国际经济学作业任务答案解析-第十章

绪论部分习题一,填空题1、国际经济学是以（国际经济关系）作为其研究对象的，它包括（国际经济交往活动）和（国际经济相互依存和影响）两层含义。

2、国际贸易的直接原因是（贸易利益的获取），根本原因是（比较优势）、（规模经济）。

3、保护主义性质的贸易政策主要分为（关税壁垒）和（非关税壁垒）两大类。

4、开放经济体系进行宏观经济调控的两个目标是（内部均衡）和（外部均衡）。

5、汇率之所以重要是因为它的实质是（价格），而且它的波动会直接影响一国的（进出口），间接影响一国的（国际收支），进而影响一国的（国内经济均衡）。

6、一个开放的国家，政府制定一项宏观经济政策会带来两种效应，即（溢出效应）和（回振效应）效应。

7、国贸纯理论部分旨在说明（国际贸易产生的原因、贸易模式、贸易利易的产生、贸易利益的分配），国贸政策理论部分旨在说明（保护性的贸易政策对社会经济福利的影响及其理论依据）。

8、西方经济学和国际经济学的共同点在于（研究稀缺资源的优化配置问题）。

二、问答题1、为什么学习国际经济学非常重要？答：①现代世界是一个开放的世界，二战后随着技术创新和制度的不断演进,世界各国为了提高资源配置效率，改善人民经济福利水平，提高综合国力，不断提升开放度，积极地参与国际分工、国际贸易和国际金融活动。

全球经济一体化和区域经济一体化的兴起和发展，跨国公司的迅猛发展，及信息技术革命，使各国国内市场不断延伸和扩展，分工和交易活动不断广化、深化、细化。

各国经济之间的的相互联系、依赖和影响程度不断加强。

因此，专门研究国际经济活动的国际经济学应运而生，并且在经济学中的地位日益提高，成为经济学类学生的一门重要课程。

②西方经济学主要研究在一国范围内经济资源的优化配置及充分就业问题，国际经济学研究在国际格局下经济资源的优化配置及充分就业问题；西方经济学主要研究国内分工贸易等经济活动的规律，而国际经济学则主要研究国际分工贸易等经济活动的规律。

在国际经济活动中，生产要素的流动性、各国制度、法律、语言、文化、宗教、习俗、货币、汇率、各种人为政策等复杂影响使其与国内经济活动呈现出许多不同的规律，故需要一种不同于国内经济活动的理论解释，这样经济学理论才算完整。

第十章作业内容
1、在过去的几十年中，哪些国家收回与国际贸易？这些国家的政策有什么相同之处？它们的经验对保护幼稚工业论是支持还是反对？
2、”日本的经验表明，保护幼稚工业论比其他理论更正确。

在20世纪50年代初,日本是一个靠出口纺织品和玩具生存的穷国。

日本政府对钢铁工业和汽车工业进行了保护。

开始时,这些工业生产没有效率,成本也很高,但后来却逐渐占领了世界市场”试对上述观点进行评论。

3、一国目前以每辆8 000美元的价格进口汽车。

该国政府认为，经过一段时间后，国内生产者能够以6 000美元的成本生产汽车。

但是,在国内生产的初始尝试阶段,每辆汽车的生产成本达到10 000 美元。

a.假设每个试图生产汽车的企业都必须经过高成本的尝试生产阶段。

在什么情形下，较高的起步成本能够证明保护幼稚工业是合理的？
b.现在假设相反的情形，一旦某个企业承担了学习成本，学会了如何以6 000美元的成本生产汽车，那么其他企业就能够模仿并达到相同的水平。

试解释上述情形是怎样阻碍国内工业发展的，对幼稚工业进行保护有助于避免这种情形吗？
4、印度和墨西哥在第二次世界大战后都实行了进口替代政策，但印度更进一步，几乎所有的东西都由自己生产，而墨西哥却依赖资本品的进口。

为什么会出现这两种不同的状况呢?
5、减少进口替代工业化策略的使用，从而支持对外贸易开放的政策的原因是什么？
6、假设制造品的劳动需求=100-Lm，农业生产的劳动需求=80-La，在整个经济中有100个工人。

