临界缠结分子量PolymerMc
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结构单元constitutional unit重复结构单元constitutional repeating unit构型单元configurational unit立构重复单元stereorepeating unit立构规整度tacticity等规度, 全同立构[规整,整]度isotacticity间同度,间同立构[规整]度syndiotacticity无规度,无规立构度atacticity嵌段block规整嵌段regular block非规整嵌段irregular block立构嵌段stereoblock有规立构嵌段isotactic block无规立构嵌段atactic block单体单元monomeric unit二单元组diad三单元组triad四单元组tetrad五单元组pentad无规线团random coil自由连接链freely-jointed chain自由旋转链freely-rotating chain蠕虫状链worm-like chain柔性链flexible chain链柔性chain flexibility刚性链rigid chain棒状链rodlike chain链刚性chain rigidity聚集aggregation聚集体aggregate凝聚、聚集coalescence链缠结chain entanglement凝聚缠结cohesional entanglement物理缠结physical entanglement拓扑缠结topological entanglement凝聚相condensed phase凝聚态condensed state凝聚过程condensing process临界聚集浓度critical aggregation concentration 线团-球粒转换coil-globule transition受限链confined chain受限态confined state物理交联physical crosslinking统计线团statistical coil等效链equivalent chain统计链段statistical segment链段chain segment链构象chain conformation剥离强度peeling strength 疲劳强度fatigue strength, fatigue resistance挠曲deflection压缩强度compressive strength压缩永久变形compression set压缩变形compressive deformation压痕硬度indentation hardness洛氏硬度Rockwell hardness布氏硬度Brinell hardness抗刮性scrath resistance断裂力学fracture mechanics力学破坏mechanical failure应力强度因子stress intensity factor断裂伸长elongation at break屈服强度yield strength断裂韧性fracture toughness弹性形变elastic deformation弹性滞后elastic hysteresis弹性elasticity弹性模量modulus of elasticity弹性回复elastic recovery不可回复形变irrecoverable deformation裂缝crack银纹craze形变;变形deformation永久变形deformation set剩余变形residual deformation剩余伸长residual stretch回弹,回弹性resilience延迟形变retarded deformation延迟弹性retarded elasticity可逆形变reversible deformation应力开裂stress cracking应力-应变曲线stress strain curve拉伸应变stretching strain拉伸应力弛豫tensile stress relaxation热历史thermal history热收缩thermoshrinking扭辫分析torsional braid analysis,TBA应力致白stress whitening应变能strain energy应变张量strain tensor剩余应力residual stress应变硬化strain hardening应变软化strain softening电流变液electrorheological fluid无规线团模型random coil model无规行走模型random walk model自避随机行走模型self avoiding walk model卷曲构象coiled conformation高斯链Gaussian chain无扰尺寸unperturbed dimension扰动尺寸perturbed dimension热力学等效球thermodynamically equivalent sphere近程分子内相互作用short-range intramolecular interaction远程分子内相互作用long-range intramolecular interaction链间相互作用interchain interaction链间距interchain spacing长程有序long range order近程有序short range order回转半径radius of gyration末端间矢量end-to-end vector链末端chain end末端距end-to-end distance无扰末端距unperturbed end-to-end distance均方根末端距root-mean-square end-to-end distance伸直长度contour length相关长度persistence length主链;链骨架chain backbone支链branch chain链支化chain branching短支链short-chain branch长支链long-chain branch支化系数branching index支化密度branching density支化度degree of branching交联度degree of crosslinking网络network网络密度network density溶胀swelling平衡溶胀equilibrium swelling分子组装,分子组合molecular assembly自组装self assembly微凝胶microgel凝胶点gel point可逆[性]凝胶reversible gel溶胶-凝胶转化sol-gel transformation临界胶束浓度critical micelle concentration,CMC组成非均一性constitutional heterogenity, compositional heterogenity摩尔质量平均molar mass average数均分子量number-average molecular weight, number-average molar mass重均分子量weight-average molecular weight, weight-average molar massZ均分子量Z(Zaverage)-average molecular weight, Z-molar mass 黏均分子量viscosity-average molecular weight,viscosity-average molar mass 表观摩尔质量apparent molar mass表观分子量apparent molecular weight聚合度degree of polymerization动力学链长kinetic chain length单分散性monodispersity临界分子量critical molecular wweight分子量分布molecular weight distribution,MWD多分散性指数polydispersity index,PID平均聚合度average degree of polymerization质量分布函数mass distribution function数量分布函数number distribution function重量分布函数weight distribution function舒尔茨-齐姆分布Schulz-Zimm distribution最概然分布most probable distribution对数正态分布logarithmic normal distribution聚合物溶液polymer