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数控加工中心技术开展趋势及对策原文来源：Zhao Chang-ming Liu Wang-ju (CNC Machining Process and equipment, 2002,China)一、摘要Equip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip (such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry) last technology and getting more basic most equipment. Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry,Keywords:Numerical ControlTechnology, E quipment,industry二、译文数控技术和装备开展趋势及对策装备工业的技术水平和现代化程度决定着整个国民经济的水平和现代化程度，数控技术及装备是开展新兴高新技术产业和尖端工业〔如信息技术及其产业、生物技术及其产业、航空、航天等国防工业产业〕的使能技术和最根本的装备。
外文翻译专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名班级学号指导教师专业系主任外文资料名称：Multi-purpose aggregatemachine-tool time外文资料出处：U.S.A. Michigan university附件：1.外文资料翻译译文2．外文原文多功能组合机床时代蒂莫西雅各布斯，丹尼斯阿斯纳斯，卓然飞利浦美国密西根大学王雷译摘要：组合机床加工中心可使加工制造业适应不断变化的需求，有效利用劳动力资源，并在全球范围的市场上更具竞争力。
关键字：组合机床对于多功能组合机床，工业领域内有很多称呼来形容它，如“多任务处理装置”、“多功能机床”、“多程序生产系统”等，它确实可称为加工领域的新星，可降低成本，简化配置，并一直保持在美国本土生产。
过去只有使用多机操作才能完成的任务，现在可以集中到一台机床上加工完成。
由于市场需求的不断变化，产品的生命周期在不断缩短，今天的市场更加强烈需求多任务处理装置概念。
在整个生产环境中推行精益管理时，没有比把零件加工集中到一台机器上完成更精一些传统的制造业厂商认为多功能组合机床过于复杂，很难找到合适的操作人员也就不足为奇了。
在一些劳动力市场，要找到能够对多轴组合机床加工中心进行手工编程的人是不太可能的事。
但资料显示，解决方案可有两个，一个是现代多功能组合机床的直觉式技术，另一个是针对金属加工基本原理及在生产车间现场有关新机床使用中难题创新解决方面的培训。
直觉式技术控制设备采用“带走热量”式设计，有床身、钢制直线滚动导轨、钢制转塔刀架、设备上使用的不同材料，所有这些组合到一起建造成一台机床。
这些都与导热系数、体积膨胀相关。
所有不同尺寸的东西都会以不同的速度生长。
由于这个原因，需要制造热友好机床，以便知道发热的薄弱点在哪里，可以通过合理的机床设计来补偿。
元件是全程运动。
机床滑动产生摩擦并转化为热。
切削加工产生的热屑掉到不同地方，在整个过程中冷却液会混合在其中。
在切削刀具上会持续出现很多不同的温度区域，所以也会有很多东西对热稳定性产生影响。
The research and development of modular machine tool The machine is a combination of a generic components and special parts of the process of high concentrated special machine. It can be a (or more), more than parts, many, many processing. The machine can complete drilling, reaming,, boring, tapping, turning, milling, grinding and rolling process, high efficiency, stable machining accuracy.Combination machine tools and other special machine tool, general, has the following features:(1) combination machine tools on the general standard of components and parts accounted for all the machine parts of 70-80%, design and manufacture of short cycle, less investment, economic effect is good.(2) the combination machine adopts many knives, and a high degree of automation, thus than general machine high production efficiency, stable product quality, low labor strength.(3) is the universal modular machine tool parts after careful design and long-term production practice, and have special test batches, therefore the stable structure, manufacture, use and maintenance work and reliable.(4) in combination machine processing parts, with special jig, tools and equipment, processing technology and equipment, the quality of on the technical level of operators.(5) when the products processed update, using other types of special machine, its most parts to discard. In general, the combination of machine parts and standard parts can be reused, without further design and manufacturing.(6) combination machine tools to represent combination machine tools, in order to adapt to the cycle of large-scale production needs.Although there are many advantages of modular machine tool, but also disadvantages:(1) the variability of modular machine tool, a universal reconfigured sometimes 10% ~ 20% of the parts can't reuse, and refitted. When large quantities(2) universal modular machine tool parts not for a certain kind of machine design, it is a relatively wide adaptability. This will make the combination machine tools, special machine is a complex structure.The classification of 1.2 combination machine toolsCombination machine tools and large portfolio is two kinds of small combination machine tools, they not only in volume and power are the size and type in structure and allocation, etc have great difference. Here, the configuration of the large combination machine tools. Large portfolio of machine configuration can be divided into three categories:1.2.1 has fixed fixture were a combination machine toolsThis kind of modular machine tool fixtures and workbench are stationary. To realize dynamic slide into motion, smooth realization of dynamic box on the cutting. According to the dynamic box and spindle box of resettlement way, and can be divided into the following kinds:(1) the horizontal combination machine tools (horizontal) power box,(2) vertical combination machine tools (power box installed vertically),(3) tilted combination machine tools (power box installed); tilted(4) complex combination machine tools (power box with the installation of two or more).Given the fixture with multistage (portable) combination machine toolsThis kind of combination machine tools installation in the jig straight moving workbench or turn on the job, and do according to certain takt time interval, make Labour movement or get conversion. This kind of machine configuration, common four.(1) with the machine moving workbench, this kind of machine can make the fixture and workpiece beeline reciprocating movement.(2) with the rotary worktable, this machine tool fixtures and workpiece axis of rotation, round vertical can turn on the work in each workstation are usually equipped with workpiece.(3) drum machine, the machine tool for fixture and workpiece axis rotation aroundlevel can be. This machine of horizotal one-sided or horizontal commonly, but less USES double configuration of three. In addition, it also has FuSheShi except installation horizontal power components, perpendicular to the drum rebirth in the plane of the turn power components installed.(4) the central pillar machine, the machine has the mesa of larger diameter annular rotary worktable. On the central installation, the installation power components, but also in the workbench around are installed power components, horizontal and fixture is installed in the rotary table, this machine is generally complex.1.2.3 turret spindle box type combination machine toolsTurret spindle box type combination machine tools are divided into two classes: the uniaxial turret head type combination machine tools and multiaxial turret type combination machine tools. The former head of the turret each combination can be installed a rigid surfaces. The latter turret head each combination can be installeda spindle box surface. This machine general configuration types are:(1) turn tower only realize spindle box by cutting movement, the processing components, by the slide realize feed movement,(2) turn tower spindle box installed in turn on the slide spindle box tower, which can realize the cutting and feeding movement.One turret and spindle box type combination machine tools may be composed of three type double or, at the same time, the two or three of workpiece surface processing.130 combination machine tools of technologyCombination machine tools can be accomplished, milling process is flat surface, driving devicees, drilling, reaming, boring, reaming, tapping, deep hole drilling, economic, cutting, etc. Along with the development of integrated automation technology, the combination of complete machine can process is expanding constantly, except in the process, but also can complete car outside the circle, car, car indexing, cutting surface and thread, rolling, YuanZhuMian inside hole cut surface grinding,polishing, peace, and even honing, stamping, welding, and heat treatment, assembling, automatic measurement and check, etc.The development direction of 1.4 combination machine toolsIn recent years, combination machine tools in automobiles, tractors, diesel engine, motor, instruments, sewing machine, bicycle, valves, mining machinery, metallurgy, aviation, textile machinery and military department has won extensive use, some small batch production department also began to promote the use of. China in combination machine tools and the cycle will achieve rapid development, and its development direction for:To improve the level 1.4.1 general partsThe main measure of general component level standard is: variety specification complete, the static and dynamic performance parameters, the technology of advanced high accuracy and precision, provides better.Currently should pay attention to develop strong milling machine, high precision of high-power dynamic slippery 1ta series boring head with high precision, and adaptive sliding and small batch production, the fast speed in power components and supporting components.Mechanical drive power components has stable performance, high reliability, etc. At present, mechanical drive power components used communication frequency conversion variable speed motors and dc servo motor, so as to make mechanical drive power components added new competition ability.Power components with steel rail, using the ball screw, static guide and aero-static bearing, tooth-type belts and other new structure, bearing parts by welding structure, etc. Due to the increase of precision and parts of dynamic and static performance, which is obviously improve the machining precision workpiece surface roughness.1.4.2 increase productivityCurrently combination machine tools and the cycle of increasing productivity, cycle time is generally 1 ~ 2 minutes, only 10 ~ 30 seconds. The main methods toimprove productivity is to improve the machine tool layout, increase and decrease of machining tool, cutting dosages, improve the machining allowance, work to improve the reliability and shorten the assistant time etc. In order to reduce the loss of the cycle of the cycle, parking, electronic computers are flexible management of the cycle.1.4.3 enlarge machining scopeNow combination machine tools and the cycle is completed a general has a few processes of workpieces, and is often used to finish all the processing procedure. Workpiece, Besides finished graphic milling, drilling past, reaming holes, tapping, economic, boring, has now expanded to finish machining, grinding and cutting, fine boring and machining (such as inspection, automatic assembly, cleaning, etc) and the classification of print test procedure.1.4.4 improve the machining accuracyNow in the combination machine tools and the cycle again into a lot of machining processes, such as: 1, fine boring hole processing position in 0.02 millimeters. In order to make the cycle can guarantee machining precision, stability and has been widely adopted automatically measuring tools and techniques that are automatically compensated, adjustable knives don't stop.1.4.5 increased automationCurrently combination machine tools and the cycle is developing very rapidly, and more and more combination machine tools for composition, modular machine tool itself is the cycle is the development direction of automatic. Therefore, the key is to solve the workpiece clamp pressure automation and handling automation.1.4.6 improve combination machine tools and automatic lineSmall batch production to improve the productivity of some of the cabinet, in recent years the development process of adjustable knives of combination machine tools and automatic line, they are using digital control program. In the early development of many varieties, grouping processing combination machine tools and automatic line, also created automatically change and change automatic machine,combination of spindle box for small batch production process can be automatically replaced the spindle box on the combination machine tools. Using a tool that can complete the whole process of a workpiece machining, can play the role of a line. Especially the development of digital control program for the development of this kind of machine tools, creating more favourable conditions.1.4.7 researchason super-mini combination machine toolsIn order to adapt to the instrument industry small box processing need, creating super-mini combination machine tools are required. This machine by the hydraulic head more super-mini pneumatic configuration, small size, high efficiency, and can achieve high machining accuracy.1.4.8 developing special combination machine tools and automatic lineAlong with the development of technology, the combination of machine has been used to specific objects designed according to the general, but can be used as varieties of batch production, processing products according to your own user needs, process equipment, tools and machining certain objects can be composed of efficient tool.组合机床的研究与发展组合机床是由大量的通用部件和少量专用部件组成的工序集中的高效专用机床。
Numerical control technology andequipment trend of development The equipment industry technical level and the modernized degree were deciding the entire national economy level and the modernized degree, the numerical control technology and the equipment are the development emerging high technology and new technology industry and the state-of-art industry (for example defense industry industries and so on information technology and industry, biological technology and industry, aviation, astronautics) enables the technology and the most basic equipment. Marx had said “each kind of economical time difference, does not lie in produces any, but how lies in produces, with any means of labor production”. The technique of manufacture and the equipment is the humanity produces active the most basic producer goods, but the numerical control technology also is advanced now the technique of manufacture and the equipment most core technology. Now the various countries manufacturing industry widely uses the numerical control technology, sharpens the manufacturing capacity and the level, enhances to the dynamic changeable market adaptiveness and competitive ability. In addition in the world various industries developed country also lists as the national strategic resources the numerical control technology and the numerical control equipment, not only takes the significant measure to develop own numerical control technology and the industry, moreover implements the blockade and the limit policy in “precise and advanced” the numerical control key technologies and the equipment aspect to our country. In brief, develops vigorously take the numerical control technology has become the world each developed country acceleration economy development as the core advanced technique of manufacture, enhances the comprehensive national strength and the national status important way.The numerical control technology is carries on the control with the numerical information to the mechanical movement and the work process the technology, the numerical control equipment is take the numerical control technology as representative's new technology the integration of machinery product which forms to the traditional manufacture industry and the emerging manufacturing industry seepage, namely so-called digitized equipment, its technical scope cover very many domains: (1) machine manufacture technology; (2) information processing, processing, transmission technology; (3) automatic control technology; (4) servo actuates the technology; (5) sensor technology; (6) software technology and so on.1 numerical control technology trend of developmentNot only the numerical control technology application has brought the revolutionary change for the traditional manufacturing industry, causes the manufacturing industry to become the industrialization the symbol, moreover along with numerical control technology unceasing development and application domain expansion, he to national economy and the people's livelihood some important professions (IT, automobile, light industry, medical service and so on) development more and more vital role, because these professions must equip the digitization alreadywas the modern development major tendency. The numerical control