新编简明英语语言学试卷精粹10套卷

《英语语言学概论》课程复习题集(1-6章)2012-5-16更新Chapter I Introduction2012II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d__escriptive_____.(prescriptive /lay down rules)2.Chomsky defines “competence”(语言能力) as the ideal user’sk nowledge__________ of the rules of his language.3. Langue(语言) refers to the a__bstract________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions（惯例）and application of the rules.43. D____uality_____ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.5. Language is a system of a__rbitrary_______ vocal symbols used for human communication.6. S ocialinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.7. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s_yntax_______.8. Human capacity for language has a g enetic___ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.9. Performance __(语言能力)__ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.10. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known asa__pplied______ linguistics.11. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard be12. Linguistics is generally defined as the s cientific____ study of language.13. To help define and maintain interpersonal relations is the s ocialfunction of language.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.1. The description of a language in a fixed instant (时刻)is a _______ study.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. systematic2. The application of linguistics principles and theories to language teaching and learning is called _____.A. sociolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. computational linguisticsD. Applied Linguistics3.If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it issaid to be ______________.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic4. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness5. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ____________.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable6. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because___________.A.in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB.speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of informationconveyed.C.speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mothertongueD.All of the above7. Many modern linguists have criticized traditional grammarians for adopting a _____ approach to language study.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. descriptive8. A historical study of language is a ____ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative9. According to F. de Saussure, ____ refers to the abstract linguistic systemshared by all the members of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language10. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between_________ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas11. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate （当前）situations of the speaker. This feature is called_________,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission12. The distinction between langue and parole was made by _______ early last century.A. American linguist N. ChomskyB. Swiss linguist F. de SaussureC. American linguist Edward SapirD. British linguist J. R. Firth13. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is goodproof that human language is .A. arbitraryB. rationalC. logicalD. cultural2. What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?Chapter 2：PhonologyII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:27．Affricate_(破差音)_____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.28．A_rticulatory_（发音）________ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.29．The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b_ilabial_ sounds.30．Of all the speech organs, the t _ongue___ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.31．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p__lace_____ of articulation(发音部位).32．When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly （可听见的）released and the air passing out again is called a s__top______.33．S_uprasegmental_(超音段)_______ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone（音调）, intonation（语调）, etc.34．The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called sequential (序列) ____ rules.35．The transcription （标音）of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription （宽式）while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics (变音符)is called narrow____ transcription. （严式）36．When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation_(语调)________.37．P_honology__________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.38. If you say door, new, two, senior, zoo, you will notice that the first sounds in all these words are a_lveolar(齿龈音)______ sounds. The t and s are voiceless, and d, n and z are voiced. Only n is nasal.39．The articulatory apparatus（器官）of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal （咽腔）cavity, the oral(口腔)_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.40．T__one（音调）_____ are pitch （音调）variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration（震动）of the vocal cords （声带）and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes（音位）.41．Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s__entence_______ stress.III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1. The study of the physical properties of speech sounds is called ________ phonetics.A. acoustic(声学)B. articulatoryC. Auditory（听觉）D. allomorphic2. The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voi celess labiodental fricative（齿音，摩茶）3．Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords4．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal5．__________ is a voiced alveolar（齿龈）stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/6．The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature ofa sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar7. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments andthey can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrast （音位对立）B. in complementary distribution （同一音位的不同变体）C. the allophones（音位变体）D. minimal pair （对小对立体）9.A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintainingthe highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle10. Palatal （鄂音）semi-vowel refers to the sound .A. [n]B. [h]C. [w]D. [j]11. A phoneme is a group of phonetically similar sounds called .A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones12.Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or morephonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of thesegments are called ____________.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features13.A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, acollection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme14．The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophones15. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle16. The sounds that begin and end the words church and judge are voiceless and voiced _______, respectively.( C )A. stopsB. fricativesC. affricatesD. plosivesIV. Answer the following question:1. How are the English consonants classified?2. Explain with examples the sequential rule, and the assimilation rule in phonology.Chapter 3：MorphologyII. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:1. Root is the part of the word left when all the affixes(词缀) are removed.2. Morpheme (词素)____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.3. Bound_ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.4. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d_erivational_________ affixes.5. A s______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech.6. C_ompound_________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.7. The word snowfall is a word formed by joining two separate words, i.e. “snow” and“fall.” This newly formed word is generally regarded as a compound_______. III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1.The morpheme “vision”in the common word “television”is a(n) ______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme2.The compound word “bookstore”is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound __________.A.is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB.can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC.is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D.None of the above.3. “-s” in the word “books” is _______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a root4. Which of the following is NOT a compound word?A. RainbowB. MilkshakeC. Icy-coldD. Unpleasant5.The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of __________.A. the first elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elemD. both the first and the second elements.6. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. Bound wordsD. Words7._________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme8.The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic9.Bound morphemes are those that ___________.A. have to be used independentlyB.can not be combined with other morphemesC.can either be free or boundD.have to be combined with other morphemes.10.____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. Suffixes(后缀)C. RootsD. Affixes11._________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences12.“-s”in the word “books”is _______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a root13. Which of the following does NOT belong to “open class words”?A. NounsB. AdjectivesC. ConjunctionsD. Adverbs14. In the word unreliable, the prefix “un-” is a(n) _______ morpheme.A. freeB. boundC. rootD. inflectional15. Morphemes that represent “tense”, “number”, “gender”, “case”, “aspect”,“degree” and so forth are called morphemes.A. inflectionalB. boundC. freeD. derivational16. The English word “modernizers” is composed of morphemes.A. fourB. threeC. twoD. five17. Which of the following affix differs from others?A. –lyB. –nessC. –ingD. –fulV. Think of a morpheme suffix and a morpheme prefix, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be suffixed to. Give at least two examples of each.Suffix: Meaning:Stem type: Examples:Prefix: Meaning:Stem type: Examples:Chapter 4：SyntaxII. Diagram the constituent structure of the following sentence and name the different constituents. ( IC analysis)The passenger train from Chicago will arrive in Atlanta after midnight. Chapter 5 SemanticsII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1. Semantics________ can be defined as the study of meaning.2. The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct______ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.3. R_eference____ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.4. Words that are close in meaning are called s_ynonyms_______.5. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called h_omophones____(同音异型异义)_____.6. Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship （关系）between the two items are called relational_______ opposites.(关系反义)7. What is communicated by virtue of what language refers to is the r__________ meaning of a word.8. Relational_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.9. C omponential(成分分析)____ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.10. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules calleds________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.11. According to the n ____ theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1. The naming theory is advanced by ________.A. PlatoB. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth2. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents_______.A. the conceptualist viewB. contexutalismC. the naming theoryD. behaviourism4.“Can I borrow your bike?”_______ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes5.___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected intomeaning components, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis6.“alive”and “dead”are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. none of the above7._________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and thenon-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense8.___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings havethe same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy9. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemyC. hyponymsD. synonyms10. The kind of antonymy between "married "and "single" is one of __________A converseB relationalC complementaryD gradable11. According to the componential analysis, the word “girl” and “woman”differ in the feature of _______.A. HUMNANB. ANIMATEC. MALED. ADULT12.The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.A.grammatical rulesB.selectional restrictionsC.semantic rulesD.semantic features13. The words stationary and stationery are identical in sound, but different inspelling and meaning. They are _______.A. complete homonymsB. homographsC. hyponymsD. homophones14. In the following pairs of words, are a pair of complementary antonyms.A. old and youngB. male and femaleC. hot and coldD. buy and sell15. The relationship between “violet” and “tulip” is ________.A. co-hyponymsB. superordinateC. hyponymsD. antonyms16. “Can I borrow your bike?”_______ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposesIV. Answer the following questions.1. How can words opposite in meaning be classified? To which category does each of the following pairs of antonyms belong?deep/shallow（gradable antonyms）married/single (complementary antonyms) sour/sweet(gradable antonyms) teacher/student(relational opposites)asleep/awake(complementary antonyms)2. What are the major types of synonyms in English?(dialectal synonyms;stylistic synonyms;synonyms in emotive and evaluative meaning; collocational synonyms;semantically different synonyms)3.What might make a grammatically meaningful sentence semantically meaningless?Chapter 6：PragmaticsII.Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given: 1.P__ragmatics_______ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.2.The notion of context_________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.3. All the speech acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose or the same illocutionary(言外之力)_______ point,but they differ in their strength or force.4.If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an u___________.5.The meaning of a sentence is a_bstract______, and decontextualized.6.C_onstatives_______ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.7.P_erformatives_______ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.8. A locutionary(言内)_________ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.9.An illocutionary___（言外）_______ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.10.An e_xpressives___(表达类)____ is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state.11.There are four maxims under the cooperative principle(合作原则): the maxim of quantity_______, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.III.There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1. _________ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context.A. PragmaticsB. SemanticsC. Sense relationD. Concept2. The meaning of language was considered as something _______ in traditional semantics.A. contextualB. behaviouristicC. Intrinsic（内在的）D. logical3. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context4. A sentence is a_________concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.A. pragmaticB. grammaticalC. mentalD. conceptual5. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a(n) _________.A. constativeB. directiveC. utteranceD. expressive8. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary act（言后行为）D. A performative act9. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ______.A. to get the hearer to do something （directives命令）B. to commit the speaker to something’s being the caseC. to commit the speaker to some future course of action（commissives承诺）D. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs.（expressives）10. __________ is advanced by Paul GriceA. Cooperative PrincipleB. Politeness PrincipleC. The General Principle of Universal GrammarD. Adjacency Principle11. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted(嘲笑),_______ might arise.A. impolitenessB. contradictionsC. mutual understandingD. conversational implicature (含义)12. The illocutionary point of _______ is to express the psychological state specifiedin the utterance.A. directivesB. expressives （feeling attitude）C. commissivesD. representatives13. found that natural language had its own logic and thus concluded thefamous Cooperative Principle.A. John AustinB. John FirthC. Paul GriceD. William Jones14. As far as the sentence “My bag is heavy” is concerned, linguists of pragmatics aremore interested in its ______ meaning.A. literalB. logicalC. utterenceD. sentence15. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether, in the study of meaning, _________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. contextIV. Answer the following questions.1. According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making an utterance. Give an example.2. What are the four maxims of the CP? Try to give your own examples to show how flouting these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature?3. What is pragmatic failure? Try to find instances of pragmatic failure in the English used by Chinese learners of English.。

