chapter 3 Letter of Persuasion

学会说话技巧、做沟通高手（Learn to speak and communicate well）Learn to speak and communicate wellHow to talk like a person?Grasp the point (Communication theme specific, streamlined).Moderate speed (no hurry, no Xu).Keep smiling.The wind blows (see each other reaction to adjust the situation of talking).Point out the other side's mistakes indirectly.Make good use of adjectives.Call each other's name and title (show warmth and respect).Take each other as a topic (everyone has a proud achievement).Distinguish confusing words (such as ten and four).Pay attention to polite words (say more, "please", "thank you" and other polite words).Avoid talking (to give the other person a chance to speak).Listen to each other's words (to capture the meaning and focus of the other person).Communicate clearly (let the other person know the information).Keep the conversation distance (as the interpersonal relation and adjustment).Speak in a natural gesture (without affectation).Communicate in a low and steady manner.Restatement and collation of each other's semantics (when the other party is ambiguous).Put into the other person's words (get involved in each other's topic).Adjust the pitch (to attract attention).Plan the time required for communication (to achieve goals step by step).Let the other person speak freely (create a relaxed and open atmosphere).Remind each other of what you want to hear (express your wishes).Confirm the key problems (avoid after disputes)Be a talking manLet you quickly make friends, enhance your reputation, help you master the skills to treat people, people in favor of your thoughts, expand your influence andReputation, improve your communication skills, enable you to get new customers and clients, to improve your speaking skills, make you a good salesman or an outstanding manager, to help you cope with the embarrassment, to avoid quarrels, keep your customers and make you happy and harmonious, the expression ability is outstanding, helpIt is an excellent book that you muster greater enthusiasm among your friends.Chapter 1 basic skills of speaking masterSection 1 diagnosis of speech level1, speaking to a stranger, you need to have enough courage to open your heart and try to make your character tend to be diplomatic. Only trueHonesty wins trust. Find a topic that you are interested in and you like, and adjust your attitude from time to time according to the other person's attitude,Believe that enthusiasm, liveliness and generosity make a good impression on each other. Humor can make others happy, and you will derive happiness from it.2, a good wife, a good advice three winter heat. Give a person with kindness, strength and hope, move, see Frank really, when you feel irritable to control yourself, try to let others understand you and accept you.3, the witty reply will let you win the initiative snatched from the jaws of death. Mentally calm, attitude to nature, I believe that they can play their normal. Charm comes from cultivation. Sometimes from the side to change the subject, will improve their tanxing, will win the initiative and communication.4, you can not be self centred. You are not a great man. There is no need to live in the center of the earth. Don't be careless about other people's conversation.5, overcome inferiority, overcome cowardice, overcome shyness, overcome fear, cultivate self-confidence, and cultivate a happy mood. 6. Get information from other people's conversations and use your head.7, respect others, heartfelt smile.The second section how to lay a good foundation for speech1, your speech should be purposeful, and can express the theme clearly2. Learn to listen and understand what other people are saying in any situationThird sentences, words and sounds1, the introduction is a kind of etiquette, to make people feel good2, observe the speaker's attitude from momentum, including intention and emotion3. Always review your voice. Look at the volume, intonation, tone, and speedFourth relationships and speaking skills1, stand in each other's position, consider the problem and end the conversation2, the language should be full of enthusiasm, make people feel broad-minded, emotional, people like, emotional stability, a sense of humor3, to be honest, not false4 make a pleasant impression on you5, speak in a friendly voiceSpeaking to introverts, pay attention to whether or not the other person is interested in your topic, and try to use individual conversation to avoid stimulating him,For his personal situation, generally do not say first6, and outgoing people to speak, forthright, don't mince words, not to cause unnecessary misunderstanding7, and rush to speak to the character of acute moderate noise Killing with Kindness.The second chapter, the communication art of speaking masterSection 1 tips for enriching topics1, find a compliment can resonate with the topic, you can first a few greetings (to what mountain singing), please come in, "third""(be careful not to backbite others, or you can easily cause people dislike), avoid the ice moved by sight. Be carefulInterest and privacy issues.2, honest, heart to heart, talk to be focused3, learn to shift the subject, tactful and implicit, dealing with sensitive topics, will expand the topicThe second section is to find out what the listener is about1, observe the listener's psychology2, listen to each other's heartThird tips for using body language1, from the eyes to see people, the best line of sight contact area is the face of the other side of the 30%~60%, reflecting the degree of respect for each other, is awe, respectRespect and love, innocence, love and tolerance are down.2. Look at facial expressions3, pay attention to gestures, to observe each other lies from the body language, posture and gait are extremely important4, grasp the first 7 seconds of meeting, remember each other also let each other remember you5 smileThe secret of the fourth speech1, grasp the main points, grasp the tone of speech2. Develop a good attitude3. Improve presentation skills, especially extemporaneous speaking ability4, do a good job of self introduction, to create a welcome word5, talk about attractive wordsThe third chapter is the secret of persuasion and rejectionHow do you convince others in the first section?1, you have to have an honest attitude, enthusiastic performance, coupled with your calm and cheerful and appropriate performance skills, you want the other side can noteYou are meant to show your sincerity in neat clothes,Pay attention to the agreed time and give the other person a sense of trust, footStep by step, let the other person think you open and bright, shake hands strong, let the other party feel a kind of strength, a silent support, the upper part