solution聚合物-溶剂相互作用polymer-solvent interaction溶剂热力学性质thermodynamic quality of solvent均方末端距mean square end to end distance均方旋转半径mean square radius of gyrationθ温度theta temperatureθ态theta stateθ溶剂theta solvent良溶剂good solvent不良溶剂poor solvent位力系数Virial coefficient排除体积excluded volume溶胀因子expansion factor溶胀度degree of swelling弗洛里-哈金斯理论Flory-Huggins theory哈金斯公式Huggins equation哈金斯系数Huggins coefficientχ(相互作用)参数χ-parameter溶度参数solubility parameter摩擦系数frictional coefficient流体力学等效球hydrodynamically equivalent sphere流体力学体积hydrodynamic volume珠-棒模型bead-rod model球-簧链模型ball-spring [chain] model流动双折射flow birefringence, streaming birefringence动态光散射dynamic light scattering小角激光光散射low angle laser light scattering沉降平衡sedimentation equilibrium沉降系数sedimentation coefficient沉降速度法sedimentation velocity method沉降平衡法sedimentation equilibrium method相对黏度relative viscosity相对黏度增量relative viscosity increment黏度比viscosity ratio黏数viscosity number[乌氏]稀释黏度计[Ubbelohde] dilution viscometer 毛细管黏度计capillary viscometer落球黏度计ball viscometer落球黏度ball viscosity本体黏度bulk viscosity比浓黏度reduced viscosity比浓对数黏度inherent viscosity, logarithmic viscosity number 特性黏数intrinsic viscosity, limiting viscosity number黏度函数viscosity function零切变速率黏度zero shear viscosity端基分析analysis of end group蒸气压渗透法vapor pressure osmometry, VPO辐射的相干弹性散射coherent elastic scattering of radiation 折光指数增量refractive index increment瑞利比Rayleigh ratio超瑞利比excess Rayleigh ratio粒子散射函数particle scattering function粒子散射因子particle scattering factor齐姆图Zimm plot散射的非对称性dissymmetry of scattering解偏振作用depolarization分级fractionation沉淀分级precipitation fractionation萃取分级extraction fractionation色谱分级chromatographic fractionation柱分级column fractionation洗脱分级,淋洗分级elution fractionation热分级thermal fractionation凝胶色谱法gel chromatography摩尔质量排除极限molar mass exclusion limit溶剂梯度洗脱色谱法solvent gradient [elution] chromatography 分子量排除极限molecular weight exclusion limit洗脱体积elution volume普适标定universal calibration加宽函数spreading function链轴chain axis等同周期identity period链重复距离chain repeating distance晶体折叠周期crystalline fold period构象重复单元conformational repeating unit几何等效geometrical equivalence螺旋链helix chain构型无序configurational disorder链取向无序chain orientational disorder构象无序conformational disorder锯齿链zigzag chain双[股]螺旋double stranded helix[分子]链大尺度取向global chain orientation 结晶聚合物crystalline polymer半结晶聚合物semi-crystalline polymer高分子晶体polymer crystal高分子微晶polymer crystallite结晶度degree of crystallinity, crystallinity高分子[异质]同晶现象macromolecular isomorphism 聚合物形态学morphology of polymer片晶lamella, lamellar crystal轴晶axialite树枝[状]晶体dendrite纤维晶fibrous crystal串晶结构shish-kebab structure球晶spherulite折叠链folded chain链折叠chain folding折叠表面fold surface折叠面fold plane折叠微区fold domain相邻再入模型adjacent re-entry model接线板模型switchboard model缨状微束模型fringed-micelle model折叠链晶体folded-chain crystal平行链晶体parallel-chain crystal伸展链晶体extended-chain crystal球状链晶体globular-chain crystal长周期long period近程结构short-range structure远程结构long-range structure成核作用nucleation分子成核作用molecular nucleation阿夫拉米方程Avrami equation主结晶primary crystallization后期结晶secondary crystallization外延结晶,附生结晶epitaxial crystallization外延晶体生长,附生晶体生长epitaxial growth织构texture液晶态liquid crystal state溶致性液晶lyotopic liquid crystal热致性液晶thermotropic liquid crystal热致性介晶thermotropic mesomorphism近晶相液晶smectic liquid crystal近晶中介相smectic mesophase近晶相smectic phase条带织构banded texture环带球晶ringed spherulite向列相nematic phase盘状相discotic phase解取向disorientation分聚segregation非晶相amorphous phase非晶区amorphous region非晶态amorphous state非晶取向amorphous orientation链段运动segmental motion亚稳态metastable state相分离phase separation亚稳相分离spinodal decompositionbimodal decomposition,微相microphase界面相boundary phase相容性compatibility混容性miscibility不相容性incompatibility不混容性immiscibility增容作用compatiibilization最低临界共溶(溶解)温度lower critical solution temperature, LCST 最高临界共溶(溶解)温度upper critical solution temperature , UCST 浓度猝灭concentration