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1． 有关晶面及晶向附图2.1所示。
2． 见附图2.2所示。
3． {100}＝(100)十(010)+(001)，共3个等价面。
{110}＝(110)十(101)+(101)+(011)+(011)+(110)，共6个等价面。
{111}＝(111)+(111)+(111)+(111)，共4个等价面。
)121()112()112()211()112()121()211()121()211()211()121()112(}112{+++++++++++=共12个等价面。
4． 单位晶胞的体积为V Cu ＝0.14 nm 3(或1.4×10-28m 3) 5． (1)0.088 nm ；(2)0.100 nm 。
6． Cu 原子的线密度为2.77×106个原子/mm 。
Fe 原子的线密度为3.50×106个原子/mm 。
7． 1.6l ×l013个原子/mm 2；1.14X1013个原子/mm 2；1.86×1013个原子/mm 2。
8． (1) 5.29×1028个矽原子/m 3； (2) 0.33。
9． 9. 0.4×10-18/个原子。
10． 1.06×1014倍。
11． (1) 这种看法不正确。
在位错环运动移出晶体后，滑移面上、下两部分晶体相对移动的距离是由其柏氏矢量决定的。
位错环的柏氏矢量为b ，故其相对滑移了一个b 的距离。
(2) A'B'为右螺型位错，C'D'为左螺型位错；B'C'为正刃型位错，D'A'为负刃型位错。
位错运动移出晶体后滑移方向及滑移量如附图2.3所示。
12． (1)应沿滑移面上、下两部分晶体施加一切应力τ0，的方向应与de 位错线平行。
(2)在上述切应力作用下，位错线de 将向左(或右)移动，即沿着与位错线de 垂直的方向(且在滑移面上)移动。
材料科学基础习题与参考答案（doc14页）完美版第⼀章材料的结构⼀、解释以下基本概念空间点阵、晶格、晶胞、配位数、致密度、共价键、离⼦键、⾦属键、组元、合⾦、相、固溶体、中间相、间隙固溶体、置换固溶体、固溶强化、第⼆相强化。
⼆、填空题1、材料的键合⽅式有四类，分别是（），（），（），（）。
2、⾦属原⼦的特点是最外层电⼦数（），且与原⼦核引⼒（），因此这些电⼦极容易脱离原⼦核的束缚⽽变成（）。
3、我们把原⼦在物质内部呈（）排列的固体物质称为晶体，晶体物质具有以下三个特点，分别是（），（），（）。
4、三种常见的⾦属晶格分别为（），（）和（）。
5、体⼼⽴⽅晶格中，晶胞原⼦数为（），原⼦半径与晶格常数的关系为（），配位数是（），致密度是（），密排晶向为（），密排晶⾯为（），晶胞中⼋⾯体间隙个数为（），四⾯体间隙个数为（），具有体⼼⽴⽅晶格的常见⾦属有（）。
6、⾯⼼⽴⽅晶格中，晶胞原⼦数为（），原⼦半径与晶格常数的关系为（），配位数是（），致密度是（），密排晶向为（），密排晶⾯为（），晶胞中⼋⾯体间隙个数为（），四⾯体间隙个数为（），具有⾯⼼⽴⽅晶格的常见⾦属有（）。
7、密排六⽅晶格中，晶胞原⼦数为（），原⼦半径与晶格常数的关系为（），配位数是（），致密度是（），密排晶向为（），密排晶⾯为（），具有密排六⽅晶格的常见⾦属有（）。
8、合⾦的相结构分为两⼤类，分别是（）和（）。
9、固溶体按照溶质原⼦在晶格中所占的位置分为（）和（），按照固溶度分为（）和（），按照溶质原⼦与溶剂原⼦相对分布分为（）和（）。
10、影响固溶体结构形式和溶解度的因素主要有（）、（）、（）、（）。
11、⾦属化合物（中间相）分为以下四类，分别是（），（），（），（）。
12、⾦属化合物（中间相）的性能特点是：熔点（）、硬度（）、脆性（），因此在合⾦中不作为（）相，⽽是少量存在起到第⼆相（）作⽤。
13、CuZn、Cu5Zn8、Cu3Sn的电⼦浓度分别为（），（），（）。
考研材料科学基础试题及答案一、名词：相图：表示合金系中的合金状态与温度、成分之间关系的图解。
匀晶转变：从液相结晶出单相固溶体的结晶过程。