of the body forward tilt, letYou feel strongly about each other, speak the best eyes looked at each other let him feel your honourable, should not have aggressive EuphemismTone, in psychology, must first make the other party unhappy preparation, calm thinking, touch each other's psychological key.2, expand your social circle, make more friends, hold the opportunity to cooperate with people, and explore new areas and make various choices.3, before interpersonal communication, you should find the key person, understand the real intention of each other, so thathe thinks you are the best partner,You can't be too pushy, don't make enemies among friends, wider and wider popularity in a comprehensive strength to negotiate, insight into each other, notePrescription. To prepare in advance, to gather information, pay attention to the other state, must grasp the time, avoid friction.Will win the.4, increase your persuasiveness. Be kind, soft in expression, open your heart, talk to yourself, listen to each other so that he can go downSpeaking, showing very wish each other good, honest in recognition and wide to commendable, heartfelt conversation will add to your power of speech.5, find a good point, let the other party first open the mouth to show respect, you listen to each other's mind, talk, don't just say your point of view, notTo express dissatisfaction with each other's psychological, identify each other's prejudices and shortcomings.6, you should be clear about your purpose, the initiative to explain your ideas, in the first three seconds to let each other understand your point of speech.7, the interests of the problem should be considered clearly.8. Stretch out your warm hands, show others a bright future, and inspire the energy of others.9, sincere mood, through serious thinking, in the right time to express clearly, to learn to understand the rejection of others.10, borrow something from others vary from person to person, tell the time returned.11, when faced with stubborn people, we must first listen to his advice, so that the third take you to another place, to avoid the other party in the mood of the most excitingSin, the other party, learn not to refute, stubborn, silent listening, wait until each other calm when they say their own opinions, the other partyEasier to accept.12, the words to each other's heart, taboo topics less talk about wonderful, but also let the other party into your train of thought.13, to create a relaxed occasion, uncompromising persuasion skills.14, let the woman muster up energy, respect and considerate of women, let her have the attention of the psychological, to herown, tone tone to tell each other, II respect you very much.15, convince your parents, want sufficient reason to talk seriously, take advantage of the opportunity to say in a timely manner, with the help of others skillfully advised.16, convince others of the best weapons. The other psychological compatibility, experiences with your personal experience to convince others, let the other waySo, move, put yourself in for the sake of others.17, see the opportunity, calmly say the problem, and make suggestions,Look for him to think about, the use of common sense to maintaining the status quo.18, should be good at stimulating the wishes of his subordinates speech, good at inspiring subordinates to speak out the truth, good at grasping the main problems, grasp the propriety, and restrain oneself,Use the pause in your conversation to learn to overcome your preconceived impression and make good use of every opportunity to speak.19, for different identities, different personalities, should learn to speak in a different tone.20 effective methods, excuse, witty humor, sharp, and that a rapier thrust dapper, it has degeneration and subtle ingenuity, shouldFeatures. Generally used to out and refute criticism and easier.21, there is only one way to win an argument, that is to avoid controversy, welcome different opinions, control your temper, don'tTrust your instincts. Listen first, be honest, agree with each other's point of view, and sincerely thank them for what you are concerned about.Avoiding an argument may make your opposition your friend, and from your heart, perhaps, admitting your mistakes will make them think of youThe expression is sensible and agrees with you.The second section how to refuse others1, find a way to make it easier for others to express rejection. Listen to each other with a smile, with sincerity, with hints or delaysThe best way to get the best out of the most humorous expressions.2, speak on honesty, suggestions don't immediately deny your boss's opinion, don't talk back to your boss, to a point of view and admire, exchangeTime must have certain skills, timeliness is not to be underestimated, do not talk about your boss behind.3, there must be a wise apology, do not delay the time, to do all the responsibility to do their own, to understand each other's heart, for the heavyTo apologize, do not pretend to be insincere, give the other person time to accept your apology, and to reflect on why, when you listen to each otherYou must be reasonable when apologizing.4, when you refuse a person, you must express sincere understanding and respect to each other sincerely, pay attention to some methods, and strive to reduce the regret brought by refusalThe least extent, do not hurt the other's self-esteem and feelings, but also to get the other side's support and understanding.5, refuse to sincere, flexible, do not let the other side because you refuse to resent you, looking for a good reason, the transfer of the attention of the other party,Attract the other person on the other side so that he does notblame you for not being able to solve the problem that is difficult for you. Can expressFrom your heart's sympathy, leave some room for it, and gently let him deny himself, and refuse a person in your own capacityPeople.6, "self denial", which to some extent, is a good way to respect others, avoid conflicts, and take the initiative to assume responsibilities and obligations,Dare to deny, express by means of expression and tone.7, make objections, but do not hurt each other, to speak clearly, to lift the barriers of good mood, pay attention to the way, let each other understand.To tell the truth, it doesn't hurt.The fourth chapter is about the secrets of the OfficeSection 1 meetings and consultations1, to be full of confidence and patience to participate in benevolence and righteousness, control good mood, to concentrate on, do not rush.2, the conference preparatory work before: arrange the meeting topic, conference participants to determine the steps, scope or list, took notice of the meeting, quasiPreparation of meeting documents and materials, the