technology and the equipment development tendency looked from the present world that, its main research hot spot has following several aspect [1~4].1.1 high speed, high precision work technology and equipment new tendencyThe efficiency, the quality are the advanced technique of manufacture main bodies. High speed, the high precision work technology may enhance the efficiency enormously, enhances the product the quality and the scale, reduces the production cycle and sharpens the market competition ability. Lists as one of 5 great modern techniques of manufacture for this Japan Tip Technology Research board it, the international production project learns (CIRP) its determination is one of 21st century central research directions.In the passenger vehicle industry domain, yearly produces 300,000 production metres was 40/s，moreover the multi-variety processing is one of key questions which the passenger vehicle equipment must solve; In the aviation and the astronavigation industry domain, its processing spare part many for the thin wall and the thin muscle, the rigidity is very bad, material for aluminum or aluminum alloy, only then in the high cutting speed and the cutting force very small situation, can to these muscles, the wall carry on the processing. Recently uses the large-scale overall aluminum alloy semifinished materials “pull out spatially” the method to make the wing, the fuselage and so on the large-scale components substitutes many components through the multitudinous rivets, the bolt and other joint way assembling, causes the component the intensity, the rigidity and the reliability obtains the enhancement. These all to processed the equipment to propose high speed, Gao Jing and the high flexible request.Unfolds from EMO2001 meets the situation to look that, processes the center feed rate to be possible high speed to reach 80m/min, even higher, the aerial transport stroke speed may reach 100m/About min. At present in the world many automotive factories, including our country's Shanghai General Motors, already used by the high speed processing center composition production line part substitution aggregate machine-tool. American CINCINNATI Corporation's HyperMach engine bed feed rate reaches 60m/most greatlymin, fast is 100m/min, the acceleration reaches 2g, the main axle rotational speed has reached 60 000r/min. Processes a thin wall airplane part, only uses 30min, but the same components need 3h in the common high speed milling machine processing, needs 8h in the plain milling machine processing; The German DMG Corporation's double main axle lathe main axle speed and the acceleration respectively reach 12*! 000r/mm和1g。
Development and application of combined machine tool The combination of machine tools based on general parts, workpiece supported by the specific shape and design of special processing of parts and fixtures, the composition semiautomatic or automatic special machine. Combination machine generally adopts multi shaft, knife, more processes, more or multiple locations simultaneously processes, and production efficiency ratio general machine tool high several times to several times. As generic components have been standardized and serialized, may need to be flexible configuration, can shorten design and manufacturing cycle. Therefore, the aggregate machine-tool has the advantages of high efficiency and low cost, the large, mass production to be widely applied, and can be used to compose the automatic production line. Processing, workpiece generally does not rotate, by movement of the rotatable cutter and tool and workpiece relative feed movement, to achieve drilling, reaming, counterboring, reaming, boring, milling, cutting and processing of external thread face and etc.. Some combination machine adopts clamping workpiece machining head to rotate, by the tool for the feed movement, also can achieve some rotating parts ( such as car rear axle flywheel, etc.) of the face and processing.In twentieth Century since the 70's, along with the cutting tool with indexable inserts, dense gear milling cutter, boring size automatic detection and automatic compensation for tool technology development, combination of the machining accuracy of the machine tool is improved. Milling plane plane of up to 0.05mm and1000 mm, the surface roughness can be as low as 2.5to 0.63 microns; boring accuracy up to IT7~6, hole distance precision can reach 0.03~ 0.02 micron. A dedicated machine is along with the automobile industry development. In some parts of special machine tool for repeated use, and gradually developed into a general components, resulting in a combined machine tool. The earliest combination machine is made in the United States in 1911, for the processing of auto parts. Initially, the machine tool manufacturingplant has its own general component standard. In order to improve different factory universal interchangeability of the parts, and is convenient for users to use and repair.The Design ProcessDesigning starts with a need real.Existing apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiency, weight, speed, or cost. New apparatus may be needed to perform a function previouslydone by men, such as computation, assembly, or servicing. With the objective wholly or partlyIn the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint., namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several components become apparent, analysis can begin in earnest. The analysis will have as its objective satisfactory or superior performance, plus safety and durability with minimum weight, and a competitive cost. Optimum proportions and dimensions will be sought for each critically loaded section, together with a balance between the strengths of the several components. Materials and their treatment will be chosen. These important objectives can be attained only by analysis based upon the principles of mechanics, such as those of static for reaction forces and for the optimum utilization of friction; of dynamics for inertia, acceleration, and energy; of elasticity and strength of materials for stress and deflection; of physical behavior of materials; and of fluid mechanics for lubrication and hydrodynamic drives. The analyses may be made by the same engineer who conceived the arrangement of mechanisms, or, in alarge company, they may be made by a separate analysis division or research group. Design is a reiterative and cooperative process, whether done formally or informally, and the analyst can contribute to phases other than his own. Product design requires much research and development. Many Concepts of an idea must be studied, tried, and then either used or discarded. Although the content of each engineering problem is unique, the designers follow the similar process to solve the problems.Machinery design covers the following contents.1. Provides an introduction to the design process , problemformulation ,safety factors.2. Reviews the material properties and static and dynamic loading analysis ,Including beam , vibration and impact loading.3. Reviews the fundamentals of stress and defection analysis.4. Introduces fatigue-failure theory with the emphasis on stress-life approaches to high-cycle fatigue design, which is commonly used in the design of rotation machinery.5. Discusses thoroughly the phenomena of wear mechanisms, surface contact stresses ,and surface fatigue.6. Investigates shaft design using the fatigue-analysis techniques.7. Discusses fluid-film and rolling-element bearing theory and application8. Gives a thorough introduction to the kinematics, design and stress analysis of spur gears , and a simple introduction to helical ,bevel ,and worm gearing.9. Discusses spring design including compression ,extension and torsion springs.10. Deals with screws and fasteners including power screw and preload fasteners.11. Introduces the design and specification of disk clutches and brakes.。
外文原文：Mechanical products for modern design anddevelopment trendThe rapid development of science and technology, product features requirements of the growing number and complexity of the increase in life expectancy shortened, replacement faster. However, the design of the products, especially mechanical products in the design means, is, failed to keep pace with the needs of the times. At present, computer-aided product design drawings, design, manufacturing, production planning has been a relatively extensive and in-depth study and achieved initial results, and product development programmes of the early computer-aided design is far from meeting the needs of the design. To this end, the author read a lot of literature on the basis of a summary of the design and scholars at home and abroad to design the method used, and discussed the various methods of organic link between product design and mechanical Computer trend of development.Under the current domestic and foreign scholars to design machinery design methods used by the main features of the programme can be summed up modern design for thefollowing four major types.1, systematic design methodSystematic design the main features are: design as from a number of design elements of a system, every design element of independence, there are various elements of the organic links and a level of all the design elements Combined, you can design systemsto achieve the task.Systematic design idea in the 1970s by the German scholar Professor Pahl and Beitz, a system based on the theory, developed a design of the general pattern, and advocate of the design work should be rational. German Engineers Association in this on the basis of design, develop standards VDI2221 "technology systems and productdevelopment design methods.The development of the product design process of mechanical model, basically follow the German standards VDI2221 the design. In addition, many of our product design and scholars in the programme design and also learn from other developed countries cited the systematic design, which is representative:(1) The user needs as the product concept of functional characteristics, structural design and part design, process planning, operations control, and so on the basis of the product development process of the macro, the use of Quality Function layoutmethods, systems and information needs of users will be reasonable and effective And converted to the various stages of product development objectives and operationscontrol technology means a point of order.(2) products as organisms on the level of life, and life systems through the use of theproduct design process can demand level of success and realize the concept of functional requirements of the specific levels and product design level. At the same time using the system icons to life the abstract expression of the functional requirements of products, product features a system structure.(3) the mechanical design system in the application of science into two basic questions: First, to design products as a system to process, to determine the best of its components (modules) and their mutual relations and the other is the product design Process as a system, according to the design objectives, correct and reasonable to determine the design of all aspects of the work and the various design stage.As each designer to study issues and to consider the perspective of the different emphases, to design a programme of specific research methods also differ. Here are some representative of the systematic design methods.1.1 design elements ofWith five design elements (functions, effects, effects of vector, shape and surface elements parameters) described "product solution" that a product design elements of the five identified, all the characteristics of products and value characteristics already identified. Chinese scholars have also adopted similar design methods describedproduct of the original understanding.1.2 graphical modeling lawDevelopment of the "design analysis and guidance systems" KALEIT, with a clear level of the graphic description of the product structure and functions related to the abstract information, and the system structure and function graphical modeling, as well as functional connections between the layers.Will be assisted design divided into two methods and information exchange, the use of Nijssen information analysis methods can be used graphic symbols, with a variety of semantic model structure, the integration can be described conditions can be divided into binding type, can relations between any combination of features , Will design solutions and information technology integration, the design process to achievea different level of abstraction of information between the graphical modeling. The literature [11] semantic network design as a design tool in the development of the semantic network design ASK, using nodes and a network of lines describing thedesign, said node components of the unit (such as the design tasks, functions, components Or processing equipment, etc.), and lines used to adjust the definition node between different semantic relations, which in the design process for all the activities and results of pre-built model, the early design requirements to thedefinition of a specific structure can be described by the Relations between the definition of the expression, and a computer-aided design process from abstract toconcrete leap.1.3 "idea" - "design" lawWill be divided into product design "concept" and "design" in two stages. "Concept" stage of the task is to seek, select and design portfolio to meet the requirements of the original understanding of tasks. "Design" stage of work is the concrete realization of the original understanding of the conceptual stage.The programme will be "ideas" for the specific description: According to a suitable functional structure, designed to meet the requirements of the mandate of the original understanding. Functional structure of the sub-function by "structural elements" to achieve, and "structural elements" of the physical connection between the definition of "functional carrier", "functional carrier" and "structural elements" and formation of the interaction between the functional diagram ( Mechanical movement diagram).Programme of "design" is based on functional diagram, the first qualitativedescription of all the "functional carrier" and "structural elements", then all the quantitative description of "structural elements" and connecting pieces ( "functional vector") the shape and location have The structure of. Roper, H. use of graph theory theory, the help from his definition of "total design unit (GE)", "structure elements (KE)", "functional structure elements (FKE)", "connecting structure elements (VKE)", "Structural parts (KT)", "structural elements parts (KET)" concept, and describes elements of size, location and transmission parameters of the relationship between the number of thumbs, the design expert intuitive way to design a formal Description of the formation of effective application of existing knowledge of methods, and appliedto the "idea" and "design" stage.From the design methodology of the point of view, the design task will be clear after the design work is divided into three steps: 1) access to functions and functional structure (referred to as "functional"), 2) find effects (referred to as the "effect"); ) To find structure (referred to as "the configuration of the Rules"). And described by the following four strategies Mechanical Product concept stage of the process: Strategy 1: were considered "functional" and "effect" and "configuration rules." Therefore, we can work in various steps