1. Clear ［1］and dark [ł] are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in distribution. (P24)2. is the smallest meaningful unit of language. (P32)3. Consonant sounds can be either voiceless or voiced, while all sounds are voiced. (P16)4. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the principle proposed by J. Grice. (P86-87)5. Language exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time is called a study of language. (P4)6. An essential difference between consonants and vowels is whether the air coming up from the lungs meets with any when a sound is produced. (P18)7. XP may contain more than just X. For example, the NP “the boy who likes this puppy” consists of Det, N and S, with Det being the N the head and S the complement. (P46)9. While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an is concrete and context-dependent. (P70)11. relates the study of language to psychology. It aims to answer such questions as how the human mind works when people use language. (P70)12. A study of language is a historical study, it studies the historical development of language over a period of time. (P70)13. Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower level, there is a structure of meaningless sounds, which can be combined into a large number of meaningful units at the higher level. This design feature is called (P70)14. The articulatory apparatus of a human being is contained in three important areas: the pharyngeal cavity, the cavity and the nasal cavity. (P1516. features such as stress, tone and intonation can influence the interpretation of meaning. (P70)18. refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. (P70)19. The three branches of phonetics are labeled as phonetics, auditory phonetics and acoustic phonetics respectively. (P15)21. _ studies the sentence structure of language. (P70)22. The noun “tear” and the verb “tear” are(P70)23. act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language. (P70)24. The modern linguistics is not prescriptive, and its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language data. (P70)25. Langue refers to the language system shared by a community of speaker while contrasted with langue is the concrete act of speaking in actual situations by an individual speaker. (P70)26. In semantic triangle, the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct, and it is mediated by (P70)27. H. Sweet made a distinction between narrow and transcription. (P70)28. In the cooperative principle, Grice introduced four categories of maxims. They are maxim of quality, maxim of quantity, maxim of and maxim of manner. (P70)29. is the study of language in use. (P70)30. linguistics studies language change or historical development of language. (P70)II. Directions：Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement.( )1. Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between words and what these words actually refer to.( ) 2. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, and yet there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.( ) 3. Two people who are born and brought up in the same town and speak the same regional dialect may speak differently because of a number of social factors.( ) 4. In modern linguistic studies, the spoken form of language is given more emphasis than the written form for a number of reasons.( ) 5. The compound word “reading-room” is the place where a person can read books. This indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components. ( ) 6. Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational implicatures arise.( ) 7. In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as /i:/,the larynx is in a state of tension.( ) 8. An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the “best authors” for language usage.( ) 9. The open-class words include prepositions.( ) 10. According to semantic triangle, there is no direct link between a symbol and referent, i.e. between a word and a thing it refers to.( ) 11. The relationship of “flower”, “violet”, “rose” and “tulip” is hyponymy.( ) 12. Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds. (sunrise) ( ) 13. Linguists believe that whatever occurs in the language people use should be described and analyzed in their investigation.( ) 14. The conclusions we reach about the phonology of one language can be generalized into the study of another language.( ) 15. The meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in English because English, unlike Chinese, is a typical tone language.( ) 16. When we think of a concept, we actually try to see the image of something in our min d’s eye every time we come across a linguistic symbol.( ) 17. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences. For example, “Good morning！” can be restored to “I wish you a good morning.”( ) 18. Any child who is capable of acquiring some particular human language is capable of acquiring any human language spontaneously and effortlessly.( ) 19. According to N. Chomsky, ”competence” is the actual realization of his knowledge in utterance.( ) 20. The English spelling exactly represents its pronunciation.( ) 21. All the grammatically well-formed sentences are semantically well-formed.( ) 22. Pragmatics studies the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.( ) 23. An illocutionary act is the consequence of or the change brought about by the utterance. ( ) 24. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.( ) 25. The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech; thus there are still many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken, but not written.( ) 26. In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied.( ) 27. Parole refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.( ) 28. Conversational implicature is a kind of implied meaning, deduced on the basis of the conventional meaning of words together with the context, under the guidance of the CP and itsmaxims.( ) 29. Pragmatic failure may occur in cross-cultural communication, i.e. between speakers of different cultural backgrounds, but not occur in intra-cultural communication i.e. between speakers of the same cultural background.( ) 30. Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning.1. diachronic linguistics2. synchronic linguistics3. Language4. context5. blending6. reference7. broad transcription8. a minimal pair9. homonymy10. hyponymy11. cultural transmission (as a defining feature of human language)12. allophones13. morphology14. duality15. pragmatics16. bound morpheme17. arbitrariness18. syntax。