a.什么是均衡工资？
b.如果制造业工资被定在50，而且是充分就业，那么国民收入的损失是多少？。

Chapter 10 Trade in Developing CountriesMultiple Choice Questions1. The infant industry argument was an important theoretical basis for(a) Neo-colonialist theory of international exploitation.(b) Import-substituting industrialization.(c) Historiography of the industrial revolution in Western Europe.(d) East-Asian miracle.(e) None of the above.Answer: B2. Sophisticated theoretical arguments supporting import-substitution policies include(a) Terms of trade effects.(b) Scale economy arguments.(c) Learning curve considerations.(d) The problem of appropriability.(e) None of the above.Answer: D3. General equilibrium considerations lead to the realization that import-substituting policies havean effect of(a) Discouraging exports.(b) Encouraging exports.(c) Encouraging an efficient use of a country’s resources.(d) Generating large tariff revenues for the government(e) None of the above.Answer: A4. Historically those few developing countries which have succeeded in significantly raising theirper-capita income levels(a) Did not accomplish this with import-substituting industrialization.(b) Did accomplish this with import-substituting industrialization.(c) Tended to provide heavy protection to domestic industrial sectors.(d) Favored industrial to agricultural or service sectors.(e) None of the above.Answer: A5. Statistical evidence suggests that(a) Free trade policies promote economic growth more effectively than do import substitution policies.(b) Import substituting policies tend to promote effective exploitation of scale economies.(c) Import substitution tends to lead to relatively low effective rates of protection.(d) Import substitution is to this day the preferred growth strategy promoted by the World Bank.(e) None of the above.Answer: A6. The growth successes of the high performance Asian economies(a) Supports the belief that economic development requires import substitution policies.(b) Rejects the belief that export-oriented industrialization is likely to promote economic development.(c) Rejects the belief that economic development requires import substitution policies.(d) Suggests that free trade policies are required for successful economic development.(e) None of the above.Answer: C7. The high correlation between rapid growth in exports and rapid economic growth observed in severalEast Asia countries in recent decades proves that(a) Export promoting trade policy leads to relatively rapid economic growth.(b) A free-trade orientation of trade policy results in rapid economic growth.(c) Exports help growth, whereas imports impede growth.(d) Trade policy is perhaps the most important policy area for promotion of economic development.(e) None of the above.Answer: E8. The relatively rapid economic growth experienced by Chile in the late 1980s(a) Supported the conventional Latin American reliance on import substitution.(b) Relied on the Harris-Todaro model to explain this growth.(c) Rejected the conventional Latin American reliance on import substitution.(d) Demonstrated the importance of market failure as a reason for import substitution.(e) None of the above.Answer: C9. Which of the following could explain why the terms of trade of developing countries might deteriorateover time?(a) Developing country exports consist mainly of manufactured goods(b) Developing country exports consist mainly of primary products.(c) Commodity export prices are determined in highly competitive markets.(d) Commodity export prices are solely determined by developing countries.(e) None of the above.Answer: Cword格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持10. Which trade strategy have developing countries used to restrict imports of manufactured goods so thatthe domestic market is preserved for home producers, who thus can take over markets alreadyestablished in the country?(a) International commodity agreement.(b) Export promotion.(c) Multilateral contract.(d) Import substitution.(e) None of the above.Answer: D11. To help developing countries expand their industrial base, some industrial countries have reduced tariffson designated manufactured imports from developing countries below the levels applied to imports from industrial countries. This policy is called(a) Export-led growth.(b) Generalized system of preferences.(c) Most Favored Nation.(d) Reciprocal trade agreement.(e) None of the above.Answer: B12. Which industrialization policy used by developing countries places emphasis on the comparativeadvantage principle as a guide to resource allocation?(a) Export promotion.(b) Import substitution.(c) International commodity agreements.(d) Infant Industry promotion.(e) None of the above.Answer: A13. Taiwan and South Korea are examples of developing nations that have recently pursued theseindustrialization policies(a) Import substitution.(b) Export promotion.(c) Commercial dumping.(d) Multilateral contract.(e) None of the above.Answer: B14. To help developing nations strengthen their international competitiveness, many industrial nations havegranted tariff reductions to developing nations under the(a) International commodity agreements program.(b) Multilateral contract program.(c) Generalized system of preferences program.(d) Export led growth program(e) None of the above.Answer: C15. A reason why it is difficult for developing countries to maintain a cartel is that(a) The elasticity of demand for a cartel’s output decreases over time.(b) Producers in the cartel have an economic incentive to cheat.(c) Economic profits discourage other producers from entering the industry.(d) Producers in the cartel have the motivation to lower prices but not to raise prices.(e) None of the above.Answer: B16. Import substitution policies make use of(a) Tariffs that discourage goods from entering a country.(b) Quotas applied to goods that are shipped abroad.(c) Production subsidies granted to industries with comparative advantage.(d) Tax breaks granted to industries with comparative advantage.(e) None of the above.Answer: A17. Export-led growth tends to(a) Discourage competition in the global economy.(b) Exploit domestic comparative advantages.(c) Lead to unemployment among domestic workers.(d) Help firms benefit from diseconomies of large-scale production.(e) None of the above.Answer: B18. All the following nations except _______ have recently utilized export-led growth policies.(a) Hong Kong(b) South Korea(c) Argentina(d) Singapore(e) None of the above.Answer: C19. The development of countries like South Korea has been supported by all of the following except.(a) High domestic interest rates.(b) High domestic saving rates.(c) Large endowments of human capital.(d) High levels of labor productivity.(e) None of the above.Answer: Aword格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持20. For most developing countries(a) Productivity is high among domestic workers.(b) Population growth and illiteracy rates are low(c) Saving and investment levels are high(d) Agricultural goods and raw materials constitute a high proportion of domestic output.(e) None of the above.Answer: D21. In 2003, the per-capita income in China was roughly _____of that in the U.S.(a) one hundredth(b) One eighth(c) One half(d) The same as(e) None of the above.Answer: B22. The “East Asian Miracle” is(a) The ability of so many people to live in such small areas.(b) The fact that so many Influenza varieties originate from this region.(c) The fact that poor dualistic economies managed to escape the vicious circle of poverty.(d) The ability to maintain large positive trade balances with the U.S.(e) None of the above.Answer: C23. The infant industry argument is that(a) Comparative advantage is irrelevant to economic growth(b) Developing countries have a comparative advantage in agricultural goods.(c) Developing countries have a comparative advantage in manufacturing.(d) Developing countries have a potential comparative advantage in manufacturing.(e) None of the above.Answer: D24. The infant industry argument calls for active government involvement(a) Only if the government forecasts are accurate.(b) Only if some market failure can be identified.(c) Only if the industry is not one already dominated by industrial countries.(d) Only if the industry has a high value added.