selection and layout of the venue, the seating arrangement, complete logistics services, to carry out pre inspection3, conference organizers will work: do a good job of signing in, and warmly receive the conference staff, through the telephone, to help the leadership grasp the situation controlThe process shall serve as a meeting record, prepare meeting briefings, dispatch vehicles, secure meetings, communications, residential services, and venue services,Motions, conferences, news reports, conferences, conferences, conferences, sports and events. (as in a movie)4, the organizers of the conference: the aftermath of the meeting documents back, meeting documents filing, document collection editor, meeting personnel toProcess issues, forgotten items processing, improve conference work, send thank-you notes, print minutes, open a summary meeting, affirmative results, find outIssues, issues minutes and decision notices to assist in the review of motions.5, in the meeting, the host to do the opening work.。

2024年6月大学英语四级考试真题和答案（第3套）Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: Suppose your university is seeking students’ opinions on whether university canteens should be open to the public. You are now to write an essay to express your view. You will have 30 minutes for the task. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.Part Ⅱ Listening Comprehension (25 minutes)Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A）, B), C) and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard.1. A) It hit a bird shortly after takeoff.B) Its crew members went on strike.C) It narrowly escaped a plane crash when turning around.D) Its captain got slightly injured during the forced landing.2. A) Panic.B) Nervous.C) Relieved.D) Contented.Questions 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just heard.3. A) He is now kept in a secure area.B) He has escaped the zoo once again.C) He has been caught a second time.D) He finally disappeared six days ago.4. A) Squeezed.B) Threatened.C) Disappointed.D) Frustrated.Questions 5 to 7 are based on the news report you have just heard.5. A) It is condemned as a crazy idea.B) It is enriching the city’s night life.C) It is questioned by local residents.D) It is giving rise to safety concerns.6. A) Avoid entering one-way streets.B) Ensure the safety of pedestrians.C) Follow all the traffic rules drivers do.D) Give way to automobiles at all times.7. A) To ease the city’s busy traffic.B) To bring new life into the city.C) To add a new means of transport.D) To reduce the city’s air pollution.Section BDirections:In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A），B），C)and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 8 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.8. A) Take it seriously.B) Discuss it regularly.C) Make it sound scary.D) Talk about it openly.9. A) By shopping around for the best deals.B) By making abstract sums relevant.C) By citing concrete examples.D) By visiting discount stores.10. A) Paying their kids to help with housework.B) Setting kids a good example by sharing chores.C) Giving kids pocket money according to their needs.D) Urging kids to deposit some of their gift money.11. A) The importance of cutting down family expenses.B) The need to learn important lessons from her elders.C) The delight in seeing their savings grow.D) The necessity of saving into a pension.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.12. A) He is a successful businessman.B) He reviews books on political affairs.C) He has published a new bestseller.D) He has worked in several banks.13. A) The man’s ideas about education.B) The man’s academic background.C) The man’s attempts at drawing public attention.D) The man’s proposals to solve economic problems.14. A) To reduce students’ financial burden.B) To motivate all students to be successful.C) To give students incentive to excel in economics.D) To provide remedies for students’ poor performance.15. A) Improving school budgeting.B) Increasing tuition fees.C) Seeking donations.D) Raising taxes.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear three passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.16. A) To show his sympathy towards people always being busy.B) To prevent people from complaining about being “busy”.C) To call on busy people to take care of themselves.D) To help busy people to sort out their priorities.17. A) Avoid saying we are busy.B) Reflect on their true purpose.C) Describe our schedule in detail.D) Respond as most busy people do.18. A) To show their achievements resulted from great efforts.B) To prove they stand out as accomplished professionals.C) To cover up their failure to achieve some purpose.D) To tell others a complete lie about their inability.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.19. A) They will help one reduce fear.B) They should become so popular.C) They will be less challenging after a time.D) They should cover so many different types.20. A) To break one’s ultimate limits.B) To stop being extremely afraid.C) To avoid dangerous mistakes.D) To enjoy the sports to the full.21. A) By allowing our motivation to be at an all-time high.B) By stopping us hurting the same muscles repeatedly.C) By burning as many as 300 calories per hour.D) By enabling us to get an all-over workout.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.22. A) It is natural.B) It is instrumental.C) It is personal.D) It is vital.23. A) To guard against being perceived negatively.B) To prevent themselves from being isolated.C) To conceal personality preferences.D) To maintain workplace harmony.24. A) It helps to enhance team spirit.B) It stimulates innovative ideas.C) It helps to resolve problems.D) It facilitates policy-making.25. A) An innovative mind.B) Corporate culture.C) Mutual trust.D) A healthy mentality.Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once．Over the coming decades, millions of jobs will be threatened by robotics and artificial intelligence. Despite intensiveacademic____26____on these developments, there has been little study on how workers____27____to being replaced through technology.To find out, business researchers at TUM and Erasmus University Rotterdam conducted 11 studies and surveys with over 2,000 persons from several countries.The findings show: In principle, most people view itmore____28____when workers are replaced by other people than by robots or intelligent software. This preference____29____,however, when it refers to people’s own jobs. When that is the case, the majority of workers find it less upsetting to see their own jobs go to robots than to other employees. In the long term, however, the same people see machines as more threatening to their future role in the workforce. These effects can also be observed among people who have recently become unemployed.The researchers were able to identify the causes behindthese____30____paradoxical results, too: People tendto____31____themselves less with machines than with other people. Consequently, being replaced by a robot or software____32____less of a threat to their feeling of self-worth. This reduced self-threat could even be observed when participants assumed that they were being replaced by other employees who relied on technological abilities such as artificial intelligence in their work.