposition.It should be noted, however, that decomposition is not the only way to describe product development. As an alternative to decomposing a system design problem into subproblems, Hazelrigg (1996) proposes creating and refining system design models to express how detailed design variables affect the overall system performance. This approach suggests that a product development process would end with using the model to find the optimal design. Hazelrigg (1998) encourages this type of optimization but does not discuss the process of generating the profit maximization model.3. A Methodology for Design for ModularityA three-phase methodology is proposed for the development of complex products using the modularity concept [1,2]. The proposed methodology matches the criteria set by the design for functionality, assembly and manufacture. Some of the major benefits associated with this methodology include:·Increased design accuracy, efficiency, and the reuse of existing design for new programs.·Potential for integration of the developed methodology and technology into the engineering design activities.·Modular product design and the process of planning the production are integrated in one overall engineering process in which product features are mapped into their feasible process(es) in a one to one correspondence.In order to implement this concept successfully, the manner in which the modules areselected is critical. By establishing simple interfaces within the modules, the numbers of interactions are then reduced. The steps associated with this methodology include: Phase I - Decomposition Analysis: Design for Modularity and Classification1. Product and problem decomposition.2. Structural and modular decomposition.3. Associativity analysis between the components and specification.4. Application of group technology classification system.5. Construction of the associativity measure matrix.6. Optimum selection of modules.Phase II - Product Analysis: Design for Assembly and Functionality Analysis1. Identify the components that could be produced and assembled separately.2. Determine of the order of disassembly and assembly for each sub-component module.3. Establish the interfaces based on the analysis of the design features.4. Determine of the order, which the sub-assemblies are assembled to produce the final product.Phase III - Process Analysis: Design for Manufacture1. Family identification and template retrieval.2. Determination of the logical order of GT codes for the process of modules.3. Machine and process parameter calculation.4. Variant process planning.4. Decomposition Analysis: Design for Modularity and ClassificationPhase I of the methodology further specifications associated with this phase are illustrated as follows:4.1. Needs AnalysisThe design engineer is usually given an ill-defined problem. In many situations, the designer has to respond to the mere suggestion that there is a need for a product to performa certain function. One of the main tasks is to find out precisely what are the needs and what do customers really want. An important step in the design is to describe the product fully in terms of functional needs and physical limitations. These functional needs and physical limitations will form the product specifications. Surveying prospective purchasers or customers could collect information required to identify customer needs. Conducting a marketing study that begins by establishing target markets and customers can do this. Then customers’ wants and needs could be obtained by using several methods such as interviews and questionnaires. Also, similar products (competitive products) are investigated to find possible improvement opportunities by focusing on weakness points and desired features by customers. Next, customer wants and needs are arranged into groups and prioritized according to their importance. Needs analysis usually results in a statement of recognized needs and the expected manner in which that need should be met.4.2. Product Requirements AnalysisResults of the needs analysis step are used to identify the product requirements. The development group begins by preparing a list of functional objectives needed to meet the customer’s primary needs. Further analysis of customer needs reveals operational functional requirements that impose both functional and physical constraints on the design. Secondary customer requirements will be categorized as general functional requirements; they are ranked secondary because they will not affect the main function of the product. That is, a product may lack one or more general functional requirement and still be considered as a functional product that meets the intended function. General functional requirements should be weighted with respect to their importance.4.3. Product Concept AnalysisProduct/concept analysis is the decomposition of the product into its basic functional and physical elements. These elements must be capable of achieving the product’s functions. Functional elements are defined as the individual operations and transformations that contribute to the overall performance of the product. Physical elements are defined as the parts, components, and subassemblies that ultimately implement the product’s function.Product concept analysis consists of product physical decomposition and product functional decomposition. In product physical decomposition, the product is decomposed into its basic physical components which, when assembled together, will accomplish the product function. Physical decomposition should result in the identification of basic components that must be designed or selected to perform the product function. Product functional decomposition describes the products overall functions and identifies components functions. Also, the interfaces between functional components are identified.4.4. Product/Concept IntegrationBasic components resulting from the decomposition process should be arranged in modules and integrated into a functional system. The manner by which components are arranged in modules will affect the product design. The resulting modules can be used to structure the development teams needed. System level specifications are the oneto- one relationship between components with respect to their functional and physical characteristics. Functional characteristics are a result of the operations and transformations that components perform in order to contribute to the overall performance of the product. Physical characteristics are a result of the components’ arrangements,assemblies, and geometry that implement the product function. Physical and functional characteristics, forming the system level specifications, are arranged into a hierarchy of descriptions that begins by the component at the top level and ends with the detailed descriptions at the bottom level.Bottom level descriptions (detailed descriptions) are used to determine the relationships between components, 1 if the relationship exists and 0 otherwise. This binary relationship between components is arranged in a vector form, “System Level Specifications Vector”(SLSV). System level specifi cations identified in the previous step affects the general functional requirements in the sense that some specifications may help satisfy some general functional requirements, while other specifications might prevent the implementation of some desired general functional requirements. The impact of the SLS on GFR’s should be clearly identified which will help in developing products that willmeet, up to a satisfactory degree, the general functional requirements stated earlier. The impact will be determined based on –1 as negative impact, 0 as no impact, and 1 as positive impact. A negative impact represents an undesired effect on the general functional requirements such as limiting the degree to which the product will meet the general requirement, or preventing the product from implementing the general requirement. While a positive impact represents a desired effect that the SLS will have on the general requirements, such SLS will ensure that the product will satisfy the requirements and result in customer satisfaction. An SLS is said to have no impact if it neither prevents the implementation of the GFR, nor helps satisfying the GFR.The degree of association between components should be measured and used in grouping components into modules. Incorporating the general functional requirement weights can do this, in addition to the system level specifications vectors and their impacts on the general functional requirements to provide a similarity index between components.The similarity indices associated with components are arranged in a component vs. component matrix. Components with high degree of association should be grouped together in design modules. This can be accomplished by using an optimization model that maximizes the sum of the similarities. The optimization model will identify independent modules that can be designed simultaneously. Several models are available for optimization analysis of this model.5．Types of DecompositionA product development process follows a decomposition scheme that reflects the experience of the organization and the individuals that inhabit the organization. This relationship explains the design of many organizations and business processes, of course, and obviously applies to product development processes as performed in the real-world. (The study of contingency theory has explored the relationship of organization structure to the organization’s goals and environment.) The evolut ion of the product development process is influenced by exceptional events (such as disasters that cause managers toimplement controls or regulations designed to ensure that “it never happens again”), by executives and managers who participated in or observed different processes used by other organizations, and by natural processes of continuous improvement. These influences are resisted by the inertia of individuals in the organization (“that’s not the way we do it here”), and the implemention of innovations may fail for other reasons. Klein and Sorra (1996) argue that the implementation effectiveness depends upon implementation climate and implementation policies and practices.Holt et al. (1960) mention a three-stage process for the evolution of a decision-making system. In the first stage, when an organization is small, skilled managers make decisions as situations arise. In the second stage, the complexity of the operations increases, and the firm installs a system of decisionmaking. For routine decisions, heuristics or simple rules guide decision-making. In the third stage, the firm seeks to improve decision-making by implementing decision support tools. Often these tools help decision-makers treat problems in a more integrated fashion.In conclusion, rarely are product development processes explicitly designed to optimize profitability. Still, the never-ending quest to improve processes leads managers to change them, first hoping to improve this metric, then hoping to improve another, always seeking changes that improve all metrics simultaneously. Because different firms find themselves in different positions, they seek different things from their processes. More precisely, there exist a large set of objectives, and each organization prioritizes these objectives differently. Thus, each firm finds a different process most desirable for itself, in the same way that different families looking at the houses for sale in the same city choose different houses based on their own priorities on location, price, number of bedrooms, and so forth.Being unique, each product development organization has a unique product development process that embodies a unique decomposition. If each process has changed over time due to many different reasons, it may seem unreasonable to describe the forces that shape specific product development processes. Indeed, Blanchard and Fabrycky (1998)state that a development process is a generic template that must be “tailored” to a specific project’s need. They describe three common processe s: the waterfall model, the spiral model, and the V model. They observe that preferences among these models are subjective and that careful study is needed to select the best model for a specific project.Still, some authors have described some of the factors that make certain types of processes more or less successful. For instance, Loch and Terwiesch (1998) use an analytical model of concurrent engineering to show how uncertainty (and the speed of uncertainty reduction) affects the optimal amount to overlap activities and the optimal frequency of meetings used to coordinate the concurrent activities. More generally, Pich, Loch, and De Meyer (2002) identify three project management strategies (instructionism, learning, and selectionism) that handle uncertainty in different ways. Accordingly, project managers must determine the adequacy of what is known about the world and the effects of different actions and must determine whether any inadequacy is due to ambiguity or complexity. The paper proposes some simple rules suggesting when to use each strategy.6. Summary and ConclusionsThis article has presented a new methodology for modular design. The complete process is a three-phase process, but only phase I of the methodology is presented. The method illustrates the significance of the group technology coding and classification and the optimization in modular design.This synthesis contributes to a theory of design describes how design happens in practice and explains this behavior. The fundamental axioms include the profit maximization objective, bounded rationality (including limited time and resources available for product development), and the presence of uncertainty.Extending this theory of design will require better understanding of the advantages and drawbacks of different decompositions. Also useful will be understanding the relationship between the effort spent to solve a design subproblem and the quality of the resulting solution.It will be interesting to see how improvements in information technology and decision support systems increase the amount of information that one decision-maker can process and how these improvements change the balance between decomposition and integration. 中文翻译：模块化设计：产品设计的分解与整合摘要:在过去的几年里，公司进行了研究，以改善他们的设计流程，从市场营销支持。