(e) None of the above.Answer: B25. The imperfect capital market justification for infant industry promotion(a) Assumes that new industries will tend to have low profits.(b) Assumes that infant industries will soon mature.(c) Assumes that infant industries will be in products of comparative advantage.(d) Assumes that banks can allocate resources efficiently.(e) None of the above.Answer: A26. Brazil’s export record in 1999 illustrated the principle that(a) A large country will tend to have few exports.(b) A small country will tend to have a high export ratio.(c) Protectionist policies tend to discourage exports.(d) Export-promoting policies do not tend to work.(e) None of the above.Answer: C27. The disappointment with import-substitution policies is in part because(a) The rapid and continuous growth record of South American countries.(b) Many countries pursuing this strategy experienced stagnation in their growth.(c) This policy is inconsistent with sophisticated economic growth models.(d) This policy tended to create world-class industrial competitors.(e) None of the above.Answer: B28. Import substitution policies have over time tended to involve all but the following(a) Overlapping import quotas.(b) Exchange controls.(c) Domestic content rules.(d) Simple tariffs.(e) Multiple exchange rate schemes.Answer: D29. An efficient economy would set the marginal product in the traditional sector(a) Lower than that in the modern non-traditional sector.(b) Higher than that in the modern sophisticated sector.(c) Equal to that in the modern sophisticated sector.(d) Lower in the relatively capital intensive sector.(e) Higher in the relatively capital intensive sector.Answer: C30. The HPAE (High Performance Asian Economies) countries(a) Have all consistently supported free trade policies.(b) Have all consistently maintained import-substitution policies.(c) Have all consistently maintained non-biased efficient free capital markets.(d) Have all maintained openness to international trade.(e) None of the above.Answer: Dword格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持31. The experience of Sub-Sahara Africa, as compared to that of “Other Asia” (not including th e HPAEs)supports the argument that(a) High rates of protection tend to harm economic growth(b) The poorer is the country the easier it is for it to “catch up” economically(c) Low rates of protection tend to promote economic growth(d) Both (a) and (c)(e) None of the aboveAnswer: E32. The remarkable success of the HPAEs proves that(a) trade policy is the key to successful economic growth(b) trade policy is irrelevant to successful economic growth(c) high educational standards is the key to successful economic growth(d) dual economies must suffer economic stagnation(e) None of the aboveAnswer: E33. The HPAE “economic miracle” illustrates a clear case in which(a) exports and growth were positively related(b) exports were promoted by successful economic growth(c) economic growth was determined by successful export promotion(d) trade policy dominated other considerations in promoting economic growth(e) None of the aboveAnswer: A34. The “East Asian Miracle” of the “Four Tigers” in the 1960s was replicated by(a) developing countries around the world(b) other East Asian countries(c) Sub Sahara African countries(d) Industrialized countries(e) None of the aboveAnswer: B35. The experience of Chile’s foreign sector in the last two decades of th e 20th Century supports theproposition that economic growth is supported by(a) Import substitution(b) Industrialization policies(c) Trade liberalization policies(d) Both (a) and (b) above(e) None of the aboveAnswer: C36. China’s recent experience supports the proposition that(a) “Economic miracles” are solely to be expected in small countries(b) Central planning and socialism can promote sustained economic growth(c) A lessening of income disparities is a prerequisite for economic growth(d) Growth in a large country cannot be affected by its foreign sector(e) None of the aboveAnswer: EEssay Questions1. It is argued that import substitution is a misguided trade policy if the intent is to promote long-termeconomic growth. Explain the reasons underlying this argument.Answer: Import substitution promotes that economic activity in which the country is relatively inefficient. This lowers the real income at any given time and decreases the resources whichcan be used for investment purposes, hence lower growth rates. An additional answer is thatimport substitution by creating a protected domestic market fails to provide incentives toproduce high, or world-class quality—which means this country, cannot market in foreigncountries. With such a (perceived) limited market, endogenous economic growth will not beforthcoming. Finally, it may be that exposure to world competition has its own dynamic effectpromoting economic growth.2. The United States, as it began its long and successful growth in the early 19th Century, consciouslypromoted domestic production through such activities as tariffs, Clay’s American System, and manydirect subsidies to railroads, canal companies, farmers (free land) etc. Today we view this blatantexample of large scale and extensive import-substitution industrialization as having been very successful.Comment and relate to your answer to question 1.Answer: This is an interesting point and emphasizes that economic models tend to be a-historical. That is, they lack the historic perspective; and thus may be misleading as guides to long run issues,such as economic growth. This also suggests that trade policy per se is almost certainly notsufficient to explain why some countries grow and others do not.3. Classical and Neoclassical trade theory makes the case that free trade can bring a country to an optimumand economically efficient use of its resources; and hence is an optimal trade-policy, if the objective is maximizing long term economic growth. There are those who argue that the experience of the AsianMiracle countries, such as Taiwan, South Korea and Singapore verify this argument in the real world.Explain. There are others who argue that the experience of these countries cannot be used to verify or support the argument above. Explain.Answer: Both arguments may indeed be made. These countries did in fact tend to promote exports in a consistent set of policies. However, they tended to do this via conscious National industrial-policy (e.g., South Korea using “the Japanese system”), and hence (with the possible exceptionof Hong Kong) do not provide a good test-tube for the long run effects of a free-trade stance.word格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持4. The consensus today is that import—substitution protectionist industrial policy has not served thedevelop ing countries’ growth ambitions well. This fact proves that policies relying on export-driven growth are the “winning ticket” for these countries.Answer: Although there are many who draw precisely this lesson from the “ East Asian Miracle” of the past half-century, such a conclusion does not necessarily follow logically. Although the fourHPAEs succeeded in their economic as well as in their export sector growth, they differedamong themselves considerably in the degree and manner with which they abjuredprotectionist policies. In any case, export-promotion policies may distort relative prices to thesame extent as import protectionist policies, and hence may lead to the same waste andmisallocation of national resources.Graphical/Numerical Problems1. If OmL1 workers are employed in manufacturing then what is the marginal productivity of labor inmanufacturing?Answer: OmWm2. If OmL1 workers are employed in manufacturing then what is the marginal productivity of labor inagriculture?Answer: OfWf3. If manufacturing labor were to increase to OmL2, how much value would the economy as a whole gain?Answer: the triangle ABC.4. Why would workers not shift from agriculture to manufacturing in the initial situation where wages arehigher in the latter?Answer: imperfections in the labor market5. If the economy were in the initial position (where OmL1 workers were in manufacturing, what tradepolicy might gain ABC of economic welfare?Answer: import-substitution giving protection to manufacturing.。