to create variations in the respective programmes, resulting in the original understanding of the broad spectrum. Strategy 2: "effect" and"configuration rules" (including the designer to create the rules) association, to consider a separate function (usually associated with the design task). At this point, to identify the typical configuration rules and their effects need to have a wealth ofexperience, the programme spectrum far less than a strategy of the programme spectrum. Strategy 3: "functional" and "effect", "configuration rules" are closely related. Applicable to the function, and the configuration of the rules of no choice, with special requirements of the areas, such as ultra-small machinery, large machinery, high-value function parts, and those with special requirements of the functional components, and so on. Strategy 4: In view of the structural design requirements of the solution. The strategy starting from the existing parts, through different parts of the order and connection, was expected to function.1.4 Matrix DesignIn the programme design process used in "requirement - to" logic tree ( "or" tree) described requirements, the relationship between the function, to satisfy therequirements of functional design solution set, a different design. According to "request - to" logic tree establishment of a "request - to" association matrix, meet the requirements necessary to describe the complex relationship between function, expressed functional requirements and the relationship between the one-to-one.Kotaetal will matrix as a mechanical system design basis, the mechanical system design space as a functional decomposition of space, only that each sub-space design of a module, in the abstract phase of the high-level, with each module design movement conversion matrix And a vector for the operation of restraint that in the abstract phase of the low-rise, each module design parameters were expressed as amatrix and the equation of motion.1.5 bond graph LawWill form a system components into the function to generate energy, energy consumption, changing energy forms, such as various types of energy transmission and use of bond graph of the function of the components that will be based on the functions of the model and bonding with plans to achieve functional The automatic generation of structural and functional structure and bonding between the automatic conversion plans to seek bond graph generated by a number of design methods.2, modular design structureFrom the perspective of planning products: the definition of its mandate to design features of the product structure is based on the use of existing products (such as GM parts components, etc.) described the design task, that is, when the mandate of decomposition on each task to consider whether there is the corresponding Solutions products, so that in the planning stages of product design tasks to eliminate the contradictions that might exist in the early forecast production capacity, costs and the development of the process of designing the plan adjustable, which can improve the design efficiency and design of reliability, At the same time also reduce the cost ofnew products. Feldmann will describe the function of the design task is divided into four levels of product structure, (1) products → (2) functional components → (3) main function components → (4) functional components. And the use of application-oriented features of the directory structure, a more specific functional components of the qualitative and quantitative description. At the same time developed for early in the product development and design tools used by early STRAT.Machinery specialized for most of that function can be used existing product solutions and new solutions with only a small number of special features, therefore, for the use of mechanical design features of the product structure, machinery specialized for the evaluation of the design, manufacture risk is very beneficial.Functional Analysis of the products promoted on the basis of the product is broken down into a function of one or more of the basic modular structure, through the selection and combination of these modular structure formed into various products. These basic structure can be parts, components, or even a system. The ideal modular structure should be standardized interface (connectivity and with the Department of), and is serialized, universal, integrated, hierarchical, flexible, economic, with interchangeable, compatibility and relevance of the . China's combination of software component technology and CAD technology, design and composition of deformation design combined, according to grade modular theory, machine processing center will be divided into Youdadaoxiao product level, component level, component-level and component level, and use CAD technology and expertise to their portfolio into different species, different specifications of the functional module, the module from the combination of these functions into different processing center overall programme.To select a design for the directory structure of the variation machinery tools, the design of the proposed elements for a complete, structured format, a solution set design directory. And Set Design listed in the directory comment on each of the additional information, very beneficial to design engineers choice of the elements. According to the connectivity features of mechanical parts and components, will be summarized into four types: 1) The components of direct targeting, and self-adjustment of parts, 2) a common structure of the assembly, 3) have nested structure and inlay Shell-like components of the connection, 4) a modular architecture and modular components of the connection. And a quasi-symbols that the typical components and rules of the connection between the components, to achieve this connection between the components of the algorithm and the concept of visualization.In the mechanical system design, "features a" module on the functions of decomposition, and provides the best functional decomposition "tablets" of the extent of the functional and institutional forms of one-to-one. "Structure to establish" as a function of the module is the choice of targets in order to achieve mapping algorithm.3, based on knowledge of product design featuresKnowledge-based product design features of the main features are: to use the computer to identify the language describing the characteristics of the product design experts in the field of knowledge and experience to establish the appropriate knowledge base and reasoning machine, and then use the storage areas have been established by the knowledge and reasoning Mechanisms to achieve computer-aideddesign products.The mechanical system design is based on products with the characteristics, anddesign experts in the field of knowledge and experience to push volume and decision-making, the completion of several comprehensive. To achieve this stage of the computer-aided design, we must study the automatic acquisition of knowledge, expression, integration, coordination, management and use. To this end, the scholars at home and abroad designed for mechanical systems design knowledge of automated processing done a lot of research work, the method used can be summarized in thefollowing few.3.1 coding methodAccording to "campaign conversion" feature (the function million) institutions will be classified, described and use the code function yuan and institutional categories, which established a "body system design expert system" Knowledge Base. On this basis, will be the dual logic and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of combining theory, the establishment of the "expert systems" reasoning mechanism, and for thefour-position for the design of the machine.Use of biological evolution theory, through natural selection and sexual reproduction to the principle of evolution of organisms to the body design, use of network theory methods to express the structure for topology, and then through the coding technology, the structure and institutions Performance of individual chromosomes into the binary string, and in accordance with design requirements of fitness, the use of biological evolution theory of reproduction control mechanism, through the selection, crossover, such as a sudden variation means to eliminate low value of the individual are not suited to the fast evolution Be the best adaptation of the individual, that is, most with the design requirements of the agency programme.3.2 knowledge of the law mixedThe complex mechanical systems design, mixed use of the knowledge expression describes the design of various types of knowledge is particularly suited to this point has been the design of many scholars of the consensus.In the development of complex product design intelligent decision support system DMDSS, will be the rules, framework, processes and neural networks, and other knowledge that organic combination of methods to adapt to different types of knowledge in the design of the description. Knowledge will be a single expression of a variety of methods (rules, framework and process), according to object-oriented programming principles, the framework of the groove with that object's properties, with rules that target the dynamic characteristics, with the knowledge that thetreatment process, group Into a hybrid form of knowledge, and successfully developed the "object-oriented NC gantry milling machine gearbox design intelligent system GBCDIS" and "transmission structure design expert system GBSDES".3.3 use of the knowledge-based development toolCoupling in the CAD system, the use of the knowledge-based development tools NEXPERT-OBJECT, through the use of object-oriented approach, to create an object-oriented database design method for coupling the designer to design and structural design Provided extensive and reliable method of the design spectrum. NEXPERT describe the use of linear guide the design of the need to design based on knowledge of the content, which seek to knowledge-based solutions, and developed alinear guide design expert system.3.4 Design Law DirectoryConstruction of the "modules", "functional element solution" and "institutions" three progressive design directory, and this directory of three progressive design principles of the programme as a mechanical transmission system intelligent design anddevelopment of the knowledge base of design Aids.3.5 Based on the example of the wayIn the development of expert systems design knowledge base, using the basicpredicate described design requirements, design conditions and the selectedprogramme, described by frame "Project" and various "concept entity," through case-based reasoning of the technologies used to produce candidate With thehorsepower to product design requirements.4, Intelligent DesignIntelligent Design is the main characteristics: According to the theories of design, through the use of 3D graphics software, intelligent design software and virtual reality technology, and multimedia, hypermedia tools for product development design, the concept of products, description of the product结构.In the use of mathematical systems theory at the same time, consider the theory of systems engineering, product design technology and systems development methodology VDI2221, developed for use in the early design of multimedia softwaredevelopment system MUSE.Automatic teller machines in the design, the product of the entire development process summed up as "product planning" and "development" and "production planning" three stages, and made full use of existing CAD cutting-edge technology - virtual reality technology. 1) product planning - idea products. Its task is to identify the external characteristics of products, such as color, shape, surface quality, ergonomics and so on, and the initial idea of using 3D CAD model show, to establish the appearance of the product simple model, the model can be virtual Environment in the establishment, through the use of data cap and three-dimensional mouse, users can to a certain extent, participate in this environment, and can rapidly generate different shapes and colors. Three-dimensional model of detection is the basis for the effect of external shape, but also variable geometry shows that the basis for the design, while still in the process of developing all types of foundation. 2) development - design products. The main stage according to the "synthesis" principle, the three-dimensional model on the configuration and integration of the elements of the design elements according to the different objectives have different meanings: It is the basic elements, such as bolts, or wheel shaft connected, and so it can also be a composite Elements, such as mechanical, electrical, electronic components, technology or software to control the transmission system; can also be requested, features, shape, and so on. Will achieve the critical functions of the elements targeted to three-dimensional model, to the configuration of products (design model of the relationship between elements) analysis, product configuration analysis is integrated "product planning" and"development" an important result. 3) production planning - processing and assembling products. At this stage, the main exposition of the assembly process in the application of CAD technology, to use the computer image display of the elements in the appropriate location of the assembly process, that is revealed through virtual assembly model and shape the relationship between the assembly, which found that difficulties and problems And find a way to solve problems, and that will be integrated CAD technology applied to the three stages of product development, design can make the process of synthesis and analysis in the "product planning" and "development" and "production planning" to turn in a row Conduct. Therefore, it can be found earlier in various stages of the existing problems in product development in the process of continuous refinement and improvement.China's use of virtual reality technology is still in the design phase has just begun. Use object-oriented technology, focused on the timing of the bodies according to package design expert system, and help with the exchange of high-performance graphics and processing power of OpenGL technology, in the three-dimensional environment from all angles to the expert system to design programmes To observe, such as themovement of inter-agency status of the convergence of conflict and so on.Construction will be standard modules, the overall product structure and its manufacturing process and the preparation instructions (see Figure 1) known as rapid prototyping technology. Product development proposals in the process of rapid prototyping technology, multimedia and virtual expression and neural networks (used in various stages of the process necessary for the occasion) with applications. With that computer software and hardware of continuous improvement, as far as possible to multimedia graphics technology used in product development, such as 3-D graphics (three-dimensional model) to replace assembly, demolition and design of connectivity needed for the three-dimensional structure of imagination, and so on And so on.Intelligent use of CAD system SIGRAPH-DESIGN as a development platform, the product development process is divided into conceptual design, assembly design and part design, and technology-based design variables, the establishment of the Offset cam linkage of the conceptual model. From the literature on the research work, the concept model is in determining