设计的分类与方法学（英语）1 设计 Design2 现代设计 Modern Design3 工艺美术设计 Craft Design4 工业设计 Industrial Design5 广义工业设计 Generalized Industrial Design6 狭义工业设计 Narrow Industrial Design7 产品设计 Product Design8 传播设计 Communication Design8 环境设计 Environmental Design9 商业设计 Commercial Design10 建筑设计 Architectural11 一维设计 One-dimension Design12 二维设计 Two-dimension Design13 三维设计 Three-dimension Design14 四维设计 Four-dimension Design15 装饰、装潢 Decoration16 家具设计 Furniture Design17 玩具设计 Toy Design18 室内设计 Interior Design19 服装设计 Costume Design20 包装设计 packaging Design21 展示设计 Display Design22 城市规划 Urban Design23 生活环境 Living Environment24 都市景观 Townscape25 田园都市 Garden City26 办公室风致 Office Landscape27 设计方法论 Design Methodology28 设计语言 Design Language29 设计条件 Design Condition30 结构设计 Structure Design31 形式设计 Form Design32 设计过程 Design Process33 概念设计 Concept Design34 量产设计，工艺设计 Technological Design35 改型设计 Model Change36 设计调查 Design Survey37 事前调查 Prior Survey38 动态调查 Dynamic Survey39 超小型设计 Compact type40 袖珍型设计 Pocket able Type41 便携型设计 Portable type42 收纳型设计 Selfcontainning Design43 装配式设计 Knock Down Type44 集约化设计 Stacking Type45 成套化设计 Set (Design)46 家族化设计 Family (Design)47 系列化设计 Series (Design)48 组合式设计 Unit Design49 仿生设计 Bionic Design50 功能 Function51 独创性 Originality52 创造力 Creative Power53 外装 Facing54 创造性思维 Creative Thinking55 等价变换思维 Equivalent Transformation Thought58 集体创造性思维法 Brain Storming59 设计决策 (Design) Decision Making62 印象战略 Image Strategy64 功能分化 Functional Differentiation65 功能分析 Functional Analysis66 生命周期 Life Cycle67 照明设计 Illumination Design68 结构素描 Structure Sketching设计色彩方法（英）1 色 Color2 光谱 Spectrum3 物体色 Object Color4 固有色 Proper Color5 色料 Coloring Material6 色觉三色学说 Three-Component Theory7 心理纯色 Unique Color10 色彩混合 Color Mixing11 基本感觉曲线 Trisimulus Valus Curves12 牛顿色环 Newton's Color Cycle13 色矢量 Color Vector14 三原色 Three Primary Colors15 色空间 Color Space16 色三角形 Color Triangle17 测色 Colourimetry18 色度 Chromaticity19 XYZ表色系 XYZ Color System20 实色与虚色 Real Color and Imaginary Color21 色等式 Color Equation22 等色实验 Color Matching Experiment23 色温 Color Temperature24 色问轨迹 Color Temperature Locus25 色彩三属性 Three Attributes of Color26 色相 Hue27 色相环 Color Cycle28 明度 lightness29 彩度（纯度） Chroma30 环境色 Environmental Color31 有彩色 Chromatic Color32 无彩色 Achromatic Colors33 明色 Light Color34 暗色 Dark Color35 中明色 Middle Light Color36 清色 Clear Color37 浊色 Dull Color38 补色 Complementary Color39 类似色 Analogous Color40 一次色 Primary Color41 二次色 Secondary Color42 色立体 Color Solid43 色票 Color Sample44 孟塞尔表色系 Munsell Color System45 奥斯特瓦德表色系 Ostwald Color System46 日本色研色体系 Practical Color Co-ordinate System47 色彩工程 Color Engineering48 色彩管理 Color Control49 色彩再现 Color Reproduction50 等色操作 Color Matching51 色彩的可视度 Visibility of Color52 色彩恒常性 Color Constancy53 色彩的对比 Color Contrast54 色彩的同化 Color Assimilation55 色彩的共感性 Color Synesthesia56 暖色与冷色 Warm Color and Cold Color57 前进色与后退色 Advancing Color Receding Color58 膨胀色与收缩色 Expansive Color and Contractile Color59 重色与轻色 Heavy Color and Light Color60 色阶 Valeur61 色调 Color Tone62 暗调 Shade63 明调 Tint64 中间调 Halftone65 表面色 Surface Color66 平面色 Film Color67 色彩调和 Color Harmony68 配色 Color Combination69 孟塞尔色彩调和 Munsell Color Harmony70 奥斯特瓦德色彩调和 Ostwald Color Harmony71 孟.斯本瑟色彩调和 Moon.Spencer' Color Harmony72 色彩的感情 Feeling of Color73 色彩的象征性 Color Symbolism74 色彩的嗜好 Color Preference75 流行色 Fashion Color76 色彩的功能性 Color Functionalism77 色彩规划 Color Planning78 色彩调节 Color Conditioning79 色彩调整 Color Coordination80 色彩设计 Color Design材料与加工成型技术（英）1 材料 Material2 材料规划 Material Planning3 材料评价 Material Appraisal4 金属材料 Metal Materials5 无机材料 Inorganic Materials6 有机材料 Organic Materials7 复合材料 Composite Materials8 天然材料 Natural Materials9 加工材料 Processing Materials10 人造材料 Artificial Materials11 黑色金属 Ferrous Metal12 有色金属 Nonferrous Metal13 轻金属材料 Light Metal Materials14 辅助非铁金属材料 By player Nonferrous Metal Materials15 高熔点金属材料 High Melting Point Metal Materials16 贵金属材料 Precious Metal Materials17 辅助非铁金属材料 By player Nonferrous Metal Materials18 高熔点金属材料 High Melting Point Metal Materials19 贵金属材料 Precious Metal Materials20 陶瓷 Ceramics21 水泥 Cement22 搪瓷、珐琅 Enamel23 玻璃 Glass25 钢化玻璃 toughened Glass26 感光玻璃 Photosensitive Glass27 玻璃纤维Glass Fiber28 耐热玻璃 Hear Resisting Glass29 塑料 Plastics30 通用塑料 Wide Plastics31 工程塑料 Engineering Plastics32 热塑性树脂 Thermoplastic Resin33 热固性树脂 Thermosetting Resin34 橡胶 Rubber35 粘接剂 Adhesives36 涂料 Paints37 树脂 Resin38 聚合物 Polymer39 聚丙烯树脂 Polypropylene40 聚乙烯树脂 Polyethylene Resin41 聚苯乙烯树脂 Polystyrene Resin42 聚氯乙烯树脂Polyvinyl Chloride Resin43 丙烯酸树脂 Methyl Methacrylate Resin44 聚烯胺树脂，尼龙 Polyamide Resin45 氟化乙烯树脂 Polyfurol Resin46 聚缩醛树脂 Polyacetal Resin47 聚碳酸脂树脂 Polycarbonate Resin48 聚偏二氯乙烯树脂 Polyvinylidene Resin49 聚醋酸乙烯脂树脂 Polyvinyl Acetate Resin50 聚烯亚胺树脂 Polyimide Resin51 酚醛树脂 Phenolic Formaldehyde Resin52 尿素树脂 Urea Formaldehyde Resin53 聚酯树脂 Polyester Resin54 环痒树脂 Epoxy Resin55 烯丙基树脂 Allyl Resin56 硅树脂 Silicone Resin57 聚氨酯树脂 Polyurethane Resin58 密胺 Melamine Formaldehyde Resin59 ABS树脂 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Redin60 感光树脂 Photosensition Plastics61 纤维强化树脂 Fiber Reinforced Plastic62 印刷油墨 Printing Ink63 印刷用纸 Printing Paper64 铜板纸 Art Paper65 木材 Wood66 竹材 Bamboo67 树脂装饰板 Decorative Sheet68 蜂窝机制板 Honey Comb Core Panel69 胶合板 Veneer70 曲木 Bent Wood71 浸蜡纸 Waxed Paper72 青铜 Bronze73 薄壳结构 Shell Construction74 技术 Technique75 工具 Tool76 金工 Metal Work77 铸造 Casting78 切削加工 Cutting79 压力加工 Plastic Working80 压力加工 Plastic Working81 焊接 Welding82 板金工 Sheet metal Work83 马赛克 Mosaic84 塑性成型 Plastic Working85 灌浆成型 Slip Casting86 挤出成型 Squeezing87 注压成型 Injection Molding88 加压成型 Pressing89 水压成型 Cold Isostatic Pressing90 加压烧结法 Hot Pressing91 HIP成型 Hot Isostatic Pressing92 压缩成型 Compression Molding Pressing93 气压成型 Blow Molding94 压延成型 Calendering95 转送成型 Transfer Molding96 雌雄成型 Slash Molding97 铸塑成型 Casting98 喷涂成型 Spray Up99 层积成型 Laminating100 FW法 Fillament Winding101 粘接与剥离 Adhesion and Excoriation 102 木材工艺 Woodcraft103 竹材工艺 Bamboo Work104 表面技术 Surface Technology105 镀饰 Plating106 涂饰 Coating107 电化铝 Alumite108 烫金 Hot Stamping109 预制作 Prefabrication110 预制住宅 Prefabricated House111 悬臂梁 Cantilever112 金属模具 Mold113 型板造型 Modeling of Teplate114 染料 Dyestuff115 颜料 Artist Color传播与传媒设计（英）1 传播 Communication2 大众传播 Mass Communication3 媒体 Media4 大众传播媒体 Mass Media5 视觉传播 Visual Communication6 听觉传播 Hearing Communication7 信息 Information8 符号 Sign9 视觉符号 Visual Sign10 图形符号 Graphic Symbol11 符号论 Semiotic12 象征 Symbol13 象征标志 Symbol Mark14 音响设计 Acoustic Design15 听觉设计 Auditory Design16 听觉传播设计 Auditory Communication Design17 图象设计 Visual Communication Design18 视觉设计 Visual Design19 视觉传播设计 Visual Communication Design20 图形设计 Graphic Design21 编辑设计 Editorial Design22 版面设计 Layout23 字体设计 Lettering24 CI设计 Corporate Identity Design25 宣传 Propaganda26 广告 Advertising27 广告委托人 Advertiser28 广告代理业 Advertising Agency29 广告媒体 Advertising Media30 广告目的 Advertising Objectives31 广告伦理 Morality of Advertising32 广告法规 Law of Advertising33 广告计划 Advertising Plan34 广告效果 Advertising Effect35 广告文案 Advertising Copy36 广告摄影 Advertising Photography37 说明广告 Informative Advertising38 招贴画海报 Poster39 招牌 Sign-board40 小型宣传册 Pamphlet41 大型宣传册 Portfolio42 商品目录 Catalogue43 企业商报 House Organ44 户外广告 Outdoor Advertising45 POP广告 Point of Purchase Advertising46 展示 Display47 橱窗展示 Window Display48 展示柜 Cabinet49 博览会 Exposition50 万国博览会 World Exposition51 包装 Packaging52 工业包装 Industrial Packing53 标签 Label54 企业形象 Corporate Image55 企业色 Company Color56 动画 Animation57 插图 Illustration58 书法 Calligraphy59 印刷 Initial60 设计费 design fee61 标准 standard62 注册商标 registered trade mark设计美学与设计实验（英）1 美 Beauty2 现实美 Actual Beauty3 自然美 Natural Beauty4 社会美 Social Beauty5 艺术美 Artistic Beauty6 内容与形式 Content and Form7 形式美 Formal Beauty8 形式原理 Principles and Form9 技术美 Beauty of Technology10 机械美 Beauty of Machine11 功能美 Functional Beauty12 材料美 Beauty of Material13 美学 Aesthetics14 技术美学 Technology Aesthetics15 设计美学 Design Aesthetics16 生产美学 Production Aesthetics17 商品美学 Commodity Aesthetics18 艺术 Art19 造型艺术 Plastic Arts20 表演艺术 Performance Art21 语言艺术 Linguistic Art22 综合艺术 Synthetic Arts23 实用艺术 Practical Art24 时间艺术 Time Art25 空间艺术 Spatial Art26 时空艺术 Time and Spatial Art27 一维艺术 One Dimension28 二维艺术 two Dimension29 三维艺术 Three Dimension30 四维艺术 Four Dimension31 舞台艺术 Stagecraft32 影视艺术 Arts of Movie and Television33 环境艺术 Environment Art34 美术 Fine Arts35 戏剧 Drama36 文学 Literature37 意匠 Idea38 图案 Pattern39 构思 Conception40 构图 Composition41 造型 Formation42 再现 Representation43 表现 Expression44 构成 Composition45 平面构成 Tow Dimensional Composition46 立体构成 Three Dimensional Composition47 色彩构成 Color Composition48 空间构成 Composition of Space49 音响构成 Composition and Sound50 多样与统一 Unity of Multiplicity51 平衡 Balance52 对称 Symmetry53 调和、和声 Harmony54 对比 Contrast55 类似 Similarity56 比例 Proportion57 黄金分割 Golden Section58 节奏 Rhythm59 旋律 Melody60 调子 Tone61 变奏 Variation62 纹样 Pattern63 形态 Form64 有机形态 Organic Form65 抽象形态 Abstract Form66 简化形态 Simplified Form67 变形 Deformation68 图学 Graphics69 透视画法 Perspective70 线透视 Linear Perspective71 视点 Eye on Picture Plane72 灭点 Vanishing Point73 平行透视 Parallel Perspective74 成角透视 Angular Perspective75 斜透视 Oblique Perspective76 单点透视 Single Paint Perspective77 两点透视 Tow-Point Perspective78 三点透视 Three-Point Perspective79 鸟瞰图 Bird's Eye View80 平面视图 Ground Plain81 轴侧投影 Axonometric Projection82 设计素描 Design Sketch83 预想图 Rendering84 模型 Model85 粘土模型 Clay Model86 石膏模型 Plaster Model87 木制模型 Wooden Model88 缩尺模型 Scale Model89 原大模型 Mock Up90 仿真模型 Finished Model91 制造原形 Prototype92 计算机图形学 Computer Graphics93 框架模型 Frame Model94 实体模型 Solid Model95 计算机辅助设计 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN96 计算机辅助制造 Computer Aided Manufacture97 计算机三维动画 Computer Three Dimensional Animation98 计算机艺术 Computer Arts99 计算机书法 Computer Calligraphy100 计算机图象处理 Computer Image Processing101 计算机音响构成 Computer Sound Composition实验心理学与人机工程学1 人类工程学 Human Engineering2 人机工程学 Man-Machine Engineering3 工效学 Ergonomic4 人因工程学 Human Factors Engineering5 人因要素 Human Factors6 人机系统 Man-Machine System7 人体工程学 Human Engineering8 人本位设计 Human Standard Design9 实验心理学 Experimental Psychology10 物理心理学 Psychophysics11 感觉 Sensation12 知觉 Perception13 感觉阙限 Threshold of Sensation14 心理量表 Psychological Scaling15 视觉 Visual Perception16 视觉通道 Visual Pathway17 听觉 Hearing Perception18 肤觉 Skin Sensation19 视觉心理学 Visual Psychology20 听觉心理学 Hearing Psychology21 感光元 Photoreceptor Cell36 空间知觉 Space Perception38 运动知觉 Movement Perception39 视错觉 Optical Illusion40 残像 After Image41 似动 Apparent Movement42 视觉后效 Aftereffects in Visual43 瀑布效应 Waterfall Effect44 视线记录仪 Eye Camera45 听觉刺激 Auditory Stimulus46 声压 Sound Pressure47 声压水平 Sound Pressure Level48 频谱 Spectrum49 乐音与非乐音 Tone and Nontone50 噪声 Noise51 听觉阙限 Auditory Threshold52 响度 Loudness53 听觉掩蔽 Auditory Masking54 音乐心理学 Psychology of Music55 音响心理学 Psychology of Sound56 音的四属性 Four Attribute Sound57 音高 Pitch58 音色 Timbre59 力度 Loudness60 频率辨别阙限 Difference Threshold of Frequency61 强度辨别阙限 Difference Threshold of Loudness62 混响 Reverberation63 音源距离感 Distance Perception of Sound64 音源方位感 Orientation Perception of Sound65 立体声 Stereophony66 语言心理学 Psycholinguistics67 语言声谱 Language Spectrum68 语言清晰度 Articulation69 人体尺寸 body dimension70 作业空间 Work Space71 模数 Module72 心理尺度 Psychological Measure73 动作分析 Motion Analysis74 时间研究 Time Study75 动作时间研究 Motion and Time Study79 脑波 Brain Wave80 生物钟 Bio-o'clock81 睡眠 Sleep82 疲劳 Fatigue83 姿态 Body Posture86 肌肉运动学 Kinesiology87 肌电图 Electromyography88 形态学 Morphology89 仿生学 Bionics90 人、环境系统 Man-Environment System91 照明 illumination92 振动 Oscillate93 气候 Climate94 空气调节 Air Conditioning95 功能分配 Functional Allocation设计团体与部分人物（英）1 维也纳工厂 Wiener Werksttate2 德意志制造联盟 Der Deutsche Werkbund3 克兰布鲁克学院 The Cranbrook Academy4 国际现代建筑会议 Congres Internationaux D'Architecture Moderne5 现代艺术馆 Museum Of Modern Art6 芝加哥设计学院 Chicago Institute of Design7 英国工业设计委员会 Council of Industrial Design8 设计委员会 The Desgin Council9 国际建筑师协会 Union Internationale des Architects10 设计研究组织 Design Research Unit11 日本工业设计师协会 Japan Industrial Desginers Association12 日本设计学会 Japanese Society for Science of Design13 乌尔姆造型学院 Ulm Hochschule fur Gestallung14 国际设计协会联合会International Council of Societies Industrial Desgin15 国际工业设计会议 International Design Congress ,ICSID Congress16 国际设计师联盟 Allied International Designers17 国际室内设计师联合会 International Federation of Interior Designers18 国际图形设计协会 International Graphic Desgin Associations19 国际流行色协会International Commission for color in fashion and Textiles20 工业产品设计中心 The Centre de Creation Industrielle21 中国工业设计协会 China Industrial Design Association22 阿尔齐米亚集团 Alchymia Studio23 中国流行色协会 China Fashion Color Association24 中国技术美学委员会 China Technological Aesthetics Association25 莫里斯 Willian Morris (1834-1896E)26 奥斯特瓦德 Wilhelm Friedrich Ostwald(1853-1932G)27 孟赛尔 Albert F.Munsell (1858-1918A)28 凡.德.维尔德 Henry Vande Velde (1863-1957)29 莱特 Lloyd Wright (1867-1959A)30 贝伦斯 Peter Behrens(1868-1940G)31 霍夫曼 Joseph Hoffmann(1870-1956)32 皮克 Frank Pick(1878-1941)33 维斯宁兄弟 Alexander Leonid and Victor Vesnin34 格罗皮乌斯 Walter Gropius(1883-1969)35 蒂格 Walter Dorwin Teague36 利奇 Bernard Leach37 勒.柯不西埃 Le Corbusier(法)38 伊顿 Johennes Itten39 里特维尔德 Gerrit Thomas Rietvela40 庞蒂 Gio Ponti41 拉塞尔 Gordon Russel42 格迪斯 Norman Bel Geddes43 洛伊 Raymond Fermam44 里德 Herbert Read45 莫荷利.纳吉 Laszlo Moholy Nagy46 凡.多伦 Harold Van Doren47 阿尔托 Alvar Aalto48 拜耶 Herbert Bayer50 佩夫斯纳 Nikolans51 布劳耶尔 Marcel Breuer52 佩里安 Charlotte Perriand53 德雷夫斯 Henry Dreyfuss54 迪奥 Christian Dior55 鲍登 Edward Bawden56 贾戈萨 Dante Giacosa57 伊姆斯 Charles Eames58 伊娃齐塞尔 Eva Zeiesl59 比尔MaxBill设计法规与标准（英）1 知识产权Intellectual Property2 著作权 Copyright3 工业产权 Industrial Property4 专利 Patent5 发明专利 Patent for Invention6 实用新型 Utility Model7 外观设计专利 Registration of Design8 注册商标 Registered Trade Mark9 广告法 Advertising Law10 反不正当竞争 Repression of Unfair Competition11 设计费 Design Fee12 标准 Standard13 德国工业标准 Deutsche Industrial Normen设计生产经营与评价1 工业工程学 Industrial Engineering2 工业心理学 Industrial Psychology3 科学管理法 Scientific Management4 生产管理 Production Control5 质量管理 Quality Control6 系统工程 System Engineering7 批量生产 Mass Production8 流水作业 Conveyer System9 互换式生产方式 Interchangeable Production Method10 标准化 Standardization11 自动化 Automation12 市场调查 Market Research13 商品化计划 Merchandising14 产品开发 Product Development15 产品改型 Model Change16 产品测试 Product Testing17 产品成本 Product Cost18 营销学 Marketing19 买方市场 Buyer's Market20 卖方市场 Seller's Marker21 促销 Sales Promotion22 适销 Marketability23 消费者 Consumer24 购买动机调查 Motivation Research25 深层面接法 Depth Interview26 销售热点 Selling Point27 卡通测试法 Cartoon Test28 产品形象 Product Image29 形象策略 Image Strategy30 公共关系 Public Relations31 运筹学 Operations Research32 设计策略 Design Policy33 艺术总监 Art Director设计思潮与流派（英）1 学院派 Academicism2 理性主义 Rationalism3 非理性主义 Irrationalism4 古典主义 Classicism5 浪漫主义 Romanticism6 现实主义 Realism7 印象主义 Impressionism8 后印象主义 Postimpressionism9 新印象主义 Neo-Impressionism(法）10 那比派 The Nabject11 表现主义 Expressionism12 象征主义 Symbolism13 野兽主义 Fauvism14 立体主义 Cubism15 未来主义 Futurism16 奥弗斯主义 Orphism17 达达主义 Dadaism(法)18 超现实主义 Surrealism19 纯粹主义 Purism20 抽象艺术 Abstract Art21 绝对主义，至上主义 Suprematism22 新造型主义 Neo-plasticisme(法)23 风格派 De Stiji24 青骑士 Der Blaus Reiter25 抒情抽象主义 Lyric Abstractionism26 抽象表现主义 Abstract Expressionism27 行动绘画 Action Painting28 塔希主义 Tachisme(法)29 视幻艺术 Op Art30 活动艺术、机动艺术 Kinetic Art31 极少主义 Minimalism32 概念主义 Conceptualism33 波普艺术 Pop Art34 芬克艺术、恐怖艺术 Funk Art35 超级写实主义 Super Realism36 人体艺术 Body Art37 芝加哥学派 Chicago School38 艺术与手工艺运动 The Arts & Crafts Movement39 新艺术运动 Art Nouveau40 分离派 Secession41 构成主义 Constructivism42 现代主义 Modernism43 包豪斯 Bauhaus44 阿姆斯特丹学派 Amsterdam School45 功能主义 Functionalism46 装饰艺术风格 Art Deco(法)47 国际风格 International Style48 流线型风格 Streamlined Forms49 雅典宪章 Athens Charter50 马丘比丘宪章 Charter of Machupicchu51 斯堪的纳维亚风格 Scandinavia Style52 新巴洛克风格 New Baroque53 后现代主义 Postmodernism54 曼菲斯 Memphis55 高技风格 High Tech56 解构主义 Deconstructivism57 手工艺复兴 Crafts Revival58 准高技风格 Trans High Tech59 建筑风格 Architecture60 微建筑风格 Micro-Architecture61 微电子风格 Micro-Electronics62 晚期现代主义 Late ModernismApplication（产品应用）Telecommunication（通讯行业）Medical（医疗行业）Automotive（汽车行业） PC Peripherals（计算机行业）TV / Audio & Visual （电视；音响）OA Equipment （自动化办公设备）Products（产品种类）General Silicone Rubber 普通硅胶Key-Film (IMD) 薄膜注塑键Key-Film (IMD) + Rubber（KEY-Film+硅胶）Plastic + Rubber (P + R)（塑料+硅胶）TPE or General Rubber特别塑料或橡胶*Various Options（其它选项）:Metallic Spray（材料喷涂） / 2nd Surface Printing（底面印刷） / Coating （保护层）Chrome Plated （电镀）/ Laser Etching （激光雕刻）Mobile Communication（移动通讯）Corded （有绳电话）Cordless（无绳电话）Dect Phones（普通电话）2 Way Radio（对讲机）Platform for most applications 一般用途Examples : Laser-etched, P + R, Key-Film + R, Polydome Assembly, Metaldome Assembly, Spray painted key mat（例如：镭雕，塑料+硅胶，IMD+硅胶，组装弹性导电薄膜和金属导电薄膜，键面喷涂）Various colors, material durometer, printing options to meet aesthetic requirements根据美工要求可选择多种颜色，材料硬度，印刷工艺。