quenching激基缔合物荧光excimer fluorescence激基复合物荧光exciplex fluorescence激光共聚焦荧光显微镜laser confocal fluorescence microscopy单轴取向uniaxial orientation双轴取向biaxial orientation, biorientation取向度degree of orientation橡胶态rubber state玻璃态glassy state高弹态elastomeric state黏流态viscous flow state伸长elongation高弹形变high elastic deformation回缩性,弹性复原nerviness拉伸比draw ratio, extension ratio泊松比Poisson's ratio杨氏模量Young's modulus本体模量bulk modulus剪切模量shear modulus法向应力normal stress剪切应力shear stress剪切应变shear strain屈服yielding颈缩现象necking屈服应力yield stress屈服应变yield strain脆性断裂brittle fracture脆性开裂brittle cracking脆-韧转变brittle ductile transition脆化温度brittleness(brittle) temperature延性破裂ductile fracture冲击强度impact strength拉伸强度tensile strength极限拉伸强度ultimate tensile strength抗撕强度tearing strength弯曲强度flexural strength, bending strength 弯曲模量bending modulus弯曲应变bending strain弯曲应力bending stress收缩开裂shrinkage crack剪切强度shear strength拉胀性auxiticity牛顿流体Newtonian fluid非牛顿流体non-Newtonian fluid宾汉姆流体Bingham fluid冷流cold flow牛顿剪切黏度Newtonian shear viscosity剪切黏度shear viscosity表观剪切黏度apparent shear viscosity剪切变稀shear thinning触变性thixotropy塑性形变plastic deformation塑性流动plastic flow体积弛豫volume relaxation拉伸黏度extensional viscosity黏弹性viscoelasticity线性黏弹性linear viscoelasticity非线性黏弹性non-linear viscoelasticity蠕变creep弛豫[作用] relaxation弛豫模量relaxation modulus蠕变柔量creep compliance热畸变温度heat distortion temperature弛豫谱relaxation spectrum推迟[时间]谱retardation [time] spectrum弛豫时间relaxation time推迟时间retardation time动态力学行为dynamic mechanical behavior动态黏弹性dynamic viscoelasticity热-机械曲线thermo-mechanical curve动态转变dynamic transition储能模量storage modulus损耗模量loss modulus复数模量complex modulus复数柔量complex compliance动态黏度dynamic viscosity复数黏度complex viscosity复数介电常数complex dielectric permittivity介电损耗因子dielectric dissipation factor介电损耗常数dielectric loss constant介电弛豫时间dielectric relaxation time玻璃化转变glass transition玻璃化转变温度glass-transition temperature次级弛豫secondary relaxation次级转变secondary transition次级弛豫温度secondary relaxation temperature开尔文模型Kelvin model麦克斯韦模型Maxwell model时-温叠加原理time-temperature superposition principle 玻耳兹曼叠加原理Boltzmann superposition principle平移因子shift factorWLF公式WLF[Williams-Lendel-Ferry] equation 软化温度softening temperature平衡熔点equilibrium melting point物理老化physical ageing光老化photoageing热老化thermal ageing热氧老化thermo-oxidative ageing人工老化artificial ageing加速老化accelerated ageing计算机模拟computer simulation分子动力学模拟molecular dynamics simulation蒙特卡洛模拟Monte Carlo simulation。
四、高分子链的柔顺性(一).柔顺性:高分子链的各种可蜷曲的性能或者说高分子链能改变其构象的性质称作柔顺性,简称柔顺性。
也就是说柔性是从一种构象过渡到另一种构象的可能性,它是聚合物的许多性能不同于低分子物质的主要原因。
1、静态柔顺性又称平衡态柔性,指的是高分子链处于较稳定状态时的蜷曲程度。
若存在非近邻原子之间的相互作用使反式和旁式之间的位能不等,= 旁式位能- 反式位能,静态柔顺性比较eD/KT值的大小:当eD/KT<1时,链的静态柔性好【反式和旁式构象在链中分配均匀,使链呈无规线团,每一个单接单元,】;当eD =0时,链柔性最好。
eD/KT>>1,刚性链【当eD/KT稍微增大,单键的反式构象将占优势,使链的局部变刚性,而从链的整体来说还是柔性的。
】把这条分子链看作由许多刚性的“链段”组成的柔性链,只是把每一个链段看作为一个可以独立运动的连接单元。
链段的长度lp,又称为持久长度(persistence length),比单键长度l要长,取决于eD/KT的值,lp=lexp(eD/KT)lp,当@eD0<时,lp@1链柔性最好。
2、动态柔顺性又称动力学柔性,指分子链从一种平衡态构象转变成另一种平衡态构象的容易程度。
构象转变越容易,转变速率越快,则分子链的动态柔性越好。
tp=oteDe/KTtp称为持久时间。
tp越短,分子链的动态柔性越好一、名词解释1.临界链长(Z):高分子链产生相互缠结的链长临界值。
由于缠结现象产生,导致聚合物熔体或浓溶液的黏度急剧增加。
通常以发生缠结的临界分子量()来表征临界链长。
2.临界分子量:聚合物分子量的1个阈值,高于此值分子链发生缠结可视作聚合物与低聚物的分界线。
3.单分散聚合物:是分子结构和分子量都均一的聚合物。
典型的例子是由阴离子聚合所得的聚苯乙烯,其重均分子量和数均分子量之比接近于1。
4.依数性:加入溶质后溶剂的一些热力学参数变化仅与溶质分子数有关的性质。
第二章化学反应工程基础1.说明聚合反应工程的研究内容及其重要性。
研究内容:①以工业规模的聚合过程为对象,以聚合反应动力学和聚合体系传递规律为基础;②将一般定性规律上升为数学模型,从而解决一般技术问题到复杂反应器设计,放大等提供定量分析方法和手段;③为聚合过程的开发,优化工艺条件等提供数学分析手段。
简而言之:聚合反应工程研究内容为:进行聚合反应器最佳设计;进行聚合反应操作的最佳设计和控制。
2.动力学方程建立时,数据收集方式和处理方式有哪些?收集方式:化学分析方法,物理化学分析方法处理方式:积分法,微分法。
3.反应器基本要求有哪些①提供反应物料进行反应所需容积,保证设备一定生产能力;②具有足够传热面积;③保证参加反应的物料均匀混合4.基本物料衡算式,热量衡算式①物料衡算:反应物A流入速度-反应物A流出速度-反应物A反应消失速度-反应物A积累速度=0(简作:流入量-流出量-消失量-积累量=0)②热量衡算:随物料流入热量-随物料流出热量-反应系统与外界交换热量+反应过程的热效应-积累热量=05.何谓容积效率?影响容积效率的因素有哪些工业上,衡量单位反应器体积所能达到的生产能力称之为容积效率,它等于在同一反应,相同速度、产量、转化率条件下,平推流反应器与理论混合反应器所需总体积比:η=Vp/Vm=τp/τm。