the body type, on the basis of comprehensive, software SIGRAPH-DESIGN With the variable design features so that the principle of the structure as the parameters change, and The concept of the model parameters will be passed on to the next level of assembly model, part design.5, various design review and development trendTo sum up, systematic design methods will be designed from the abstract to the concrete tasks (from the tasks and requirements designed to achieve the mandate of the programme or structure) division level, the preparation of each layer to achieve the goals and methods, easy-to-digest , From abstract to concrete floors will be organically linked to the systematic design process so that the design of laws to go by, there are ways to follow and easy to realize computer-aided design process.Modular design structure as a function of the realization of a module structure, through a combination of modular structure, the design of products. For specific types of machinery products, as part of its function more clear and relatively stable, the module structure of relatively easy, therefore, use of modular approach to design more appropriate. As between the entities and function is not one-to-one relationship, an entity can usually achieve a number of functions, a feature often through a number of entities can be achieved. Therefore, if the structure of modular design approach used in a general sense of product design, structure and the delineation of optional modules are more difficult and require designers to design a considerable wealth of experience and extensive knowledge of the multidisciplinary field.Mechanical design of products not normally used purely mathematical calculation methods, but also difficult to model a full description, but only under the formal characteristics of the product description, help design expert knowledge andexperience for reasoning and decision-making. Therefore, to achieve thecomputer-aided design products, we must solve the computer storage and use of product design knowledge and design experts and other interested parties the question of decision-making, the resulting product characteristics of knowledge-based design. At present, the intelligent design approach is the use of 3D graphics software and virtual reality technology to design, intuitive and better development of the early users to a certain extent, directly involved in the design, but less systematically, and parts of the structure, Shape, size, location and reasonable identification, softwarerequirements have a high degree of intelligence, or the designer has extensiveexperience in participation.It is worth mentioning is: the above-mentioned method is not completely isolated, there are all kinds of ways between certain degree of contact, such as the modular design of the structure, the structure of the module contains a systematic thinking, the establishment of products Features and design knowledge base and reasoning machine, usually used to be systematic and structural modular approach, in addition, products based on knowledge of the design features of the programme at the same time, one of the foundations of intelligent design. In the mechanical design of products, depending on specific features to achieve the common parts, components or modules of common institutions, and apply it to the level of systematic design of the specific design of the forthcoming structural modular approach into systematic design method , Can not only ensure that the design of standardized, but can also simplify the design process, improve design efficiency and quality, reduce design costs.The vigorous development of network technology, Collaborative Design and Manufacturing, as well as from the user's functional requirements of product design → → processing → assembly → finished the realization of this parallel project possible. However, to achieve these goals one of the important prerequisites, product design is to achieve the effect of three-dimensional visualization. To this end, not only 3D graphics software, more and more intelligent design software used in product design, multimedia and virtual reality technology, ultra-media tools are also products of the programme design in Chuloufengmang. At present, Germany and other developed countries are concentrated on super-media technology research, product data exchange standards STEP, and virtual reality modeling language standard VRML (Intemet-based virtual environment on the standard exchange format) in productdesign applications.6, electromechanical integration technology development trends and the status quo Machinery products in the computer-aided design is achieved, Intelligent Design Collaborative and meet the needs of the design and manufacture of direction, as product design Computer Methods of a late start, has yet to mature, to achieve the above goals Design tools. The author believes that the integrated use of text in four types of design is an effective way to achieve this goal. Although the comprehensive。
外文翻译专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名班级学号指导教师专业系主任外文资料名称：Multi-purpose aggregatemachine-tool time外文资料出处：U.S.A. Michigan university附件：1.外文资料翻译译文2．外文原文多功能组合机床时代蒂莫西雅各布斯，丹尼斯阿斯纳斯，卓然飞利浦美国密西根大学王雷译摘要：组合机床加工中心可使加工制造业适应不断变化的需求，有效利用劳动力资源，并在全球范围的市场上更具竞争力。
关键字：组合机床对于多功能组合机床，工业领域内有很多称呼来形容它，如“多任务处理装置”、“多功能机床”、“多程序生产系统”等，它确实可称为加工领域的新星，可降低成本，简化配置，并一直保持在美国本土生产。
过去只有使用多机操作才能完成的任务，现在可以集中到一台机床上加工完成。
由于市场需求的不断变化，产品的生命周期在不断缩短，今天的市场更加强烈需求多任务处理装置概念。
在整个生产环境中推行精益管理时，没有比把零件加工集中到一台机器上完成更精一些传统的制造业厂商认为多功能组合机床过于复杂，很难找到合适的操作人员也就不足为奇了。
在一些劳动力市场，要找到能够对多轴组合机床加工中心进行手工编程的人是不太可能的事。
但资料显示，解决方案可有两个，一个是现代多功能组合机床的直觉式技术，另一个是针对金属加工基本原理及在生产车间现场有关新机床使用中难题创新解决方面的培训。
直觉式技术控制设备采用“带走热量”式设计，有床身、钢制直线滚动导轨、钢制转塔刀架、设备上使用的不同材料，所有这些组合到一起建造成一台机床。
这些都与导热系数、体积膨胀相关。
所有不同尺寸的东西都会以不同的速度生长。
由于这个原因，需要制造热友好机床，以便知道发热的薄弱点在哪里，可以通过合理的机床设计来补偿。
元件是全程运动。
机床滑动产生摩擦并转化为热。
切削加工产生的热屑掉到不同地方，在整个过程中冷却液会混合在其中。
在切削刀具上会持续出现很多不同的温度区域，所以也会有很多东西对热稳定性产生影响。
组合机床外文翻译1500字篇一：组合机床毕业设计外文翻译The Aggregate Machine-toolThe Aggregate Machine-tool is based on the workpiece needs, based on a large number of common components, combined with a semi-automatic or automatic machine with a small number of dedicated special components and process according to the workpiece shape and design of special parts and fixtures, composed. Combination machine is generally a combination of the base, slide, fixture, power boxes, multi-axle, tools, etc. From.Combination machine has the following advantages: (1) is mainly used for prism parts and other miscellaneous pieces of perforated surface processing. (2) high productivity. Because the process of concentration, can be multi-faceted, multi-site, multi-axis, multi-tool simultaneous machining. (3) precision and stability. Because the process is fixed, the choice of a mature generic parts, precision fixtures and automatic working cycle to ensure consistent processing accuracy. (4) the development cycle is short, easy to design, manufacture and maintenance, and low cost. Because GM, serialization, high degree of standardization, common parts can be pre-manufactured or mass organizations outsourcing. (5) a high degree of automation, low labor intensity. (6) flexible configuration. Because the structure is a cross-piece, combination. In accordance with the workpiece or process requirements, with plenty of common parts and a few special components consisting of various types of flexible combination of machine tools and automatic lines; tools to facilitate modification: the product or process changes, the general also common components can be reused.Combination of box-type drilling generally used for processing or special shape parts. During machining, the workpiece is generally not rotate, the rotational motion of the tool relative to the workpiece andtool feed movement to achieve drilling, reaming, countersinking, reaming, boring and other processing. Some combination of turning head clamp the workpiece using the machine to make the rotation, the tool for the feed motion, but also on some of the rotating parts (such as the flywheel, the automobile axle shaft, etc.) of cylindrical and face processing.Generally use a combination of multi-axis machine tools, multi-tool, multi-process, multi-faceted or multi-station machining methods simultaneously, productivity increased many times more than generic tools. Since the common components have been standardized and serialized, so can be flexibly configured according to need, you can shorten the design and manufacturing cycle. Multi-axle combination is the core components of general machine tools. It is the choice of generic parts, is designed according to special requirements, in combination machine design process, is one component of a larger workload. It is based on the number and location of the machining process diagram and schematic design combination machine workpiece determined by the hole, cutting the amount of power transmission components and the design of each spindle spindle type movement. Multi-axle power from a common power box, together with the power box installed on the feed slide, to be completed by drilling, reaming and other machining processes. The parts to be processed according to the size of multi-axle box combination machine tool design, based on an original drawing multi-axle diagram, determine the range of design data,the above design, implementation, completion of a two-sided 24-hole machining, achieve better the design requirements.In order to adapt to the development of CNC machine tools in combination , appeared composed of CNC machine tools CNC machining modules. Modular is the result of a combination of machine tool numerical control machine tool combination brings, but also the basis of a combination ofCNC machine tools , CNC machining eiched the universal modular combination of components of the machine, it will cause a fundamental piece for machine tool type changes . Over the past decade , the combination of machine tools and automatic line has made great strides in efficiency, productivity , flexibility and the use of concurrent engineering to develop a more rational, more savings programs. With the development of digital technology, electronic technology , the combination of machine mechanical structure and control system has undergone great changes. With a combination of the following development tools : 1 NC . Combination of CNC machine tools emerge , not only changed in the past by the relay circuit consisting of a combination of machine tool control systems , but also make head or even a combination of the mechanical structure of the machine components of general criteria huge change occurred . 2 modular . NC modular greatly eiched the common combination of components of the machine, it will cause a fundamental change occurred for machine tool parts , according to the principles of modular design , based on the functional analysis division of the combination of multi- axle box for each machine level modules. 3 speed. As the high-speed processing can reduce the surface roughness and cutting force components , reducing the cutting temperature , improve productivity, so the speed of the machine is just beginning research , especially the main movement of CNC machine tools and feed velocity has reached a very high speed . Conform to the trend of high-speed machine tools , machine tool ‘s speed will be higher. 4 , precision . Because the CNC machine to achieve , so more and more high machining accuracy . 5, full protection technology . Now the machine is fully enclosed features a large , almost all mechanical housings are fully closed . Fully enclosed protection, not only to make the machine more attractive appearance and its production line , but also improves the safety, reliability and ease of maintenance . Combination machine withboth the advantages of low cost and high efficiency in large volume production has been widely used, and can consist of automated production lines. .组合机床组合机床是根据工件加工需要，以大量通用部件为基础，配之以少量的专用部件和按工件形状和加工工艺设计的专用部件和夹具，组成的半自动或自动的专用机床。
组合机床行业现状与发展思考摘要：我国组合机床技术装备的现状和行业的发展，并提出了本人的一些观点关键词：组合机床发展思路技术创新我国加入WTO以后，制造业所面临的机遇与挑战并存。
组合机床行业企业适时调整战略，采取了积极的应对策略，出现了产、销两旺的良好势头，截至2002年9月份，组合机床行业企业仅组合机床产品一项，据不完全统计产量已达800余台，产值达3个亿以上，较2001年同比增长了10%以上，另外组合机床行业工业增加值、产品销售率、全员工资总额、出口交货值等经济指标均有不同程度的增长，新产品、新技术较去年均有大幅度提高，可见行业企业运营状况良好”1 组合机床技术装备现状与发展趋势组合机床及其自动线是集机电于一体的综合自动化程度较高的制造技术和成套工艺装备,它的特征是高效、高质、经济实用，因而被广泛应用于工程机械、交通、能源、军工、轻工、家电等行业.我国传统的组合机床及组合机床自动线主要采用机、电、气、液压控制，它的加工对象主要是生产批量比较大的大中型箱体类和轴类零件(近年研制的组合机床加工连杆、板件等也占一定份额)，完成钻孔、扩孔、铰孔，加工各种螺纹、镗孔、车端面和凸台，在孔内镗各种形状槽，以及铣削平面和成形面等.组合机床的分类繁多，有大型组合机床和小型组合机床，有单面、双面、三面、卧式、立式、倾斜式、复合式，还有多工位回转台式组合机床等;随着技术的不断进步，一种新型的组合机床，柔性组合机床越来越受到人们的青睐，它应用多位主轴箱!可换主轴箱!编码随行夹具和刀具的自动更换，配以可编程序控制器(PLC) 、数字控制(NC)等，随着市场竞争的加剧和对产品需求的，高精度、高生产率、柔性化、多品种、短周期、数控机床及其自动线正在冲击着传统的组合机床行业，因此组合机床装备的发展思路必须是以提高组床加工精度、组合机床柔性、组合机床工作可靠性合机床技术的成套性为主攻方向。
一方面，加强技术的应用，提高组合机床产品数控化率;另一方面进一步发展新型部件，尤其是多坐标部件，使其模块化、柔性化，适应可调可变、多品种加工的市场需求。
Milling machine of domestic and international research status and development trend Machinery industry is the national economic development as basic industry which provides technology and equipment, it is science and technology of the foundation, is the carrier of industrialization of new and high technology, is the basis of national defense building industry, also be to raise people life quality to provide consumer electrical products industry. Machinery industry with a high degree of industrial linkage, elasticity of demand, the growth of economy to promote action is strong, the accumulation of state and social employment contribution is big wait for a characteristic. Invigorate the equipment manufacturing industry, is comprehensively implement the scientific outlook on development, take new-style industrialized way, enhance international competition ability, implementation countryman economy continuable development strategy. Machine tool industry is an important part of the machinery industry, machinery industry is to provide manufacturing technology and equipment industry. Machine tools have an amount, yield, quality and quality, is a measure of a country's industry an important indicator of the level of. So the machine tool industry in national economy and occupies an important position.Machine tool is cutting the metal blank processing machine parts of the machine, it is a manufacturing machine, it is also known as the" machine" or" machine tool". In the modern machinery manufacturing industry, metal cutting machine tool processing machine parts of the mainequipment, it should work, approximately total machine workload of manufacturing from 40% to60%. Machine tool technology directly affect the level of mechanical manufacturing industry product quality and labor productivity. Milling cutter on the workpiece is milling machine. CNC milling machine is in general milling machine is developed on the basis of, two are basically the same processing technology, the structure is also somewhat similar, but the milling machine is programmed by automatic processing machine tool, so its structure is very different with ordinary milling machine. CNC milling machine CNC system, generally consists of a main transmission system, feed servo system, cooling and lubrication system of several major components. NC milling machine has stable and reliable work, convenient operation and maintenance, low operation cost characteristic, has become a modern production of major equipment. X62W milling machine is composed of a common machine tool and development. Compared with other machine tools, it can complete many ordinary machine tool is difficult to be processed or not at all processing of