“Even when unemployment results from the____33____of new technologies, people still judge it in a social context,” says Christoph Fuchs, one of the authors of the study. “It is important to understand these____34____effects when trying to manage the massive changes in the working world to minimize____35____in society.”A) compareB) contradictsC) conventionalD) debateE) disruptionsF) drasticallyG) favorablyH) guaranteeI) introductionJ) modificationsK) posesL) psychologicalM) reactN) reversesO) seeminglySection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.No escape as ‘snow day’ becomes ‘e-learning day’A) Certain institutions, such as schools, are likely to close when bad weather, such as snow, flooding or extreme heat or cold, causes travel difficulties, power outages (断供), or otherwise endangers public safety. When snowy weather arrives in the US, it means the chance of school children benefiting from the long-standing tradition of the “snow day”, when schools are forced to close and students get an unexpected day off.B) The criterion for a snow day is primarily the inability of school buses to operate safely on their routes and danger to children who walk to school. Often, the school remains officially open even though busesdo not run and classes are canceled. Severe weather that causes cancellation or delay is more likely in regions that are less able to handle the situation. Snow days are less common in more northern areas of the United States that are used to heavy winter snowfall, because municipalities are well equipped to clear roads and remove snow. In areas less accustomed to snow even small snowfalls of an inch or two may render roads unsafe.C) Snow days are a familiar theme in American film and TV shows, with children getting the good news and then running outside for some seasonal snowman-building and snowball throwing, against a background of joyful pop music. But the tradition is now over for pupils in several US states such as South Carolina, Nevada, Georgia and Indiana. This academic year, many school boards have introduced policies which require students to work from home if the school is shut by snow or extreme weather. They are known as “e-learning days”, which certainly sounds less fun than a snow day.D) Teachers are also losing their snow days and instead will be expected to be on hand to take a virtual register and answer students’questions online. A pilot programme in a school district in Anderson County, South Carolina, has supplied students with electronic tablets loaded with assignments to complete in the event of a school closure. If it is successful, it could be rolled out across the state.E) But some parents object to the new policy if the vigorous debate on the Facebook page of Anderson County school district is anything to go by. “When it snows, let the kids enjoy it,” said one commenter. Another said the decision would “ruin school even more”, and someone else called snow days “a fun part of childhood”. But supporters of the policy say it means children will miss fewer days of school. It will also bring to an end a less popular US high school tradition: the “make-up day”, which requires students in many states to make up the time lost due to weather by working during school holidays.F) Students in North Carolina already have several make-up days scheduled because of school closures during Hurricane Florence, which struck in September. Tom Wilson, the superintendent (主管) of Anderson County school district, said the change away from snow days makes practical and financial sense. He said technology has changed every profession, so it makes sense to use it to “eliminate” make-up days. Adam Baker of the Department of Education in Indiana said e-learning days were proving a “great success”. He said most Indiana schools already use digital devices during lessons, so it was an “easy decision” to extend this to days when schools are closed. He denies the decision is depriving children of the chance to enjoy the snow. “Students are still able to enjoy snow days and outside time,” he said. “Many have PE and science assignments that have them out enjoying the weather.” But local school superintendents in Ohio are resisting proposals to adopt elearning days.They fear that students without internet access at home will be disadvantaged by the policy, and superintendent Tom Roth is concerned that e-learning days will offer a lower quality of education.G) There are also so-called “blizzard bags”, with assignments that children take home ahead of an expected snow closure. But Mr. Roth says it is not sufficient as a replacement. “I think we still need the class time to give our kids the education that they deserve,” he said. “You can’t get that with a blizzard bag or doing the work from home like that. It’s not going to be as effective.”H) There is a long-running debate on whether missing days of school affects attainment. In England, there has been a focus on tackling absenteeism (旷课) from school. The Department for Education (DFE) published research in 2016 arguing that missing any days at school could have a negative impact on results. Even a few days lost in a year could be enough to miss out on getting a good exam grade, the DFE’s research concluded. This differed from the findings of a study from Harvard University in the US, which concluded that missing a few occasional days because of the weather did not damage learning.I) The Harvard study examined seven years of school results data and could not find any impact from snow closures. What caused more disruption was when schools tried to stay open in bad weather, even though many staff and pupils were absent. But weather can make a difference to school results, according to another piece of Harvard research published last summer. It’s hot weather that has the negative impact. The results of 10 million school students were examined over 13 years and researchers found a “significant” link between years with extremely hot weather and lower results.J) It’s obvious that students should go to school every day to get the most out of education. In cases of extreme weather