平衡结晶：合金在极缓慢冷却条件下进行结晶的过程。
成分起伏：液相中成分、大小和位置不断变化着的微小体积。
异分结晶：结晶出的晶体与母相化学成分不同的结晶。
枝晶偏析：固溶体树枝状晶体枝干和枝间化学成分不同的现象。
共晶转变：在一定温度下，由—定成分的液相同时结晶出两个成分一定的固相的转变过程。
脱溶：由固溶体中析出另一个固相的过程，也称之为二次结晶。
包晶转变：在一定温度下，由一定成分的固相与一定成分的液相作用，形成另一个一定成分的固相的转变过程。
成分过冷：成分过冷：由液相成分变化而引起的过冷度。
二、简答：1. 固溶体合金结晶特点？答：异分结晶；需要一定的温度围。
2. 晶偏析程度与哪些因素有关？答：溶质平衡分配系数k0；溶质原子扩散能力；冷却速度。
3. 影响成分过冷的因素？答：合金成分；液相温度梯度；凝固速度。
三、书后习题1、何谓相图？有何用途？答：相图：表示合金系中的合金状态与温度、成分之间关系的图解。
相图的作用：由相图可以知道各种成分的合金在不同温度下存在哪些相、各个相的成分及其相对含量。
2、什么是异分结晶？什么是分配系数？答：异分结晶：结晶出的晶体与母相化学成分不同的结晶。
分配系数：在一定温度下，固液两平衡相中溶质浓度之比值。
3、何谓晶偏析？是如何形成的？影响因素有哪些？对金属性能有何影响，如何消除？答：晶偏析：一个晶粒部化学成分不均匀的现象形成过程：固溶体合金平衡结晶使前后从液相中结晶出的固相成分不同，实际生产中，液态合金冷却速度较大，在一定温度下扩散过程尚未进行完全时温度就继续下降，使每个晶粒部的化学成分布均匀，先结晶的含高熔点组元较多，后结晶的含低熔点组元较多，在晶粒部存在着浓度差。
影响因素：1）分配系数k0：当k0<1时，k0值越小，则偏析越大；当k0>1时，k0越大，偏析也越大。
1世界上海拔最高的咸水湖是（）。
（1.0分）1.0分•A、羊卓雍湖•B、纳木错•C、玛旁雍错•D、拉姆纳错正确答案：B 我的答案：B答案解析：2关于藏族吃肉的说法中，错误的是（）。
（1.0分）1.0分•A、自家宰杀，自己自足•B、整只羊肉一起烤，切着吃•C、通常喜欢吃生牛羊肉准备不同的蘸水，以适应不同的口味正确答案：C 我的答案：C答案解析：3在大昭寺的辩经大院中,从公元()年开始举行了一个新的节日大祈愿传召法会。
（1.0分）1.0分•A、1509•B、1409•C、1407•D、1589正确答案：B 我的答案：B4“大香格里拉”中所包含的地方中，不包括（）。
（1.0分）1.0分•A、玉树•B、甘孜青海•D、昌都正确答案：C 我的答案：C答案解析：5下列关于藏羚羊的说法，不正确的是（）。
（1.0分）1.0分•A、藏羚羊是国家一级保护动物•B、藏羚羊的捕杀现在已经得到了较好的遏制•C、藏羚羊的角可入药•D、加工藏羚羊的毛、皮技术最好的地方是印度。
正确答案：D 我的答案：D答案解析：6在大昭寺内，哪个殿堂是专门接受没有献完的哈达作为供奉的呢？（）（1.0分）1.0分释迦摩尼殿堂•B、白度母殿•C、神羊殿•D、许愿殿正确答案：B 我的答案：B答案解析：7下面哪一种不是林芝地区高品质的特产？（）（1.0分）1.0分•A、松茸•B、冬虫夏草•C、蕨菜•D、沙棘正确答案：B 我的答案：B答案解析：8米拉日巴在藏族用来描述一个人()。
（1.0分）0.0分•A、胖•B、瘦•C、美•D、可爱正确答案：B 我的答案：D9关于日喀则的桑珠孜宗堡的说法，错误的是（）。
（1.0分）1.0分•A、是日喀则最早的建筑物•B、曾收藏全套《甘珠尔经》、《丹珠尔经》•C、现今人们看到的是重新修建的•D、里面所有的馆藏都是开放的正确答案：D 我的答案：D答案解析：10西藏自治区的博物馆的标志是（）。
（1.0分）1.0分•A、金瓶掣签•B、奇形怪状的面具•C、佛、菩萨人物造像•D、双体陶罐正确答案：D 我的答案：D答案解析：11青藏铁路的开通时间是（）。