complex surface processing. Using X62W milling machine parts of the processing can improve the accuracy, the stability of product quality. X62W can be compared to the ordinary engine bed2~3 times improve productivity, complex parts processing, the productivity is increased by ten times or even several times. This machine has a flexible, only need to change procedures, can adapt to different varieties and specifications ofautomatic processing of parts. Greatly reduce the labor intensity of the workers. It sets of mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, servo drive, precision measurement, automatic control, modern control theory, computer control technology in one, is a kind of high efficiency, high precision, and can ensure the processing quality, solve technology problems, but also has flexible production equipment.As the general mechanical processing equipment, milling machine in the internal combustion engine parts production has played an irreplaceable role. Milling cutter on the workpiece is milling machine. In addition to plane milling machine milling, groove, tooth, thread and spline shaft, but also more complex surface machining, higher efficiency than the planer, in the machinery manufacturing and repair sector are widely used. The earliest milling machine is an American Whitney in 1818created a horizontal milling machine for milling twist drill; the spiral groove, American Brown in1862 to create the first universal milling machine, which is a lifting platform milling machine prototype;1884occurred during milling machines in Longmen; in twentieth Century 20appeared in the semi automatic milling machine, working table uses block can be to complete the" feed - fast" or" fast - feeding" automatic conversion. After 1950, milling machine control system in the aspects of development quickly, digital control applications greatly enhance the automation degree of the milling machine. Especially after 70 time, microprocessorcontrol system and automatic tool changing system in milling machine is used, expand the processing range of the milling machine, improves the processing precision and efficiency.Milling machine type are many, is according to the layout of the form and scope of distinction, mainly has the lifting platform milling machine, milling machines in Longmen, single column milling machine and milling machine, single-arm milling machine, milling machine tool, instrument. Lifting platform milling machine universal type, horizontal and vertical several, mainly for the processing of small parts, the most widely used; including Longmen Longmen milling machine milling boring machine, Longmen milling planer and double column milling machines, were used in the processing of large parts; single column milling machine horizontal milling head along the vertical post guide rail moving worktable, longitudinal feed; arm milling machine milling head can move horizontally along the cantilever guide, cantilever or along the vertical post guide rail height adjustment. Single column milling machine, single-arm milling machine for processing of large parts.Universal lifting platform milling machine is a kind of medium universal milling machine. Suitable for garden milling cutter, angle cutter, cutter and cutter, milling, groove, angle, edge and gear, mounted on the attachment of vertical milling head, capable of multi-way cut milling; Mount Accessories rotary table, capable of milling ring groove andcircular curve; loaded attachment dividing head later, as the modulus 4straight tooth helical tooth milling work. Because the machine has wide application range, more in general repair and tool shop is a single or bulk production workshop in the use of the most suitable. The machine tool adopts a super audio quenching, plastic and other wear-resistant measures, so to maintain good accuracy; machine tool main shaft, gear and so on are made of high quality steel, and after heat treatment, so it has higher strength, can bear larger load; machine parts are machined, higher accuracy, in general to achieve three precision and the surface roughness Ra3.2.Instruments milling machine is a small lifting platform milling machine for processing, instrumentation and other small parts; tool milling machine is mainly used for the manufacture of molds and tools, with the vertical milling head, universal angle table and plugs and other accessories, can also carry out drilling, boring and slotting processing. Other milling machine and milling machine, milling machine, the cam roller shaft neck of crankshaft milling machine, milling machine and square ingot milling machine and so on, they are all for the processing of a corresponding workpiece and the manufacture of special milling machine.In addition, according to the control mode, milling machine can be divided into copying milling machine, milling machine and millingmachine and other process control.Universal milling machine is widely used for the mechanical manufacturing industry, the mode of production, products and industry organization has brought profound changes, its technical level and have quantity, is a measure of a country and an important symbol of modernization level of enterprise.As a result of Europe and the United States and other advanced industrial countries in80 years has completed the automatic machine tool industry process, some well-known machine tool company is committed to technological innovation and new product development leading CNC machine tool technology development, such as the United States of America Ingersoll company and Germany Wheeler joy company for the automotive industry and aerospace industry, high-speed CNC milling machine in the development of Japanese Makino company the high precision machining center the contribution made by the German company Wade Rishi heavy duty in Longmen, five processing milling machine and the development of Japan Mazak R & D car milling center on Gao Xiaofu and processing of propulsion and so on. From on 80 time have the century milling machine manufacturing industry development has ups and downs but to automatic control technology and automatic milling machine bed has been given great attention. After nine five automatic lathes and machining centers including automatic millingmachine industry production base of the formation, the production of mid-range universal automatic milling machine function performance and reliability has a strong market competitiveness. The mechanical manufacturing industry of our country in 1949after the founding of the establishment and development of, to become a large-scale, wide range of industrial sectors. Since20 years of our country is in a closed condition the development of self. China's machinery manufacturing equipment level is very backward, product variety, low grade, most equipment is still in the twentieth Century 60~70age level. Machinery manufacturing level is backward, but also seriously affect the mechanical manufacturing industry, and the whole manufacturing industry revitalize.Therefore, we must further carry out a wide range of scientific research and technological revolution, to learn advanced foreign technology and own innovation, improve China's rapid manufacturing equipment the technological level of products and market competitiveness.铣床国内外研究状况和发展趋势机械工业是为国民经济发展提供技术装备的基础性产业，是科学技术物化的基础，是高新技术产业化的载体，是国防建设的基础工业，也是为提高人民生活质量提供消费类机电产品的行业。
Not only the Chinese numerical control lathe present situation andthe trend of developmentanalysis numerical control technology application has brought the revolutionary change for the traditional manufacturing industry, causes the manufacturing industry to become the industrialization the symbol, moreover along with numerical control technology unceasing development and application domain expansion, it to national economy and the people's livelihood some important professions (IT, automobile, light industry, medical service and so on) development more and more vital role, because these professions must equip the digitization already was the modern development major tendency. The current numerical control lathe presents following trend of development. 1. high speed, high precisionHigh speed, precise is the engine bed development eternal goal.Development progresses by leaps and bounds which along with the science and technology, the mechanical and electrical products renewal speed speeds up, increasingly is also high to the components processing precision and the surface quality request.In order to satisfy this complex changeable market the demand, the current engine bed to the high-speed cutting, is doing the cutting and does the direction of cut to develop, the processing precision also in unceasingly enhances. On the other hand, the electricity main axle and the straight line electrical machinery success application, the ceramics ball bearing, the high accuracy lead greatly hollow in cold and the ball bearing nut strong cold low temperature high speed ball bearing guide screw vice-and the belt ball bearing retainer straight line guide rail vice-and so on engine bed function part appearing on the market, also for the engine bed to high speed, the precise development has created the condition. The numerical control lathe picks uses electricity the main axle, has cancelled links and so on leather belt, band pulley and gear, reduced the master drive rotation inertia greatly, enhanced the main axle dynamic speed of response and the work precision, when thorough settlement main axle high-speed operation transmission and so on leather belt and band pulley vibrations and noise question.Picks uses electricity the main axle structure to be possible to enable the main axle rotational speed to achieve above 10000r/min.The straight line motor-driven speed is high, adds the moderating properties to be good, has the superior response characteristic and the followed precision. Made the servo with the straight line electrical machinery to actuate, to omit the ball bearing guide screw this intermediate drive link, eliminated the transmission gap (including reverse gap), themovement inertia was small, the system rigidity was good, could locate precisely under high speed, thus increased the servo precision enormously.Straight line trundle guide rail, because it has respectively to the gap for the zero and the extremely small rolling friction, wears slightly, gives off heat may ignore, has the extremely good thermostability, increased the entire journey pointing accuracy and the repetition pointing accuracy. Through the straight line electrical machinery and the straight line trundle guide rail vice-application, may make the engine bed the rapid traverse speed to enhance 60~80m/min from present 10~20m/mim, even reaches as high as 120m/min.2. redundant reliablenumerical control engine bed reliability is a numerical control engine bed product quality crucial target.Whether does the numerical control engine bed display its high performance, the high accuracy and the high efficiency, and obtains the good benefit, the key is decided by its reliable height.3. function recombinefunction recombine goal is further enhances the engine bed the production efficiency, uses reduces to few in the non-processing non-cutting time.Through the function recombine, may expand the engine bed the use scope, enhances the efficiency, realizes multipurpose one machine, one machine many energy, namely a numerical control lathe already may realize the turning function, also may realize the milling processing; Or in also may realize the abrasive machining by the mill primarily engine bed on.4. intellectualizations, the network, the flexibility and the integrated21st century numerical control equipments has certain intellectualized system. In order to pursue the processing efficiency and the processing quality aspect intellectualization, like processing process adaptive control, craft parameter automatic production; In order to enhance the actuation performance and the use connection aspect intellectualization, like feed-forward control, electrical machinery parameter auto-adapted operation, automatic diagnosis load automatic designation model, self regulating grade; Simplification programming, simplification operation aspect intellectualization, like intellectualized automatic programming, intellectualized man-machine contact surface and so on; Also has the intelligence to diagnose, aspect and so on intelligent monitoring contents, by facilitates the system the diagnosis and the service and so on. The numerical control engine bed the tendency which develops to the flexibility automated system is: From (numerical control single plane, processing center and numerical control compound processing engine bed), line (FMC, FMS, FTL, FML) to surface (construction sectionworkshop independent manufacture island, FA), body (CIMS, distribution network integration manufacture system) the direction develops, on the other hand develops to the attention utility and the efficient direction. The flexible automation technology is the manufacturing industry adapts the dynamic market demand and the product rapid renewal main method, is the various countries' manufacturing industry development mainstream tendency, is the advanced manufacture domain foundation technology.Its key point is by enhances the system the reliability, changes into the premise practical, take the easy networking and the integration as the goal, the attention enhancement unit technology development and the consummation.The CNC single plane to the high accuracy, the high velocity and the high flexible direction develops. The numerical control engine bed and the constitution flexibility manufacture system can conveniently and joints and so on CAD, CAM, CAPP and MTS, develops to the information integration direction.The network system to the opening, the integration and the intellectualized direction develops.中国数控车床的现状和发展趋势分析数控技术的应用不但给传统制造业带来了革命性的变化，使制造业成为工业化的象征，而且随着数控技术的不断发展和应用领域的扩大，它对国计民生的一些重要行业(IT、汽车、轻工、医疗等)的发展起着越来越重要的作用，因为这些行业所需装备的数字化已是现代发展的大趋势。