国际经济学课后答案第一章绪论1、列举出体现当前国际经济学问题的一些重要事件，他们为什么重要？他们都是怎么影响中国与欧、美、日的经济和政治关系的？当前的国际金融危机最能体现国际经济学问题，其深刻地影响了世界各国的金融、实体经济、政治等领域，也影响了各国之间的关系因此显得尤为重要；其对中国与欧、美、日的政治和经济关系的影响为：减少中国对上述国家的出口，影响中国外汇储备，贸易摩擦加剧，经济联系加强，因而也会导致中国与上述国家在政治上的对话与合作。

2、我们如何评价一国与他国之间的相互依赖程度？我们可以通过一国的对外贸易依存度来评价该国与他国之间的相互依赖程度，也可以通过其他方式来评价比如一国政府政策的溢出效应和回震效应以及对外贸易对国民生活水平的影响。

3、国际贸易理论及国际贸易政策研究的内容是什么？为什么说他们是国际经济学的微观方面?国际贸易理论分析贸易的基础和所得，国际贸易政策考察贸易限制和新保护主义的原因和效果。

国际贸易理论和政策是国际经济学的微观方面，因为他们把国家看作基本单位，并研究单个商品的（相对）价格。

4、什么是外汇交易市场及国际收支平衡表？调节国际收支平衡意味着什么？为什么说他们是国际经济学的宏观方面？什么是宏观开放经济学及国际金融？外汇交易市场描述一国货币与他国货币交换的框架，国际收支平衡表测度了一国与外部世界交易的总收入与总支出的情况。

调节国际收支平衡意味着调节一国与外部世界交易出现的不均衡（赤字或盈余）；由于国际收支平衡表涉及总收入和总支出，调节政策影响国家收入水平和价格总指数，因而他们是国际经济学的宏观方面；外汇交易及国际收支平衡调节涉及总收入和总支出，调整政策影响国家收入水平和价格总指数，这些内容被称为宏观开放经济学或国际金融。

5、浏览报刊并做下列题目：（1）找出5条有关国际经济学的新闻（2）每条新闻对中国经济的重要性或影响（3）每条新闻对你个人有何影响A (1) 国际金融危机: 影响中国整体经济,降低出口、增加失业、经济减速等(2) 美国大选：影响中美未来经济政治关系(3) 石油价格持续下跌：影响中国的能源价格及相关产业(4) 可口可乐收购汇源被商务部否决：《反垄断法》的第一次实施，加强经济法治(5) 各国政府经济刺激方案：对中国经济产生外部性效应B 以上5条新闻对个人影响为：影响个人消费水平和就业前景第二章比较优势理论1、重商主义者的贸易观点如何？他们的国家财富概念与现在有何不同？重商主义者主张政府应当竭尽所能孤立出口，不主张甚至限制商品（尤其是奢侈类消费品）。

第1章绪论重点问题:国际经济学的产生、发展、对象及其其他经济学科的关系单选1．国际经济学分析的最基本的出发点是（B）A经济增长 B经济自然增长 C制度创新的经济增长 D经济发展2．经济发展是（D）A经济结构的变革 B社会和政治体制的变革 C经济自然增长 D制度创新的经济增长3．国际经济最基本的出发点是（B ）A社会分工 B国际分工 C产业分工 D产业之间的分工和合作4．国际经济交往的主要方式是（A）A生产要跨国界流动 B国际分工 C商品跨国界流通 D开放经济第2章古典国际贸易理论重点问题：绝对利益说的基本容及其评价比较利益说的基本容及其评价单选1．在斯密的绝对优势贸易理论中，(C)。

A所有产品均具有绝对优势的国家最终将获得全部黄金和B具有绝对优势的国家将获得大量贸易余额C如果两个国家分别出口本国劳动成本相对较低的产品，将同时从贸易中获益D如果一国不用关税壁垒保护本国产业，将丧失绝对优势2．嘉图的比较优势理论指出，(B)。