影响因素:反应器类型,反应级数,生产过程中转化率有关6.何为平推流和理想混合流?①反应物料在长径比很大的反应器中流动时,反应器内每一微元体积中流体均以同样速度向前移动,此种流动形态称平推流;②由于反应器强烈搅拌作用,使刚进入反应器物料微元与器内原有物料元瞬时达到充分混合,使各点浓度相等且不随时间变化,出口流体组成与器内相等此流动形态称理想混合流。
7.实现反应器的热稳定操作需满足哪些条件?① Qr=Qc,Qr体系放出热量;②②dQc/dT>dQr/dT,Qc 除热量;③③△T=T-Tw<RT2/E,E 反应活化能,T 反应器温度,Tw 冷却液温度8.何为返混?形成返混的主要原因有哪些?返混:指反应器中不同年龄的流体微元间的混合;原因:①由于物料与流向相反运动所造成,②②由于不均匀的速度分布所引起的,③由于反应器结构所引起死角、短路、沟流、旁路等。
不同梳形支化结构聚苯乙烯熔体的流变行为蒋姗;徐晓梅;王美玉;朱梦冰;俞强【期刊名称】《高校化学工程学报》【年(卷),期】2015(000)003【摘要】以主链长度相当、支链数目和支链长度变化的一系列梳形支化聚苯乙烯为对象,采用旋转流变仪测定其流变参数,研究了梳形支化结构对聚合物熔体流变行为的影响.结果表明,梳形支化聚苯乙烯的零剪切黏度随支化数目或支链长度的增加而增大.在支链长度低于链缠结临界分子量Me时,随支链数目增加,梳形支化聚苯乙烯的零剪切黏度与重均分子量对数曲线的斜率为 2.8~2.9.在支链数目一定时,当支链长度增加到链缠结临界分子量M e之前,梳形支化聚苯乙烯的零剪切黏度与重均分子量对数曲线的斜率为 3.2 左右.梳形支化聚苯乙烯呈假塑性流动行为,其非牛顿指数小于 1,且随支链数目或支链长度的增加有小幅下降.由于支链减轻了链缠结程度,导致梳形支化聚苯乙烯的黏流活化能低于线形聚苯乙烯,随支链数目增加,对链缠结的抑制作用增大,黏流活化能进一步下降.%A series of polystyrenes with the main chain lengths nearly the same and different branch lengths and branch numbers were prepared. The rheological parameters of polymers were measured by using a rotational rheometer, and the impact of the comb-branched structure on the rheological behavior was also investigated. The results indicate that, the zero-shear viscosity of comb-branched polystyrene increases with the increase of branch number and branch length. As the branch number increases, the slope of zero-shear viscosity? average weight molecular weight curve is between 2.8~2.9.When the branch number keeps constant, and before the branch length increases to cause its molecular weight reaches its critical molecular weight of chain entanglement Me,the slope of zero-shear viscosity average molecular weight curve is about 3.2. Comb-branched polystyrene behaved as pseudo plastic fluid. Its non-newtonian index is below 1, and the value declines a little as the branch length and branch number increase. Since the branches lighten the extent of chain entanglement, the viscous flow activation energy of comb-branched polystyrene is lower than that of linear polystyrene. As branch number increases, the chain entanglement is inhibited, and the viscous flow activation energy further declines.【总页数】5页(P748-752)【作者】蒋姗;徐晓梅;王美玉;朱梦冰;俞强【作者单位】常州大学材料科学与工程学院,江苏省太阳能电池材料与技术重点实验室,江苏常州 213164;常州大学材料科学与工程学院,江苏省太阳能电池材料与技术重点实验室,江苏常州 213164;常州大学材料科学与工程学院,江苏省太阳能电池材料与技术重点实验室,江苏常州 213164;常州大学材料科学与工程学院,江苏省太阳能电池材料与技术重点实验室,江苏常州 213164;常州大学材料科学与工程学院,江苏省太阳能电池材料与技术重点实验室,江苏常州 213164【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TQ325.2【相关文献】1.梳形支化聚苯乙烯的支化结构对其溶液形态和性质的影响 [J], 王美玉;徐晓梅;朱梦冰;俞强2.氮氧稳定自由基聚合与原子转移自由基聚合结合制备梳形支化聚苯乙烯的反应行为 [J], 王美玉;徐晓梅;刘佳楠;陆梦雅;朱梦冰;俞强3.梳形支化聚苯乙烯模型化合物的合成及表征 [J], 程叔耀;李道林;张雷4.梳形支化聚苯乙烯中运动单元的松弛行为 [J], 刘晶如;刘益兴5.支链数目和支链长度对梳形支化聚苯乙烯动态粘弹行为的影响 [J], 蒋姗;徐晓梅;王美玉;朱梦冰;王克敏;俞强因版权原因,仅展示原文概要,查看原文内容请购买。
第一章高分子链的结构aeolotropy 各向异性anti-configuration 反型;反式构型atactic polymer 无规(立构)聚合物average root-mean-square 均方根backbone 主链backbone motion 主链运动backbone structure 主链结构branched polymer 支化聚合物carbon chain 碳链chain conformation 链构象chain element 链单元;链节cis-configuration 顺式构型cis-isomer 顺式异构体cis-isomerism 顺式异构现象cis-stereoisomer 顺式立体异构体cis-trans isomerism 顺-反(式)异构现象cis-trans isomerization 顺反异构化characterization [1]表征;表征法[2]检定;检定法configuration 构型conformation 构象covalent bond 共价键cross link 交联;交联键cross linkage 交联crosslinked network 交联网crosslinked polymer 交联聚合物differential thermal analysis 差热分析differential thermogravimetric analysis 微分热重分析differential thermogravimetrie curve 微分热重曲线degree of isotacticity 全同(立构)规整度degree of order 有序度degree of syndiotacticity 间同(立构)规整度degree of tacticity 构型规整度diisotactic 双全同立构的direction of orientation 取向方向end-to-end distance 末端距fork chain 支链fork group 支基quitactic polymer 全同间同(立构)等量聚合物erythro-diisotactic 叠(同)双重全同立构eutacticity 理想的构型规整性ditactic 构型的双中心规整性;degree of isomerization 异构化flexibility 柔性;柔顺性free internal rotation 自由内旋转freely jointed chain 自由连接链functional group 功能基;官能团Gauss