简明英语语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The study of the structure and use of language is known as:A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. SyntaxD. Linguistics答案：D2. Which of the following is NOT a branch of linguistics?A. SociolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. AstrophysicsD. Pragmatics答案：C3. The smallest unit of sound in linguistics is called a/an:A. PhonemeB. MorphemeC. SyllableD. Phone答案：D4. In the sentence "She is singing," the word "singing" is an example of:A. NounB. VerbC. AdjectiveD. Adverb答案：B5. The process of a language changing over time is known as:A. Language acquisitionB. Language evolutionC. Language shiftD. Language decay答案：B6. What is the term for the study of how languages are used by people in different social situations?A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. SyntaxD. Phonology答案：B7. The word "unbelievable" is an example of a/an:A. AdjectiveB. NounC. VerbD. Adverb答案：A8. In linguistics, the study of the physical properties of speech sounds is known as:A. PhonemicsB. PhoneticsC. GraphemicsD. Morphology答案：B9. The process by which children learn their first language is called:A. Language attritionB. Language acquisitionC. Language assimilationD. Language learning答案：B10. Which of the following is a feature of the English language?A. Subject-Verb-Object word orderB. Subject-Object-Verb word orderC. Noun-Verb agreementD. Absence of articles答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）11. The study of the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is known as __________.答案：Semantics12. A language with a large number of speakers spread across different countries is often referred to as a __________ language.答案：Global13. The smallest meaningful unit in a language is called a __________.答案：Morpheme14. When two or more languages influence each other, it is known as __________.答案：Language contact15. The process of simplifying language structures over time is known as __________.答案：Simplification16. The study of how language is used to convey social identity is called __________.答案：Sociolinguistics17. The term for a set of languages that share a common origin is a __________.答案：Language family18. The systematic use of one language in certain social situations and another language in others is known as__________.答案：Code-switching19. The study of the physical properties of the vocal tract and how it produces speech sounds is __________.答案：Articulatory phonetics20. A language that develops among a group of people who share a common social identity is called a __________.答案：Jargon三、简答题（每题10分，共40分）21. Explain the difference between a dialect and a language.答案：A dialect is a variety of a language that is characterized by its own vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation, and is typically associated with a specific geographical region or social group. A language, on the other hand, is a complex system of communication that is shared by a large community of speakers and has a standardized formthat is often used in formal contexts and written communication.22. What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, and how has it been received in linguistics?答案：The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that the structure of a language determines the way its speakers perceive and understand the world. It is often divided into two versions: the strong hypothesis, which claims that language determines thought, and the weak hypothesis, which suggests that language influences thought. The hypothesis has been controversial and has received both support andcriticism within linguistics. Many linguists now believe that the relationship between language and thought is complex andthat language is one of many factors that shape human cognition.23. Describe the concept of language universals.答案：Language universals are。

（完整word版）新编简明英语语言学教程复习资料Chapter one Introduction一、定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通语言学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.语言languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。

4.识别特征Design FeaturesIt refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。

Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性Duality双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递The design features mentioned in the course book include arbitrariness, productivity or creativity, duality, displacement and cultural transmission.By arbitrariness it is meant that the symbols used in human language are arbitrary, i.e. there is no logical connection between the symbols and what they stand for.The feature of productivity means that language is productive or creative, i.e. it is possible for its users to construct and understand an unlimited number of sentences, includingsentences they have never heard before.Duality is a feature of the structure of the human language system, which consists of two levels. At the lower level there exist a limited number of sounds which are meaningless, while at the higher level these meaningless sounds can be arranged and rearranged in various ways to form meaningful language units, unlimited in number.The feature of displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or unreal, in the past, present, or future.Cultural transmission, in contrast to genetic transmission, refers to the fact that human babies, though born with the ability to acquire a language, must be taught to use it.5.语言能力CompetenceCompetence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.6.语言运用performancePerformance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。