机械设计创造及其自动化毕业论文外文文献翻译INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY译文题目专业机械设计创造及其自动化外文资料翻译INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY（From ELECTRICAL AND MACHINERY INDUSTRY）ABSTRACTMachinery was the modern science and technology development inevitable result, this article has summarized the integration of machinery technology basic outline and the development background .Summarized the domestic and foreign integration of machinery technology present situation, has analyzed the integration of machinery technology trend of development.Key word： integration of machinery ，technology， present situation ，product t，echnique of manufacture ，trend of development0. Introduction modern science and technology unceasing development, impelled different discipline intersecting enormously with the seepage, has caused the project domain technological revolution and the transformation .In mechanical engineering domain, because the microelectronic technology and the computer technology rapid development and forms to the mechanical industry seepage the integration of machinery, caused the mechanical industry the technical structure, the product organization, the function and the constitution, the production method and the management systemof by machinery for the characteristic integration ofdevelopment phase.1. Integration of machinery outline integration of machinery is refers in the organization new owner function, the power function, in the information processing function and the control function introduces the electronic technology, unifies the system the mechanism and the computerization design and the software which constitutes always to call. The integration of machinery development also has become one to have until now own system new discipline, not only develops along with the science and technology, but also entrusts with the new content .But its basic characteristic may summarize is: The integration of machinery is embarks from the system viewpoint, synthesis community technologies and so on utilization mechanical technology, microelectronic technology, automatic control technology, computer technology, information technology, sensing observation and control technology, electric power electronic technology, connection technology, information conversion technology as well as software programming technology, according to the system function goal and the optimized organization goal, reasonable disposition and the layout various functions unit, in multi-purpose, high grade, redundant reliable, in the low energy consumption significance realize the specific function value, and causes the overall system optimization the systems engineering technology .From this produces functional system, then becomes an integration of machinery systematic or the integration of machinery product. Therefore, of coveringtechnology is based on the above community technology organic fusion one kind of comprehensive technology, but is not mechanical technical, the microelectronic technology as well as other new technical simple combination, pieces together .This is the integration of machinery and the machinery adds the machinery electrification which the electricity forms in the concept basic difference .The mechanical engineering technology has the merely technical to develop the machinery electrification, still was the traditional machinery, its main function still was replaces with the enlargement physical strength .But after develops the integration of machinery, micro electron installment besides may substitute for certain mechanical parts the original function, but also can entrust with many new functions,like the automatic detection, the automatic reduction information, demonstrate the record, the automatic control and the control automatic diagnosis and the protection automatically and so on .Not only namely the integration of machinery product is human's hand and body extending, human's sense organ and the brains look, has the intellectualized characteristic is the integration of machinery and the machinery electrification distinguishes in the function essence.2. Integration of machinery development condition integration of machinery development may divide into 3 stages roughly.20th century 60's before for the first stage, this stage is called the initial stage .In this time, the people determination not on own initiative uses the electronic technology the preliminary achievement to consummate the mechanical product the performance .Specially in Second World War period, the war has stimulated the mechanical product and the electronic technology union, these mechanical and electrical union military technology, postwar transfers civilly, to postwar economical restoration positive function .Developed and the development at that time generally speaking also is at the spontaneouscondition .Because at that time the electronic technology development not yet achieved certain level, mechanical technical and electronic technology union also not impossible widespread and thorough development, already developed the product was also unable to promote massively. The 20th century 70~80 ages for the second stage, may be called the vigorous development stage .This time, the computer technology, the control technology, the communication development, has laid the technology base for the integration of machinery development . Large-scale, ultra large scale integrated circuit and microcomputer swift and violent development, has provided the full material base for the integration of machinery development .This time characteristic is :①A mechatronics word first generally is accepted in Japan, probably obtains the quite widespread acknowledgment to 1980s last stages in the worldwide scale ;②The integration of machinery technology and the product obtained the enormous development ;③The various countries start to the integration of machinery technology and the product give the very big attention and the support. 1990s later periods, started the integration of machinery technology the new stagewhich makes great strides forward to the intellectualized direction, the integration of machinery enters the thorough development time .At the same time, optics, the communication and so on entered the integration of machinery, processes the technology also zhan to appear tiny in the integration of machinery the foot, appeared the light integration of machinery and the micro integration of machinery and so on the new branch; On the other hand to the integration of machinery system modeling design, the analysis and the integrated method, the integration of machinery discipline system and the trend of development has all conducted the thorough research .At the same time, because the hugeprogress which domains and so on artificial intelligence technology, neural network technology and optical fiber technology obtain, opened the development vast world for the integration of machinery technology .These research, will urge the integration of machinery further to establish the integrity the foundation and forms the integrity gradually the scientific system. Our country is only then starts from the beginning of 1980s in this aspect to study with the application .The State Councilsummary had considered fully on international the influence which and possibly brought from this about the integration of machinery technology developmenttrend .Many universities, colleges and institutes, the development facility and some large and middle scale enterprises have done the massive work to this technical development and the application, does not yield certain result, but and so on the advanced countries compared with Japan still has the suitable disparity.3. Integration of machinery trend of development integrations of machinery are the collection machinery, the electron, optics, the control, the computer, the information and so on the multi-disciplinary overlapping syntheses, its development and the progress rely on and promote the correlation technology development and the progress .Therefore, the integration of machinery main development direction is as follows:3.1 Intellectualized intellectualizations are 21st century integration of machinery technological development important development directions .Theartificial intelligence obtains day by day in the integration of machinery constructor's research takes, the robot and the numerical control engine bedis to the machine behavior description, is in the control theory foundation, the absorption artificial intelligence, the operations research, the computer science, the fuzzy mathematics, the psychology, the physiology and the chaos dynamics and so on the new thought, the new method, simulate the human intelligence, enable it to have abilities and so on judgment inference, logical thinking, independent decision-making, obtains the higher control goal in order to .Indeed, enable the integration of machinery product to have with the human identical intelligence, is not impossible, also is nonessential .But, the high performance, the high speed microprocessor enable the integration of machinery product to have preliminary intelligent or human's partial intelligences, then is completely possible and essential.In the modern manufacture process, the information has become the control manufacture industry the determining factor, moreover is the most active actuation factor .Enhances the manufacture system information-handling capacity to become the modern manufacture science development a key point .As a result of the manufacture system information organization and structure multi-level, makes the information the gain, the integration and the fusion presents draws up the character, information measure multi-dimensional, as well as information organization's multi-level .In the manufacture information structural model, manufacture information uniform restraint, dissemination processing and magnanimous data aspects and so on manufacture knowledge library management, all also wait for further break through.Each kind of artificial intelligence tool and the computation intelligence method promoted the manufacture intelligence development in the manufacture widespread application .A kind based on the biological evolution algorithm computation intelligent agent, in includes thescheduling problem in the combination optimization solution area of technology, receives the more and more universal attention, hopefully completes the combination optimization question when the manufacture the solution speed and the solution precision aspect breaks through the question scale in pairs the restriction .The manufacture intelligence also displays in: The intelligent dispatch, the intelligent design, the intelligent processing, the robot study, the intelligent control, the intelligent craft plan, the intelligent diagnosis and so on are various These question key breakthrough, may form the product innovation the basic research system. Between 2 modern mechanical engineering front science different science overlapping fusion will have the new science accumulation, the economical development and society's progress has had the new request and the expectation to the science and technology, thus will form the front science .The front science also has solved and between the solution scientific question border area .The front science has the obvious time domain, the domain and the dynamic characteristic .The project front science distinguished in the general basic science important characteristic is it has covered the key science and technology question which the project actual appeared.Manufacture system is a complex large-scale system, for satisfies the manufacture system agility, the fast response and fast reorganization ability, must profit from the information science, the life sciences and the social sciences and so on the multi-disciplinary research results, the exploration manufacture system new architecture, the manufacture pattern and the manufacture system effective operational mechanism .Makes the system optimization the organizational structure and the good movement condition is makes the system modeling , the simulation and the optimized essential target .Not only the manufacture system new architecture to makes the enterprise the agility and may reorganize ability to the demand response ability to have the vital significance, moreover to made the enterprise first floor production equipment the flexibility and may dynamic reorganization ability set a higher request .The biological manufacture view more and more many is introduced the manufacture system, satisfies the manufacture system new request.The study organizes and circulates method and technique of complicated system from the biological phenomenon, is a valid exit which will solve many hard nut to cracks that manufacturing industry face from now on currently .Imitating to living what manufacturing point is mimicry living creature organ of from the organization, from match more, from growth with from evolution etc. function structure and circulate mode of a kind of manufacturing system and manufacturing process.The manufacturing drives in the mechanism under, continuously by one's own perfect raise on organizing structure and circulating mode and thus to adapt the process of[with] ability for the environment .For from descend but the last product proceed together a design and make a craft rules the auto of the distance born, produce system of dynamic state reorganization and product and manufacturing the system tend automatically excellent provided theories foundation and carry out acondition .Imitate to living a manufacturing to belong to manufacturing science and life science of"the far good luck is miscellaneous to hand over", it will produce to the manufacturing industry for 21 centuries huge of influence .机电一体化摘要机电一体化是现代科学技术发展的必然结果,本文简述了机电一体化技术的基本概要和发展背景。
翻译部分英文原文The modern design method of the project of machineryproduct and develop trendAbstract: under the current domestic and foreign scholars for mechanical design product design at the main thinking，product program design methods into a system ,modular structure , the characteristics of knowledge-based products and intelligent four types . That the four methods and the characteristics of the organic inter 一linkages , product design efforts computer directionKey words : mechanical products ; Program design ; Trend；INTRODUCTIONThe rapid scientific and technological development , product performance requirements of the growing number and complexity of increased life expectancy shortened . updating speed . However , the design of the products , especially machinery products in the design means , it appears powerless , lags behind the needs of the times . At present , computer-aided product design drawings , design , manufacture and production planning has been the subject of extensive and in -depth research and has achieved initial success , and the early stage of product development of computer-aided design program 15 far from meeting the design requirements . To this end , the author reading a lot of literature on the basis of summary of the design and scholars at home and abroad program design methods used in and discussed the various methods of organic link between the product and machinery design computer trend of development .Under the current domestic and foreign scholars for mechanical design product design methodology used in the main feature , The program will be of modern design methods summarized as the following four categories .1 . Systematic DesignSystematic design of the main features :design as by a number of designelements of a system , Each element 15 independence between the various elements of an organic link , and 15 layered , all combining elements of the design, system design can be realized for the task .Systematic design in the 1970s by a German scholar Professor Pahl and Beitz . They system theory as a basis to formulate a general model designed to promote the design of rational should have . German Engineers Association in the design on the basis of formulate standards VDI2221 technology systems and product development design methods .The mechanical product design process model , basically adopted the German standards VDI2221 the design . In addition , Many scholars in China in product design program design and also quoted from other developed systematic design , which 15 representative :( l ) The user needs functional characteristics as a product concept , design and structure of parts design , process planning , operational control of the foundation , and the macro-product development process , the use of quality function deployment , System users will demand information reasonably and efficiently converted to the various stages of product development objectives of the technical and operational control in order( 2 ) The level of organisms as products of life , and the help of life –support systems theory , the product design process can be divided successfully demand levels , realize the concept of functional requirements and the level of product design level . While using the system icon lives abstract expression products to the functional requirements , and form functional product structure .