词汇学chapter Six

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考Hale Waihona Puke 形式1. 平时成绩50%（出勤、作业）。 2. 提交论文50%（3000—8000字）。
Introduction




1476年，Sir William Caxton发明印刷机。 早期现代英语（Early Modern English）逐渐形成。 文艺复兴（The Renaissance, 14-17世纪） 代表人物：达.芬奇，米开朗基罗等 英国剧作家莎士比亚（William Shakespeare,15641616）
Danish Icelandic Faroese Norwegian Swedish
Gothic*
German Dutch Flemish Frisian Afrikaans Yiddish
Old English(Anglo-Saxon):(AD400-1100) ---449 First landing of the Germanic warriors in Britain ---1066 Norman Conquest in Britain Middle English:(1100-1500) ---1476 Introduction of the Printing Press by Sir Willian Caxton ---1492 Discovery of the New World Early Modern English:(1500-1800) --- 1755 Dictionary of the English language by Samuel Johnson ---1776 American Revolution Modern English:(1800-present) ----20th C World wars, scientific breakthrough Contemporary English:(present and onwards)

Although it is very difficult to tell which form arose first, these two types of conversion do exist.
Sometimes when a word consisting of two or more syllables undergoes conversion, there is a change in the stress pattern.
Some of the most common words include
access, aim, bed, beer, brave, clean, cup, deck, e-mail, fool, impact, pension, ship, train and so on.
The formation of a noun by converting a verb,
He downed his beer and left.
The company has had its share of ups and downs.
Good binoculars a Nhomakorabeae a must for any serious birdwatcher.
Are you out to your parents?
In other words, conversion is a process by which a word belonging to one word class is transferred to another word class without any change in form.
It is a productive device for the creation of new words since there is no restriction on the form.

Chapter6: TestI. Multiple choices1.The word “treacle”has the following senses: (1)wild beast; (2)remedy for bites of venomous beasts; (3)antidote for poison or remedy for poison; (4)any effective remedy;(5)(BrE)molasses. What semantic process has“treacle”undergone?A. centralizationB. radiationC. concatenationD. narrowing2. which group of the following are perfect homonyms?A. dear (a loved person)—deer (a kind of animal)B. bow (bending the head as a greeting)—bow(the device used for shooting)C. bank(the edge of the river)—bank (an establishment for money business)D. right (correct)—write (put down on paper with a pen)3. The following are the main sources of homonyms except ____.A. change in meaningB. change in sound C .change in spelling D. borrowing4. “Charm and glamour”are synonyms resulting from____.A. borrowingB. dialects and regional EnglishC. figurative and euphemistic use of wordsD. with idiomatic expressions5.“win” and “gain the upper hand”，“hesitate” and“ be in two minds”are two pairs of synonyms resulting from ____.A. coincidence with idiomatic expressions.B. figurative and euphemistic use of words.C. dialects and regional English.D. borrowing6. “Timid ”and “timorous”, “comprehend”and “understand” are two pairs of synonyms mainly different in_____.A. denotationB. applicationC. connotationD. emotion7. Which group of synonyms of the following has prominent difference in connotation?A. want, wish, desireB.result, consequenceC. answer, replyD. rich, wealth8. Antonyms can be classified into three major groups except______ .A. evaluative termsB. contrary termsC. contradictory termsD. relative terms9.“parent/child,husband/wife, predecessor/succ essor” are ______.A. contrary termsB. contradictory termsC. relative termsplementary termsII. Fill in the blanks. The first letter of eachword is given1. The problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the same word can be dealt with from two different angles: d approach and s approach.2. When a word was created, it was endowed with p meaning. With the advance of time and the development of language it took on more and more d meanings.3. The development of word-meaning from monosemy to polysemy follows two courses, traditionally known as r and c .4. Based on the degree of similarity, homonyms fall into three classes: p ,h , and h .5. Synonyms can be grouped intoa synonyms and r synonyms.6. “Tulip”and “rose”, are h of “flower”.“Flower”is the superordinate term and “tulip”,“rose”are the s term.7. A semantic field is a m area where words share the same c .III. Define the following terms.Radiation:a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rays.Concatenation: a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until, in many cases, there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning.Homonyms: words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.Homographs: words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning.Homophones: words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning.Perfect homonyms: words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning.Polysemy: a phenomenon that one form having morethan one meaning.Synonyms: words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning. Antonyms: words opposite in meaning. Hyponymy: the relationship of semantic inclusion. Semantic field: a meaning area where words share the same concept.VI. Answer the following questions .1. What is the difference between homonyms and polysemants? How to differentiate them? Homonyms refer to different words which happen to share the same form and polysemants refer to the fact that the same word has several distinguishable meanings. By seeing their etymology, we can distinguish them, i. e. homonyms are from different sources while a polysemant is from the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development. The second principal consideration is semantic relatedness. The various meaning of apolysemant are correlated and connected to do with one another. Additionally, in dictionary, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.2. Discuss some of the characteristics of antonyms.1. Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition.2 A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym3 Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. Pairs of antonyms are seen as marked and unmarked terms respectively.4 Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own corresponding opposite.。

• Recollection, idealistic, ex-prisoner • Some words made up of only bound
morphemes, such as antecedent, student
Bound root
• A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. For example:
• Prefix comes before the word, changing the meaning of the original words: subway, maltreat, forehead, etc
• Suffix comes after the word, changing the word class: northward, bloody, purify…
Chapter Six
Word Formation I
Introduction
• We have discussed that the borrowing plays an active role in the expansion of vocabulary. In modern times, vocabulary is largely enriched on an internal basis, that is through word formation.