fabrication英语解释-回复Fabrication, in the context of engineering and manufacturing, refers to the process of creating or constructing a product or structure by assembling, shaping, or manipulating various materials. It involves transforming raw materials into a final product through a series of steps and techniques. Fabrication can range from small-scale projects, such as creating a prototype for a new product, to large-scale endeavors, such as constructing a skyscraper. In this article, we will explore the different aspects of fabrication, from its fundamental principles to its practical applications.The first step in the fabrication process is the design or concept stage. Engineers or designers work closely with clients or stakeholders to understand their requirements and expectations for the final product. This stage involves generating ideas, sketching concepts, and creating 3D models or computer-aided design (CAD) drawings. The design phase aims to identify the best approach and materials for fabrication while considering factors such as functionality, aesthetics, and cost.Once the design is finalized, the next step is material selection. The choice of materials is crucial as it affects the performance, durability, and overall quality of the fabricated product. The selection process takes into account factors such as the intended application, environment, load-bearing capacity, and budget. Common materials used in fabrication include metals, plastics, composite materials, and ceramics. Each material has its unique properties and requires specific techniques for shaping and joining.After material selection, the fabrication process moves on to material preparation. This step involves cutting, shaping, or forming the raw materials into the desired components or structures. Various techniques are used depending on the material and complexity of the design. For example, metals may be cut using saws, lasers, or plasma cutters, while plastics may be molded or extruded. Precision and accuracy are critical to ensure the components fit together correctly during assembly.Joining or assembling the fabricated components is the next step. This involves using techniques such as welding, adhesive bonding,fastening, or soldering to connect the individual pieces and create the final product. The choice of joining method depends on factors such as the material, strength requirements, and desired appearance. Welding, for instance, is commonly used in metal fabrication due to its high strength and durability. Adhesive bonding is preferred for joining lightweight materials or when a seamless appearance is desired.Once the fabrication process is complete, the final product undergoes inspection and quality control. This step ensures that the fabricated item meets the required specifications, standards, and safety regulations. Inspection can involve visual checks, measurements, non-destructive testing, or performance testing. Quality control procedures are implemented to identify any defects, flaws, or inconsistencies and make necessary adjustments or repairs.Fabrication finds application in various industries, including aerospace, automotive, construction, and consumer electronics. For example, in the aerospace industry, fabrication is used to create intricate components for aircraft, such as engine parts,wings, and fuselage structures. In the automotive industry, fabrication is involved in manufacturing car bodies, chassis, and interior components. In construction, fabrication is used for creating steel structures, precast concrete elements, and architectural features.In conclusion, fabrication is a complex and multifaceted process that involves transforming raw materials into a final product through design, material selection, preparation, joining, and inspection steps. It requires expertise in diverse areas such as engineering, design, material science, and quality control. Fabrication plays a crucial role in various industries and contributes to the creation of innovative and functional products.。

织物结构电磁超材料英文回答：Fabric structures are an essential part of our daily lives. They are used in various applications such as clothing, furniture, and architecture. The design and composition of fabric structures play a crucial role in their functionality and performance.One important aspect of fabric structures is their electromagnetic properties. Electromagnetic materials, also known as metamaterials, are engineered to have properties not found in naturally occurring materials. These materials can manipulate electromagnetic waves, such as light and radio waves, in unique ways. They are designed to exhibit properties such as negative refractive index, which allows them to bend light in unconventional ways.For example, consider a fabric structure made of an electromagnetic metamaterial that has a negative refractiveindex. When light passes through this fabric, it can be bent in a way that makes the fabric appear invisible. This concept has been demonstrated in various experiments, andit has the potential for applications such as invisibility cloaks or advanced camouflage.Another interesting property of electromagnetic metamaterials is their ability to manipulate the polarization of light. Polarization refers to the orientation of the electric field of a light wave. By designing fabric structures with specific patterns and compositions, it is possible to control the polarization of light that passes through them.For instance, imagine a fabric structure that is designed to only allow vertically polarized light to pass through. This fabric can be used in applications such as glare reduction in windows or screens. It selectivelyfilters out horizontally polarized light, reducing the intensity of glare and improving visibility.In addition to their electromagnetic properties, fabricstructures can also be engineered to have specific mechanical properties. By adjusting factors such as the weave pattern, thread count, and fiber type, it is possible to create fabrics with different levels of strength, flexibility, and durability.For example, a fabric structure made of tightly woven synthetic fibers can have high tensile strength, making it suitable for applications such as parachutes or safety harnesses. On the other hand, a fabric structure made of loosely woven natural fibers can have high breathability and comfort, making it ideal for clothing in hot and humid climates.In conclusion, fabric structures are versatile and can be designed to have various electromagnetic and mechanical properties. The use of electromagnetic metamaterials in fabric structures opens up new possibilities for applications such as invisibility cloaks and glare reduction. By carefully engineering the composition and design of fabric structures, we can create materials that meet specific functional requirements in differentindustries.中文回答：织物结构是我们日常生活中不可或缺的一部分。

Design-Led Innovation设计驱动创新By Design Council/UK设计委员会/英国In 2006 our former Chairman, Sir George Cox,was commissioned by The Treasury to undertake a review of creativity in business, and to recommend how the governments, educational institutions and to recommend how the governments, educational institutions and businesses could help support economic growth.Supporting innovation sat at the heart of his recommendations because he saw that the UK currently earns most of our living through high value creative industry, and that without protection,investment and development, our creative industries could falter in the face of developing international competition. Sir George saw that designers working as part of a multi-disciplinary team, with business managers, engineers, scientists and technologists, can support innovation in the UK.设计驱动创新由英国设计委员会/2006年，我们的前主席乔治•考克斯爵士(Sir George Cox)受英国财政部委托，对商业中的创造力进行了一次评估，并就政府、教育机构如何以及政府、教育机构和企业如何帮助支持经济增长提出建议。

1.•Vt could drops or c limbs as gate length shrinks à Short Channel Effect or Reverse Short Channel Effect.2•Vt could drops or climbs as AA width shrinks àNarrow width Effect or Reverse Narrow Width Effect.3•Channel profile determines SCE and RSCE.4•Isolation structure and channel profile determines NWE and RNWE.ASIC: 专用集成电路application specific ICW/S:width/spaceSTI: shallow slot isolationSlurry泥浆, 浆Pad 衬垫RTI 实时检测SC specially characteristic 关键属性Numerical Aperture（N.A.）數值孔徑LDD: low dose drain 轻掺杂漏极: to supperess the SCEATPG:auto test pattern generatorADI: After Developing InspectionDIBL (Drain Induced Barrier Lowering)GIDL(gate induced drain leakage)PSM phase-shift mask 相移掩膜技术SC1 standard clean 1SC2 standard clean 2FEOL front-end of lineBEOL back-end of lineDIBL: drain induced barrier lowerGIDL: drain induced drain leakageSCE: short channel effectSAC oxide: sacrifice oxideDARC: dielectric anti-reflective coating 无机物; barc & tarc bottom and top 有机物SDE:source/drain-extensionRCA : SC1 + SC2Caro:3号液：PRRM: PhotoResist ReMoveEKC : EKC 270T (solvent name)APM，SPM，HPM的主要成分，除何种杂质；HF的作用。

Design and fabrication of narrow band radar absorbing materials at terahertz frequenciesR.H. Giles, A.J. Gatesman, A.P. Ferdinand and J. WaldmanUniversity of Lowell Research FoundationLowell, Massachusetts 01854ABSTRACTThe technique of tailoring the complex refractive index of an artificial dielectric material has been developed at the University of Lowell Research Foundation (ULRF). Low reflection coatings, generally referred to as Dällenbach layers, have been designed for metal substrates using the artificial dielectric. The method of characterizing materials for the purpose of tailoring their dielectric properties at terahertz frequencies will be discussed. Results will be shown for a typical dielectric coated aluminum plate specifically designed for low reflection behavior at ≈ 0.6 terahertz.2. INTRODUCTIONDesign of optical and quasi-optical measurement systems operating at terahertz frequencies require a wide range of materials for component fabrication. Critical to implementation of these laboratory systems are far-infrared radiation absorbing material (FIRAM) which may be used to suppress unwanted stray radiation. One type of FIRAM, known at microwave frequencies as the Dällenbach layer, consists of a metal substrate coated with an evenly thick homogeneous lossy dielectric material.[1] See figure 1.Realization of the Dällenbach layer as FIRAM starts with ULRF's development of a particular class of submillimeter wavelength artificial dielectric, generically referred to as metallic paints. The paint, manufactured by Stainless Steel Coatings, Inc. of Littleton, Mass, consists of resins such as vinyl acetate, silicone or polyurethane uniformly loaded with stainless steel flakes. Since the metal flakes are dimensionally small compared to the wavelength, the paint exhibits optical properties of a homogeneous media which depend on the concentration of stainless steel flake.Measurements were performed on a series of vinyl acetate based paint samples, each with a different concentration of stainless steel flake. The material's complex refractive index, n – i k, was shown to be well behaved as a function of the metal flake loading ratio, ρ. An algorithm was developed to describe the behavior analytically and expressed as:n ≈ 1.73 x 100.0201 ρand k ≈ 0.082 x 100.0504 ρ(1)for a loading ratio in the regime of 0 ≤ ρ ≤ 30 grams of stainless steel flake per liter of vinyl acetate binder.The technique of characterizing and tailoring the dielectric constant of metal loaded paints at terahertz frequencies had been previously demonstrated at ULRF.[2] When tied to theoretical modeling of the paint's reflectivity as a function of thickness, dielectric constant and frequency using the Fresnel equations, anechoic coatings can be designed to provide more than –25dB of radar cross section (RCS) reduction at any frequency in the terahertz regime.metal substrate artificial dielectric layer}t = /4nλFigure 1. The FIRAM depicted is a resonant absorption structure which consists of a quarter wavelength thick homogeneous lossy dielectric surface on a metal plate.3. THEORY OF THE RESONANT ABSORBERThe dielectric properties of metallic paints at terahertz frequencies are ideal for providing an anechoic layer on metal surfaces. As shown in figure 1, these paints provide the vehicle for which phase and amplitude matching of the incident electric field can occur. The paint's complex refractive index model, defined by equations 1, allows calculation of the FIRAM's optical behavior using the Fresnel equations.[3] With a reflectivity of ≈ 1 for aluminum[4], the resonant structure's theoretical reflectivity was approximated asR ≈r + e–2 i β1 + r e–2 i β2(2)where r = N – 1N + 1andβ = 2π N t/λare the paint's front surface reflectivity and phase thickness, respectively.Close inspection of equation 2 indicates that a dielectric layer with phase thickness equal to a quarter wavelength should cause destructive interference at the material's front surface. Furthermore, if the amplitude of electric field reflected from the paint's front surface equals that of the back surface which suffers absorption, all of the incident electric field is reflected back into the material and complete resonant absorption, i.e. the FIRAM, is established.4. EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENTSCalculations were performed to predict fabrication parameters for a range of FIRAM samples using the paint's experimentally determined dielectric properties along with the theory described. The far-infrared reflectivity of these samples were measured over a frequency regime of 300 GHz to 3 THz using fourier transform spectroscopy (FTS). Due to uncertainties in the refractive index model (Equation 1), the predicted fabrication parameters were only adequate for evaluating the FIRAM's general reflectivity behavior. Therefore several samples of metallic paint were prepared and tested with stainless steel loading ratios ranging from 15 to 25 grams of stainless steel flake per liter of vinyl acetate binder. Also each paint sample was applied to several aluminum substrates for thicknesses which varied from 0.0005" to 0.005".The frequency at which reflectivity nulls occurred were identified for each sample and the FTS measurement results were compared to theory. Careful analysis of the resonant structure's multiple reflection theory (Equation 2), allowed modification of the paint's refractive index model to achieve tighter characterization tolerances at the frequency of interest (0.585 THz). From the modified model, the artificial dielectric layer was specifically matched in metal loading and thickness to create a Dällenbach layer which produced an RCS reduction of –27dB at 0.585 THz. Reflectivity data on additional samples will be presented to indicate the flexibility of fabricating FIRAMs at other frequencies in the terahertz regime.5. CONCLUSIONSWe have demonstrated that artificial dielectric layers, in the form of metallic paints, can be optimized to operate as resonant absorbers for any frequency over the regime of 300 GHz to 3 THz. We also have determined that these anechoic coatings can be designed to provide more than –25dB of radar cross section (RCS) reduction. Since the base paints are relatively inexpensive and easily applied using a standard spray gun, the technology is well suited for large scale operations requiring FIRAM at terahertz radar frequencies.6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe authors wish to thank David Gavin of Stainless Steel Coatings, Inc. in Littleton, Mass for his cooperation on this research. His willingness to supply base constituents of the SteelIt™ products simplified characterization of the artificial dielectric material.300025002000150010005000-5Frequency(GHz)Figure 2. The reflectivity as a function of frequency for an artificial dielectric material specifically matched in metal loading and thickness to provide an RCS reduction of –27dB at 0.585 terahertz.6. REFERENCES1.G.T. Ruck, D.E. Barrick, W.D. Stuart and C.K. Kirchbaum, Radar Cross Section Handbook, Volumne 2, Plenum Press 1970, Section 8.3.2.1.1.32.R.H. Giles, A.P. Ferdinand, M.J. Coulombe, J. Waldman, ULRF and W. Nixon, W. Reinhold, AFSTC:"Submillimeter Wavelength Modeling of Dielectric Materials in Polarimetric Radar Approaches", Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Direct and Inverse Methods in Radar Polarimetry, Bad Windsheim, Federal Republic of Germany, September 1988.3.R.M.A. Azzam and N.M. Bashara, Ellipsometry and Polarized Light, North-Holland 1979, Section4.34.M.A. Ordal, R.J. Bell, R.W. Alexander, L.L.Long and M.R. Querry; "Optical Properties of Fourteen Metals in the infrared and far-infrared: Al, Co, Cu, Au, Fe, Pb, Mo, Ni, Pd, Pt, Ag, Ti, V, and W." Applied Optics, Vol. 24, No. 24, pp 4493-4499, Dec. 1985 Note on reference: Theoretical e valuation of the frequency dependent complex refractive index for aluminum was possible using the Drude model with parameters suggested by Ordal et al. The reflectivity of Al was determined to have a value of 0.99735 at 0.585 THz.。