students don’t always have that option. However, research shows that authorised absences from school such as during extreme weather are less problematic for students than absences that are not authorised. This is because unauthorised absences tend to reflect patterns and behaviours of student disengagement, or the possible negative attitudes of parents towards education that students adopt and carry with them through schooling. The level of impact on students’ educational performance is all to do with the length of time that a student is absent from school and how regularly this occurs.36. There is opposition to the practice of giving children assignments to take home before extreme weather forces a school closure.37. New policies adopted by many US schools require students to do online learning at home in case of a school closure.38. According to some research, extreme hot weather negatively affectsstudents’ performance.39. There is a time-honoured tradition in the US for school kids to stay at home on “snow days”.40. Debates on social media show some parents are opposed to ending the “snow day” tradition.41. In more northern regions of the US, school is less likely to be affected by snowy weather.42. Research indicates absences from school with permission do not cause as many problems as those without permission.43. There is objection to e-learning days owing to fear that students with no access to the Internet at home will suffer.44. In a pilot programme, students are given electronic devices to do assignments when schools are closed.45. A long-standing debate is going on over the impact of school absences on students’ academic performance.Section CDirections:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B),C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.It may sound surprising, but you don’t have to be interested in fashion, or even in history, to enjoy Dress Codes: How the Laws of Fashion Made History. I happen to be interested in both, and ended up enjoying the book for completely different reasons.Richard Thompson Ford is a law professor, and you probably won’t forget that for even one page. His carefully reasoned arguments, packed with examples, sound almost like reading a court opinion, only maybe wordier. You will probably never think of fashion as a trifle again.Ford’s thesis is that the best way to understand what particular fashions meant in any given era is to look at the restrictions placed on them. Through this lens, he shows us that the first laws passed in the 1200s to ensure that only the nobility were allowed to wear certain fabrics, colors and ornaments reflected the rise of the middle class, who were now able to imitate some of these fashions. The status of the upper classes was threatened; fashion was a tool to preserve it.Ford takes the reader through the evolution of fashion while examining the underlying motivations of status, sex, power, and personality, which, he assumes, influenced all innovations in fashion in the past and which continue to influence us today. His writing is more than a little dense—dense with research, clauses, and precise adjectives and nouns. But there’s also humor and enough interesting episodes to make the writing appealing. No one is spared his sharp analysis: not the easy targets of 19th century women’s crippling (伤害身体的）fashions nor the modern uniforms of Silicon Valley T-shirts.But the greatest strength of this book (on fashion!) is its intellectual profoundness. Ford asks us to question unconscious beliefs, to realize that we almost never do so, to understand that the simplest choices are charged with meaning, and yet that meaning can and does change all the time. Consider the fact that a 1918 catalog insisted that boys and girls be dressed in the appropriate color. We believe our thinking today is evolved; Ford shows us it’s not.46. What does the author think of the book Dress Codes: How the Laws of Fashion Made History?A) It is read by people for entirely different reasons.B) It is meant for those interested in fashion history.C) It makes enjoyable as well as informative reading.D) It converts fashion into something for deliberation.47. How can people best understand a particular fashion in an era, according to Ford?A) By examining the restraints imposed on it.B) By looking at what the nobility were wearing.C) By glancing at its fabrics, colors and ornaments.D) By doing a survey of the upper and middle classes.48. What was the aim of the first laws passed regarding fashion in the 1200s?A) To facilitate the rise of the middle class.B) To loosen restrictions on dress codes.C) To help initiate some novel fashions.D) To preserve the status of the nobles.49. What does the author think of Ford’s writing?A) It uses comparison and contrast in describing fashions of different eras.B) It makes heavy reading but is not lacking in humor or appeal.C) It is filled with interesting episodes to spare readers intolerable boredom.D) It is characteristic of academics in presenting arguments.50. What does the author say is the greatest strength of Ford’s book?A) Plentiful information.B) Meaningful choices.C) Evolved thinking.D) Intellectual depth.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.The art of persuasion means convincing others to agree with your point of view or to follow your course of action. For some of us, persuasion is an instinctive quality and the power of influencing comes naturally. For the rest of us, persuasion skills can be learned and developed over time.Employers place a great value on employees with persuasion skills because they can impact several aspects of job performance. Besides, teamwork and leadership rely heavily on the power of persuasion to get things done. Without persuasion skills, employees may not be as committed to or convinced of the importance of an organization’s vision and long-term mission. Effective use of persuasion skills will not only help get your coworkers excited about your ideas, it’ll also help you motivate them to achieve a common goal.In order to learn the art of persuasion at the workplace, you need to understand how to handle conflicts and reach agreements. Good communication is the first step in effective persuasion, but logic and reasoning are just as important. Before you can get somebody onboard with your goal, you should help them understand why they should pursue it. Using visual aids to back up your ideas can help communicate your ideas better and make compelling arguments so your listeners will come to a logical choice and become fully committed to your ideas and plans.Successful persuasion skills are based on your ability to have positive interactions and maintain meaningful relationships with people. In order to