A贸易导致不完全专业化B即使一个国家不具有绝对成本优势，也可以从出口绝对成本劣势相对较小的产品中获益C与不具备绝对成本优势的国家相比，具有绝对成本优势的国家可以从贸易中获利更多D只有具备比较优势的国家才能获得贸易余额3．如果一个阿根廷工人能生产3蒲式耳小麦或1辆汽车，而一个巴西工人能生产4蒲式耳小麦或2辆汽车，则(D)。

A巴西在小麦和汽车生产上都具有绝对优势，而阿根廷没有比较优势B阿根廷在小麦和汽车生产上都具有绝对优势，而巴西没有比较优势C巴西在小麦和汽车生产上都具有绝对优势，而阿根廷在汽车生产上具有比较优势D巴西在小麦和汽车生产上都具有绝对优势，而阿根廷在小麦生产上具有比较优势4．根据比较优势原理的政策经验，一国从国际贸易中获益的条件是(B)。

A制造大量出口顺差 B以较低的机会成本进口商品而不是在国生产C本国比贸易伙伴强大 D本国相对于贸易伙伴具备绝对效率优势5.比较利益理论认为国际贸易的驱动力是( A )A.劳动生产率的差异B.技术水平的差异C.产品品质的差异D.价格的差异6.在比较利益模型中，两种参与贸易商品的国际比价( C )A.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国比价之上B.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国比价之下C.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国比价之间D.与贸易前的任何一个国家的国比价相同简答：1．请从国际贸易实际出发评价绝对利益说 P20斯密的绝对利益学说揭示了在自由市场经济条件下，国际贸易产生的原因在于两国之间劳动生产率的绝对差异，按照绝对利益学说的原则进行国际分工，贸易的参与者与整个世界会因此而获得利益。

第十章区域经济一体化与国际卡特尔一、关键词1. 区域经济一体化。

是相对于经济全球化而提出的，是指地理区域比较接近的两个或者两个以上国家或地区由政府出面在特定的一体化框架内，通过协调，缔结条约或协定，实施统一的政策或措施，各方互惠互利，以便在经济上实现联合而组成的区域性经济组织。

2. 自由贸易区。

自由贸易区（free trade area）是指成员方通过签订自由贸易协定，逐渐减免甚至取消关税和非关税壁垒，从而逐渐实现商品自由贸易，但各成员方独立地保有对非成员方的关税结构和其他贸易保护措施。

3. 关税同盟。

关税同盟（customs union）是指成员方通过签订条约或协定取消区域内的关税或其他进口限制，实现商品自由贸易，但对非同盟国家实行统一关税税率的一体化组织。

4. 贸易创造。

指各成员之间相互取消关税所带来的贸易规模扩大和福利增加。

5. 贸易转移。

指各成员之间建立共同的对外关税和各成员之间相互取消关税所带来的贸易方向转移，也就是贸易伙伴从组织外国家转换为组织内国家。

6.国际卡特尔。

指跨国界的同类产品的生产者通过某种协议控制产量，划定市场销售份额，将国际市场价格维持在完全竞争价格以上，以获取垄断高额利润为目的的国际寡头垄断的组织形式。

二、复习与思考1. 假定封闭经济状态下产品X的价格在A国是10美元、在B国是8美元、在C国为6美元，并且A国是小国，不能通过贸易影响B国和C国的价格。

如果A国最初对从B国和C国进口的产品X征收非歧视性的100%从价税，那么A国应在国内生产产品X，还是从B国或C国进口产品X？答：如果A国对来自B国和C国的X商品施加100%的从价税，A国将自己生产X商品，因为自行生产的价格是10美元，相比之下，包括关税在内，从B国进口X的商品价格是16美元，从C国进口则是12美元。

2. 以练习题1为基础：（1）如果A国与B国结成关税同盟，A国应在国内生产产品X，还是从B 国或C国进口产品X？（2）A国与B国建立的关税同盟是贸易创造关税同盟，还是贸易转移关税同盟，或两者都不是？答：（1）若A国和B国结成关税同盟，A国从B国进口X商品，这样价格仅为8美元，低于自行生产价格10美元，更低于从C国进口的12美元。

国际经济学习题集及参考答案一、填空、选择、判断题（每题1分）：第一章：1、国际贸易理论以微观经济学原理为基础，讨论世界围的资源配置问题。

2、最常用国际贸易模型的结构形式为两个国家、两种产品（或部门）和两种要素。

3、在完竞争的假设前提下，封闭条件下的相对价格是国际贸易产生的基础。

4、国家间的供给、需求方面的差异是造成相对价格的根源。

5、贸易后，国际均衡价格由两国的供需共同决定，国际均衡价格处于两国封闭下的相对价格之间。

6、国际贸易利益包括两个部分：来自交换的利益和来自专业化的利益。

7、贸易理论主要围绕三个问题展开：国际贸易的格局、国际贸易的条件、国际贸易的收益。

第二章：1、斯密的绝对优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的绝对差别；嘉图的比较优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的相对差别。

2、哈伯勒首先用机会成本概念来阐明比较优势论。

3、重商主义者提倡的国家经济政策有：限制进口和鼓励出口，采取奖金、退税、协定和殖民地贸易等措施鼓励出口。

4、嘉图认为在国际贸易中起决定作用的不是绝对成本，而是相对成本。

5、斯密的绝对优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的绝对差别；劳动生产率的比较优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的相对差别。