页眉内容《英语语言学概论》课程复习题集(1-6章)2012-5-16更新Chapter I Introduction2012I. Decide whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE:1. Linguistics is the scientific study of language.2. Competence and performance is distinguished by Saussure.3. A synchronic linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history.4. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.5. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.6. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.7. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language factsand checked against the observed facts.8. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.9. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies thebasic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in anylinguistic study.10. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.11. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences.12. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.13. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies themorphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.14. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.15. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.16. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not inisolation, but in context.17. Social changes can often bring about language changes.18. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.19. The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.20. Synchronic linguistic is the study of a language through the course of its history.21. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.22. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.23. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point intime.24. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the writtenlanguage.25. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. deSaussure.26. Features that contrast words in meaning are called design features are said to be in complementary distribution.27. Linguistic symbols are arbitrary.28. By arbitrariness Saussure means that the forms of linguistic signs bear somenatural relationship to their meaning.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d_______.2.Chomsky defines “competence”as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language.3. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.43. D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.5. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.6. S is the study of language in relation to society.7. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s________.8. Human capacity for language has a g ____ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.9. P ____ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.10. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics.11. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard be1212. Linguistics is generally defined as the s ____ study of language.13. To help define and maintain interpersonal relations is the s function of language.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.1. The description of a language in a fixed instant is a _______ study.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. systematic2. The application of linguistics principles and theories to language teaching and learning is called _____.A. sociolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. computational linguisticsD. Applied Linguistics3.If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it issaid to be ______________.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic4. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness5. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ____________.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable6. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because___________.A.in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB.speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of informationconveyed.C.speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mothertongueD.All of the above7. Many modern linguists have criticized traditional grammarians for adopting a _____ approach to language study.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. descriptive8. A historical study of language is a ____ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative9. According to F. de Saussure, ____ refers to the abstract linguistic systemshared by all the members of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language10. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between_________ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas11. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situationsof the speaker. This feature is called_________,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission12. The distinction between langue and parole was made by _______ early last century.A. American linguist N. ChomskyB. Swiss linguist F. de SaussureC. American linguist Edward SapirD. British linguist J. R. Firth13. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is goodproof that human language is .A. arbitraryB. rationalC. logicalD. culturalI V. Answer the following question:1. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar?2. What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?Chapter 2：PhonologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:1.Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese andEnglish.2.If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and theydistinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4.English is a tone language while Chinese is not.5.In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.6.In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms ofthe amount of information conveyed.7.Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream ofsounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph. 8.The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three importantareas: the throat, the mouth and the chest. 9. The sound〔z〕is a voiced alveolar stop.9. V oicing is a distinctive feature for English consonants.10. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string, then the two words are called minimal pairs. Sip and zip are a minimal pair, as are fine and vine, and veal and leaf.11.Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds calledvoicing.12.English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the partof the tongue that is raised the highest.13.According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which theconsonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.12.Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tonguein the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.13.According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels,semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.14. The English consonants can be classified in terms of place and manner ofarticulation.15. The qualities of vowels depend on the positions of lips.16.Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.17.Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.18.Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into differentcategories.19. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting onesound for another result in a change of meaning.20.When two different forms are identical in every way except for one soundsegment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.21.The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.22.Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence oftwo or more phonemic segments.23. Articulatory phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds.24. The speech sounds in almost every language can be divided into two major natural classes: consonants and vowels.25. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction ofairstream.26. Suprasegmental features are distinctive features of segmental phonemes.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:27．A_____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds. 28．A___________ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.29．The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b_______ sounds.30．Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.31．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_______ of articulation.32．When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________.33．S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.34．The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s ____ rules.35．The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with thediacritics is called n_________ transcription.36．When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.37．P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.38. If you say door, new, two, senior, zoo, you will notice that the first sounds in all these words are a_______ sounds. The t and s are voiceless, and d, n and z are voiced. Only n is nasal.39．The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.40．T_______ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just likephonemes.41．Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_________ stress.III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1. The study of the physical properties of speech sounds is called ________ phonetics.A. acousticB. articulatoryC. auditoryD. allomorphic2. The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative3．Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords4．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal5．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/6．The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature ofa sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar7. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments andthey can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair8．The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative9.A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintainingthe highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle10. Palatal semi-vowel refers to the sound .A. [n]B. [h]C. [w]D. [j]11. A phoneme is a group of phonetically similar sounds called .A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones12.Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or morephonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of thesegments are called ____________.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features13.A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, acollection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme14．The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophones15. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle16. The sounds that begin and end the words church and judge are voiceless and voiced _______, respectively.( C )A. stopsB. fricativesC. affricatesD. plosivesIV. Answer the following question:1. How are the English consonants classified?2. Explain with examples the sequential rule, and the assimilation rule in phonology.Chapter 3：MorphologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2. Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.7. Almost every word in every language is composed of one or more morphemes.8. The allomorph is an abstract unit.9. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.10. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.11. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to forma new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words.12. Phonetically, the stress of a compound often falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.13. In English, inflectional affixes are mostly prefixes.14. The meaning of a compound is the combination of the meanings of the words in the compound.II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:1. R is the part of the word left when all the affixes are removed.2. M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.3. B___________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.4. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d__________ affixes.5. A s______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech.6. C__________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.7. The word snowfall is a word formed by joining two separate words, i.e. “snow” and“fall.” This newly formed word is generally regarded as a c_______.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1.The morpheme “vision”in the common word “television”is a(n) ______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme2.The compound word “bookstore”is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound __________.A.is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB.can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC.is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D.None of the above.3. “-s” in the word “books” is _______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a root4. Which of the following is NOT a compound word?A. RainbowB. MilkshakeC. Icy-coldD. Unpleasant5.The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of __________.A. the first elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elemD. both the first and the second elements.6. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. Bound wordsD. Words7._________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme8.The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic9.Bound morphemes are those that ___________.A. have to be used independentlyB.can not be combined with other morphemesC.can either be free or boundD.have to be combined with other morphemes.10.____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SuffixesC. RootsD. Affixes11._________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences12.“-s”in the word “books”is _______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a root13. Which of the following does NOT belong to “open class words”?A. NounsB. AdjectivesC. ConjunctionsD. Adverbs14. In the word unreliable, the prefix “un-” is a(n) _______ morpheme.A. freeB. boundC. rootD. inflectional15. Morphemes that represent “tense”, “number”, “gender”, “case”, “aspect”,“degree” and so forth are called morphemes.A. inflectionalB. boundC. freeD. derivational16. The English word “modernizers” is composed of morphemes.A. fourB. threeC. twoD. five17. Which of the following affix differs from others?A. –lyB. –nessC. –ingD. –fulIV. Derive the following words into their separate morphemes by placing a "+" between each morphemes and the next:a. rewriteb. broadenc. predigestingd. forefathersV. Think of a morpheme suffix and a morpheme prefix, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be suffixed to. Give at least two examples of each.Suffix: Meaning:Stem type: Examples:Prefix: Meaning:Stem type: Examples:VI. Answer the following question:What is an inflectional morpheme? Locate the inflectional morpheme in each of the following sentences and point out its grammatical meaning.Mr. Smith lives in the Big Apple.The film’s already started.We are preparing for an important test.Chapter 4：SyntaxI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language,including the combination of morphemes into words.2. Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules.3. Sentences are composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order, with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic.4. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.5. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.6. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.7. A sentence can’t have more than one deep structure.8. The structure that occurs after movement takes place is what we term as surface structure.9. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.10. A noun phrase contains a noun, while other elements are optional.11. Words in a sentence are organized into groups of lexical categories, commonly known as parts of speech.12. Chomsky made a distinction between two levels of structures: surface and deepstructures.13. Transformational-generative grammar was first suggested by Noam Chomsky.II. Diagram the constituent structure of the following sentence and name the different constituents. ( IC analysis)The passenger train from Chicago will arrive in Atlanta after midnight.Chapter 5 SemanticsI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.2. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.3. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.4. In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience.5. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from orreduce meaning to observable contexts.6. Behaviourists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.7. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.8. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality.9. The predication analysis of a sentence only applies to statements and interrogative forms.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1. S________ can be defined as the study of meaning.2. The conceptualist view holds that there is no d______ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.3. R______ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.4. Words that are close in meaning are called s________.5. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called h__________.6. Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items are called r_______ opposites.7. What is communicated by virtue of what language refers to is the r__________ meaning of a word.8. R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.9. C ____ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.10. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules calleds________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.11. According to the n ____ theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1. The naming theory is advanced by ________.A. PlatoB. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth2. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents_______.A. the conceptualist viewB. contexutalismC. the naming theoryD. behaviourism3. Which of the following is not true?A.Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.B.Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C.Sense is abstract and de-contextualized.D.Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.4.“Can I borrow your bike?”_______ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes5.___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected intomeaning components, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis6.“alive”and “dead”are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. none of the above7._________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and thenon-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense8.___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings havethe same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy9. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemyC. hyponymsD. synonyms10. The kind of antonymy between "married "and "single" is one of __________A converseB relationalC complementaryD gradable11. According to the componential analysis, the word “girl” and “woman”differ in the feature of _______.A. HUMNANB. ANIMATEC. MALED. ADULT12.The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.A.grammatical rulesB.selectional restrictionsC.semantic rulesD.semantic features13. The words stationary and stationery are identical in sound, but different inspelling and meaning. They are _______.A. complete homonymsB. homographsC. hyponymsD. homophones14. In the following pairs of words, are a pair of complementary antonyms.A. old and youngB. male and femaleC. hot and coldD. buy and sell15. The relationship between “violet” and “tulip” is ________.A. co-hyponymsB. superordinateC. hyponymsD. antonyms16. “Can I borrow your bike?”_______ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposesIV. Answer the following questions.1. How can words opposite in meaning be classified? To which category does each of the following pairs of antonyms belong?deep/shallow married/single sour/sweet teacher/student asleep/awake2. What are the major types of synonyms in English?3.What might make a grammatically meaningful sentence semantically meaningless?。