sustain those relationships, you must be able to work in their best interests as well. Your coworkers are more likely to agree with you when they succeed alongside you. The more they achieve and the greater progress they make, the more they trust your judgement and strength.We persuade and get persuaded every day—we’re either convincing or being convinced. A vast majority of people prefer collaboration and teamwork over traditional organizational structures; no one likes to be told what to do or to be pushed around. Therefore, organizations and leaders should adopt powerful persuasion skills to bring about necessary changes.51. What does the author say about the ability to be persuasive in the first paragraph?A) People may either be born with it or be able to cultivate it.B) It proves crucial in making others follow one’s course of action.C) It refers to the natural and instinctive power of influencing one’s coworkers.D) People may view it as both a means to convince others and an art of communication.52. Why are persuasion skills greatly valued in the workplace?A) They enable employees to be convinced of their long-term gains.B) They enable employees to trust their leaders unconditionally.C) They help motivate coworkers to strive for a common goal.D) They help an organization to broaden its vision effectively.53. What should people do to learn the art of persuasion at the workplace?A) Acquire effective communication skills.B) Avoid getting involved in conflicts with others.C) Understand the reason for pursuing their goals.D) Commit themselves fully to their ideas and plans.54. When are you more likely to succeed in persuading your coworkers?A) When they are convinced you work in their interests while sacrificing your own.B) When they become aware of the potential strength of the judgements you make.C) When they become aware of the meaningful relationships you keep with them.D) When they are convinced they will make achievements together with you.55. Why are organizations and leaders advised to adopt powerful persuasion skills to bring about necessary changes?A) To convince employees of the value of collaboration.B) To allow for the preferences of most people of today.C) To improve on traditional organizational structures.D) To adapt to employees’ ever-changing working styles.Part Ⅳ Translation (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.汉语中的“福”字（the character fu）表示幸福和好运，是中国传统文化中最常用的吉祥（auspicious）符号之一。

Letters have been a fundamental means of communication for centuries,bridging distances and connecting people across the globe.They serve a multitude of purposes, each with its own significance and impact.Here are some of the key roles that letters play in our lives:1.Personal Connection:Letters allow individuals to express their thoughts,feelings,and experiences in a personal and intimate manner.They provide a platform for deep emotional connections that can be cherished over time.rmation Sharing:Whether its sharing news,updates,or important information, letters are a reliable way to ensure that the message reaches the intended recipient in its entirety.3.Record Keeping:Letters serve as a historical record of events,sentiments,and relationships.They can be preserved and revisited to recall past experiences or to understand the evolution of a relationship.4.Formal Communication:In professional settings,letters are used for formal communication,such as job applications,business proposals,or official announcements. They convey a sense of professionalism and seriousness.5.Expressing Gratitude or Apologies:Letters are an effective way to express gratitude for a gift,service,or an act of kindness.Similarly,they can be used to offer a heartfelt apology for a mistake or misunderstanding.6.Persuasion and Influence:Persuasive letters can influence the readers opinion or decision.They can be used to advocate for a cause,propose a change,or negotiate terms.7.Literary Expression:Letters have been a source of literary inspiration,with many famous works of literature taking the form of letters or epistolary novels,where the story unfolds through the exchange of letters.8.Cultural Exchange:International correspondence allows for the exchange of cultural insights,fostering understanding and appreciation of different societies and traditions. cational Purposes:Letters can be used for educational purposes,such as pen pals, where students from different countries exchange letters to learn about each others lives and cultures.10.Maintaining Relationships:In the age of digital communication,the act of writing aletter can be a thoughtful way to maintain relationships,especially with those who may not be as adept with technology.11.Legal Documentation:In some cases,letters can serve as legal documentation,such as a formal complaint,a notice of termination,or a contract agreement.12.Creative Outlet:Writing letters can be a creative outlet,allowing individuals to express themselves artistically through the choice of words,the style of writing,and even the design of the letter itself.In conclusion,the role of letters in our lives is multifaceted and invaluable.They are more than just a means of communication they are a testament to human connection,a tool for expression,and a bridge between hearts and minds.。

商务英语写作知识要点商务英语写作知识要点01 IntroductionSchool Writing: 1 In the form of essays, 2 To demonstrate the knowledge and language skills,3 Always use complicated structuresBusiness Writing:1 In the form of letters,2 Intended to communicate information,3 Readers and writers are in demand-supply relationship1. Principles of Business Writing: 7CClarity 清晰Correctness准确Conciseness简洁Courtesy 礼貌Concreteness具体Completeness完整Consideration周全2. Logical Organization①因果关系(Cause & Effect) ②时间顺序(Chronological Development)③序列顺序(Sequential Development) ④⽐较(Comparison)⑤⼀般到特殊(From General to Specific) ⑥特殊到⼀般(From Specific to General)02 Layout of Business Letters1. The Essential Parts of a Business Letter:1)Letter head 2)Reference3)Date line 4)Inside Address5)Salutation 6)Body of the letter7)Complimentary Close 8)Signature2. Letter Styles: Full B lock S tyle(齐头式)，Indented Style（缩进式）and Mixed Style（交错式）3. Letter head identifies the sender of the letter. It includes:1)Company’s logo 2)Its address and postal codes3)Telephone number, Fax number 4)Internet address, e-mail address5)Telegraphic and telex address 6)A trademark or a brief slogan4. Body of the letter is the actual message of the letter, which begins one blank line below the salutation. It is the most important part of the letter, the written speaker.Principles of the body: Clarity, Consideration, Correctness5. Organization of the body:1)Opening or Introduction 2)Details3)Responses or Action 4)Close6. Optional Parts of the body1)Attention Line 2)Subject Line3)Enclosure 4)Carbon Copy5)Postscript附⾔7. Layout of the Envelope: The Indented Form and theto ensure the grammatical sense. It’s important to use open punctuation consistently in the letter（18）03 E-mail/doc/e815a6a5f524ccbff1218414.html yout of Heading1)T o: (email address of the recipient )2)From: (email address of the sender—usually automatically filled in)3)Date: (automatically filled in)4)Subject (main idea of the message)5)Cc: (carbon copy– recipients whom the author wishes to inform of the message publicly)6)Bcc: (Blind carbon copy- recipients who are secretly being informed of the message)7)Attachment (the files you desire to send along with the message)2. Body: Salutation + Content + Complementary Close + Signature3. Points to ponder when writing1)Write a meaningful subject line.