6、在嘉图模型中，生产可能性边界线方程是一个线性方程式，表示A、B两国的PPF曲线是一条直线段。

7、重商主义者提倡的国家经济政策有：限制进口和鼓励出口，采取奖金、退税、协定和殖民地贸易等措施鼓励出口。

8、嘉图认为在国际贸易中起决定作用的不是绝对成本，而是相对成本。

9、机会成本概念表明：彼种选择的机会成本就构成此种选择的机会成本。

选择题：1、首先用机会成本理论来解释比较优势原理的学者是： C、A、嘉图B、罗布津斯基C、哈伯勒D、穆勒第三章：1、要素禀赋理论最初是由赫克歇尔和俄林提出的，后经萨缪尔森等人加工不断完善。

2、要素禀赋理论由H-O定理、要素价格均等化定理和罗伯津斯基定理、斯托伯-萨缪尔森定理等构成3、要素价格均等化理论指出国际贸易通过商品价格的均等化会导致要素价格的均等化，从而在世界围实现资源的最佳配置。

第二章 古典国际贸易理论1. 根据重商主义的观点，一国必须保持贸易顺差。

在两国模型中是否可能？为什么？思路：在两国模型中一国的贸易顺差等于另一国的贸易逆差，不可能出现两国都顺差的情况，重商主义贸易顺差的目标必有一国无法实现。

2. 在分析中国加入世界贸易组织（WTO ）的利弊时，有人说“为了能够打开出口市场，我们不得不降低关税，进口一些外国产品。

这是我们不得不付出的代价”；请分析评论这种说法。

思路：这种说法实际是“重商主义”，认为出口有利，进口受损，实际上降低关税多进口本国不具有比较优势的产品，把资源用在更加有效率的产品生产中去再出口，能大大提高一国的福利水平，对一国来说反而是好事。

3. 在古典贸易模型中，假设A 国有120名劳动力，B 国有50名劳动力，如果生产棉花的话，A 国的人均产量是2吨，B 国也是2吨；要是生产大米的话，A 国的人均产量是10吨，B 国则是16吨。

画出两国的生产可能性曲线并分析两国中哪一国拥有生产大米的绝对优势？哪一国拥有生产大米的比较优势？ 思路：B 国由于每人能生产16吨大米，而A 国每人仅生产10吨大米，所以B 国具有生产大米的绝对优势。

从两国生产可能性曲线看出A 国生产大米的机会成本为0.2，而B 国为0.125，所以B 国生产大米的机会成本或相对成本低于A 国，B 国生产大米具有比较优势。

4.得到好处，5. 假中国总劳动为各国生产计算机的机会成本。

（2） 哪个国家具有生产计算机的比较优势？哪个国家具有生产小麦的比较优势？（3） 如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换22单位的小麦，加拿大参与贸易可以从每单位的进口中节省多少劳动时间？中国可以从每单位进口中节省多少劳动时间？如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换24单位的小麦，加拿大和中国分别可以从进口每单位的货物中节省多少劳动时间？（4） 在自由贸易的情况下，各国应生产什么产品，数量是多少？整个世界的福利水平是提高还是降低了？试用图分析。

资料范本本资料为word版本，可以直接编辑和打印，感谢您的下载李坤望国际经济学第四版课后习题答案(自整理)地点：__________________时间：__________________说明：本资料适用于约定双方经过谈判，协商而共同承认，共同遵守的责任与义务，仅供参考，文档可直接下载或修改，不需要的部分可直接删除，使用时请详细阅读内容第一章1.封闭条件下，中国和美国的小麦与布的交换比率分别为1:4和2:5,那么在两国之间展开贸易后，小麦与布之间的交换比率可能为.A.1:6B.2:6C.3:6D.4:62.在机会成本递增条件下，只要各国在生产同样产品时存在着价格差异，那么比较利益理论就仍然有效。

这种说法是否正确?A.正确B.不正确3.作为新贸易理论的核心基础之一，规模经济意味着随着产量增加，()A.平均成本与边际成本都下降B. 平均成本变化不确定,边际成本下降C. 平均成本下降D.平均成本与边际成本都上升4.以下说法中，()是错误的。

A.绝对优势理论是以机会成本不变为前提的，而相对优势理论则是以机会成本递增为前提的B.相对优势理论可以部分地解释经济技术发展水平和层次不同的国家之间进行贸易的基础C.生产要素禀赋理论用生产要素禀赋的差异解释国际贸易产生的动因D.无论是生产技术差异还是生产要素禀赋差异导致国际贸易产生,都是以两国之间同一产品的价格存在差异为前提第二章1.下列() 属于李嘉图模型的假定前提条件。

A.生产过程中使用资本和劳动力两种要素B.没有运输成本和其他交易成本C.生产要素可以在两国间自由流动D.生产要素非充分利用因此机会成本不变2.下列()不属于重商主义的观点。

A.货币是财富的唯一表现形式B.通过国际贸易可以提高所有贸易参与国的福利水平C.出口意味着贵金属的流入D.进口意味着贵金属的流出3.下列关于技术差异论的表述哪一项是不正确的()A.分为绝对技术差异论与相对技术差异论B.劳动力在国内两个部门之间自由流动，而且机会成本保持不变C.参与贸易的两个国家福利水平都可以得到提高D.一国比另一国家的技术优势越大，则通过国际贸易获得的福利增加越大4.下列哪一条不是重商主义的理论主张()A.贸易不是“零和”的B.多卖少买，保持贸易顺差，是获得财富的基本原则C.国家应干预经济，鼓励出口，限制进口D.金银货币是财富的唯一形态第三章1.假定每单位x产品的生产需要4单位劳动与6单位土地，每单位Y产品的生产需要2单位劳动与4单位土地，如果本国有100 单位劳动与200单位土地,外国有200单位劳动与300单位土地，则根据H-O理论可推出()A. X是土地密集型产品，本国出口X产B. X 是土地密集型产品，品本国出口YC. Y是土地密集型产品，产品本国出口.D.Y是土地密集型产品，X产品本国出2.根据要素禀赋理论，如果美国与中国相比是资本相对丰裕的国家，汽车是资本密集型产品，而纺织品是劳动密集型产品，则与封闭条件下相比，中美两国进行贸易后()。