目录01课Cotton Growing棉花种植 ............................................................... 1 02课Cotton Properties and Uses棉纤维的特性和用途................................... 2 04课Wool羊毛 ........................................................................................... 5 05课 Structure and Properties of Wool羊毛纤维的结构和性能 .................... 7 06课 Silk丝绸 ........................................................................................ 10 07课 Flax亚麻 ..................................................................................... 13 09课 Rayon人造丝 (16)12课YARNS (19)13课纱线结构和织物外观的关系 (20)21课精纺和粗纺 (22)25课络纱 (23)27课整经 (26)33 课织机 (34)40课蓬勃发展的非织造布 (43)49课染色 (48)第一课Cotton Growing棉花种植Cotton is the world's most widely used fiber. Its popularity stems from both its relative ease of production and its applicability to a wide variety of textile products. The priceof cotton yarn, however, is strongly dependent upon the cost of labor, so that in the industrialized nations, where labor is expensive, cotton yarns may be relatively high priced.棉花是世界上使用最广泛的纤维。

船舶专业英文词汇No.1船舶专业英语词汇（按照字母顺序排列）（一）afairedsetoflines经过光顺处理的一套型线astereopairofphotographs一对立体投影相片abaft朝向船体abandonmentcost船舶废置成本费用accommodation居住（舱室）accommodationladder舷梯adjustvalve调节阀adjustable-pitch可调螺距式admiralty海军部advancecoefficient进速系数aerostatic空气静力学的aftpeakbulkhead艉尖舱壁aftpeaktank艉尖舱aileron副鳍aircushionvehicle气垫船airdiffuser空气扩散器airintake进气口aircraftcarrier航空母舰air-drivenwaterpump气动水泵airfoil气翼，翼剖面，机面，方向舵alignmentchock组装校准用垫楔aluminumalloystructure铝合金结构AmericanBureauofShipping美国船级社amidships舯amphibious两栖的anchorarm锚臂anchorchain锚链anchorcrown锚冠anchorfluke锚爪anchormouth锚唇anchorrecess锚穴anchorshackle锚卸扣anchorstock锚杆anglebar角钢angleofattack攻角angleplate角钢angleddeck斜角甲板anticipatedloadsencounteredatsea在波浪中遭遇到的预期载荷anti-pitchingfins减纵摇鳍antirollfins减摇鳍anti-rollingtank减摇水舱appendage附体artisan技工assemblyline装配流水线at-seareplenishment海上补给augmentofresistance阻力增额auxiliarysystems辅机系统auxiliarytank调节水舱axialadvance轴向进速backingstructure垫衬结构back-upmember焊接垫板balanceweight平衡锤ballbearing滚珠轴承ballvalve球阀ballasttank压载水舱bar型材barkeel棒龙骨，方龙骨，矩形龙骨barge驳船baseline基线basicdesign基本设计batten压条，板条beam船宽，梁beambracket横梁肘板beamknee横梁肘板bed-plategirder基座纵桁bending-momentcurves弯矩曲线Benoulli’slaw伯努利定律berthterm停泊期bevel折角bidder投标人bilge舭，舱底bilgebracket舭肘板bilgeradius舭半径bilgesoundingpipe舭部边舱水深探管bitt单柱系缆桩bladeroot叶跟bladesection叶元剖面blast喷丸blockcoefficient方形系数bluepeter出航旗boardingdeck登艇甲板boatdavit吊艇架boatfall吊艇索boatguy稳艇索bobstay首斜尾拉索bodyplan横剖面图bolt螺栓，上螺栓固定Bonjeancurve邦戎曲线boom吊杆boss螺旋桨轴榖bottomsidegirder旁底桁bottomsidetank底边舱bottomtransverse底列板boundarylayer边界层bowline前体纵剖线bowwave艏波bowsprit艏斜桅bow-thruster艏侧推器boxgirder箱桁bracketfloor框架肋板brake制动装置brakeband制动带brakecrankarm制动曲柄brakedrum刹车卷筒brakehydrauliccylinder制动液压缸brakehydraulicpipe刹车液压管breadthextreme最大宽，计算宽度breadthmoulded型宽breakbulk件杂货breasthook艏肘板bridge桥楼，驾驶台bridgeconsolestand驾驶室集中操作台BSRA英国船舶研究协会buckle屈曲bufferspring缓冲弹簧built-upplatesection组合型材bulbplate球头扁钢bulbousbow球状船艏，球鼻首bulkcarrier散货船bulkoilcarrier散装油轮bulkhead舱壁bulwark舷墙bulwarkplate舷墙板bulwarkstay舷墙支撑buoytender航标船buoyant浮力的buoyantbox浮箱BureauVeritas法国船级社buttweld对缝焊接butterflyscrewcap蝶形螺帽buttock后体纵剖线byconvention按照惯例，按约定船舶专业英语词汇（按照字母顺序排列）（二）cableship布缆船cablewinch钢索绞车CAD(computer-aideddesign)计算机辅助设计CAE(computer-aidedmanufacturing)计算机辅助制造CAM(computer-aidedengineering)计算机辅助工程camber梁拱cantbeam斜横梁cantframe斜肋骨cantileverbeam悬臂梁capacityplan舱容图CAPP(computer–aidedprocessplanning)计算机辅助施工计划制定capsize倾覆capsizingmoment倾覆力臂captain船长captured-air-bubblevehicle束缚气泡减阻船cargocubic货舱舱容，载货容积cargohandling货物装卸carriage拖车，拖架caststeelstempost铸钢艏柱catamaran高速双体船catamaran双体的cavitation空泡cavitationnumber空泡数cavitationtunnel空泡水筒centerkeelson中内龙骨centerlinebulkhead中纵舱壁centroid型心，重心，质心，矩心chaincablestopper制链器chart海图charterer租船人chiefengineer轮机长chine舭，舷，脊chock导览钳CIM(computerintegratedmanufacturing)计算机集成组合制造circulationtheory环流理论classificationsociety船级社cleat系缆扣clipperbow飞剪型船首clutch离合器coastalcargo沿海客货轮cofferdam防撞舱壁combinedcastandrolledstem混合型艏柱commercialship营利用船commissaryspaces补给库舱室，粮食库commoncarrier通用运输船commuter交通船compartment舱室compass罗经conceptdesign概念设计connectingtank连接水柜constant-pitchpropeller定螺距螺旋桨constraintcondition约束条件container集装箱containerized集装箱化contractdesign合同设计contra-rotatingpropellers对转桨controllable-pitch可控螺距式corrosion锈蚀，腐蚀couple力矩，力偶crane克令吊，起重机crank曲柄crest(ofwave)波峰crewquarters船员居住舱criterion判据，准则CriticalPathMethod关键路径法cross-channelautomobileferries横越海峡车客渡轮cross-sectionalarea横剖面面积crow’snest桅杆了望台cruiserstern巡洋舰尾crussingrange航程cupandballjoint球窝关节curvature曲率curvesofform各船形曲线cushionofair气垫damagestability破损稳性damper缓冲器damping阻尼davitarm吊臂deadweight总载重量de-ballast卸除压载decklineatside甲板边线decklongitudinal甲板纵骨deckstringer甲板边板decktransverse强横梁deckhouse舱面室，甲板室deepvhull深v型船体delivery交船depth船深derrick起重机，吊杆designmargin设计余量designspiral设计螺旋循环方式destroyer驱逐舰detachableshackle散合式连接卸扣detaildesign详细设计diagonalstiffener斜置加强筋diagram图，原理图，设计图dieselengine柴油机dimensionlessratio无量纲比值displacement排水量displacementtypevessel排水型船distributedload分布载荷division站，划分，分隔dowork做功dock泊靠doublehook山字钩doubleiterationprocedure双重迭代法doublerollerchock双滚轮式导览钳double-actingsteamcylinder双向作用的蒸汽气缸downhalyard降帆索draft吃水drag阻力，拖拽力drainage排水draught吃水，草图，设计图，牵引力dredge挖泥船drift漂移，偏航drillingrig钻架drillship钻井船driveshaft驱动器轴drivinggearbox传动齿轮箱drivingshaftsystem传动轴系drydock干船坞ductedpropeller导管螺旋桨dynamicsupportedcraft动力支撑型船舶dynamometer测力计，功率计船舶专业英语词汇（按照字母顺序排列）（三）e.h.p有效马力eccentricwheel偏心轮echo-sounder回声探深仪eddy漩涡eddy-makingresistance漩涡阻力efficiency供给能力，供给量electrohydraulic电动液压的electroplater电镀工elevations高度，高程，船型线图的侧面图，立视图，纵剖线图，海拔empiricalformula经验公式enclosedfabricationshop封闭式装配车间enclosedlifeboat封闭式救生艇endopenlink末端链环endshackle末端卸扣endurance续航力endurance续航力，全功率工作时间engineroomframe机舱肋骨engineroomhatchendbeam机舱口端梁ensignstaff船尾旗杆entrance进流段erection装配，安装exhaustvalve排气阀expandedbracket延伸肘板expansionjoint伸缩接头extrapolate外插fair光顺faisedfloor升高肋板fan鼓风机fatigue疲劳feasibilitystudy可行性研究featheringblade顺流变距桨叶fender护舷ferry渡轮，渡运航线filletweldconnection贴角焊连接finanglefeedbackset鳍角反馈装置finefastship纤细高速船fineform瘦长船型finiteelement有限元firetubeboiler水火管锅炉fixed-pitch固定螺距式flange突边，法兰盘flankingrudders侧翼舵flap-typerudder襟翼舵flare外飘，外张flatofkeel平板龙骨fleetsofvessels船队flexural挠曲的floatingcrane起重船floodablelengthcurve可进长度曲线flowofmaterials物流flowpattern流型，流线谱flushdeckvessel平甲板型船flyingbridge游艇驾驶台flyingjib艏三角帆foldingbatchcover折叠式舱口盖foldingretractablefinstabilizer折叠收放式减摇鳍followingedge随边followingship后续船footbrake脚踏刹车forepeak艏尖舱forgedsteelstem锻钢艏柱forging锻件，锻造forwarddraftmark船首水尺forward/aferperpendicular艏艉柱forward/aftershoulder前/后肩foundrycasting翻砂铸造frame船肋骨，框架，桁架freeboard干舷freeboarddeck干舷甲板freightrate运费率freshwaterloadline淡水载重线frictionalresistance摩擦阻力Froudenumber傅汝德数fuel/watersupplyvessel油水供给船fullform丰满船型fullscale全尺度fullness丰满度funnel烟囱furnishings内装修gaff纵帆斜桁gaffforesail前桅主帆gangway舷梯ganttchart甘特图gasketedopenings装以密封垫的开口generalarrangement总布置generalcargoship杂货船generatrix母线geometricallysimilarform外形相似船型girder桁梁，桁架girderoffoundation基座纵桁governmentalauthorities政府当局，管理机构gradient梯度gravingdock槽式船坞GreenBook绿皮书，19世纪英国另一船级社的船名录，现合并与劳埃德船级社，用于登录快速远洋船grosston长吨（1.016公吨）grouptechnology成祖建造技术GT成组建造技术guided-missilecruiser导弹巡洋舰gunwale船舷上缘gunwaleangle舷边角钢gunwaleroundedthickstrake舷边圆弧厚板guyline定位索gypsy链轮gyro-pilotsteeringindicator自动操舵操纵台gyroscope回转仪船舶专业英语词汇（按照字母顺序排列）（四）halfbreadthplan半宽图halfdepthgirder半深纵骨halfroundedflatplate半圆扁钢hardchine尖舭hatchbeamsockets舱口梁座hatchcoaming舱口围板hatchcover舱口盖hatchcover舱口盖板hatchcoverrack舱口盖板隔架hatchsidecantilever舱口悬臂梁hawsepipe锚链桶hawsehole锚链孔heave垂荡heel横倾heelpiece艉柱根helicoidal螺旋面的，螺旋状的hinge铰链hingedsterndoor艉部吊门HMS英国皇家海军舰艇hog中拱hold船舱homogeneouscylinder均质柱状体hopperbarge倾卸驳horizontalstiffener水平扶强材hub桨毂，轴毂，套筒hullform船型，船体外形hullgirderstress船体桁应力HVAC(heatingventilatingandcooling)取暖，通风与冷却hydraulicmechanism液压机构hydrodynamic水动力学的hydrofoil水翼hydrostatic水静力的IAGG(interactivecomputergraphics)交互式计算机图像技术icebreaker破冰船icebreaker破冰船IMCO(IntergovernmentalMaritimeConsultativeOrganization)国际海事质询组织immerse浸水，浸没impactload冲击载荷imperialunit英制单位instrake内列板inboardprofile纵剖面图incrementalplasticity增量塑性independenttank独立舱柜initialstabilityatsmallangleofinclination小倾角初稳性inlandwaterwaysvessel内河船innerbottom内底in-planeload面内载荷intactstability完整稳性intercostals肋间的，加强的InternationalAssociationofClassificationSociety(IACS)国际船级社联合会InternationalTowingTankConference(ITTC)国际船模试验水池会议intersection交点，交*，横断（切）inventorycontrol存货管理iterativeprocess迭代过程jack船首旗jack千斤顶joinery细木工keel龙骨keellaying开始船舶建造kentershackle双半式连接链环Kristen-Boeingpropeller正摆线推进器landingcraft登陆艇launch发射，下水launch汽艇launchingequipmeng（向水中）投放设备LCC大型原油轮leadingedge导缘，导边ledge副梁材lengthoverall总长leveler调平器，矫平机lifesavingappliance救生设备lifebuoy救生圈lifejacket救生衣liftfan升力风扇liftoffsets量取型值lightloaddraft空载吃水lighteninghole减轻孔light-ship空船limbersboard舭部污水道顶板linertrade定期班轮营运业lines型线linesplan型线图Linneanhierarchicaltaxonomy林式等级式分类学liquefiedgascarrier液化气运输船liquefiednaturalgascarrier液化天然气船liquefiedpetroleumgascarrier液化石油气船liquidbulkcargocarrier液体散货船liquidchemicaltanker液体化学品船list倾斜livingandutilityspaces居住与公用舱室Lloyd’sRegisterofshipping劳埃德船级社Lloyd’sRules劳埃德规范LoadLineConvention载重线公约loadlineregulations载重线公约，规范loadwaterplane载重水线面loftfloor放样台longitudinal(transverse)纵（横）稳心高longitudinalbending纵总弯曲longitudinalprismaticcoefficient纵向菱形系数longitudinalstrength纵总强度longitudinallyframedsystem纵骨架式结构luffingwinch变幅绞车machineryvendor机械（主机）卖方magnetgantry磁力式龙门吊maidenvoyage处女航mainimpeller主推叶轮mainshafting主轴系majorship大型船舶maneuverability操纵性manhole人孔marginplate边板maritime海事的，海运的，靠海的markdiskofspeedadjusting速度调整标度盘mast桅杆mastclutch桅座matrix矩阵merchantship商船MerchantShipbuildingReturn商船建造统计表metacenter稳心metacentricheight稳心高metalplatepath金属板电镀槽metalworker金属工metricunit公制单位middlelineplane中线面midshipsection舯横剖面midshipsectioncoefficient中横剖面系数ML物资清单，物料表modeltank船模试验水池monitoringdeskofmainengineoperation主机操作监视台monitoringscreenofscrewworkingcondition螺旋桨运转监视屏moreshapetotheshell船壳板的形状复杂mouldloft放样间multihullvessel多体船multi-purposecarrier多用途船multi-shipprogram多种船型建造规划mushroomventilator蘑菇形通风桶mutuallyexclusiveattribute相互排它性的属性船舶专业英语词汇（按照字母顺序排列）（五）N/C数值控制nauticalmile海里navalarchitecture造船学navigationarea航区navigationdeck航海甲板near-universalgear准万向舵机，准万向齿轮net-loadcurve静载荷曲线neutralaxis中性轴，中和轴neutralequilibrium中性平衡non-retractablefinstabilizer不可收放式减摇鳍normal法向的，正交的normaloperatingcondition常规运作状况nosecone螺旋桨整流帽notch开槽，开凹口oar橹，桨obliquebitts斜式双柱系缆桩oceangoingship远洋船off-centerloading偏离中心的装载offsets型值offshoredrilling离岸钻井offshorestructure离岸工程结构物oilfiller加油点oilskimmer浮油回收船oil-rig钻油架on-deckgirder甲板上桁架openwater敞水optimalitycriterion最优性准则orecarrier矿砂船orthogonal矩形的orthogonal正交的outstrake外列板outboardmotor舷外机outboardprofile侧视图outerjib外首帆outfit舾装outfitter舾装工outrigger舷外吊杆*头overallstability总体稳性overhang外悬paddle桨paddle-wheel-propelled明轮推进的PanamaCanal巴拿马运河pantingarrangement强胸结构，抗拍击结构pantingbeam强胸横梁pantingstringer抗拍击纵材parallelmiddlebody平行中体partialbulkhead局部舱壁payload有效载荷perpendicular柱，垂直的，正交的photogrammetry投影照相测量法piledrivingbarge打桩船pillar支柱pinjig限位胎架pintle销，枢轴pipefitter管装工pipelayingbarge铺管驳船piston活塞pitch螺距pitch纵摇planviews设计图planninghull滑行船体Plimsollline普林索尔载重线polar-explorationcraft极地考察船poop尾楼port左舷portcall沿途到港停靠positiverightingmoment正扶正力矩powerandlightingsystem动力与照明系统precept技术规则preliminarydesign初步设计pressurecoaming阻力式舱口防水挡板principaldimensions主尺度ProgramEvaluationandReviewTechnique规划评估与复核法progressiveflooding累进进水project探照灯propellershaftbracket尾轴架propellertypelog螺旋桨推进器测程仪PVCfoamedplasticPVC泡沫塑料quadrant舵柄qualityassurance质量保证quarter居住区quarterpillar舱内侧梁柱quarteringsea尾斜浪quasi-steadywave准定长波quay码头，停泊所quotation报价单船舶专业英语词汇（按照字母顺序排列）（六）racking倾斜，变形，船体扭转变形radiographyX射线探伤rake倾斜rakedbow前倾式船首raster光栅refrigeratedcargoship冷藏货物运输船Register（船舶）登录簿，船名录RegistoItalianoNavade意大利船级社regulatingknoboffuelpressure燃油压力调节钮reservebuoyancy储备浮力residuaryresistance剩余阻力resultant合力reverseframe内底横骨Reynoldsnumber雷诺数right-handedpropeller右旋进桨rightingarm扶正力臂，恢复力臂rigidsidewalls刚性侧壁riseoffloor底升riverinewarfarevessel内河舰艇rivet铆接，铆钉roll横摇roll-on/roll-off(Ro/Ro)滚装rotaryscrewpropeller回转式螺旋推进器roundedgunwale修圆的舷边roundedsheerstrake圆弧舷板rubbertile橡皮瓦rudder舵rudderbearing舵承rudderblade舵叶ruddercontrolrod操舵杆ruddergudgeon舵钮rudderpintle舵销rudderpost舵柱rudderspindle舵轴rudderstock舵杆ruddertrunk舵杆围井run去流段sag中垂salvageliftingvessel救捞船scale缩尺，尺度schedulecoordination生产规程协调schedulereviews施工生产进度审核screenbulkhead轻型舱壁Seakeepingperformance耐波性能seaspectra海浪谱seastate海况seakeeping适航性seasickness晕船seaworthness适航性seaworthness适航性sectionmoulus剖面模数sectiongs剖面，横剖面self-induced自身诱导的self-propulsion自航semi-balancedrudder半平衡舵semi-submersibledrillingrig半潜式钻井架shaftbossing轴榖shaftbracket轴支架shear剪切，剪力shearbuckling剪切性屈曲shearcurve剪力曲线sheer舷弧sheeraft艉舷弧sheerdrawing剖面图sheerforward艏舷弧sheerplane纵剖面sheerprofile总剖线sheerprofile纵剖图shellplating船壳板shipfitter船舶装配工shiphydrodynamics船舶水动力学shipway船台shipyard船厂shroudedscrew有套罩螺旋桨，导管螺旋桨sideframe舷边肋骨sidekeelson旁内龙骨sideplate舷侧外板sidestringer甲板边板single-cylinderengine单缸引擎sinkage升沉sixdegreesoffreedom六自由度skinfriction表面摩擦力skirt（气垫船）围裙slamming砰击sleeve套管，套筒，套环slewinghydraulicmotor回转液压马达slice一部分，薄片slopingshipway有坡度船台slopingtopplateofbottomsidetank底边舱斜顶板slopintbottomplateoftopsidetank定边舱斜底板softchine圆舭sonar声纳spaderudder悬挂舵spectacleframe眼睛型骨架speed-to-lengthratio速长比sponsondeck舷伸甲板springing颤振stability稳性stableequilibrium稳定平衡starboard右舷staticequilibrium静平衡steamer汽轮船steeringgear操纵装置，舵机stem船艏stemcontour艏柱型线stern船艉sternbarrel尾拖网滚筒sterncounter尾突体sternramp尾滑道，尾跳板sterntransomplate尾封板sternwave艉波stiffen加劲，加强stiffener扶强材，加劲杆straddle跨立，外包式叶片strain应变strake船体列板streamline流线streamlinedcasing流线型套管strengthcurves强度曲线strengthdeck强力甲板stressconcentration应力集中structuralinstability结构不稳定性strut支柱，支撑构型subassembly分部装配subdivision分舱submergednozzle浸没式喷口submersible潜期suctionbackofablade桨叶片抽吸叶背SuezCanaltonnage苏伊士运河吨位限制summerloadwaterline夏季载重水线superintendent监督管理人，总段长，车间主任superstructure上层建筑SupervisionoftheSociety’ssurveyor船级社验船师的监造书suppercavitatingpropeller超空泡螺旋桨surfacenozzle水面式喷口surfacepiercing穿透水面的surfacepreparationandcoating表面加工处理与喷涂surge纵荡surmount顶上覆盖，越过swageplate压筋板swashbulkhead止荡舱壁SWATH(SmallWaterplaneAreaTwinHull)小水线面双体船。