(主题栏意义明确)2)Keep the message focused and readable.（⾏⽂重点突出、排版清楚易读）3)A void attachments.（少发或不发附件）4)identify yourself clearly.（标明⾝份）5)Be kind. Don’t flame.（⼼平⽓和）6)Proof read.（仔细较读）7)Don’t assume privacy.（注意保护隐私）8)Distinguish between formal and informal situations.（分清场合和事宜）9)Respond promptly.（及时回复）10)Show respect and restrain.（宽容限制）04 Good News & Bad News Letters1. 商务信函种类：1)询盘enquiries2)发盘response to enquiries3)订单函order4)订单确认函order acknowledgement 5)确认函confirming letter6)拒绝函declining letter7)礼节函social letter8)建⽴商务关系的信函（买⽅或卖⽅之间）Establishment of business relationship2. General structure of Good News Messages and Neutral Messages——Direct Approach3. Occasions of Direct Approach1)Making enquiries or responses to enquires2)Making orders or order acknowledgements3)Confirming letter 4)Social letters 5)Declining letter 6)Establishment of business relationship4. Structure of Good News Letter:1)Begin with the main point (Introduction)2)Present necessary explanations (Details)3)Cover the remaining part of the objective (Action)(询价)4)End with adapted goodwill (Close)5. Useful sentences for closing of the good news letter:1)Looking forward to hearing from you.2)I hope this information will help you.3)We look forward to receiving confirmation of the reservation.4)It’s great to be worki ng together once again.6. Indirect Approach to Bad News Messages1)Don’t tell the bad news at the beginning.2)Begin with some good news or neutral information.3)Give explanations before releasing bad news.7. General Structure of Bad-news Messages:1)Begin with a buffer缓冲(introduction)2)Explain why the refusal has to be made (details)3)State the refusal (action) 4)Close positively (close)8. State the Refusals1)Make the refusal clear without misunderstanding.2)Offer some constructive and feasible suggestions.9. Close of Bad News Letter:1)Polite 2)Positive 3)Confident4)Do not remind your readers of the negative message.5)Do not apologize for your refusal10.Ways to buffer:1) Showing positive attitude, appreciation2) Showing sympathy and care3) Demonstrating understanding11. U seful sentences for explaining why the refusal has to be made (Present objective, reasonable and convincing reasons. Make the impression that the refusal is necessary and based on careful consideration)1) Had we not gone through careful and thorough in vestigation, we wouldn’t have made such a decision.2) It is on the basis of careful consideration that we made such a decision.12. To be avoided: We mustreject/turn down/refuse/disappoint youY ou surely understand …..We were surprised at your request.Y ou claim / Y ou state in your letter…This is the best we can do05 Complaint Letter1. Inevitable Complaints:1)Improperly filled order 2)Damaged merchandise商品；货物3)Misunderstanding about prices2. Direct approach to Complaints and Claims:Business people want to know as soon as possible when something wrong has happened to their products or services so that they can correct the situation immediately. Directness lends to clarity of purpose and success.3. Types for complaints1)Complaint for Poor Quality2)Complaint for Shortage3)Complaint for Invoice Mistake 4)Complaint for Delivery Delay5)Complaint for Wrong Items6)Complaint for Poor Packaging4. Structure of Complaint letter1)Explanation of Problem + Background Information (what situation, when, color, model No.)help to identify the problem + How Y ou Suffered (if necessary)2)Action required with deadline ( replace the faulty goods, refund the money, repair the goods, etc)3)Warning (strong but polite)5. Reply to Complaint Letter(括号内是句型)1)Explanation the problem + Background(T hank you for your letter of…About our delay ofshipment. We are sorry for not having been able to deliver the goods you ordered o n)2)Action required + Deadline (We take theresponsibility for the mistake and we willarrange for the replacement to be sent toyou within two da ys.) 3)Ending (Poli te We can assure you thatevery effort will be made to ensure thatsimilar erro rs.)6．U seful Sentences for Complaint Letter1）Describe the problem：On examination, we found all the goods were wetted.2）Action Required：Therefore, we are compelled to claim against you. We appreciate your seeing the matter seriously and arranging for the delivery within 5 days.3）Strong Demand：We will ask for the law if you cannot send the goods to us within 10 days.4)Courteous demand for action：In view of our friendly business relations, we are sure that the matter will be settled appropriately06 Persuasion/sales Letter（促销/推销函）1. Approach of Persuasion Letter——Indirect Approach2. General structure——AIDA1) T o Arouse Attention2) T o Create Interesta)Benefits of the goodsb)Choose the right appeal to feature your product or servicec)Appeals mean the strategies you use to present a product or service to your readers.d)Emotional Appeals: How people feel, taste, smell, hear, and see. Strategies that arouse people through love, anger, pride, fear, and enjoyment.（Perfume, candy And food etc.）e)Rational Appeals: Reason---thinking mind. Strategies based on saving money, making money, doing a job better, or getting better use from a product.（Automobile tires，Tools，Industrial ，equipment）3) Desire: T o Convince the readera)Benefits of the goodsb)Point out and stress all the benefits that your product can offerc)Determine the strongest psychological selling point:stressing a product’s benefits rather than its physical features4) T o Motivate Actiona)Ask for orders.b)Offer other incentives that will make your reader responsive: a gift, a limited availability and a discount.c)No-risk guarantee. d)Strengthening words.3. Principles of Persuasion Letter Writing1)Vivid language. 2)Be concrete.3)Focus on central selling point. 