chain 高斯链Gauss distribution 高斯分布Gaussian chain 高斯链Gaussian distribution 高斯分布Gaussian network 高斯网络non-Gaussian Chain 非高斯链non-Gaussian distribution 非高斯分布geometrical isomer 几何异构体geometrical regularity 几何规整度graft 接枝物graft block copolymer 接枝嵌段共聚物graft copolymer 接枝共聚物graft copolymerization 接枝共聚graftomer 接枝聚合物graft polymerization 接枝聚合head-tail sequence 头尾顺序head-to-head 头-头接head-to-head polymer 头-头接聚合物head-to-tail polymer 头-尾接聚合物hot setting resin 热固性树脂isotactic 全同立构;等规立构isotactic chain 全同立构链isotactic configuration 全同立构型isotacticity 全同立构规整度isotactic polymer 全同立构聚合物iso-trans-tactic 反式全同立构linear chain 直链linear chain polymer 直链聚合物linear copolymer 线形共聚物linear macromolecule 线形大分子linear molecule 线形分子linear polymer 线形聚合物high polymer 高聚物half polymer 低聚物highly branched chain 高度支化链heat of crystallization 结晶热flexible linear macromolecule 柔性线形大分子flexible side group 柔性侧基interpolymer 共聚体long chain branching 长链支化long chain molecule 长链分子holotactic 全规整macromolecular 大分子的;高分子的macromolecular compound 大分子化合物;高分子化合物macromolecule 大分子;高分子main chain 主链main polymer chain 聚合物主链molecular bond 分子键molecular configuration 分子构型monomer 单体mutamer 旋光异构体mean square end to end distance 均方末端距nonlinear polymer 非线型聚合物net structure 网状结构network polymer 网状聚合物network structure 网状结构optical isomer 旋光异构体;旋光异构物ordered structure 有序结构random copolymer 无规共聚物polymer chain 聚合物链;高分子链polymer single crystal 聚合物primary structure 一级结构;初级结构regularity 规则性;整齐度distance 均方根末端距rotamerism 几何异构现象;旋转异构现象rigid chain 刚性链rigid macromolecule 刚性大分子straight-chain polymer 直链聚合物secondary structure 二级结构syndiotactic 间同立构的syndiotactic polymer 间同立构聚合物stability 稳定性star polymer 星形聚合物statistical copolymer 无规共聚物spatial structure 空间结构sub-chain motion 链段运动trans isomerism 反式异构(现tertiary structure 三级结构unperturbed chain dimension 未受扰分子链尺寸;无扰分子链尺寸valence bond 价键valence distance (=bond length) 键长;键距laevo-configuration 左旋构型microstructure of polymer 聚合物的微结构microtacticity 微观规整性short range structure 近程结构molecular motion 分子运动molecular model 分子模型第二章高分子的聚集态结构intermolecular attraction 分子间引力hydrogen bond 氢键amorphous 非晶的;无定形的amorphous birefringence 非晶双折射amorphous material 非晶材料;无定形材料amorphous phase 非晶相amorphous polymer 非晶态聚合物amorphous region 非晶区;无定形区axial orientation 沿轴取向auto-orientation mechanism 自取向机理biaxial orientation 双轴取向biaxial stretch 双轴拉伸crystal 结晶;晶体crystal angle 晶角crystal defect 晶体缺陷crystal diffraction 晶体衍射crystal grain 晶粒crystal lattice 晶格crystalline copolymer 结晶共聚物crystalline orientation 晶体取向crystalline polymer 结晶聚合物crystalline portion 结晶部分crystalline region 晶区crystalline structure 晶体结构crystallinity 结晶性;结晶度crystallite 微晶;晶粒crystallite dimension 晶粒尺寸crystallite size distribution 晶粒大小分布crystallizable polymer (能)结晶聚合物crystallization 结晶(作用)crystallization rate 结晶速率crystallization temperature 结晶温度crystallize 结晶cubic system 立方晶系chain folding 链折叠chain-folded lamellae 折叠链片晶degree of crystallinity 结晶度程度degree of orientation 取向度diffraction 衍射diffraction angle 衍射角diffraction pattern 衍射图形;衍射花样diffractometer 衍射仪extended chain crystal 伸直链electron microscope 电子显微镜expanded material 发泡材料; 晶体birefringence 双折射density crystallinity 密度结晶度folded chain 折叠链folded chain crystal 折叠链晶体folded chain lamellae 折叠链晶片folded chain model 折叠链模型folded configuration 折叠构型folding length 折叠链长度liquid crystal 液晶lamellae 片晶lamellae structure 片晶结构lattice 晶格;点阵lattice constant 晶格常数lattice energy 晶格能lattice model 晶格模型lattice structure 晶格结构monoclinic 单斜(晶)的mono-crystalline 单晶的morphological structure 形态结构molecular orientation 分子取向non-crystallizable polymer 不结晶聚合物one-way orientation 单向取向orientated polymer 取向聚合物orientated polymerization 取向聚合orientation 取向orthorhombic unit cell 斜方晶胞platelets 片晶polarize 起偏(振)镜;起偏光镜polarizing microscope 偏(振)光显微镜polaroid (人造)偏振片[物];起偏振片single crystal 单晶small angle scattering 小角散射第三章高分子溶液viscometry 粘度法gelatination 胶凝(作用);胶凝化gel point 