( 3 ) The mechanical design of science into two basic questions : First , to design the products as a system and to determine the best components ( modules ) and their mutual relations ; Second , the process of product design as a system , based on the design goals , correctly , reasonably ascertain all aspects of design work and the various design stage .As each of the designers to study issues and consider the perspective of the different emphasis program used in the design of the specific research methods , thereare also differences, . Below introduced some representative systematic design method.1.1 Design Element MethodUsed five design elements ( functions , effects , effects vector elements and the surface shape parameters ) described " product solution , , think of a product design of the five elements value 15 determined , all the characteristics of the products and eigen value already identified . My design scholars also used a similar method to describe the product’s, original understanding .1.2 graphical modeling methodDeveloped an " analysis and design guidance system " KALEIT , with a clear level of graphic description of the product structure and the function of the abstract information , the realization of the structure , function graphical modeling , and the functional link between the layersWill be divided into design methods, and supporting information exchange 2, Nijssen Information Analysis using methods can be used graphic symbols , with rich semantic model structure , Integration can be described conditions can be classified types of constraints can be achieved between the arbitrary combination of features Will design solutions and information technology integration , and realizing the process of designing different abstraction layers of information between the graphical modeling .1.3 " idea ”→design”Product design into " ideas " and " design " stage two . " Concept , , stage of the mission is to find , select and mix design tasks required to meet the original understanding . “Design’’stage of the work is to realize the conceptual stage , the original understanding .The program will be “ideas’’, specific description : According to the functional structure suitable for the design tasks required to meet the original understanding . Functional structure of the sub-function by the “structural element” to achieve , and “structural elements”of the physical link between the definition of “functional vector”“function vector”and “structural elements”of the interaction it hasdeveloped the functional diagram ( mechanical movement schematic ) . The program " design " is based on the functional diagram , first of all qualitative description of the “functional vector” and " structural elements " further quantitative description of all the “structural elements”and the Connector (“functional vector”) the shape and location The structure diagram .Roper , H .Using graph theory , using his definition of “total design modules (GE)”“structural elements ( KE )”, “functional elements ( FKE )”, “connecting structure elements ( VKE )” " structural components ( KT ) " , " structural elements parts ( KET ) " concept And describes elements of the structure size , location and transmission parameters of the interaction between a number of diagrams , Expert design and intuitive design of a formal description of the formation of the effective application of existing application of existing knowledge, will be applied to the " concept” and " design” stage .Design methodology from the point of view of the clear mandate of the design work is divided into three steps design : l ) Access to function and functional structure ( referred to as " functional”) ; 2 ) Find effects ( referred to as the " effect” ) ; 3 ) Find structure ( referred to as " the configuration Rules”) . And the following four strategies used to describe the conceptual stage machinery products workflow : Strategy l : The consideration " functional " “Effect” and “configuration rules. " Therefore , it can be in various steps were created variant programs , which have an extensive understanding of the original spectrum . Strategy 2 : " Effect”and " configuration rules " ( including designers create the rule) Association , considered in isolation function ( usually associated with the design task ) . At this time , identify typical configuration rules and their effect needs plenty of experience . The program is far less than the spectrum of a strategy program spectrum . Strategy 3 : " functional " and " effect”, " configuration " closely related . Applicable to the function and effects of configuration rules and there is no room for choice , with special requirements , such as ultra-small machinery , extra large machinery , high-value functional components , and special functional requirements of the parts and so on . Strategy 4 : According to the structural design requirements of the solution . Thestrategy from the existing parts , through different parts of the order and connect to achieve the desired function1.4 matrix designIn the program design process " requirements 一function”logic tree ( “or”tree ) Description , function of the interaction between , met the requirements of the functional design solution set to provide different design . According the " Request 一functional " logic tree " requirement 一function , , associated matrix , Description to meet the functional requirements for the complex relationship between shows that the functional requirements and the relationship between he gathers .Kotactal matrix mechanical system as a basis for designing programs , include mechanical systems design space for the functional decomposition of space , each of which only said that the design of a module , abstract stage in the senior , Each module movement and a transformation matrix can operate bound vector ; Abstract stage in the low-rise , Each module 15 represented as a matrix and equations of motion .1. 5 bond graph :Will form a system into functional components to generate energy , energy consumption , changing energy forms , such as various types of energy transfer , Bonding and borrowing plans expression of functional components solutions , hope will be based on the functional model and Bond Graph integration , achieve functional structure of the automatic generation and functional structure and bonding between the map automatically converted , seek from the bond graph produce multiple design method .2 The modular design structure :Products from the planning perspective : Definitions design tasks to the functional structure-based products , use existing product solutions ( such as the common parts and component，etc . ) to describe the design task that the decomposition of task , on each task to consider whether there are corresponding product solutions , Thus , in the planning stage product design to eliminate possible contradictions , early production forecasts, costs, and the development of the designprocess of adjustment , which can improve design efficiency and reliability , while also reducing the cost of new product . Feldman will describe the design of the function of the product mix is divided into four tiers , (l) produc t→(2) functional component s→(3) major functional component s→(4) functional components . And using application-oriented features of the directory structure , the functional components for more specific qualitative and quantitative description . Meanwhile develop products suitable for the development of an early design stage and the use of the software tools STRAT .That the majority of machinery specialized function can be used existing product solutions , and with the new solution is only a small number of special features , Therefore, the exclusive use of mechanical design functions of the product mix , machinery specialized for the evaluation of the design , manufacturing risks are very favorable .Promotion of the product function on the basis of the analysis , Decomposition products will have some functions into one or several of the basic modular structure , through option and combination of these basic modular structure formed into different products . These basic structures can be parts , components , or even a system . Ideal modular structure should be standardized interface ( connectivity and with the Department ) , and is serialized , GE , integrated , hjerarchical , flexible , economy , interchangeability 15 , compatibility and relevance . China , 5 combination of software component technology and CAD technology , design and deformation of composite design combined , Modular principle according to the classification of machine tools from large processing center into product level , component level , component level and the component level , and the use of expert knowledge and technology CAD their portfolio into different varieties and specifications for the functional modules , by thecombination of these functional modules into different processing center overall program .Design options for the directory as a variation of the mechanical structure tools , design elements for the solution of integrity , Structure of the organization formedSolution Set design catalog , And the solution set design directory listed a comment on each of Additional Information Solutions , is very conducive to the solution design engineers to choose elements .3 . The characteristics of knowledge-based product design :Knowledge 一based product design characteristics of the main features : using computers to identify the language to describe the characteristics of the product and its design experts in the field of knowledge and experience , corresponding inference engine and knowledge base , Reuse stored domain knowledge and reasoning mechanism established by the Computer Aided Design program .Mechanical systems design is mainly based on products with features and the design of experts in the field of knowledge and experience in policy-making and implementation capacity , completing the type , a composite . To achieve this stage of the computer - aided design , research must automatic acquisition of knowledge , expression , integration , coordination , management and use .4 . Intelligent Design :Intelligent Design 15 the main features : design theory , using 3D graphics software Intelligent design software and virtual reality technology , and multimedia , hypermedia tools for product development design , Expression product ideas , describing the structure of products .The use of object 一oriented technology , focus on the chronology of the agencies synthesis package design expert system , and with the help of high-performance graphics and the ability to handle the exchange of OpenGL technology , 3D environment from all angles of expert system design options for observation , If inter 一agency campaign convergence position of conflict , and 00 on .5 . Various design review and development trends :In summary , Systematic Design will design tasks from the abstract to the concrete ( from the design of the task 、required to accomplish the mission of the program or structure ) hierarchical division drawing up each layer wishes to achieve the goals and methods of elementary , from abstract to concrete floors to beorganically linked to the entire design process systematic 50 that the design rules to follow . There is a way to follow and easy computer-aided design process to achieve .Modular design of the structure , as have some method of achieving functional structure for a module , module structure of the portfolio , product program design . For specific types of mechanical products , as part of its function is clear and relatively stable, Modules of the structure more easily , so that the structure modular approach to program design would be more appropriate . As with the functional entities 15 not between one-to-one correspondence between an entity can usually be a number of different functions , a function can often through several entities to be implemented . Therefore , the structure of the modular design approach for the general design of the product , Modules of the structure and arc more difficult to choose , and the requirements of staff with a wide range of design experience and extensive knowledge in many areas .What is worth mentioning is : the above methods arc not completely isolated , various methods exist to some extent on the links If modular structure design , module division structure contains a systematic thinking , building products and design features inference engine and knowledge base , it 15 usually also need to use a systematic and structural modular approach , In addition , the characteristics of knowledge-based products while the design of intelligent design program is one of the foundations . In mechanical design products , as to achieve specific functions conmen parts , components or structure used for the module body , and the application of systematic design of the Levels of specific design , Modular Approach to the forthcoming financial structure in a systematic design methodology , it can guarantee the standardization of the design , it can simplify the design process，improve design efficiency and quality , and lower design costs .Mechanical Products programs are moving towards computer-aided design to achieve , Intelligent Design Collaborative and meet the needs of design and manufacturing direction . product design computer method of a late start , but there were no mature , be able to reach this target program design software tools . The writer believes that the integrated use of four types of text is designed to achieve thisobjective effective way . Although these methods are integrated use of the field more , not only with the mechanical design of the domain knowledge , but also to the theory of systems engineering , artificial intelligence , computer hardware and software engineering , Network technology and other fields of knowledge , It 15 still necessary product design efforts . Abroad in research in this area has achieved initial success . My design scholars have been aware of CAD technology and international exchange and cooperation of the importance and the measures that should be taken .中文翻译机械产品方案的现代设计方法及发展趋势摘要：根据日前国内外设计学者进行机械产品设计时的主要思维特点，将产品力菜的设计方法概括为系统化、结构模块化、基：J 几产品特征知识和智能四种类型。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系部：专业：姓名：学号：外文出处：English For Electromechanical(用外文写)Engineering附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文机床机床是用于切削金属的机器。
工业上使用的机床要数车床、钻床和铣床最为重要。
其它类型的金属切削机床在金属切削加工方面不及这三种机床应用广泛。
车床通常被称为所有类型机床的始祖。
为了进行车削，当工件旋转经过刀具时，车床用一把单刃刀具切除金属。
用车削可以加工各种圆柱型的工件，如：轴、齿轮坯、皮带轮和丝杠轴。
镗削加工可以用来扩大和精加工定位精度很高的孔。
钻削是由旋转的钻头完成的。
大多数金属的钻削由麻花钻来完成。
用来进行钻削加工的机床称为钻床。
铰孔和攻螺纹也归类为钻削过程。
铰孔是从已经钻好的孔上再切除少量的金属。
攻螺纹是在内孔上加工出螺纹，以使螺钉或螺栓旋进孔内。
铣削由旋转的、多切削刃的铣刀来完成。
铣刀有多种类型和尺寸。
有些铣刀只有两个切削刃，而有些则有多达三十或更多的切削刃。
铣刀根据使用的刀具不同能加工平面、斜面、沟槽、齿轮轮齿和其它外形轮廓。
牛头刨床和龙门刨床用单刃刀具来加工平面。
用牛头刨床进行加工时，刀具在机床上往复运动，而工件朝向刀具自动进给。
在用龙门刨床进行加工时，工件安装在工作台上，工作台往复经过刀具而切除金属。
工作台每完成一个行程刀具自动向工件进给一个小的进给量。
磨削利用磨粒来完成切削工作。
根据加工要求，磨削可分为精密磨削和非精密磨削。
精密磨削用于公差小和非常光洁的表面，非精密磨削用于在精度要求不高的地方切除多余的金属。
车床车床是用来从圆形工件表面切除金属的机床，工件安装在车床的两个顶尖之间，并绕顶尖轴线旋转。
车削工件时，车刀沿着工件的旋转轴线平行移动或与工件的旋转轴线成一斜角移动，将工件表面的金属切除。
车刀的这种位移称为进给。
车刀装夹在刀架上，刀架则固定在溜板上。
溜板是使刀具沿所需方向进行进给的机构。