《英语语言学概论》课程复习题集(1-6章)2012-5-16更新Chapter I Introduction2012II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1. If a linguistic study describes a nd analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d__escriptive_____.(prescriptive /lay down rules)2.Chomsky defines “competence”(语言能力) as the ideal user’sknowledge__________ of the r ules of his language.3. Langue(语言) refers to the a__bstract________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions（惯例）and application of the rules.43. D____uality_____ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.5. Language is a system of a__rbitrary_______ vocal symbols used for human communication.6. S ocialinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.7. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s_yntax_______.8. Human capacity for language has a g enetic___ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.9. Performance __(语言能力)__ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.10. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known asa__pplied______ linguistics.11. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard be12. Linguistics is generally defined as the s cientific____ study of language.13. To help define and maintain interpersonal relations is the s ocialfunction of language.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.1. The description of a language in a fixed instant (时刻)is a _______ study.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. systematic2. The application of linguistics principles and theories to language teaching and learning is called _____.A. sociolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. computational linguisticsD. Applied Linguistics3.If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it issaid to be ______________.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic4. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness5. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ____________.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable6. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because___________.A.in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB.speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of informationconveyed.C.speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mothertongueD.All of the above7. Many modern linguists have criticized traditional grammarians for adopting a _____ approach to language study.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. descriptive8. A historical study of language is a ____ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative9. According to F. de Saussure, ____ refers to the abstract linguistic systemshared by all the members of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language10. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between_________ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas11. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate （当前）situations of the speaker. This feature is called_________,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission12. The distinction between langue and parole was made by _______ early last century.A. American linguist N. ChomskyB. Swiss linguist F. de SaussureC. American linguist Edward SapirD. British linguist J. R. Firth13. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is goodproof that human language is .A. arbitraryB. rationalC. logicalD. cultural2. What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?Chapter 2：PhonologyII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:27．Affricate_(破差音)_____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.28．A_rticulatory_（发音）________ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.29．The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b_ilabial_ sounds.30．Of all the speech organs, the t _ongue___ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.31．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p__lace_____ of articulation(发音部位).32．When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly （可听见的）released and the air passing out again is called a s__top______.33．S_uprasegmental_(超音段)_______ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone（音调）, intonation（语调）, etc.34．The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called sequential (序列) ____ rules.35．The transcription （标音）of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription （宽式）while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics (变音符)is called narrow____ transcription. （严式）36．When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation_(语调)________.37．P_honology__________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.38. If you say door, new, two, senior, zoo, you will notice that the first sounds in allthese words are a_lveolar(齿龈音)______ sounds. The t and s are voiceless, and d, n and z are voiced. Only n is nasal.39．The articulatory apparatus（器官）of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal （咽腔）cavity, the oral(口腔)_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.40．T__one（音调）_____ are pitch （音调）variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration（震动）of the vocal cords （声带）and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes（音位）.41．Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s__entence_______ stress.III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1. The study of the p hysical properties of speech sounds is called ________ phonetics.A. acoustic(声学)B. articulatoryC. Auditory（听觉）D. allomorphic2. The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative（齿音，摩茶）3．Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords4．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal5．__________ is a voiced alveolar（齿龈）stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/6．The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature ofa sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar7. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments andthey can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrast （音位对立）B. in complementary distribution （同一音位的不同变体）C. the allophones（音位变体）D. minimal pair （对小对立体）9.A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintainingthe highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle10. Palatal （鄂音）semi-vowel refers to the sound .A. [n]B. [h]C. [w]D. [j]11. A phoneme is a group of phonetically similar sounds called .A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones12.Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or morephonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features13.A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, acollection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme14．The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophones15. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintainingthe highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle16. The sounds that begin and end the words church and judge are voiceless andvoiced _______, respectively.( C )A. stopsB. fricativesC. affricatesD. plosivesIV. Answer the following question:1. How are the English consonants classified?2. Explain with examples the sequential rule, and the assimilation rule in phonology.Chapter 3：MorphologyII. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:1. Root is the part of the word left when all the affixes(词缀) are removed.2. Morpheme (词素)____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.3. Bound_ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to becombined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.4. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d_erivational_________ affixes.5. A s______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original wordand it may case change its part of speech.6. C_ompound_________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than twowords to create new words.7. The word snowfall is a word formed by joining two separate words, i.e. “snow” an“fall.” This newly formed word is generally regarded as acompound_______.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that canbest complete the statement:1.The morpheme “vision”in the common word “television”is a(n) ______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme2.The compound word “bookstore”is the place where books are sold. This indicatesthat the meaning of a compound __________.A.is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB.can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC.is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D.None of the above.3. “-s” in the word “books” is _______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a root4. Which of the following is NOT a compound word?A. RainbowB. MilkshakeC. Icy-coldD. Unpleasant5.The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speechof __________.A. the first elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elemD. both the first and the second elements.6. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. Bound wordsD. Words7._________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme8.The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic9.Bound morphemes are those that ___________.A. have to be used independentlyB.can not be combined with other morphemesC.can either be free or boundD.have to be combined with other morphemes.10.____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. Suffixes(后缀)C. RootsD. Affixes11._________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences12.“-s”in the word “books”is _______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a root13. Which of the following does NOT belong to “open class words”?A. NounsB. AdjectivesC. ConjunctionsD. Adverbsun-” is a(n) _______ morpheme.14. In the word unreliable, the prefix “A. freeB. boundC. rootD. inflectional, “aspect”,“case”“number”, “gender”,15. Morphemes that represent “tense”,“degree” and so forth are called morphemes.A. inflectionalB. boundC. freeD. derivational16. The English word “modernizers” is composed of morphemes.A. fourB. threeC. twoD. five17. Which of the following affix differs from others?A. –lyB. –nessC. –ingD. –fulV. Think of a morpheme suffix and a morpheme prefix, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be suffixed to. Give at least two examples of each.Suffix: Meaning:Stem type: Examples:Prefix: Meaning:Stem type: Examples:Chapter 4：SyntaxII. Diagram the constituent structure of the following sentence and name the different constituents. ( IC analysis)The passenger train from Chicago will arrive in Atlanta after midnight. Chapter 5 SemanticsII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1. Semantics________ can be defined as the study of meaning.2. The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct______ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.3. R_eference____ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.4. Words that are close in meaning are called s_ynonyms_______.5. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called h_omophones____(同音异型异义)_____.6. Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship （关系）between the twoitems are called relational_______ opposites.(关系反义)7. What is communicated by virtue of what language refers to is the r__________ meaning of a word.8. Relational_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.9. C omponential(成分分析)____ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaningof a word can be divided into meaning components.10. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules calleds________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.11. According to the n ____ theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken tobe labels of the objects they stand for.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that canbest complete the statement:1. The naming theory is advanced by ________.A. PlatoB. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth2. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _______.A. the conceptualist viewB. contexutalismC. the naming theoryD. behaviourism4.“Can I borrow your bike?”_______ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes5.___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected intomeaning components, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis6.“alive”and “dead”are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. none of the above7._________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and thenon-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense8.___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings havethe same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy9. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemyC. hyponymsD. synonyms10. The kind of antonymy between "married "and "single" is one of __________A converseB relationalC complementaryD gradable11. According to the componential analysis, the word “girl” and “woman”　differ in the feature of _______.A. HUMNANB. ANIMATEC. MALED. ADULT12.The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.A.grammatical rulesB.selectional restrictionsC.semantic rulesD.semantic features13. The words stationary and stationery are identical in sound, but different inspelling and meaning. They are _______.A. complete homonymsB. homographsC. hyponymsD. homophones14. In the following pairs of words, are a pair of complementary antonyms.A. old and youngB. male and femaleC. hot and coldD. buy and selltulip” is ________.violet” and “15. The relationship between “A. co-hyponymsB. superordinateC. hyponymsD. antonyms16. “Can I borrow your bike?”_______ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposesIV. Answer the following questions.1. How can words opposite in meaning be classified? To which category does each ofthe following pairs of antonyms belong?deep/shallow（gradable antonyms）married/single (complementary antonyms)sour/sweet(gradable antonyms) teacher/student(r elational opposites)asleep/awake(c omplementary antonyms)2. What are the major types of synonyms in English?(dialectal synonyms;stylistic synonyms;synonyms in emotive and evaluative meaning; collocational synonyms;semantically different synonyms)3.What might make a grammatically meaningful sentence semantically meaningless?Chapter 6：PragmaticsII.Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:1.P__ragmatics_______ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences toeffect successful communication.2.The notion of context_________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.3. All the speech acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose or thesame illocutionary(言外之力)_______ point,but they differ in their strength or force.4.If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course ofcommunication, it becomes an u___________.5.The meaning of a sentence is a_bstract______, and decontextualized.6.C_onstatives_______ were statements that either state or describe, and were thusverifiable.7.P_erformatives_______ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state,and were not verifiable.8. A locutionary(言内)_________ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. Itis the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. 9.An illocutionary___（言外）_______ act is the act of expressing the speaker’sintention; it is the act performed in saying something.10.An e_xpressives___(表达类)____ is to express feelings or attitude towards anexisting state.11.There are four maxims under the cooperative principle(合作原则): the maxim ofquantity_______, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim ofmanner.III.There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that canbest complete the statement:1. _________ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context.A. PragmaticsB. SemanticsC. Sense relationD. Concept2. The meaning of language was considered as something _______ in traditional semantics.A. contextualB. behaviouristicC. Intrinsic（内在的）D. logical3. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context4. A sentence is a_________concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.A. pragmaticB. grammaticalC. mentalD. conceptual5. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a(n) _________.A. constativeB. directiveC. utteranceD. expressive8. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary act（言后行为）D. A performative act9. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ______.A. to get the hearer to do something （directives命令）B. to commit the speaker to something’s being the caseC. to commit the speaker to some future course of action（commissives承诺）D. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs.（expressives）10. __________ is advanced by Paul GriceA. Cooperative PrincipleB. Politeness PrincipleC. The General Principle of Universal GrammarD. Adjacency Principle11. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted(嘲笑),_______ might arise.A. impolitenessB. contradictionsC. mutual understandingD. conversational implicature (含义)12. The illocutionary point of _______ is to express the psychological state specifiedin the utterance.A. directivesB. expressives （feeling attitude）C. commissivesD. representatives13. found that natural language had its own logic and thus concluded thefamous Cooperative Principle.A. John AustinB. John FirthC. Paul GriceD. William Jones14. As far as the sentence “My bag is heavy” is concerned, linguists of pragmatics aremore interested in its ______ meaning.A. literalB. logicalC. utterenceD. sentence15. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether, in the studyof meaning, _________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. contextIV. Answer the following questions.1. According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is possibly performing whilemaking an utterance. Give an example.2. What are the four maxims of the CP? Try to give your own examples to show howflouting these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature?3. What is pragmatic failure? Try to find instances of pragmatic failure in the Englishused by Chinese learners of English.。