凝胶点coacervation 凝聚coagulation point 凝固点;凝结点equilibrium swelling 平衡溶胀heat of solution 溶解热gel 凝胶;冻胶ideal solution 理想溶液fractional precipitation 分级沉淀fractional solution 分级溶解fractionation 分级non-ideal solution 非理想溶液solubility 溶解性;可溶性solubility parameter 溶度参数soluble polymer 可溶性聚合物dilute solution 稀溶液dilute solution theory 稀溶液理论dilution free energy 稀释自由能dilution heat 稀释热dilution viscometer 稀释粘度计free energy 自由能free energy of mixing 混合自由能entropy of mixing 混合熵polar polymer 极性聚合物第四章高聚物的分子量和分子量分布average molecular weight 平均分子量Z-average molecular weight Z均分子量Z-average molecular weight Z均分子量weight average molecular weight 重(量平)均分子量apparent molecular weight 表观分子量critical entanglement molecular weight 临界缠结分子量end effect 末端效应end group 端基end group method 端基法[测分子量]intrinsic viscosity 特性粘数intrinsic viscosity number 特性粘数narrow molecular weight distribution 窄分子量分布mean molecular weight 平均分子量molecular weight 分子量molecular weight determination 分子量测定molecular weight distribution 分子量分布molecular weight distribution curve 分子量分布曲线number average molecular weight 数均分子量scattering angle 散射角relative viscosity 相对粘度viscometric average molecular weight 粘均分子量viscosity 粘度viscosity-average molecular weight 粘均分子量viscous 粘的;粘性的logarithmic viscosity number 比浓对数粘度kinematic viscosity 比密粘度non-polar polymer 非极性聚合物interfacial tension 界面张力density gradient column 密度梯度管density gradient sedimentation 密度梯度沉降法density gradient tube 密度梯度管concentration gradient 浓度梯度第五章聚合物的转变与松弛stress relaxation 应力松弛stress-strain curve 应力-应变曲线deformability 变形性deformation 形变;变形deformation band (滑移)形变带continuous stress relaxation 连续应力松弛characteristic relaxation time 特征松弛时间discrete relaxation time 离散松弛时间epitaxy 外延;取向生长glasslike polymer 类玻璃聚合物glass point 玻璃点glass temperature 玻璃化(转变)温度glass transition 玻璃化转变glass transition region 玻璃化转变区glass transition temperature 玻璃化转变温度glassy compliance 玻璃态柔量glassy modulus 玻璃态模量glassy polymer 玻璃态聚合物glassy state 玻璃态half-crystallization time 半结晶期half life period 半衰期fractional free volume 自由体积分数free volume 自由体积noncrystalline 非晶的noncrystalline region 非晶区kinetic of crystallization 结晶动力学nuclei [复]核;晶核nucleus ([复] nuclei)核;晶核nucleus formation (晶)核生成(作用)rubbery plateau zone 橡胶高弹区rubbery state 橡胶态rubbery plateau zone 橡胶高弹区rubbery state 橡胶态rate of crystal growth 晶体生长速率transition zone 转变区compression deformation 压缩变形compression modulus 压缩模量heterogeneous nucleation 异相成核dimensionless glass transition 无量纲玻璃化转变thermo-mechanical curve 热机(械)曲线;温度形变曲线permanent deformation 永久变形non-reversible deformation 不可逆形变;永久形变thermal deformation 热变形thermal degradation 热降解thermal dilation 热膨胀compression set 压缩变形initial modulus 起始模量initial tangent modulus 起始切线模量instantaneous compliance 瞬时柔量instantaneous deformation 瞬时形变instantaneous elasticity 瞬时弹性instantaneous elastic recovery 瞬时弹性回复instantaneous modulus 瞬时模量dynamic mechanical double glass transition 动态力学双重玻璃化转变delayed deformation 延迟形变recrystallization 再结晶(作用)relative deformation 相对形变relative elongation 相对伸长thermogravimetric curve 热重(分析)曲线;温度重量曲线第六章橡胶弹性anisotropic 各向异性的anisotropy 各向异性(现象)blend [1]共混物[2]共混blending polymer 共混聚合物dynamic elasticity 动态弹性delayed elasticity 延迟弹性elastic 弹性的elastic anisotropy 弹性各向异性elastic compliance 弹性柔量elastic constant 弹性常数elastic deformation 弹性形变elastic elongation 弹性伸长elastic extension 弹性延伸elastic isotropy 弹性各向同性elasticity 弹性elasticity modulus 弹性模量elastic property 高弹性elastomer 高弹体;弹性体elastomeric state 橡胶高弹态;高弹态high elastic deformation 高弹形变high elasticity 高弹性high elastic rubber 高弹性橡胶long range elasticity 高弹性ideal elasticity 理想弹性ideal elastomer 理想弹性体non-elastic deformation 非弹性形变initial elasticity 初弹性;瞬时弹性perfect elastic body 理想弹性体modulus of elasticity 弹性模量modulus of rigidity 刚性模量temporary set(高)弹性形变dynamic resilience 动态弹性回复dynamic rigidity 动态刚度;动态刚性rubber elastic behavior 橡胶弹性行为;高弹行为entropic deformation mechanism 熵变形机理entropy-elastic