4)Use inductive（归纳）approach (deductive演绎).5)S ome ―don’t‖ in Persuasion letter.a)Don’t exaggerate.b)Don’t belittle your reader.c)Don’t speak ill of your competitors.Show the reader what you can do, but not what others can not do!07 Memo/memorandum1. Components of Memo1)HeadingMEMORANDUM / C ompany’s Logo / SloganT o: (reader’s name and job title)From: (writer’s name and job title)Date: （complete and current date)Subject: (what the memo is about, highlighted in some way) ---Informative2)BodyOpening---state the purpose---DirectDetails---Highlighted3) ClosingAction or Conclusive Sentence2. Characteristics of Successful Memos1)Subject Headings 2)Single topic3)Conversational tone—Informal 4)Conciseness---A void Wordy Sentences 5)Visual Signaling：numbers/ bullet s编号?boldface斜体italics斜体?heading3. Three points to A void1)A void abruptness 2)A void over-politeness3)A void unnecessary expressions4. AttentionInside the companyOne topic in one memoWithout company letterhead08 Meeting MaterialPart 1 Notice1. The Nature of Notice1)Purpose: To give information briefly and make the reader follow the message quickly2)Form to expressa)written on a blackboard or bulletin board公告板b)written as a memoc)written as a letter d)written as a postcarde)written in an email2. Types of NoticeMeeting noticeNotice for Greeting New Colleagues Holiday Notice Practice Notice3. Layout of Notices1)Heading (Subject matter or Notice)2)Body (time, place, purpose, materials)Full-blocked formUse asterisks or bullet points or numberLeave spaces between headings and different sectionsUse capitals, bold, italics or underlyingUse sub-headings3)Name and position（右下⽅4)Date(右下⽅4. Language Tone of Notices: Brief; Specific; Eye-catching; Polite5. Useful expressions1)请注意……Please note that…2)我们很⾼兴通知您……We are pleased to inform you…W e have pleasure in informing you that…3)我们想通知您……We would like to notif y you…4)我们特此奉告……We have the honor to apprise you of…5)我们冒昧奉告……We take the liberty of announcing to you that…Part 2 Meeting Agenda6. Difference between Agenda & Schedule:1)An agenda: T opics to be discussed at a meeting; before the meeting is held.2)Schedule: Work timetable.agenda是会议的议程，代办事项表。

校园毕业英语作文Graduation is a significant milestone in every students life marking the end of one chapter and the beginning of another. Writing an essay about graduation in a school setting can be both a reflective and celebratory endeavor. Heres a detailed outline and content for a campus graduation English essayTitle Embracing the Journey Reflections on Campus GraduationIntroductionThe significance of graduation in a students life.Personal feelings and emotions leading up to the graduation day.Paragraph 1 The Journey BeginsMemories of the first day on campus excitement nervousness and expectations.The initial challenges faced and how they were overcome.Paragraph 2 Academic GrowthDiscussing the academic curriculum and how it has shaped the students knowledge and skills.Mentioning specific courses or projects that were particularly influential.Paragraph 3 Extracurricular ActivitiesParticipation in clubs sports or other activities that contributed to personal development. The impact of these activities on leadership skills and teamwork.Paragraph 4 Friendships and Social LifeThe importance of the friendships formed during the campus years.Stories of camaraderie and shared experiences that enriched the college experience. Paragraph 5 Challenges and Overcoming ObstaclesDiscussing the academic or personal challenges faced during the course of studies.How resilience and determination played a role in overcoming these obstacles. Paragraph 6 Mentors and Role ModelsThe influence of teachers professors or other mentors on the students journey.Specific examples of guidance and support received.Paragraph 7 The Graduation CeremonyA description of the graduation ceremony the atmosphere the speeches and the emotions. Personal reflections on the ceremony and what it symbolizes.Paragraph 8 Looking ForwardThoughts on the future career plans further education or other aspirations.How the campus experience has prepared the student for the next steps in life. ConclusionA summary of the key points discussed in the essay.A final reflection on the value of the campus experience and the significance of graduation.Sample ContentAs I stand on the cusp of graduation a whirlwind of emotions engulfs me. The campus once a foreign landscape now feels like home. The journey that began with a mix of trepidation and excitement has led me to this moment of bittersweet triumph.My academic voyage was a tapestry of knowledge with each course adding a new thread to my understanding of the world. The rigorous curriculum in economics not only sharpened my analytical skills but also instilled a sense of global awareness. Projects in environmental science taught me the importance of sustainable practices and the impact of human actions on our planet.Beyond the classroom the campus was a vibrant hub of activity. I found solace in the debate club where I honed my public speaking skills and learned the art of persuasion. The soccer team became my second family teaching me the value of teamwork and the joy of shared victories.The friendships I forged here are the kind that will endure the test of time. Latenight study sessions impromptu gatherings and the simple act of being there for one another through thick and thin have created bonds that are unbreakable.Challenges were inevitable but they served as stepping stones rather than stumbling blocks. The stress of exams and the pressure to succeed were met with determination and a resolve to persevere. Each obstacle surmounted was a testament to my resilience. Mentors and role models both within and outside the academic sphere have been guiding lights. Their wisdom encouragement and belief in my potential have been invaluable.They have shown me that success is not just about achieving goals but also about the journey and the growth that occurs along the way.The graduation ceremony itself was a poignant moment. The caps tossed into the air symbolized not only the culmination of our academic endeavors but also the beginning of a new chapter. As I listened to the speeches I couldnt help but reflect on the journey that had brought me to this point.Looking ahead I am filled with a sense of anticipation. The campus experience has equipped me with the tools to navigate the complexities of the world. Whether I choose to pursue further education or embark on a career I am confident that I am ready to face the challenges and seize the opportunities that lie ahead.In conclusion graduation is more than just an event it is a celebration of growth learning and the friendships that have been formed. It is a time to honor the past and embrace the future with hope and determination. As I take this final step off the campus and into the world I carry with me the lessons learned the memories made and the dreams yet to be realized.。