工学专业名称英语力学Mechanics一般力学与力学基础General and Fundamental Mechanics固体力学Solid Mechanics流体力学Fluid Mechanics工程力学Engineering Mechanics机械工程Mechanical Engineering机械制造及其自动化Mechanical Manufacture and Automation机械电子工程Mechatronic Engineering机械设计与理论Mechanical Design and Theory车辆工程Vehicle Engineering光学工程Optical Engineering仪器科学与技术Instrument Science and Technology精密仪器及机械Precision Instrument and Machinery测试计量技术及仪器Measuring and Testing Technologies and Instruments材料科学与工程Materials Science and Engineering材料物理与化学Materials Physics and Chemistry材料学Materialogy材料加工工程Materials Processing Engineering冶金工程Metallurgical Engineering冶金物理化学Physical Chemistry of Metallurgy钢铁冶金Ferrous Metallurgy有色金属冶金Non-ferrous Metallurgy动力工程及工程热物理Power Engineering and Engineering Thermophysics工程热物理Engineering Thermophysics热能工程Thermal Power Engineering动力机械及工程Power Machinery and Engineering流体机械及工程Fluid Machinery and Engineering制冷及低温工程Refrigeration and Cryogenic Engineering化工过程机械Chemical Process Equipment电气工程Electrical Engineering电机与电器Electric Machines and Electric Apparatus电力系统及其自动化Power System and its Automation高电压与绝缘技术High V oltage and Insulation Technology电力电子与电力传动Power Electronics and Power Drives电工理论与新技术Theory and New Technology of Electrical Engineering电子科学与技术Electronics Science and Technology物理电子学Physical Electronics电路与系统Circuits and Systems微电子学与固体电子学Microelectronics and Solid State Electronics电磁场与微波技术Electromagnetic Field and Microwave Technology信息与通信工程Information and Communication Engineering通信与信息系统Communication and Information Systems信号与信息处理Signal and Information Processing945控制科学与工程Control Science and Engineering控制理论与控制工程Control Theory and Control Engineering检测技术与自动化装置Detection Technology and Automatic Equipment系统工程Systems Engineering模式识别与智能系统Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Systems导航、制导与控制Navigation, Guidance and Control计算机科学与技术Computer Science and Technology计算机软件与理论Computer Software and Theory计算机系统结构Computer Systems Organization计算机应用技术Computer Applied Technology建筑学Architecture建筑历史与理论Architectural History and Theory建筑设计及其理论Architectural Design and Theory城市规划与设计(含风景园林规划与设计) Urban Planning and Design (includingLandscape Planning and Design)建筑技术科学Building Technology Science土木工程Civil Engineering岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering结构工程Structural Engineering市政工程Municipal Engineering供热、供燃气、通风及空调工程Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilating and AirConditioning Engineering防灾减灾工程及防护工程Disaster Prevention and Reduction Engineering andProtective Engineering桥梁与隧道工程Bridge and Tunnel Engineering水利工程Hydraulic Engineering水文学及水资源Hydrology and Water Resources水力学及河流动力学Hydraulics and River Dynamics水工结构工程Hydraulic Structure Engineering水利水电工程Hydraulic and Hydro-Power Engineering港口、海岸及近海工程Harbor, Coastal and Offshore Engineering测绘科学与技术Surveying and Mapping大地测量学与测量工程Geodesy and Survey Engineering摄影测量与遥感Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing地图制图学与地理信息工程Cartography and Geographic Information Engineering化学工程与技术Chemical Engineering and Technology化学工程Chemical Engineering化学工艺Chemical Technology生物化工Biochemical Engineering应用化学Applied Chemistry工业催化Industrial Catalysis地质资源与地质工程Geological Resources and Geological Engineering矿产普查与勘探Mineral Resource Prospecting and Exploration地球探测与信息技术Geodetection and Information Technology946矿业工程Mineral Engineering采矿工程Mining Engineering矿物加工工程Mineral Processing Engineering安全技术及工程Safety Technology and Engineering石油与天然气工程Oil and Natural Gas Engineering油气井工程Oil-Gas Well Engineering油气田开发工程Oil-Gas Field Development Engineering油气储运工程Oil-Gas Storage and Transportation Engineering纺织科学与工程Textile Science and Engineering纺织工程Textile Engineering纺织材料与纺织品设计Textile Material and Textiles Design纺织化学与染整工程Textile Chemistry and Dyeing and Finishing Engineering服装设计与工程Clothing Design and Engineering轻工技术与工程The Light Industry Technology and Engineering制浆造纸工程Pulp and Paper Engineering制糖工程Sugar Engineering发酵工程Fermentation Engineering皮革化学与工程Leather Chemistry and Engineering交通运输工程Communication and Transportation Engineering道路与铁道工程Highway and Railway Engineering交通信息工程及控制Traffic Information Engineering Control交通运输规划与管理Transportation Planning and Management载运工具运用工程Vehicle Operation Engineering船舶与海洋工程Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering船舶与海洋结构物设计制造Design and Construction of Naval Architecture andOcean Structure轮机工程Marine Engine Engineering水声工程Underwater Acoustics Engineering航空宇航科学与技术Aeronautical and Astronautical Science and Technology飞行器设计Flight Vehicle Design航空宇航推进理论与工程Aerospace Propulsion Theory and Engineering航空宇航器制造工程Manufacturing Engineering of Aerospace Vehicle人机与环境工程Man-Machine and Environmental Engineering兵器科学与技术Armament Science and Technology武器系统与运用工程Weapon Systems and Utilization Engineering兵器发射理论与技术Armament Launch Theory and Technology火炮、自动武器与弹药工程Artillery, Automatic Gun and Ammunition军事化学与烟火技术Military Chemistry and Pyrotechnics核科学与技术Nuclear Science and Technology核能科学与工程Nuclear Energy Science and Engineering核燃料循环与材料Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials核技术及应用Nuclear Technology and Applications辐射防护及环境保护Radiation and Environmental Protection947农业机械化工程Agricultural Mechanization Engineering农业水土工程Agricultural Water-Soil Engineering农业生物环境与能源工程Agricultural Biological Environmental and Energy农业电气化与自动化Agricultural Electrification and Automation林业工程Forestry Engineering森林工程Forest Engineering木材科学与技术Wood Science and Technology林产化学加工工程Chemical Processing Engineering of Forest Products环境科学与工程Environmental Science and Engineering环境科学Environmental Science环境工程Environmental Engineering生物医学工程Biomedical Engineering食品科学与工程Food Science and Engineering食品科学Food Science粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程Cereals, Oils and Vegetable Protein Engineering农产品加工及贮藏工程Processing and Storage of Agriculture Products水产品加工及贮藏工程Processing and Storage of Aquatic Products948。