国际经济学第九版英文课后答案第10单元CHAPTER 10ECONOMIC INTEGRATION: CUSTOMS UNIONS AND FREE TRADE AREAS OUTLINE10.1 Introduction10.2 Trade-Creating Customs Unions10.2a Trade Creation10.2b Illustration of a Trade-Creating Customs Union10.3 Trade-Diverting Customs Unions10.3a Trade Diversion10.3b Illustration of a Trade-Diverting Customs Union10.4 The Theory of the Second Best and Other Static Welfare Effects10.4a The Theory of the Second Best10.4b Conditions More Likely to Lead to Increased Welfare10.4c Other Static Welfare Effects of Customs Unions10.5 Dynamic Benefits of Customs Unions*10.6 History of Attempts at Economic Integration10.6a The European UnionCase Study 10-1: Economic Profile of the EU, NAFTA, and JapanCase Study 10-2: Gains from the Single EU Market10.6b The European Free Trade Association10.6c The North American and Other Free Trade AgreementsCase Study 10-3: Mexico's Gains from NAFTA – Expectations and Outcome10.6d Attempts at Economic Integration Among Developing NationsCase Study 10-4: Economic Profile of MercosurCase Study 10-5: Changes in Trade Patterns with Economic Integration 344A10.6e Economic Integration in Central, Eastern Europe & Former Soviet RepublicsCase Study 10-6: Per Capita Income of Transition Economies Appendix: A10.1 General Equilibrium Analysis of Static Effects of a Trade-Diverting Customs UnionA10.2 Regional Trade Agreements Around the WorldKey TermsEconomic integration Variable import leviesPreferential trade arrangements European Free Trade Association (EFTA) (6920811.d oc) 10-1 Dominick Salvatore Free-trade area Trade deflectionCustoms union North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Common market Southern Common Market (Mercosur) Economic union Council of Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) Duty-free zones State trading companiesTrade creation Bilateral agreementsTrade diversion Bulk purchasingTrade-diverting customs union Central and Eastern European Countries (CEEC) Theory of the second best New Independent States (NIS)Tariff factories Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) European Union (EU) Central European Free Trade Association (CEFTA)Baltic States Free Trade Area (BAFTA)Lecture Guide:1. This is not a core chapter and I would skip it except for section 6. Section 6 is animportant section and can be regarded as an extension ofChapter 9, which is a corechapter. Section 6 deals with a very important set of current events.2. Section 6 is a long section and may require two classes to be adequately presented. Iwould cover subsections a-d in one class and subsection e as well as both case studies in the second class. Case Studies 10-1 to 10-6 can be used for a very stimulating classdiscussion.3. While section 6 can be presented without covering the material in sections 1-5, someterms discussed in sections 1-5 (such as trade creation and trade diversion) need to bedefined.4. In a one-year course in international economics, I would cover the entire chapter. I wouldthen cover sections 10-1 to 10-3 in one class and sections 10-4 and 10-5 in the secondclass. In the first class, the most important aspect would be the presentation and clearexplanation of Figures 10-1 and 10-2.Answers to Problems:1. If Nation A imposes a 100 percent ad valorem tariff on imports of commodity X fromNation B and Nation C, Nation A will produce commodity X domestically because thedomestic price of commodity X is $10 as compared with the tariff-inclusive price of$16 if Nation A imported commodity X from Nation B and $12 if Nation A importedcommodity X from nation C.2. a) If Nation A forms a customs union with Nation B, NationA will import commodity (6920811.d oc) 10-2 Dominick SalvatoreX from Nation B at the price of $8 instead of producing it itself at $10 or importing itfrom Nation C at the tariff-inclusive price of $12.b) When Nation A forms a customs union with Nation B this would be a trade-creatingcustoms union because it replaces domestic production of commodity X at Px=$10with tariff-free imports of commodity X from Nation B at Px=$8.3. If Nation A imposes a 50 percent ad valorem tariff on imports of commodity X fromNation B and Nation C, Nation A will import commodity X from nation C at the tariff- inclusive price of $9 instead of producing commodity X itself or importing it fromNation B at the tariff-inclusive price of $12.4. a) If Nation A forms a customs union with Nation B, NationA will import commodityX from Nation B at the price of $8 instead of importing it from Nation C at the tariff-inclusive price of $9.b) When Nation A forms a customs union with Nation B this would be a trade-divertingcustoms union because it replaces lower-price imports of commodity X of $6 (fromthe point of view of Nation A as a whole) with higher priced imports of commodityX from Nation B at $8.Specifically, Nation A's importers do not import commodity X from Nation Cbecause the tariff-inclusive price of commodity X from Nation C is $9 as comparedwith the no-tariff price of $8 for imports of commodity X from Nation B. However,since the government of Nation A collects the $3 tariff per unit on imports ofcommodity X from Nation C, the net effective price for imports of commodity Xfrom Nation C is really $6 for Nation A as a whole.5. See Figure 10-1 in the text. Any figure similar to Figure 10-1 in the text would do.6. The welfare gains that Nation 2 receives from joining Nation 1 to form a customs unionis given by the sum of the areas of triangles CJM and BHN in Figure 10-1 in the text.Any similar figure and sum of corresponding triangles would, of course, be adequate.7. See Figure 10-2 in the text. Any figure similar to Figure 10-2 in the text would do.8. The welfare loss that Nation 2 receives from joining Nation 1 to form a customs unionis given by C'JJ'+B'HH'- MNH'J'=$11.25 in Figure 10-2 in the text.Any similar figure