绪论1、仔细观察一下白炽灯泡，会发现有多少种不同的材料每种材料需要何种热学、电学性质2、为什么金属具有良好的导电性和导热性3、为什么陶瓷、聚合物通常是绝缘体4、铝原子的质量是多少若铝的密度为cm3，计算1mm3中有多少原子5、为了防止碰撞造成纽折，汽车的挡板可有装甲制造，但实际应用中为何不如此设计说出至少三种理由。
6、描述不同材料常用的加工方法。
7、叙述金属材料的类型及其分类依据。
8、试将下列材料按金属、陶瓷、聚合物或复合材料进行分类：黄铜钢筋混凝土橡胶氯化钠铅-锡焊料沥青环氧树脂镁合金碳化硅混凝土石墨玻璃钢9、 Al2O3陶瓷既牢固又坚硬且耐磨，为什么不用Al2O3制造铁锤晶体结构1、解释下列概念晶系、晶胞、晶胞参数、空间点阵、米勒指数（晶面指数）、离子晶体的晶格能、原子半径与离子半径、配位数、离子极化、同质多晶与类质同晶、正尖晶石与反正尖晶石、反萤石结构、铁电效应、压电效应.2、（1）一晶面在x、y、z轴上的截距分别为2a、3b、6c，求出该晶面的米勒指数；（2）一晶面在x、y、z轴上的截距分别为a/3、b/2、c，求出该晶面的米勒指数。
3、在立方晶系的晶胞中画出下列米勒指数的晶面和晶向：（001）与[210]，（111）与[112]，（110）与[111]，（322）与[236]，（257）与[111]，（123）与[121]，（102），（112），（213），[110]，[111]，[120]，[321]4、写出面心立方格子的单位平行六面体上所有结点的坐标。
5、已知Mg2+半径为，O2-半径为，计算MgO晶体结构的堆积系数与密度。
6、计算体心立方、面心立方、密排六方晶胞中的原子数、配位数、堆积系数。
7、从理论计算公式计算NaC1与MgO的晶格能。
MgO的熔点为2800℃，NaC1为80l℃, 请说明这种差别的原因。
8、根据最密堆积原理，空间利用率越高，结构越稳定，金钢石结构的空间利用率很低(只有％)，为什么它也很稳定9、证明等径圆球面心立方最密堆积的空隙率为25．9％；10、金属镁原子作六方密堆积，测得它的密度为克/厘米3，求它的晶胞体积。
《材料科学基础》课后习题答案第一章材料结构的基本知识4. 简述一次键和二次键区别答：根据结合力的强弱可把结合键分成一次键和二次键两大类。
其中一次键的结合力较强，包括离子键、共价键和金属键。
一次键的三种结合方式都是依靠外壳层电子转移或共享以形成稳定的电子壳层，从而使原子间相互结合起来。
二次键的结合力较弱，包括范德瓦耳斯键和氢键。
二次键是一种在原子和分子之间，由诱导或永久电偶相互作用而产生的一种副键。
6. 为什么金属键结合的固体材料的密度比离子键或共价键固体为高？答：材料的密度与结合键类型有关。
一般金属键结合的固体材料的高密度有两个原因：（1）金属元素有较高的相对原子质量；（2）金属键的结合方式没有方向性，因此金属原子总是趋于密集排列。
相反，对于离子键或共价键结合的材料，原子排列不可能很致密。
共价键结合时，相邻原子的个数要受到共价键数目的限制；离子键结合时，则要满足正、负离子间电荷平衡的要求，它们的相邻原子数都不如金属多，因此离子键或共价键结合的材料密度较低。
9. 什么是单相组织？什么是两相组织？以它们为例说明显微组织的含义以及显微组织对性能的影响。
答：单相组织，顾名思义是具有单一相的组织。
即所有晶粒的化学组成相同，晶体结构也相同。
两相组织是指具有两相的组织。
单相组织特征的主要有晶粒尺寸及形状。
晶粒尺寸对材料性能有重要的影响，细化晶粒可以明显地提高材料的强度，改善材料的塑性和韧性。
单相组织中，根据各方向生长条件的不同，会生成等轴晶和柱状晶。
等轴晶的材料各方向上性能接近，而柱状晶则在各个方向上表现出性能的差异。
对于两相组织，如果两个相的晶粒尺度相当，两者均匀地交替分布，此时合金的力学性能取决于两个相或者两种相或两种组织组成物的相对量及各自的性能。
第二章答案2-1略。
2-2〔1〕一晶面在x、y、z轴上的截距分别为2a、3b、6c，求该晶面的晶面指数；〔2〕一晶面在x、y、z轴上的截距分别为a/3、b/2、c，求出该晶面的晶面指数。
答：〔1〕h:k:l==3:2:1,∴该晶面的晶面指数为〔321〕；〔2〕h:k:l=3:2:1，∴该晶面的晶面指数为〔321〕。