《新编简明英语语言学教程》考研戴炜栋版2021考研真题库第一部分考研真题精选一、选择题1. Derivational morpheme contrasts sharply with inflectional morpheme in that the former changes the _____ while the latter does not.（北二外2017研）A. meaningB. word classC. formD. speech sound【答案】B查看答案【解析】morpheme语素，分为自由语素和黏着语素，其中黏着语素包括词根和词缀两种类型，词缀分为派生词缀（derivational affixes）和屈折词缀（inflectional affixes）。

派生词缀黏附在词根语素上构成新词，也即增加了新的词汇义内容或改变了词的类别归属。

屈折词缀只能改变一个词的形式，不能构成新词。

也即屈折词缀增加的是表示句法范畴的意义，并且总是不改变词的类别归属。

即两者重要区别在于是否改变了词的类别，故B为正确答案。

2. Which of the following are homographs?（对外经贸2015研）A. lead, leadB. rest, wrestC. lie, lieD. beat, bit【答案】C查看答案【解析】homographs同形异义词，指在语法形式上拼写和发音完全相同，而意义不同的词。

lie“躺着”，还有“说谎”的意思，所以C选项中两个词是同形异义词。

3. _____ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world experience.（西安交大2008研）A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense【答案】A查看答案【解析】指称指拥有某些属性的具体实体，它处理的是语言元素与非语言世界的关系。