ⅡAggregate machine-tool and from generatortechnological developmentIn uses the CNC three coordinates processing’s module from the generator in and transfers the tow the aggregate machine-tool and the aggregate machine-tool from the generator are one kind of special-purpose highly effective automation technical equip, at present, because it still was the mass mechanical product realization is highly effective, high grade and the efficient production key equipment, thus is widely applied to the automobile, the tractor, the internal combustion engine and the compressor and soon many industrial productions domain. Among them, specially the automobile industry, is the aggregate machine-tool and from the generator biggest user. If the German populace automotive factory in the Slaughter engine factory, the metal-cutting machine tool which at the beginning of the 90's uses mainly is from the generator (60%),the aggregate machine-tool (20%) and the processing center (20%).Obviously, in the mass production mechanical industry sector, the equipmentwhich massively uses is the aggregate machine-tool and from the generator. Therefore, aggregate machine-tool and its from the generator technical performance and the synthesis automation level, has decided these industry sector products production efficiencies, the product quality and the ent erprise production organization’s structure in the very great degree, also has decided the enterprise product competitive ability in the very great degree.The modern aggregate machine tool and from the generator took the integration of machinery product, it is technical the and so on control, actuation, survey, monitoring, cutting tool and mechanical module synthesis reflection. In the recent 20 years, these technologies have make great strides, simultaneously as aggregate machine-tool main profession and so on user's automobile and internal combustion engine also has the very big change, its produce market life unceasingly reduces, the variety increases day by day also the quality unceasingly enhances. These factors powerfully impelled and have driven the aggregate machine tool and from the generator technology unceasing development.1Aggregate machine-tool variety development keyIn aggregate machine-tool this kind of special purpose machine, the rotation type multiplex position aggregate machine-tool and holds thievery important status from the generator. Because these two kind of engine beds may assign the work piece many processing’s working procedure to many Canadian location in, and at the same time can carryon the processing from many directions to the work piece several surface, in addition, but also may through the indexing jig (on rotary table engine bed) or through indexing, the turn over installment (inform generator in) realizes the work piece five processing’s or completely processes, thus has the very high automat city and the production efficiency, by industry sector and so on the automobile, motorcycle and compressor uses.According to related statistical data, Germany in 1,990 ~ in 1992period, the rotation type multiplex position aggregate machine-too land approximately respectively accounts for the aggregate machine-tool total from the generator output about 50%.Should point out that, the rotation type multiplex position tool-tool is in fact one kind of special pattern small from the generator, suits to processing overall size <= 250mm center small. With compares from the generator, in the processing identical kind of work piece situation, the rotation type multiplex position tool-tool occupies the work area to have to be approximately smaller than from the generator 2/3.2 Further reduces from the generator meter timeAt present, take the mass production as the characteristic passenger vehicle and the light truck, its engine annual output usually is about600, 000, the realization such great volume production, the rotation type multiplex position aggregate machine-tool and from the generator in three class of movements situations, its meter time generally is 20~ 30 seconds, when the components production batch is bigger, the engine bed meter time also must shorter (table 1). In the 70's, must realize the such short meter from the generator, often must use the compound double location or the establishment double thread means, namely to decides from the generator meter,the working procedure time longest processing working procedure to have through the parallel two same proc essing’s location, if the restrictive working procedure are more time, then through uses two same from the generator balances from generator system processing meter. Obviously, like this must increase the equipment investment and the work area.Reduces the non-cutting time mainly is reduces including the work piece transportation, the processing module fast introduction as wells the processing module by quickly enters transforms enters after the labor cuts into the time to the cutting tool which the work piece spend. In order to reduce this part of spatial travel time, generally uses enhance the work piece (work piece direct transportation) or accompanies the jig the transfer rate and the processing module rapid traverse speed. At present, accompanies the jig the transfer rate tube possible to reach 60m/min or higher, the processing module rapid traverse speed reaches 40m/min. At present, accompanies the jig high speed feed way commonly used to have the proportion valve to control or the cycloid actuation feedway. At the end of the 70's, Hon berg Corporation has used the feed way in its processing gear box body from the generator in which the proportion valve controls. Should from generator long 18.2m, some 12 Canadian location, transportation step of distance be 1400mm, the transportation weights 7000kg, the transfer rate reaches 45.6m/min, step of distance transportation time is only 2.5s. Chart 4 is this feed way state of motion curve. Because the proportion valve control system haste good start and the braking quality, also the system structure is simple, until now, this kind of feed way still many is used from the generator.3 Aggregate machine-tool flexibility progress is rapidMore than ten for years, took the aggregate machine-tool important user the automobile industry, for caters to the people individuality demand, the automobile aberration variety increases day by day, launches the competition by the multi- varieties to become one of auto market competition characteristics, this causes the tool-tool manufacturing industry to face is changing form thematic- varieties production challenge. In order to adapt themulti-varieties production, the tradition processes the sole variety the rigidity aggregate machine tool and must enhance its flexibility from the generator. In the 70's, the numerical control system reliability had the very big enhancement, therefore to at the end of the 70's and at the beginning of the 80's, like Align, Hüller-Hille and company and so on Ex-cell-o develops the numerical control processing module and the flexibility one after another from the generator, from this time on the numerical control aggregate machine-tool and the flexibility increase year by year from the generator. From 1988 to1992, the Japan aggregate machine-tool and (including partial other forms special purpose machine) the output numerical control rate has reached 32% from the generator ~ 39%, the output value numerical control ratio reaches 35% ~ 51%; The Germany aggregate machine-too land from the generator output numerical control rate is 18% ~ 62%, the output value numerical control rate reaches 45% ~ 66%. These numerals indicated that, in the recent ten years, the tool-tool numerical control development is extremely rapid. Should point out that, since has entered for the 90's, the auto market competition hastens intensely, the produce market lifefurther reduces, the new vehicle type development cycle reduces (at present generally is day by day 35 months), the automobile variety unceasingly increases, thus the automobile industry increases day by day to the flexible automation technical equip demand quantity. If the Japanese Toyota car company, is the company subordinate factory flexibility processing system popular rate achieves 100% in this century's end goal. Very obviously, the aggregate machine tool and its at maintains its high production efficiency from the generator under the condition, further enhances its flexibility on increasingly to have the vital significance.The aggregate machine-tool flexibility mainly is through uses the numerical control technology to realize. The development flexibility aggregate machine-tool and the flexibility develops the numerical control processing module from the generator important premise, but has the longer development history the processing center technology to provide the mature experience for the development numerical control processing module. Flexibility aggregate machine-tool and flexibility’scomposed which by the numerical control processing module from generator, the passable application and the change numerical control procedure realizes from moves the knife, automatically replaces the change processing traveling schedule, the operating cycle, the cutting parameter as well as processes the position and soon, adapts the aberration variety processing. The flexibility aggregate machine-tool and the flexibility the numerical control processing module which use from the generator, according to its numerical control coordinates (axis) the number, mainly has the single coordinates (Z), the double coordinates (X-Z, Y-Z, Z-U and Z-B and soon) and three coordinates (X-Y-Z) processes the module; According toots main axle number, has the single axle and the multiple spindle processing module, also has the single axle and the multiple spindle compound process.The column moves the type CNC three coordinates processing’s module tube possible to use X axis and the Y axis linkage realizes the peripheral craft, specially when gear box body this kind of rigidity worse work piece, mayuse compares the minor diameter the milling cutter, the realization is high speed (cutting speed to reach 2500m/min) peripheral, from this reduces time the processing the work piece distortion. This uses the double coordinates processing module with the large diameter milling cutter to carry on much more superior than. The multiple spindle-processing module is another kind of important module, mainly uses in to process the box body and the plate class work piece flexibility aggregate machine-tool and the flexibility from the generator. This kind of module has the many kinds of different structural style, but basically may divide into from moves the box type multiple spindle processing module (chart 7), transfers the tower system multiple spindle processing module (chart 8) and the rotation work table model multiple spindle processing module (chart 9). From moves the box type module because may specially establish in many storehouses stores up therefore may use for to process more different varieties the work piece. But transfers the tower system and the rotation work table model multiplespindle processing module, because allows the rotary table which installs to be limited (generally is 4 ~ 6), therefore this kind of processing module only can realize the limited variety processing system multiple spindle processing module, not only may realize the different variety work piece processing, moreover in from generator meter time in (if metre adequate time), this kind of processing module also may in the identical Canadian location through it from moves the knife or trades the box, realizes the multi channel processing working procedure (to bethink in turn The drill hole, drills outland attacks the silk), thus reduces from the generator processing labor figure, reduces from the generator length. The single axle and the multiple spindle compound processing module is one kind of three coordinates numerical controls processing module, passable from has moved the knife either automatically replaces realizes the single axle processing or the multiple spindle processing. Is worth mentioning, Corporation promotes the CNCMACH modulation system in 80'sintermediate stages Germany Hon berg (chart 10) is hasthe characteristic very much one kind of modular system, this system full application modulation structure principle, in took the system base module in the CNC three coordinates module, through fluctuates each kind of different function module, assembles Cheng Gashing the different coordinates or does not use the craft use the processing module. To be specific, looking from the coordinates, besides three coordinates, but also may the group form a pair the coordinates and the single coordinates processing module; Looking from the knife storehouse that, may install the cutting tool store house may alone realize the cutting tool automatic replacements, also may realize the cutting tool replacements in turn.CNC MACH system, not only in mechanism aspect, moreover in aspect ands on control and software also is the modulation. Therefore, uses this system module, may very conveniently assemble the flexibility from the generator (FTL), the flexible processing unit (FMC) or the flexible manufacture system (FMS). Besides above each kind of CNCprocessing module, the robot and the servo actuatethe jig also are the flexibility aggregate machine-tool and the flexibility from the generator important part. Specially in the flexibility from the generator in, at present comparatively generally has used the Dragon Gate type spatial frame robot to carry on the work piece on the automatic yummy treats, uses in work piece indexing or the turn over. In order to transport the different work piece, may in from the generator nearby the establishment fingernail storehouse, the realization fingernail automatic replacement. The jig provides the servo drive, adapts in the work piece race the different work piece automatically to clamp. Chart 11 shows are a processing carrying capacity truck eight kind of gearboxes bodies’ flexibility from the generator. This line uses the numerical control processing module has four double coordinates numerical controls module, six numerical controls transfers the tower system multiple spindle processing module and six numerical controls three coordinates processing module. The auxiliary location has cleans the location and uses the robot to carry on the operation the attire to clamp the workstation.Because composes from the generator processing module all is the numerical control, when by one kind of work piece processing transformation for another kind of work piece processing, only must be good through the change numerical control procedure, but did not need to carry on aspect the and so on machinery adjustment and the equipment.The aggregate machine-tool reduces day by day from the generator flexibility rapid development and the meter time, fully had demonstrated the CNC technology and the cutting tool technology the huge technology advancement which bring for the aggregate machine-tool automatic line, causes the flexibility from the generator in thematic- varieties, the mass production to become the important technical equip. But must point out in here that, during the tool-tool and from generator realization flexibility development, the processing center high-speed development exceptionally is rapid. At the beginning of the 90's, the flexible production line which discomposed by this kind of high speed processing center enter the mass realm of production, appeared the processing center and from thegenerator competition aspect.------ Rajput R K Elements of Mechanical Engineering. Katson Publ.House 组合机床现状与前景 组合机床和组合机床自动线是一种专用高效自动化技术装备，目前，由于它仍是大批量机械产品实现高效、 高质量和经济性生产的关键装备，因而被广泛应用于汽车、拖拉机、内燃机和压缩机等许多工业生产领域。