deformation 熵弹形变entropy elasticity 熵弹性entropy spring 熵弹簧nature rubber 天然橡胶non-Hookean elasticity 非虎克弹性natural cis-polyisoprene 天然顺式聚异戊二烯;天然橡胶natural draw ratio 固有拉伸比;自然拉伸比one-way drawing 单向牵伸draw 拉伸draw ratio 拉伸比Poisson’s ratio 泊松比第七章聚合物的粘弹性anelasticity 滞弹性dynamic compliance 动态柔量dynamic creep 动态蠕变dynamic mechanical behavior 动态力学行为dynamic mechanical property 动态力学性能dynamic mechanical test 动态力学试验boltzmann superposition principle 波尔兹曼叠加原理relaxation phenomenon 松弛现象relaxation spectra 松弛(时间)谱relaxation time 松弛时间retardation time 推迟时间retarded elasticity 推迟弹性superposition principle 叠加原理nature time (=relaxation itme) 松弛时间;自然时间non-linear viscoelasticity 非线性粘弹性recovery creep 回复蠕变principle of superposition 叠加原理time of relaxation 松驰时间time-temperature equivalent principle 时-温等效原理time-temperature superposition principle 时-温叠加原理creep 蠕变creep compliance 蠕变柔量creep curve 蠕变曲线dashpot 粘壶dynamic modulus 动态模量dynamics 动力学dynamic state 动态dynamic viscoelastometer 动态粘弹谱仪dynamic viscosity 动态粘度;动力粘度elastoviscometer 弹性粘度计elasto-viscous system 弹粘体系elastoviscous polymer 弹粘性聚合物distribution of retardation times 推迟时间分布Hookean elasticity 虎克弹性Hookean spring 虎克弹簧immediate set 瞬时变形initial creep 起始蠕变mechanical relaxation 力学松弛viscous elasticity 粘弹性stickiness 粘性compression stress relaxation 压缩应力松弛maximum relaxation time 极大松弛时间distribution of relaxation times 松弛时间分布stretch(ing) 拉伸tangent of the loss angle 损耗角正切mechanical loss factor 力学损耗因子loss angle 损耗角loss factor 损耗因子loss modulus 损耗模量loss tangent 损耗角正切intermittent stress relaxation 间断应力松弛discrete viscoelastic spectra 离散粘弹谱lastics [1]塑料[2]弹塑料;弹塑(性)体damping 阻尼;减幅damping factor 阻尼因子distortion 扭变;畸变;双定向的第八章聚合物的屈服和断裂work-to-break 断裂功yield 屈服yield strength 屈服强度yield stress 屈服应力Y oung’s modulus 杨氏模量root-mean-square end-to-end rupture mechanism 断裂机理;破坏机理modulus of rupture (=flexural strength) 抗弯弹度;挠曲强度unnotched Izod impact strength 无缺口悬臂梁式抗冲击强度impact strength 冲击强度crack [1]裂缝;龟裂;裂纹[2]裂化craze 银纹load-elongation curve 载荷-伸长曲线fissure 裂缝;裂隙flexing resistance 抗挠性;耐屈挠性flexural modulus 挠曲模量flexural strength 挠曲强度fluid resin 液态树脂fracture 断裂;破裂fracture energy 断裂能fracture mechanism 断裂机理fracture surface energy 断裂表面能fracture toughness 断裂韧性fragility 脆性;易碎性friability 脆性;易碎性friction 摩擦frictional damping 摩擦阻尼fringe 条纹elongation 伸长extended length 伸展长度extension 伸长;延伸extension at break 断裂伸长extension modulus 拉伸模量extension ratio 拉伸比fabricability 加工性failure 破裂;破坏fatigue 疲劳fatigue cracking 疲劳龟裂fatigue curve 疲劳曲线fatigue failure 疲劳破坏fatigue strength 疲劳强度fatigue test 疲劳试验faying surface 接触面bending modulus 弯曲(弹性)模量bend(ing) strength 弯曲强度bend(ing) stress 弯曲应力breaking elongation 断裂伸长第九章聚合物的流变性rheology 流变学rheometer 流变仪anti-swelling 抗溶胀性anti-thixotropy 非触变性;非摇溶(现象)apparent area 表观面积apparent density 表观密度apparent fluidity 表观流度apparent viscosity 表观粘度die swell(ing) 挤出胀大;模口胀大die swell ratio 挤出胀大比dilatability 膨胀性dilatate 膨胀dynamic (=dynamical) [1]动态的[2]动力学的dynamic chemorheology 动态化学流变学flowability 流动性flow behavior 流动行为;流动特性flow birefringence 流动双折射flow curve 流动曲线flow diagram 流动图flow index 流动指数flow line 流线flow temperature 流动温度fluid 流体fluid mechanics 流体力学hydrodynamics 流体力学hydronamic orientation 流体力学取向non-recoverable flow 不可逆流动;塑性流动pseudo-plastic fluid 假塑性流体pseudo-plasticity 假塑性;非宾汉塑料pseudo-viscosity 假粘度;非牛顿粘度pure viscous flow 纯粘性流动rate of shear 剪切(变)速率melt crystallization 熔融结晶melt elasticity 熔体弹性melten polymer 熔融聚合物melt flow index 熔体流动指数melt fracture 熔体破裂melt index 熔体指数melting temperature 熔融温度melting viscosity 熔融粘度melt rheology 熔体流变学melt viscosity 熔体粘度telescopic flow 层流viscous flow 粘流drag flow 粘性流动Bingham body 宾汉体Bingham flow 宾汉流动Bingham model 宾汉模型Bingham plastic fluid 宾汉塑性流体Bingham’s yield value 宾汉屈服值Bingham viscometer 宾汉粘度计extrude 挤出;挤压;压出extruding machine 挤出机extrusion 挤出;挤压extrusion molding 挤出成形extrusion swelling 挤出胀大capillary extrusion rheometer 