and sum of corresponding triangles minus the area of corresponding rectangle would, of course, be adequate.9. See Figure 1 and compare it to Figure 10-2.10. The net gain from the trade-diverting customs unionshown in Figure 1 is given byC'JJ'+B'HH'-MJ'H'N. As contrasted with the case in Figure 10-2, however, the sum (6920811.d oc) 10-3 Dominick Salvatore of the areas of the two triangles (measuring gains) is greater than the area the rectangle (measuring the loss). Thus, the nation would now gain from the formation of a custom union. Had we drawn the figure on graph paper, we would have been able to measure the net gain in monetary terms also.11. A trade-diverting customs union is more likely to lead toa welfare gain of a membernation (1) the smaller is the relative inefficiency of nation 3 with respect to nation 1,(2) the higher is the level of the tariff, and (3) the more elastic are Dx and Sx in nation2. These can seen by comparing Figure 10-2 in the text with Figure 1 on the next page.12. See Figure 2. The formation of the customs union has no effect.13. NAFTA created much more controversy because the very low wages in Mexico led togreat fears of large job losses in the U. S.14. The possible cost to the U.S. from EU92 arose from the increased efficiency andcompetitiveness of the E.U. The benefit arose because a more rapid growth in the EU spills into a greater demand for American products, which benefits the U. S.App. Compare points B' and H' in Figure 10-3 with the corresponding points inFigure 3.Multiple-choice Questions:1. Which of the following statements is correct?*a. In a customs union, member nations apply a uniform external tariffb. in a free-trade area, member nations harmonize their monetary and fiscal policiesc. within a customs union there is unrestricted factor movementd. a customs union is a higher form of economic integration than a common market2. A customs union that allows for the free movement of labor and capital among its member nations is called a:a. preferential trade arrangementb. free-trade area*c. common marketd. all of the above3. A trade-creating customs union is one where:a. lower-cost imports from outside the customs union are replaced by higher-cost imports from a union member *b. some domestic production in a member nation is replaced by lower-cost imports from another member nationc. trade among members increases but trade with nonmembers decreasesd. trade among members decreases while trade with nonmembers increases4. A trade-diverting customs union:a. increases trade among union members and with nonmember nationsb. reduces trade among union members and with nonmember nations*c. increases trade among members but reduces trade with non-membersd. reduces trade among union members but increases it with nonmembers5. A trade-diverting customs union results in:a. trade diversion onlyb. trade creation only*c. both trade creation and trade diversiond. we cannot say6. The formation of a trade-creating customs union where all economic resources of membernations are fully employed before and after the formation of the customs union leads to an:*a. increase in the welfare of member and nonmember nationsb. increase in the welfare of member nations onlyc. increase in the welfare of nonmember nations onlyd. increase or decrease in the welfare of member and nonmember nations7. A trade-diverting customs union:a. increases the welfare of member and nonmember nationsb. reduces the welfare of member and nonmember nationsc. increases the welfare of member nations but reduces that of nonmembers*d. reduces the welfare of nonmembers and may increase or reduce that of members8. A trade-diverting customs union is more likely to lead to trade creation:a. the lower are the pre-union trade barriers of the member countries*b. the lower are the customs union's barriers on trade with the rest of the worldc. the smaller is the number of countries forming the customs union and the smaller their sized. the more complementary rather than competitive are the economies of the nations forming the customs union9. The theory of customs union is a special case of the theory of:a. effective protection*b. the second bestc. the product cycled. comparative advantage10. Which is not a dynamic benefit from the formation of a customs union?a. increased competitionb. economies of scalec. stimulus to investment*d. trade creation11. The formation of the EU resulted in:a. trade creation in industrial and agricultural productsb. trade diversion in industrial and agricultural products*c. trade creation in industrial products and trade diversion in agricultural productsd. trade diversion in industrial products and trade creation in agricultural products12. The benefit that the United States is likely to receive from NAFTA:*a. increasing competition in product and resource marketsb. greater technical innovationc. improvements in its terms of traded. all of the above13. The benefit that Mexico is likely to receive from NAFTA:a. greater export-led growthb. encouraging the return of flight capitalc. more rapid structural change*d. all of the above14. Which is a stumbling block to successful economic integration among groups ofdeveloping nations?a. benefits are not evenly distributed among nationsb. many developing nations are not willing to relinquish part of their newly-acquired sovereignty to a supranational community body, as required for successful economic integrationc. the complementary nature of their economies and competition for the same world markets for their agricultural exports*d. all of the above15. The formation of a free trade area among the countries of Eastern Europe is advocatedin order to:a. restore trade trading*b. retain the traditional trade links that can be justified on market principlesc. reduce the need for structural changed. none of the above。