专业课复习资料（最新版）封面语言学试题（A）卷（闭卷）2009--2010学年第一学期学号：姓名：第一部分选择题I.Directions:Read each of the following statements carefully.Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use,and not to lay down rules for"correct"linguistic behavior,it is said to be___.A、prescriptiveB、sociolinguisticC、descriptiveD、psycholinguistic2、Of all the speech organs,the___is/are the most flexible.A、mouthB、lipsC、tongueD、vocal cords3、The morpheme"vision"in the common word"television"is a(n)___.A、bound morphemeB、bound formC、inflectional morphemeD、free morpheme4、A___in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A、coordinatorB、particleC、prepositionD、subordinator5、"Can I borrow your bike?"___"You have a bike."A、is synonymous withB、is inconsistent withC、entailsD、presupposes6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called___.A、semanticsB、pragmaticsC、sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics7、Grammatical changes may be explained,in part,as analogic changes, which are___or generalization.A、elaborationB、simplificationC、external borrowingD、internal borrowing8、___refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules,used as a medium of communication.A、Lingua francaB、CreoleC、PidginD、Standard language9、Psychologists,neurologists and linguists have concluded that,in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances,three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely,___.A、Broca's area,Wernicke's area and the angular gyrusB、Broca's area,Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC、Broca's area,Wernicke's area and neuronsD、Broca's area,Wernicke's area and Exner's area10、According to Krashen,___refers to the gradual and subconcious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally indaily communicative situations.A、learningB、competenceC、performanceD、acquisition第二部分非选择题II.Directions:Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word,the first letter of which is already given as a clue.Note that you are to fill in One word only,and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%×10=10%)11、Chomsky defines"competence"as the ideal user's k of the rules of his language.12、The four sounds/p/,/b/,/m/and/w/have one feature in common,i.e, they are all b.13、M is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14、A s is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement,question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c synonyms.16、The illocutionary point of r is to commit the speaker tosomething's being the case,to the truth of what has been said.17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose.Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c.18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction(he+is→he's), Black English can d the form of"be".19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the shortperiod from about age two to puberty,which is called the c period forfirst language acquisition.20、As a type of linguistic system in12learning,i is a product of L2 training,mother tongue intereference,overgeneralization of the target language rules,and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.III.Directions:Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false.Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement.If you think a statement is false,you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.(2%×10=20%)(21)、In modern linguistic studies,the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.(22)、V oicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.(23)、The compound word"bookstore"is the place where books are sold.This indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meaningsof its components.(24)、Syntactic categories refer to sentences(S)and clauses(C)only.(25)、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found withinthe variety itself,for example,within British English or AmericanEnglish.(26)、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational implicatures arise.(27)、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spoken today also includes languages that are not Indo-European.(28)、In most bilingual communities,two languages have the same in speech。

第一部分选择题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decidewhich one of the four choices best completes the statement and put theletter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior,it is said to be ___.A、prescriptiveB、sociolinguisticC、descriptiveD、psycholinguistic2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A、mouthB、lipsC、tongueD、vocal cords3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___.A、bound morphemeB、bound formC、inflectional morphemeD、free morpheme4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word thatintroduces the embedded clause.A、coordinatorB、particleC、prepositionD、subordinator主从连词5、"Can I borrow your bike?" ___ "You have a bike."A、is synonymous withB、is inconsistent withC、entailsD、presupposes6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.A、semanticsB、pragmaticsC、sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization泛化.A、elaborationB、simplification精简C、external borrowingD、internal borrowing8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A、Lingua franca通用语B、CreoleC、PidginD、Standard language标准语言9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus角回B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neuronsD、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconcious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A、learningB、competenceC、performanceD、acquisition第二部分非选择题II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change theletter given. (1%×10=10%)11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k of the rules of his language.12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b .13、M is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14、A s is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a completestatement, question or command.15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under allcircumstances are called c synonyms.16、The illocutionary point of r is to commit the speaker tosomething's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c .18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's), Black English cand the form of "be".19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c period for first language acquisition.20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, i is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true orfalse. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of eachstatement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why youthink so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)()21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.()22、V oicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in bothChinese and English.()23、The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. Thisindicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meaningsof its components.()24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only.()25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found withinthe variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.()26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational implicatures arise.()27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spoken today also includes languages that are not Indo-European.()28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speech situations known as domains.()29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, speakers' perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.()30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first language.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)31、duality32、diachronic linguistics33、broad transcription34、morphological rules35、phrase structure rule36、relational opposites37、componential analysis38、context39、euphemism40、brain lateralizationV. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题（2）一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。