工业设计专业英语词汇设计的分类与方法学1 设计Desi gn2 现代设计M odern Desi gn3 工艺美术设计Craft Desi gn4 工业设计I ndustrial Desi gn5 广义工业设计Ge neali zed I ndus-trial Design6 狭义工业设计Narrow Industrial Desi gn7 产品设计Pr oduct De sign8 传播设计Comm unication Desi gn9 商业设计C omercial Desi gn10 建筑设计Architectural11 一维设计O ne-dimension Desi gn12 二维设计Tow-dimension Desi gn13 三维设计T hree-dimension Desi gn14 四维设计F our-dimension Desi gn15 装饰、装潢Dec oration16 家具设计F urniture Desi gn17 玩具设计T oy De sign18 室内设计I nterior Desi gn19 服装设计C ost ume De si gn20 包装设计acka ging Desi gn21 展示设计Display Desi gn22 城市规划Urba n Desgin23 生活环境Living E nvironme nt24 都市景观T ow nscape25 田园都市Gardon City26 办公室风致Office Landsca pe27 设计方法论De sign Met hodol-ogy28 设计语言Desi gn Langua ge29 设计条件Desi gn Condition30 结构设计Structure Desi gn31 形式设计F orm De sign32 设计过程Desi gn Pr ocess33 构思设计C once pt Desi gn34 量产设计，工艺设计T echnol o-gical De sign35 改型设计M odel C hange36 设计调查Desi gn S urvey37 事前调查Prior S urvey38 动态调查Dynamic S urvey 39 超小型设计Com pact type40 袖珍型设计Pockta ble Type41 便携型设计Prota ble ty pe42 收纳型设计Sel fcontainningDesi gn43 装配式设计Knock Down Type44 集约化设计Stacking Ty pe45 成套化设计Set (De sign)46 家族化设计Family (De sign)47 系列化设计Series (Desi gn)48 组合式设计Unit De sign49 仿生设计Bi onics De sign50 功能Function51 独创性Origi nality52 创造力Creative Power53 外装Facing54 创造性思维Creating Thi nking55 等价变换思维E quivale nt T rans-formationn Thought56 KJ法Method of K.J57 戈顿法Synectice58 集体创造性思维法Brai n Storm-ing59 设计决策(Desi gn) DecisionMaking60 T-W-M体系T-W-M system61 O-R-M体系O-R-M system62 印象战略Ima ge Strale gy63 AI DMA原则Law of A IDMA64 功能分化F unctional Di ffere n-tiation65 功能分析F unctional A nalysis66 生命周期Li fe Cycle67 照明设计Ill uminati on Desi gn设计色彩方法1 色C olor2 光谱Spectrum3 物体色Object C olor4 固有色Pr opor Col or5 色料C ol oring Material6 色觉三色学说T hree-C omponentTheary7 心理纯色Uni que C ol or8 拮抗色学说O pponent Col orThe ory9 色觉的阶段模型Stage M odel ofthe Col or Percepti on10 色彩混合C olor Mixing11 基本感觉曲线T risimul us ValusCurves12 牛顿色环Newt on's Col or Cycle13 色矢量C olor Vector14 三原色T hree Primary C olor s15 色空间C olor S pace16 色三角形C olor T riangle17 测色Col ourimetry18 色度Chromaticity19 XYZ表色系XYZ Col or System20 实色与虚色Real C olor andImaginary C ol or21 色等式C olor E quati on22 等色实验Col or MatchingExperiment23 色温Col or T em perature24 色问轨迹Col or T em peratureLocus25 色彩三属性Three Attribtes andColor26 色相Hue27 色相环C olor Cycle28 明度Valve29 彩度Chroma30 环境色E nvironmetal C olor31 有彩色Chr omatic Color32 无彩色Achr omatic Color s33 明色Light Col or34 暗色Dark C olor35 中明色Mi ddl e Light Col or36 清色Clear Col or37 浊色Dull Col or38 补色Com plementary C ol or39 类似色A nalogous Col or40 一次色Primary C olor41 二次色Sec ondary C olor42 色立体C olor S oli d43 色票Col or Sam ple44 孟塞尔表色系Munsell's Col orSystem45 奥斯特瓦德表色系O stwald'sColor System46 日本色研色体系Practical ColorCo-or dinate Sy stem47 色彩工程C olor E ngineeri ng48 色彩管理C olor C ontrol49 色彩再现C olor Re production50 等色操作C olor Matching51 色彩的可视度Visi bility Col or52 色彩恒常性Col or Consta ncy53 色彩的对比Col or Contrast54 色彩的同化Col or Assimilation55 色彩的共感性C olor Sy nesthesia56 暖色与冷色Warm Col or andCold C ol or57 前进色与后退色A dvancingColor Recedi ng Col or58 膨胀色与收缩色Ex pansive Col orand C ontractile Color59 重色与轻色Heavy Col or andLight Col or60 色价Vale ur61 色调Col or Tone62 暗调Sha de63 明调Tint64 中间调Halft one65 表面色S urface C olor66 平面色Film Col or67 色彩调和C olor Harm ony68 配色Col or Com binati on69 孟塞尔色彩调和Munsell's Col orHarmony70 奥斯特瓦德色彩调和O stwald'sColor Harmony71 孟.斯本瑟色彩调和Moon.S pencer's C olor Harmony72 色彩的感情Feeling of C ol or73 色彩的象征性C olor Sym boli sm74 色彩的嗜好Col or Pre ference75 流行色Fashion Col or76 色彩的功能性Col or Functional-ism77 色彩规划C olor Planning78 色彩调节C olor C onditi oni ng79 色彩调整C olor C oordi netion80 色彩设计C olor De sign材料与加工成型技术材料Material材料规划Material Pl anning材料评价Material A ppraisal金属材料Metal Materials无机材料I nor ganic Materials有机材料Orga nic Materials复合材料C omposite Materials天然材料Natural Materials加工材料Processing Materials人造材料Artificial Materials黑色金属Ferrous M etal有色金属N onferrous Metal轻金属材料Li ght M etal Materials辅助非铁金属材料Byplayer N on-ferrous Metal Materials高熔点金属材料High Melting PointMetal Materials贵金属材料Precions M etal Mate-rials陶瓷Ceramics水泥Ceme nt搪瓷、珐琅E namel玻璃Glass微晶玻璃Gla ss C eramics钢化玻璃T uflite Glass感光玻璃Photosensitive Glass纤维玻璃Gla ss Fi ber耐热玻璃Hear Resisti ng Glass塑料Plastics通用塑料Wi de Plastics工程塑料E ngi neering Plastics热塑性树脂Therm opla stic Resin热固性树脂Therm osetting Resi n橡胶R ubber粘接剂A dhe sives涂料Paints树脂Resi n聚合物Polymer聚丙烯树脂Poly propylene聚乙烯树脂Polyethyle ne Resi n聚苯乙烯树脂Polystyrene Resi n聚氯乙烯树脂Polyvinyl C hlori deResin丙烯酸树脂Methyl MethacrylateResin聚烯胺树脂，尼龙Polyami de Resi n氟化乙烯树脂Polyfur ol Resi n聚缩醛树脂Polyacetal Resin聚碳酸脂树脂Polycarbonate Resin聚偏二氯乙烯树脂Polyvinyli de neResin聚醋酸乙烯脂树脂Polyvinyl AcetateResin聚烯亚胺树脂Polyimide Resi n酚醛树脂Phe nolic F ormaldehy deResin尿素树脂Urea Formal dehy de Resi n聚酯树脂Polyester Resi n环痒树脂E poxy Resi n烯丙基树脂Allyl Resin硅树脂Silicone Resi n聚氨酯树脂Poly urethane Resin密胺Melami ne F ormaldehy de ResinABS树脂Acryl onitrile Butadie ne Styrene Redin感光树脂Photosensition Plastics 纤维强化树脂Fiber Reinforced Plastic印刷油墨Printing I nk印刷用纸Printing Pa per铜板纸Art Pa per木材Wood竹材Bam boo树脂装饰板Decorative S heet蜂窝机制板Honey Comb C ore Panel胶合板Veneer曲木Be nt Wood浸蜡纸Waxed Pa per青铜Bronge薄壳结构S hell C onstr uction技术T echnic工具T ool金工Metal W ork铸造Ca sting切削加工Cutting焊接Weldi ng板金工Sheetmetal Woek马赛克M osaic塑性成型Plastic Worki ng灌浆成型Sli p Casti ng挤出成型S qee zing注压成型I njection Mol ding加压成型Pressi ng水压成型C old Isostatic Pressi ng加压烧结法Hot PressingHIP成型Hot Isostatic Pressing压缩成型Com pression M ol ding Pressi ng气压成型Blow M ol ding压延成型Cale nderi ng转送成型T ransfer M oldi ng雌雄成型Sla sh Mol ding铸塑成型Casti ng喷涂成型S pray Up层积成型LaminatingFW法Fillame nt Windi ng 粘接与剥离A dhe sion and Excoria-tion木材工艺W oodcra ft竹材工艺Bamboo W ork表面技术S urface T echnol ogy镀饰Plating涂饰C oating电化铝Alumite烫金Hot Stamping预制作Pre fabrication预制住宅Prefa bricated House悬臂梁Cantilever金属模具M old型板造型M odeling of T eplate染料Dyest uff颜料Artist Col or传播与传媒设计1 传播C ommunication2 大众传播Ma ss C ommunication3 媒体M edia4 大众传播媒体Mass Me dia5 视觉传播Visual C ommunication6 听觉传播Hearing Communica-tion7 信息I nformation8 符号Sign9 视觉符号Visual Si gn10 图形符号Graphic Symbol11 符号论Semi otic12 象征Symbol13 象征标志Sym bol Mark14 音响设计Ac oustic Desi gn15 听觉设计A uditory Desi gn16 听觉传播设计A udit ory C om-munication De sign17 图象设计Visual Communica-tion Desi gn18 视觉设计Vi sual Desi gn19 视觉传播设计Vi sual Comm u-nication Desi gn20 图形设计Graphic De sign21 编辑设计E ditorial Desi gn22 版面设计Lay out23 字体设计Lettering24 CI设计C orporate I dentityDesi gn25 宣传Propa ganda26 广告Adverti sing27 广告委托人Adve ertiser28 广告代理业Adverti sing A gency29 广告媒体A dvertisi ng Me dia30 广告目的Avertisi ng Objectives31 广告伦理Morality of A dvertis-ing32 广告法规Law of A dvertisi ng33 广告计划A dvertisi ng Pla ning34 广告效果A dvertisi ng Effect35 广告文案A dvertisi ng Copy36 广告摄影Advertisi ng Phot o-graphy37 说明广告Informative A dvertis-ing38 招贴画海报Poster39 招牌Sign-boar d40 小型宣传册Pamphlet41 大型宣传册Portfoli o42 商品目录Catal ogue43 企业商报House Orga n44 户外广告O utdoor Advertisi ng45 PO P广告Point of Purcha seAdvertising46 展示Di splay47 橱窗展示Window Display48 展示柜Ca binet49 博览会Expositi on50 万国博览会W orld Ex position51 包装Packagi ng52 工业包装I ndustrial Packing53 标签Label54 企业形象C orporate Ima ge55 企业色C ompa ny Col or56 动画Animati on57 插图Illustration58 书法Calligra phy59 印刷Initial60 设计费desi gn fee61 标准standard62 注册商标re gistere d trade mark设计美学与设计实验1 美Beauty2 现实美Acture Beauty3 自然美Natural Beauty4 社会美S ocial Bea uty5 艺术美Artisitc Bea uty6 内容与形式C onte nt and F orm7 形式美Formal Beauty8 形式原理Pri nciple s and F orm9 技术美Bea uty of Technol ogy10 机械美Beauty of M achine11 功能美Functional Bea uty12 材料美Beauty of M aterial13 美学Aest hetics14 技术美学T echnol ogy Aest het-ics15 设计美学Desi gn Aest hetics16 生产美学P Aroduction Aest het-ics17 商品美学Commodity Aedt het-ics18 艺术Art19 造型艺术Plastic Arts20 表演艺术Performance Art21 语言艺术Li nguistic Art22 综合艺术Sy nthetic Arts23 实用艺术Practical Art24 时间艺术Time Art25 空间艺术Spatial Art26 时空艺术Time and S patial Art27 一维艺术O ne Dimantional28 二维艺术two Dima ntional29 三维艺术T hree Dimanti onal30 四维艺术F our Dimanti onal31 舞台艺术Sta gecraft32 影视艺术Arts of Mm ovie andT elevision33 环境艺术E nvironmental Art34 美术Fine A rts35 戏剧Drama36 文学Literature37 意匠Idea38 图案Pattern39 构思Concepti on40 构图Com position41 造型Formation42 再现Represe ntation43 表现Expression44 构成Com position45 平面构成Tow Dime ntionalComposition46 立体构成T hree Dime ntionalComposition47 色彩构成C olor C om position48 空间构成C ompositi on of S pace49 音响构成Com position andSound50 多样与统一Unity of Multi plicity51 平衡Bala nce52 对称Symmetry53 调和、和声Harm ony54 对比Contrast55 类似Similarity56 比例Proportion57 黄金分割Gol de n Section58 节奏Rhythm59 旋律Mel ody60 调子Tone61 变奏Variation62 纹样Pattern63 形态Form64 有机形态Or ganic F orm65 抽象形态A bstract Form66 简化形态Simptifie d F orm67 变形De formation68 图学Gra phics69 透视画法Perspective70 线透视Linear Perspective71 视点Eye on Picture Pla ne72 灭点Va nishi ng Point73 平行透视Parallel Persective74 成角透视A ngular Perspective75 斜透视O bligue Per spective76 单点透视Single Paint Perdpec-tive77 两点透视Tow-Poi nt Perdpec-tive78 三点透视Three-Poi nt Perdpec-tive79 鸟瞰图Bird's Eye View80 平面视图Ground Plain81 轴侧投影Axonometric Projec-tion82 设计素描Desi gn Sketch83 预想图Rendering84 模型Model85 粘土模型Clay M odel86 石膏模型Plaster M odel87 木制模型Wooden Model88 缩尺模型Scale Model89 原大模型M ock Up90 仿真模型Fi nished Model91 制造原形Prototy pe92 计算机图形学Com puterGraphics93 框架模型Frame M odel94 实体模型Soli d M odel95 计算机辅助设计COMPUTER AIDE D DE SIGN96 计算机辅助制造Com puter Aide d Ma nufacture97 计算机三维动画Com puter Three Dimentional A nimation98 计算机艺术Com puter Arts99 计算机书法C omputer Calli-graphy100 计算机图象处理Com puter Image Processing101 计算机音响构成Com puter Sound Com position实验心理学与人机工程学1 人类工程学Human E ngi neering2 人机工程学Ma n-Machi ne Engi neering3 工效学Ergonomice4 人因工程学Huma n Factors Engi neering5 人因要素Huma n Factors6 人机系统Ma n-Machi ne System7 人体工程学Human E ngi neering8 人本位设计Huma n Ssta ndar d Desi gn9 实验心理学Ex perimental Psy-chology10 物理心理学Psychophy sics11 感觉Se nsation12 知觉Percepti on13 感觉阙限Threshol d of Se nssa-tion14 心理量表Psychological Scaling15 视觉Visual Percepti on16 视觉通道Vi sual Pathway17 听觉He aring Percepti on18 肤觉Skin Sensation19 视觉心理学Visual Psychol ogy20 听觉心理学He aring Psychol ogy21 感光元Photorecept or Cell22 明视、暗视、间视Phootopic Vision ,Scotopic Visi on , Me sopic Vision23 光适应与暗适应Photopic Ada ptation a nd S scotopic Ada pta-tion24 格式塔，完形Gestalt 25 形状知觉Sha pe Perce ption26 轮廓Conot our27 主观轮廓Subjictive Cont our28 图形与背景Figure and Ground29 图形与背景逆转Reversi bleFigure30 良好形状法则Pri nzi p der Gute nGestalt31 群化Grouping32 等质性法则Fsctor of Similarity33 伪装Camoufla ge34 形状的恒常性S hape Consta ncy35 大小的恒常性Si ze C onstancy36 空间知觉Space Perception37 立体视Stereopsi s38 运动知觉M oveme nt Perception39 视错觉O ptical Illusi on40 残像After Ima ge41 似动Apparent Moveme nt42 视觉后效A ftereffects i n Visuvl43 瀑布效应W aterfall E ffect44 视线记录仪Eye Camera45 听觉刺激A uditory Stimul us46 声压S ound Pressure47 声压水平Sound Pressure Level48 频谱S pectrum49 乐音与非乐音Tone and N on-tone50 噪声Noi se51 听觉阙限A uditory T hreshol d52 响度Loudness53 听觉掩蔽A uditory Ma sking54 音乐心理学Psychol ogy ofMusic55 音响心理学Psychol ogy ofSound56 音的四属性Four AttributeSound57 音高Pitch58 音色Timbre59 力度Loudness60 频率辨别阙限Di fference T hre-shold of Frequency61 强度辨别阙限Di fference T hre-shold of Loudness62 混响Reverberation63 音源距离感Di stance Perceptionof S ound64 音源方位感Orientation Perce p-tion of Sound65 立体声Stereophony66 语言心理学Psycholi nguistics67 语言声谱La ngua ge S pectrum68 语言清晰度Articulation69 人体尺寸Huma nla dy Size70 作业空间Work S pace71 模数Module72 心理尺度Psychological Mea s-ure73 动作分析M otion A nalysis74 时间研究Time Study75 动作时间研究M otion a nd TimeStudy76 时间动作轨迹摄影C hronocyc-legragh77 动迹T ra ffic Line78 光迹摄影L uminogram79 脑波Brai n Wave80 生物钟Bio-o'cl ock81 睡眠Slee p82 疲劳Fatigue83 姿态Body Posture84 皮肤电反应Galranic Ski nResponse85 临界闪烁频率Critical FlickerFreque nce86 肌肉运动学Ki nesi ol ogy87 肌电图Electromyography88 形态学M orphol ogy89 仿生学Bionics90 人、环境系统Man-E nvironmentSystem91 照明Hl uminati on92 振动Oscillate93 气候Climate94 空气调节Air C onditioning95 功能分配F unctional All ocation设计团体与部分人物1 维也纳工厂Wiener Werksttate2 德意志制造联盟Der Deutsc heWerkbund3 克兰布鲁克学院The CranbrookAcademy4 国际现代建筑会议CongresInternationaux D'ArchitectureModerne5 现代艺术馆M useum Of M oder nArt6 芝加哥设计学院Chica go I nstituteof Desi gn7 英国工业设计委员会C ouncil ofIndustrial Desi gn8 设计委员会The De sgi n Council9 国际建筑师协会Uni on Inter na-tionale des Architects10 设计研究组织Desi gn ResearchUnit11 日本工业设计师协会Japa nIndustrial Desginer s Associati on12 日本设计学会Japa nese Societyfor Scie nce of Desi gn13 乌尔姆造型学院Ulm Hoc h-schule fur Gestall ung14 国际设计协会联合会Inter na-tional C ouncil of Societies I ndu s-trial Desgin15 国际工业设计会议I nternationalDesi gn C ongre ss ,ICSI D C ongress16 国际设计师联盟Allie d Inter na-tional Desi gners17 国际室内设计师联合会Inter na-tional Federation of I nteriorDesi gner s18 国际图形设计协会I nternationalGraphic Desgi n Associations19 国际流行色协会I nternationalCommissi on for col or in fashionand T extiles20 工业产品设计中心T he Centrede Creation I ndustrielle21 中国工业设计协会China I ndus-trial Design A ssociation22 阿尔齐米亚集团AlchymiaStudi o23 中国流行色协会China FashionColor A ssociation24 中国技术美学委员会Chi naT echnol ogical Aest hetics Associa-tion25 莫里斯Willia n M orris(1834-1896E)26 奥斯特瓦德Wil helm Frie drichOstwald(1853-1932G)27 孟赛尔Al bert F.M unsell(1858-1918A)28 凡.德.维尔德He nry Vande Vel de(1863-1957)29 莱特Lloy d Wri ght(1867-1959A)30 贝伦斯Peter Be-hrens(1868-1940G)31 霍夫曼J ose ph Hoff-mann(1870-1956)32 皮克Frank Pick(1878-1941)33 维斯宁兄弟Alexa nder Le oni dand Victor Vesnin34 格罗皮乌斯Walter Gr o-pius(1883-1969)35 蒂格Walter Dorwin T ea gue36 利奇Ber nard Leach37 勒.柯不西埃Le C or busi er(法)38 伊顿Johennes Itten39 里特维尔德Gerrit Thoma sRietvela40 庞蒂Gi o Ponti41 拉塞尔Gordon Russel42 格迪斯N orman Bel Geddes43 洛伊Raymond Fermam44 里德Her bert Rea d45 莫荷利.纳吉Laszlo M oholyNagy46 凡.多伦Har old Va n Doren47 阿尔托Alvar Aalto48 拜耶Her bert Bayer49 卡桑德拉A.M.Ca ssandre50 佩夫斯纳Nik olans51 布劳耶尔M arcel Breuer52 佩里安Charl otte Perriand53 德雷夫斯He nry Drey fuss54 迪奥Christian Di or55 鲍登Edwar d Baw de n56 贾戈萨Dante Giacosa57 伊姆斯Charle s Eames58 伊娃齐塞尔Eva Zeie sl59 比尔MaxBill设计法规与标准1 知识产权I ntellectual Pr operty2 著作权Copyright3 工业产权I ndustrial Pr operty4 专利Patent5 发明专利Pate nt for Inve ntion6 实用新型Utility M odle7 外观设计专利Regi station ofDesi gn8 注册商标Regi stered T rade Mark9 广告法A dvertising Law10 反不正当竞争Repressi on of Untair Com petition11 设计费Desi gn Fe e12 标准Standard13 德国工业标准De utsche I ndus-trie Normen设计生产经营与评价1 工业工程学Industrial Engineer-ing2 工业心理学I ndustrial Psychology3 科学管理法Scienti fic Ma nage-ment4 生产管理Pr oduction Control5 质量管理Quality Control6 系统工程System E ngi neeri ng7 批量生产Ma ss Production8 流水作业C onveyer System9 互换式生产方式I nterchangea ble Produsction M ethod10 标准化Standardi zation11 自动化A utomation12 市场调查M arket Research13 商品化计划Merchandisi ng14 产品开发Pr oduct Devel ope-ment15 产品改型M odel C hange16 产品测试Product T e sting17 产品成本Product C ost18 营销学Marketing19 买方市场Buyer's Market20 卖方市场Seller's Marker21 促销Sales Prom otion22 适销Marketability23 消费者C onsumer24 购买动机调查Motivation Research25 深层面接法De pth Interview26 销售热点Selling Point27 卡通测试法Cartoon T est28 产品形象Product Ima ge29 形象策略Ima ge Strate gy30 公共关系Public Relations31 运筹学O perations Research32 设计策略Desi gn Policy33 艺术总监Art Director设计思潮与流派（英）1 学院派Academicism2 理性主义Rationalism3 非理性主义Irrationalism4 古典主义Classicism5 浪漫主义Roma nticism6 现实主义Realism7 印象主义Im pressi oni sm8 后印象主义Postimpressi onism9 新印象主义Neo-Im pressi oni sme(法）10 那比派T he Na bject11 表现主义Ex pressi onism12 象征主义Sym boli sm13 野兽主义Fauvi sm14 立体主义C ubi sm15 未来主义F uturism16 奥弗斯主义Orphism17 达达主义Da daisme(法)18 超现实主义Surrealism19 纯粹主义Purism20 抽象艺术A bstract Art21 绝对主义，至上主义Supremat-ism22 新造型主义Neo-pla sticisme(法)23 风格派De Stiji24 青骑士Der Bla us Reiter25 抒情抽象主义Lyric Abstraction-ism26 抽象表现主义Abstract Expres-sionism27 行动绘画Action Pai nting28 塔希主义T achisme(法)29 视幻艺术O p Art30 活动艺术、机动艺术Kinetic Art31 极少主义Mi nimalism32 概念主义C once ptuali sm33 波普艺术Pop Art34 芬克艺术、恐怖艺术Funk Art35 超级写实主义S uper Realism36 人体艺术Body Art37 芝加哥学派Chicago School38 艺术与手工艺运动The Arts &Crafts M ovement39 新艺术运动Art Nouveau40 分离派Sece ssi on41 构成主义C onstructivism42 现代主义M oderni sm43 包豪斯Bauhaus44 阿姆斯特丹学派Am sterdamSchool45 功能主义F unctionalism46 装饰艺术风格Art Deco(法)47 国际风格I nternati onal Style48 流线型风格Streamlined Forms49 雅典宪章At hens Charter50 马丘比丘宪章C harter of Ma-chupicchu51 斯堪的纳维亚风格Sca ndi naviaStyle52 新巴洛克风格New Baroque53 后现代主义Postmoderni sm54 曼菲斯Mem phi s55 高技风格Hi gh T ech56 解构主义Deconstructivism57 手工艺复兴Crafts Revival58 准高技风格T ra ns High Tech59 建筑风格Architecture60 微建筑风格Micro-Architecture61 微电子风格Micro-Electronics62 晚期现代主义Late M odderni sm常用产品设计英语A.O.D 有偏差接收Accessory附件Accounting 会计Actuate switch 启动开关Ada pter 火牛Adhesive tape 胶粘带Adjustor调节器Agitator 搅拌器Air intel进气口Aluminum foil tape铝箔带Anchor锚aperance 外观Appearance外观Approve认可AQL 允收水准Armature电枢/转子assem bly 部件Assem bly装配B.O.M 物料清单Ball hol der铜珠套筒bar 杆Bar code 条形码Barbe d c onnector 有倒扣的连接片Bar棒Battery cave cover电池盒/盖Battery cave电池底壳Battery tag电池片Battery电池bearing 轴承Bearing-l ock轴承-锁Bearing轴承belt 皮带Belt皮带bit 铁嘴Bit guard防护罩Bit stora ge批嘴储存件Bit铁嘴Blocks 量块Block量块BMC 工具盒Bottle connector瓶口连接Bottom ca binet-char ger充电座底壳bottom底部Bottom底部Box箱BOX 组件Box组件Bracket固定架/支架Brand la bel商标贴纸Bristle br ush毛刷Bristle hol der毛刷(柄)Brush roller毛刷巻轴Brush刷子/碳刷Bubbl e lever 水平珠Bucket箱Bul b reflector电灯反射器Bul b support电灯泡支撑座Bundle捆/扎burr 毛刺Burr毛刺bush 轴套Bushi ng-beari ng l ock轴套锁製Bushi ng-ca se a da ptor轴套外套适配器Bush-out put sha ft带轴套的输出轴Bush轴套button 按钮Button按钮cabinet 壳Cabinet-cover面壳Cabinet-support底壳Cabinet壳cable 电缆Cable clamp plate电线夹片Cable电缆Calibration校正Calibration校正Caliper 卡尺Caliper卡尺Cam plate偏心片Cam凸轮cap (帽，杯)Cap杯帽Carbon film re sistor碳膜电阻Card 卡片Card卡片Carrying strip手带carton 箱Carton箱case 箱Case箱cavity 模腔Cavity模腔cell电池Cell电池Charger bracket充电座支架charger 充电座/器Charger充电器check 检查chuck 锁头Circuit ass’y循环装置comformity 合格cord 电线cover 上盖current 电流cycle 循环defect 缺陷descripti on名称Dial indication 百分表die cast铸件dimenti on 尺寸dispose处理Drill 电钻driver电批electric 电气件Fasten-knob钮扣状旋钮Felt seal毛毡封Ferrite bead磁珠Fibre gla ss sleeve玻纤套Field 定子线圈Filler填空件Filter bag bracker 过滤袋支架Filter frame过滤栏架filter 滤网Filter过滤器finishe d 表面处理Finishe d完成的First layer internal gear第一层内齿轮圈First layer sun ge ar第一层行星齿轮fitting 装配Fitting装置fit配合Fit配合flash 披锋Flash闪光flex hose 软管Flex hose弯管flow mark流痕Flow mark流痕Foam holder泡沫支架force 力Force力freouency频数Freque ncy频率Front cover cabi net 前面壳Front grill前脚架Front housing-gear box牙箱前壳Front support cabinet前底壳Function功能fuse 保险丝Fuse clip保险管夹Fuse P.C.B ass’y 保险丝底板组件Fuse保险丝futtonal 功能Gasket 垫片/圈gate 水口Gate水口Gauge量规Gauge量规gear 齿轮Gear box a dapt or牙箱调整装置Gear box housing 牙箱壳Gear housing cover牙箱盖Gear齿轮Gift box彩盒go-no go 通尺规Go-no go gauge通止规Grass trimmer剪草机Grease leak漏油Grease油脂Handle catch手柄扣Handle grip手柄hardness 硬度Hardness硬度Heat si nk散热器Heat treatment 热处理Hex nut六角螺帽HI-POT高压测试Hi-pot高压测试hol der 支座Hol der cover支座盖Hol der支座Hole test 内径千分尺Hose el bow弯管Hose wrap plate软管扎带Housi ng cover机壳上盖Housi ng ha ndle机壳手柄Housi ng support机壳底座housi ng 壳Housi ng壳I.N.T接触不良I.R 检查报告IC集成电路Idler gear-A变速齿轮“A”Idler gear-B变速齿轮“B”Idler sha ftImpact drill(cap)冲击钻(杯)impeller风扇Impeller风扇叶Indicator c over指示器盖Indicator switch kn ob指示开关旋钮injection注射Injection注射Insert re fill bottle插入式替换瓶insert(型，芯)Insert型芯/插入inspection 检验Inspection检验Instruction manual说明书Instruction manual说明书Instrume nt 仪器Instrume nt仪器Insultator绝缘体Inverted retaini ng ring 反向保持介子key 锁匙Key hol der锁匙支架Key锁匙Label 标签Label标签Lanyard手带Latch锁扣/门锁Led发光二极管Left hea d screw左牙螺丝Lens透镜Leveler accessory水平珠组件Leveler body水平珠本体Leveler cover水平珠盖Lever oil水平珠油Lever-speed change调速杆Lever控制杆Location spacer定位隔离器Louver天窗Lubricant润滑油M.O 订单Machine screw机器螺丝mark 标记Mark 标记Massa ge ring按摩环material 材料Material材料metal 金属Metal washer ring 金属介子Metal金属micpo meter 千分尺Micrometer千分尺miltimeter 万用表model型号Model型号motor 电机Motor accessory马达组件Motor bracket 马达支架Motor fixity-external马达外定位件Motor fixity-internal马达内定位件Motor mounting bracket马达定位架Motor m ounting马达定位Motor pulley马达滑轮Mounting plate杯片Multimeter 万用表nameplate 铭牌Nameplate 铭牌nonconformity 不合格Nonconformity不合格/不一致nut 螺母Nut 螺母o-ring 胶圈out put sha ft 轴芯，输出轴Oven 烤炉oven 烤炉P&A人事P.C.B 电路板p/p cover电池盒上座p/p support 电池盒底座Packing 包装packing包装part line分型线part line分型线part 零件part 零件pe destal台座，基座，垫座PIE 生产工业工程pin 小轴pin ga uge芯棒pin ga uge芯棒pini on 小齿轮pini on-m otor马达牙仔pini on小齿轮pin销Pivot tube转轴套plain wa sher-mot or平面介子plant gear行星齿轮plastic ge ar塑胶齿轮plastic tape胶纸plastic washer胶介子Plastic 塑胶plastic塑料plate 片plate片plug插头plug插头PMC 物料控制Poly bag 塑料袋pow der metal 粉末冶金Power pack电池组power功率Project mana gement项目管理projector投影仪Pulley flange滑轮法兰pulley flange泵翼pum p vane采购purcha sing 采购purcha sing按钮push r od推杆PVC sleevePVC tubeQA 质量保证QC 质量控制R&D 工程研发R.O. 接收单Ratchet plate转轮片Ratchet 转轮rating 额定值Rear cover cabinet后面盖Rear housing-gear box牙箱后壳Rear support cabi net后底盖Receptacle 插座Rectifier整流器Recycling label环保标签Reflector cap反光杯reject 退货Reject退货remark 注释Remark备注/注释resistor电阻Resistor电阻Reverse反向revise 更改Revise更改rework 加工Rework加工ring 垫圈Ring bolt有环螺钉Ring gear内齿轮圈Ring垫圈Rocker switch摇杆开关roller 转子Roller滚筒/辊子Rotary cap旋转杯Rotor转子run out摆动/跳动Run-out跳动rusty 铸跡rusty生锈的Safety switch安全开关sampling 抽样Sampling抽样Sander ba se磨沙机底座Scrap报废scratch刮花Scratch刮花screw 螺丝Screwdriver bit批嘴Screwdriver电批Screw螺丝SDS来货检验资料Second layer i nternal gear第二层内齿轮圈Second layer planet gear第二层行星齿轮Second layer r un gear第二层恒星齿轮Secondary blower flange Self-tapping screw自攻螺丝SER 样本评估报告sha ft 轴Shaft轴芯sharp edge尖缘Sharp edge锐边sheet纸Sheet 纸/表格Shrinka ble sl eeve热缩管silk screen 丝印Silkscreen 丝印sinka ge 缩水Sinkage缩水Sketch 简图Sketch简图Sleeve套子Sliding r od滑动杆Socket (jack)插座socket插座Soluti on ta nk溶解槽sort 拣货Sort分类Spacer隔离件spee d 速度Spee d cha nge knob变速钮Spee d速度Spindle gear-A转动齿轮“A”Spindle gear-B转动齿轮“B”spi ndle轴芯Spindle轴芯Spine-ball刺珠Sponge海绵Spotter nozzle定心喷嘴Spring clip弹性夹子Spring plate弹弓片Spring washer弹性介子spring 弹弓Spring-tor que control扭力控制弹簧Spring弹弓Stator定子Steel roller钢辊子Stopper-motor马达制动Stopper-right右制动Sun gear恒星/太阳齿轮support 下盖Support cabi net下壳Support下盖switch 开关Switch button (k nob)开关按钮Switch lock锁掣Switch 开关tape 带T ape带T apping type攻牙形式T erminal hol der接触片支座T erminal接触片terms 术语T erm术语/期间testure 纹理Thermal pr otector热保护器Thermal-fuse热感应保险丝Thermostat热敏开关Third layer internal gear第三层内齿轮圈Third layer planet gear第三层行星齿轮Third layer sun gear 第三层恒星齿轮thread 螺纹Thread 螺纹timer定时器Timer定时器T olera nce 公差T olera nce 公差top 上部T op cabi net-charger充电座面壳T op上部toque 扭矩torque meter 扭力表T orque c ontrol k nob 扭力调节器T orque meter扭力表T orque扭矩T ransformer变压器treatment 热处理trimmer 剪草机Twisting screwdriver螺旋形电批UL approvel power cor d UL认可的电线UL wire AW G 16 black UL16号黑色电线UL wire AWG 16 red UL16号红色电线Unit & accessory主机及附件urge nt 紧急Urge nt紧急U-spring U型弹弓vacuum cleaner吸尘器Vacuum clea ner真空吸尘器Variable spe ed switch变速开关vibration 振动Vibration振动Voltage电压voltage电压W/o battery pa per sleeve 无纸套电池Wall anchors挂墙胶条washer 垫片Washer ri ng-m otor马达介子Washer-ball c over玻璃盖处的介子Washer-clutch扭力杯处的介子Washer-ring环形介子Washer垫片weld line夹水纹Zener di ode齐纳二极管。