毛细管挤出流变计necking (cold drawing) 颈缩(冷拉);细颈现象Newtonian behavior 牛顿行为Newtonian flow 牛顿流动[纯粘性流动] Newtonian liquid 牛顿液体Newtonian viscosity 牛顿粘度non-homogeneous 不均匀的non-Newtonian behavior 非牛顿行为non-Newtonian liquid 非牛顿液体shear 剪切;切变shear-banding 剪切带shear deformation 剪切形变shear elasticity (=shear modulus) 剪切模量shear stress 剪切应力shear viscosity 剪切粘度plastic flow 塑性流动plastic fluid 塑性液体torsional moment 扭矩torsional pendulum 扭摆torsional vibration rheometer 扭转振动流变仪smelting 熔炼;熔化softening 软化softening temperature 软化温度;软化点fusion heat 熔化热laminar flow 层流polymer melt 聚合物熔体molten polymer 熔融聚合物molten state 熔融状态swelling ratio 溶胀比;胀大比phase equilibrium 相平衡phase transition 相转变第十章聚合物的电学性能\热性能\光学性能\以及表面与界面性能ageing process 老化过程ageing property 老化性能;耐老化性ageing resistance 耐老化性;抗老化性ageing time 老化时间;老成时间air permeability 透气性dielectric 电介质;介电的dielectric anisotropy 介电各向异性dielectric breakdown 介电击穿dielectric constant 介电系数;介电常数dielectrie dissipation factor 介电损耗因子;介电损耗角正切dielectric heating 介电加热dielectric loss 介电损耗dielectric loss factor 介电损耗因子dielectric loss tangent 介电损耗(角)正切dielectric property 介电性质dielectric polarization 介电极化dielectric relaxation 介电松弛dielectric spectra 介电谱conductive polymer 导电聚合物flame resistance 阻燃性flame retardant 阻燃剂flammability 可燃性heat endurance 耐热性heat expansion 热膨胀heat resistance 耐热性high-temperature stability 高温稳定性heat-resistant polymer 耐热聚合物thermal conductivity [1]热导率;导热系数[2]导热性high polymeric polyelectrolyte 高聚物电解质insulating property 绝缘性质low temperature brittleness 低温脆性thermoplastic [1]热塑性塑料[2]热塑性的thermoplasticity 热塑性thermoset plastic 热固性塑料thermosetting plastic 热固性塑料thermosetting resin 热固性树脂thermostability 热稳定性;耐热性stanslucency 半透明性;半透明度transparency [1]透明性[2]透光度triboelectricity 静电作用;摩擦生电true melting point 真熔点true strain 真应变true stress 真应力vicat softening point 维卡软化点voltage breakdown 击穿电压wearability 耐磨性wear resistance 耐磨性weatherability 耐候性;耐老化性wettability 吸湿性;润湿性solidness 硬度;硬性strength 强度mechanical property 力学性能;机械性能thermal coefficient of expansion 热膨胀系数gas proofness 不透气性;气密性gas tight 不透气的;气密的anti-static 抗静电的breakdown strength 击穿强度doping 掺杂electric breakdown 电击穿electrodialysis 电渗析聚合物名称单词ABS resin ABS树脂aldehyde polymer 醛类聚合物aidehyde resin 缩醛树脂;聚醛树脂aldol condensation 醛醇缩合aldol resin 醛醇树脂chemical fibers 化学纤维composite 复合材料composite material 复合材料conjugate fiber 组合纤维;复合纤维high-density polyethylene 高密度聚乙烯low density polyethylene 低密度聚乙烯low molecular polymer 低聚物;低分子量聚合物low pressure rocessed polyethylene 低压法聚乙烯medium-density polyethylene 中密度聚乙烯phenol-aldehyde plastics 酚醛塑料phenol-aldehyde resin 醛醛树脂phenolic plastics 醛醛塑料polyacrylonitrile 聚丙烯腈polybutadiene 聚丁二烯polybutene 聚丁烯polycarbonate 聚碳酸酯polychlorovinyl 聚氯乙烯poly(ethylene terephthalate) 聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯poly(methyl methacrylate) 聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯poly(1-phenylethylene) 聚1-苯基亚乙基;聚苯乙烯polyvinyl formal 聚乙烯醇缩甲醛poly(phenylene ether) 聚苯醚polypropylene 聚丙烯synthetic resin 合成树脂synthetic rubber 合成橡胶synthon 合成纤维。
临界缠结分子量## 临界缠结分子量### 1. 简介在聚合物科学中,临界缠结分子量(critical entanglement molecular weight)是一个重要的参数,用于描述聚合物链之间交织的程度。
本文将介绍临界缠结分子量的概念、计算方法以及在聚合物物性中的重要性。
### 2. 概念临界缠结分子量是指在聚合物链之间开始产生明显交织的平均分子量。
当聚合物链的长度超过临界缠结分子量时,链之间的交织会对其流动和性能产生显著影响。
这个概念对于理解聚合物的物理性质和应用至关重要。
### 3. 计算方法临界缠结分子量通常通过实验方法来确定。
其中一种常用的方法是使用粘度平均分子量(viscometric average molecular weight)来估计临界缠结分子量。
通过测量聚合物在不同浓度下的溶液粘度,并利用Mark-Houwink方程或其他相关方程,可以得到粘度平均分子量。
当这个数值接近临界缠结分子量时,聚合物链之间的交织将开始显现。
### 4. 物性影响临界缠结分子量对聚合物的物性有着重要的影响。
当聚合物链长于临界缠结分子量时,交织会增加聚合物的黏度,影响其加工和流动性能。
此外,交织还会影响聚合物的力学性质,如拉伸强度和断裂韧性。
因此,在设计新的聚合物材料时,了解临界缠结分子量是至关重要的。
### 5. 应用领域临界缠结分子量的概念在聚合物科学的许多领域中都有广泛的应用。
在聚合物加工工业中,了解临界缠结分子量有助于优化生产工艺,提高产品质量。
在生物医学领域,控制临界缠结分子量可以调节材料的生物相容性和药物释放性能。
此外,在涂料、胶粘剂等领域,临界缠结分子量的控制也具有重要意义。
### 6. 结论临界缠结分子量是描述聚合物链交织程度的重要参数,对聚合物的物性和应用具有重要影响。
通过实验方法可以确定临界缠结分子量,并在聚合物科学和工程中得到广泛应用。
深入理解临界缠结分子量的概念和意义,有助于优化材料设计和加工工艺,推动聚合物科学的发展。