《英语语言学概论》课程复习题集 (1-6章)2012-5-16更新Chapter I Introduction2012I. Decide whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE:1. Linguistics is the scientific study of language.2. Competence and performance is distinguished by Saussure.3. A synchronic linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history.4. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.5. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.6. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.7. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based onlanguage facts and checked against the observed facts.8. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.9. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of otherareas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.10. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.11. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences.12. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.13. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studiesthe morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.14. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.15. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.16. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studiesmeaning not in isolation, but in context.17. Social changes can often bring about language changes.18. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.19. The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.20. Synchronic linguistic is the study of a language through the courseof its history.21. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.22. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.23. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at somepoint in time.24. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not thewritten language.25. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed byF. de Saussure.26. Features that contrast words in meaning are called design features are said to be in complementary distribution.27. Linguistic symbols are arbitrary.28. By arbitrariness Saussure means that the forms of linguistic signsbear some natural relationship to their meaning.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d_______.2.Chomsky defines “ competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language.3. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.43. D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refersto the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.5. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.6. S is the study of language in relation to society.7. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of wordsinto permissible sentences in languages is called s________.8. Human capacity for language has a g ____ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.9. P ____ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.10. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlementof some practical problems. The study of such applications is generallyknown as a________ linguistics.11. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the constructionand interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they canproduce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which theyhave never heard be1212. Linguistics is generally defined as the s ____ study of language.13. To help define and maintain interpersonal relations is the s function of language.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.1. The description of a language in a fixed instant is a _______ study.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. systematic2. The application of linguistics principles and theories to languageteaching and learning is called _____.A. sociolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. computational linguisticsD. Applied Linguistics3.If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language peopleactually use, it is said to be ______________.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic4. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness5. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ____________.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable6. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because ___________.A.in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB.speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amountof information conveyed.C.speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquireshis mother tongueD.All of the above7. Many modern linguists have criticized traditional grammarians for adopting a _____ approach to language study.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. descriptive8. A historical study of language is a ____ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative9. According to F. de Saussure, ____ refers to the abstractlinguistic system shared by all the members of a speechcommunity.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language10. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connectionbetween _________ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas11. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediatesituations of the speaker. This feature is called_________,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission12. The distinction between langue and parole was made by _______ early last century.A. American linguist N. ChomskyB. Swiss linguist F. de SaussureC. American linguist Edward SapirD. British linguist J. R. Firth13. The fact that different languages have different words for the sameobject is good proof that human language is .A. arbitraryB. rationalC. logicalD. culturalI V. Answer the following question:1. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar?2. What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?Chapter 2：PhonologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:1.Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning inboth Chinese and English.2.If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the sameenvironments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4.English is a tone language while Chinese is not.5.In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.6.In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role thanwriting in terms of the amount of information conveyed.7.Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physicalproperties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.8.The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained inthree important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest. 9. The sound〔z〕is a voiced alveolar stop.9. Voicing is a distinctive feature for English consonants.10. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string, then the two words are called minimal pairs. Sip and zip are a minimal pair, as are fine and vine, and veal and leaf.11.Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speechsounds called voicing.12.English consonants can be classified in terms of place ofarticulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest. 13.According to the manner of articulation, some of the types intowhich the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.12.Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: theposition of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.13.According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified intoclose vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.14. The English consonants can be classified in terms of place and mannerof articulation.15. The qualities of vowels depend on the positions of lips.16.Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.17.Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.18.Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified intodifferent categories.19. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see ifsubstituting one sound for another result in a change of meaning.20.When two different forms are identical in every way except for onesound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.21.The rules governing the phonological patterning are languagespecific.22.Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running overa sequence of two or more phonemic segments.23. Articulatory phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds.24. The speech sounds in almost every language can be divided into two major natural classes: consonants and vowels.25. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstructionof airstream.26. Suprasegmental features are distinctive features of segmental phonemes.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:27．A_____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.28．A___________ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.29．The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b_______ sounds.30．Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other. 31．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_______ of articulation.32．When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________.33．S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc. 34．The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular lan-guage are called s ____ rules.35．The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription. 36．When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known asi_________.37．P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds ofa particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningfulunits to effect linguistic communication.38. If you say door, new, two, senior, zoo, you will notice that the first sounds in all these words are a_______ sounds. The t and s are voiceless, and d, n and z are voiced. Only n is nasal.39．The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.40．T_______ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.41．Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_________ stress.III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1. The study of the physical properties of speech sounds is called ________ phonetics.A. acousticB. articulatoryC. auditoryD. allomorphic2. The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative3． Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords4．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal5．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/ 6．The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar7. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the sameenvironments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair8．The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative9. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tonguemaintaining the highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle10. Palatal semi-vowel refers to the sound .A. [n]B. [h]C. [w]D. [j]11. A phoneme is a group of phonetically similar sounds called .A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones12.Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two ormore phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semanticfeatures13.A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is anabstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme14．The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophones15. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle16. The sounds that begin and end the words church and judge are voicelessand voiced _______, respectively.( C )A. stopsB. fricativesC. affricatesD. plosivesIV. Answer the following question:1. How are the English consonants classified?2. Explain with examples the sequential rule, and the assimilation rule in phonology.Chapter 3：MorphologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2. Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so isa morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.7. Almost every word in every language is composed of one or more morphemes.8. The allomorph is an abstract unit.9. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is calleda stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.10. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.11. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words.12. Phonetically, the stress of a compound often falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.13. In English, inflectional affixes are mostly prefixes.14. The meaning of a compound is the combination of the meanings of the words in the compound.II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:1. R is the part of the word left when all the affixes are removed.2. M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.3. B___________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to forma word.4. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d__________ affixes.5. A s______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech.6. C__________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.7. The word snowfall is a word formed by joining two separate words, i.e.“snow” and “fall.” This newly formed word is genera lly regarded as a c_______.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1.The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme2.The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound __________.A.is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB.can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC.is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D.None of the above.3. “-s” in the word “books” is _______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD.a root4. Which of the following is NOT a compound word?A. RainbowB. MilkshakeC. Icy-coldD. Unpleasant5.The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of __________.A. the first elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elemD. both the firstand the second elements.6. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. Bound wordsD. Words7._________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme8.The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic9.Bound morphemes are those that ___________.A. have to be used independentlyB.can not be combined with other morphemesC.can either be free or boundD.have to be combined with other morphemes.10.____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change thepart of speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SuffixesC. RootsD. Affixes11._________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences12.“-s” in the word “books” is _______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a root13. Which of the following does NOT belong to “open class words”?A. NounsB. AdjectivesC. ConjunctionsD. Adverbs14. In the word unreliable, the prefix “un-” is a(n) _______ morpheme.A. freeB. boundC. rootD. inflectional15. Morphemes that represent “tense”, “number”, “gender”, “case”,“aspect”, “degree” and so forth are called morphemes.A. inflectionalB. boundC. freeD. derivational16. The English word “modernizers” is composed of morphemes.A. fourB. threeC. twoD. five17. Which of the following affix differs from others?A. –lyB. –nessC. –ingD. –fulIV. Derive the following words into their separate morphemes by placinga "+" between each morphemes and the next:a. rewriteb. broadenc. predigestingd. forefathersV. Think of a morpheme suffix and a morpheme prefix, give their meaning,and specify the types of stem they may be suffixed to. Give at least two examples of each.Suffix: Meaning:Stem type: Examples:Prefix: Meaning:Stem type: Examples:VI. Answer the following question:What is an inflectional morpheme? Locate the inflectional morpheme in each of the following sentences and point out its grammatical meaning.Mr. Smith lives in the Big Apple.The film’s already started.We are preparing for an important test.Chapter 4：SyntaxI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structureof language, including the combination of morphemes into words.2. Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules.3. Sentences are composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order, with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic.4. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.5. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.6. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.7. A sentence can’t have more than one deep structure.8. The structure that occurs after movement takes place is what we term as surface structure.9. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.10. A noun phrase contains a noun, while other elements are optional.11. Words in a sentence are organized into groups of lexical categories, commonly known as parts of speech.12. Chomsky made a distinction between two levels of structures: surfaceand deep structures.13. Transformational-generative grammar was first suggested by Noam Chomsky.II. Diagram the constituent structure of the following sentence and name the different constituents. ( IC analysis)The passenger train from Chicago will arrive in Atlanta after midnight.Chapter 5 SemanticsI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found withinthe variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.2. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.3. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.4. In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience.5. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaningfrom or reduce meaning to observable contexts.6. Behaviourists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.7. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all itscomponents.8. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality.9. The predication analysis of a sentence only applies to statements and interrogative forms.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1. S________ can be defined as the study of meaning.2. The conceptualist view holds that there is no d______ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.3. R______ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.4. Words that are close in meaning are called s________.5. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called h__________.6. Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items are called r_______ opposites.7. What is communicated by virtue of what language refers to is the r__________ meaning of a word.8. R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal ofa relationship between the two items.9. C ____ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.10. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.11. According to the n ____ theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1. The naming theory is advanced by ________.A. PlatoB. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth2. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _______.A. the conceptualist viewB. contexutalismC. the naming theoryD. behaviourism3. Which of the following is not true?A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguisticform.B.Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C. Sense is abstract and de-contextualized.D.Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are notinterested in.4.“Can I borrow your bike?” _______ “ You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes5.___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissectedinto meaning components, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis6.“alive” and “dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. none of the above7._________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic elementand the non-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense8.___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having differentmeanings have the same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy9. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemyC. hyponymsD. synonyms10. The kind of antonymy between "married "and "single" is one of __________A converseB relationalC complementaryD gradable11. According to the componential analysis, the word “girl” and“woman” differ in the feature of _______.A. HUMNANB. ANIMATEC. MALED. ADULT12.The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.。