工业设计中英文词汇Industrial design工业设计Conspectus design 设计概论Aesthetics of design 设计美学Principle of design 设计原理History of design 设计历史Criticism of design 设计批评Environmental design 环境设计Function 功能Form 形式Model造型，模型Creativity 创造性Theory on design 设计理论Procedure of product design 产品设计程序Human requirement 人的需要Redesign from original product 从产品入手开展重新设计developmental design开发性设计Design language 设计语言Perceptual 感性的Lifeblood 生命力的Design comment 设计评价Design culture 设计文化Color material surface 色彩材料表面肌理Texture 材质、肌理Drawing 制图Orientation 定位Design history 设计史Craftsman 工匠Decorate 装饰Symbol 符号Ergonomics 人机工程学Product semantics 产品语义学Human-machine interface 人机界面Methodology 方法论Handicraft 手工艺的Metallic 金属性的style 风格Streamline 流线型Clay 油泥sterling character 品位Consumption 消费A generalized design 通用设计“off –line”machine非通用设计Sketch草图draft out起草Foam泡沫材料Tendency 趋势Standard 标准Accessory 附件Part零件Finished product 成品Design requirement设计需求Conception 概念conceptual design 概念设计Product property analysis 产品属性分析People using analysis 使用分析System design 系统设计Design target 设计目标Function definition 功能定义Function analysis 功能分析Principle of formal aesthetics 形式美学的原则VI(visual identity) 视觉识别Communication 传播、信息传播Hearing design 听觉传播Comformity design 整合传播Design exploitation 设计开发Produce manufacture 生产制造Sale 销售Reclaim 回收Recycle重复利用constituent element要素Environment analysis 环境形式系统分析Total value 整体价值Man-machine system analysis 人机系统分析Marketing 市场营销传播Mass design 大众传播Visual design 视觉传达Design conception 设计理念Communication design 传播设计Intelligent 智能性Interactive 交互性Symbol 符号性Systematization 系统性Modular design 模块化设计Ecosystem design 生态系统设计Virtual design 虚拟设计Environment value analysis 环境价值系统分析Use value 使用价值spirit value 精神价值Digital age 数字化时代Information Industry(IT) 信息产业Informationism 信息论Analysis 分析Benefit-cost Analysis 效益- 成本分析Business Analysis商业分析Requirement Analysis 需求分析Sales Analysis 销售分析Shape Analysis 形式分析Statistical Analysis 统计分析Value Analysis 价值分析Synthesized Analysis 综合分析Decision Analysis 决策分析Demand Analysis 需求分析Design Analysis 设计分析Detailed Analysis 详细分析Dynamic Analysis 动态分析Factor Analysis 动态分析Feasibility Analysis 可行性分析Financial Analysis 财务分析Market Analysis 市场分析System Analysis 系统分析Predictive Analysis 预测分析Price Analysis 价格分析Procedure Analysis 过程分析Product Analysis 产品分析Quantitative Analysis 定量分析Gerrit Thomas Rietreid格里特托马斯里特维尔德Walter Gropius 沃尔特格罗皮乌斯Ramona loewy雷蒙罗维Poul HenningSen 保罗汉宁森Luigi Colani卢吉科拉尼Robert Venturi 罗伯特文丘里Arne Jacobsen 阿纳雅各布森John Ruskin 约翰拉斯金Michael Graves 米歇尔格雷夫斯Aesthetic 美学的Brands and marks商标与标志Configuration 结构Structuralism 结构主义Deconstruction解构主义Design management 设计管理GUI(Graphic User Interface)图形用户界面Context语境semiotics符号学ＰＯＰ（Point of purchase）促销海报。

苏州地区紧邻地铁超深大基坑设计及变形控制发布时间：2023-03-30T06:55:38.805Z 来源：《福光技术》2023年4期作者：张来丰张文彬许芳英[导读] 以苏州华贸中心项目基坑为背景，介绍了紧邻地铁的超深大基坑设计、变形控制方法及其效果。

江苏省纺织工业设计研究院有限公司苏州勘察分公司江苏苏州 215000摘要：以苏州华贸中心项目基坑为背景，介绍了紧邻地铁的超深大基坑设计、变形控制方法及其效果。

根据基坑工程的特点，设计时采用了多种地铁保护专项技术措施，包括基坑分区、支护体系、降水、槽壁加固及土方开挖等。

数值模拟及监测数据结果表明：本工程采用的专项保护方案及措施，有效保证了地铁车站结构及设施的安全，验证了围护方案的可靠性，可为类似项目提供参考。

关键词：深大基坑；地铁车站；设计方法；变形控制中图分类号：TU 470 文献标识码：A 文章编号：Design and deformation control of super deep and large foundation pit adjacent to subway in SuzhouZHANG Laifeng，ZHANG Wenbin，XU Fangying（Jiangsu province textile industry design & research institute Co.，Ltd. Suzhou Survey Branch，Suzhou 21500，Jiangsu，P. R. China）Abstract：Taking the foundation pit of Suzhou China Trade Center project as the background，this paper introduces the design，deformation control method and effect of the ultra-deep and large foundation pit adjacent to the subway. According to the characteristics of foundation pit engineering，a variety of special technical measures for subway protection have been taken in the design，including foundation pit zoning，support system，dewatering，trench wall reinforcement and earthwork excavation. The results of numerical simulation and monitoring data show that the special protection scheme and measures adopted in this project effectively ensure the safety of the subway station structure and facilities，verify the safety and reliability of the enclosure scheme，and provide reference for similar projects.Key words：deep and large excavation；subway station；design method；control of deformation引言近年来，随着城市建设及城市轨道交通的发展，深大基坑紧邻已运营的地铁车站、隧道的工程变得越来越常见。

Industrial design工业设计Conspectus design 设计概论Aesthetics of design 设计美学Principle of design 设计原理History of design 设计历史Criticism of design 设计批评Environmental design 环境设计Function 功能Form 形式Model造型，模型Creativity 创造性Theory on design 设计理论Procedure of product design 产品设计程序Human requirement 人的需要Redesign from original product 从产品入手开展重新设计developmental design开发性设计Design language 设计语言Perceptual 感性的Lifeblood 生命力的Design comment 设计评价Design culture 设计文化Color material surface 色彩材料表面肌理Texture 材质、肌理Drawing 制图Orientation 定位Design history 设计史Craftsman 工匠Decorate 装饰Symbol 符号Ergonomics 人机工程学Product semantics 产品语义学Human-machine interface 人机界面Methodology 方法论Handicraft 手工艺的Metallic 金属性的style 风格Streamline 流线型Clay 油泥sterling character 品位Consumption 消费A generalized design 通用设计“off –line”machine非通用设计Sketch草图draft out起草Foam泡沫材料Tendency 趋势Standard 标准Accessory 附件Part零件Finished product 成品Design requirement设计需求Conception 概念conceptual design 概念设计Product property analysis 产品属性分析People using analysis 使用分析System design 系统设计Design target 设计目标Function definition 功能定义Function analysis 功能分析Principle of formal aesthetics 形式美学的原则VI(visual identity) 视觉识别Communication 传播、信息传播Hearing design 听觉传播Comformity design 整合传播Design exploitation 设计开发Produce manufacture 生产制造Sale 销售Reclaim 回收Recycle重复利用constituent element要素Environment analysis 环境形式系统分析Total value 整体价值Man-machine system analysis 人机系统分析Marketing 市场营销传播Mass design 大众传播Visual design 视觉传达Design conception 设计理念Communication design 传播设计Intelligent 智能性Interactive 交互性Symbol 符号性Systematization 系统性Modular design 模块化设计Ecosystem design 生态系统设计Virtual design 虚拟设计Environment value analysis 环境价值系统分析Use value 使用价值spirit value 精神价值Digital age 数字化时代Information Industry(IT) 信息产业Informationism 信息论Analysis 分析Benefit-cost Analysis 效益- 成本分析Business Analysis商业分析Requirement Analysis 需求分析Sales Analysis 销售分析Shape Analysis 形式分析Statistical Analysis 统计分析Value Analysis 价值分析Synthesized Analysis 综合分析Decision Analysis 决策分析Demand Analysis 需求分析Design Analysis 设计分析Detailed Analysis 详细分析Dynamic Analysis 动态分析Factor Analysis 动态分析Feasibility Analysis 可行性分析Financial Analysis 财务分析Market Analysis 市场分析System Analysis 系统分析Predictive Analysis 预测分析Price Analysis 价格分析Procedure Analysis 过程分析Product Analysis 产品分析Quantitative Analysis 定量分析Gerrit Thomas Rietreid格里特托马斯里特维尔德Walter Gropius 沃尔特格罗皮乌斯Ramona loewy雷蒙罗维Poul HenningSen 保罗汉宁森Luigi Colani卢吉科拉尼Robert Venturi 罗伯特文丘里Arne Jacobsen 阿纳雅各布森John Ruskin 约翰拉斯金Michael Graves 米歇尔格雷夫斯Aesthetic 美学的Brands and marks商标和标志Configuration 结构Structuralism 结构主义Deconstruction解构主义Design management 设计管理GUI(Graphic User Interface)图形用户界面Context语境semiotics符号学ＰＯＰ（Point of purchase）促销海报。

WELDINGby Omer W. Blodgett and Duane K. MillerWelded connections and assemblies represent a very large group of fabricated steel components,and only a portion of the aspects of their design and fabrication is treated here. The welding process itself is complex,involving heat and liquid-metal transfer, chemical reactions,and the gradual formation of the welded joint through liquid-metal deposition and subsequent cooling into the solid state, with attendant metallurgical transformations.Some of these items are treated in greater detail in the references and other extensive professional literature,as well as in Secs.The material in this section will provide the engineer with an overview of the most important aspects of welded design.In order that the resulting welded fabrication be of adequate strength,stiffness,and utility,the designer will often collaborate with engineers who are experts in the broad area of design and fabrication of weldments.ARC WELDINGArc welding is one of several fusion processes for joining metal.By the generation of intense heat,the juncture of two metal pieces is melted and mixed—directly or, more often,with an intermediate molten filler metal.Upon cooling and solidification,the resulting welded joint metallurgically bonds the former separate pieces into a continuous structural assembly (a weldment) whose strength properties are basically those of the individual pieces before welding.In arc welding,the intense heat needed to melt metal is produced by an electric arc.The arc forms between the workpieces and an electrode that is either manually or mechanically moved along the joint;conversely,the work may be moved under a stationary electrode.The electrode generally is a specially prepared rod or wire that not only conducts electric current and sustains the arc,but also melts and supplies filler metal to the joint;this constitutes a consumable electrode.Carbon or tungsten electrodes may be used, in which case the electrode serves only to conduct electric current and to sustain the arc between tip and workpiece,and it is not consumed; with these electrodes,any filler metal required is supplied by rod or wire introduced into the region of the arc and melted there.Filler metal applied separately,rather than via a consumable electrode,does not carry electric current.Most steel welding operations are performed with consumable electrodes。