2-3在立方晶系晶胞中画出以下晶面指数和晶向指数：〔001〕与[]，〔111〕与[]，〔〕与[111]，〔〕与[236]，〔257〕与[]，〔123〕与[]，〔102〕，〔〕，〔〕，[110]，[]，[]答：2-4定性描述晶体构造的参量有哪些.定量描述晶体构造的参量又有哪些.答：定性：对称轴、对称中心、晶系、点阵。
定量：晶胞参数。
2-5依据结合力的本质不同，晶体中的键合作用分为哪几类.其特点是什么.答：晶体中的键合作用可分为离子键、共价键、金属键、范德华键和氢键。
离子键的特点是没有方向性和饱和性，结合力很大。
共价键的特点是具有方向性和饱和性，结合力也很大。
金属键是没有方向性和饱和性的的共价键，结合力是离子间的静电库仑力。
范德华键是通过分子力而产生的键合，分子力很弱。
氢键是两个电负性较大的原子相结合形成的键，具有饱和性。
2-6等径球最严密堆积的空隙有哪两种.一个球的周围有多少个四面体空隙、多少个八面体空隙.答：等径球最严密堆积有六方和面心立方严密堆积两种，一个球的周围有8个四面体空隙、6个八面体空隙。
2-7n个等径球作最严密堆积时可形成多少个四面体空隙、多少个八面体空隙.不等径球是如何进展堆积的.答：n个等径球作最严密堆积时可形成n个八面体空隙、2n个四面体空隙。
不等径球体进展严密堆积时，可以看成由大球按等径球体严密堆积后，小球按其大小分别填充到其空隙中，稍大的小球填充八面体空隙，稍小的小球填充四面体空隙，形成不等径球体严密堆积。
2-8写出面心立方格子的单位平行六面体上所有结点的坐标。
答：面心立方格子的单位平行六面体上所有结点为：〔000〕、〔001〕〔100〕〔101〕〔110〕〔010〕〔011〕〔111〕〔0〕〔0〕〔0〕〔1〕〔1〕〔1〕。
一、单词填空Unit 11.The enormous(庞大的) oil spill on Alaska’s North Slope region in 1989 was a disaster(灾难、灾祸) for Alaskan sea animals.2. Due to the lack of labor force, even women in this village were compelled(迫使) to work in the coal mines.3. The travel agency promised to offer foreign travelers everything from historical monuments and castles to modern leisure activities.4. According to the rules set by the company, anyone who is regularly late for work is likely to be disciplined(训导) or dismissed.5. People in that area are already threatened with environmental destruction (破坏)since 60% of the forest there has been destroyed.6. The auto company has seen a huge increase in the output of private cars this year due to the improved working efficiency.7. Under the severe attack from enemy aircraft, the troops were forced to retreated from the front.8. The tennis match was abandoned at half-time because of the harsh weather conditions.9. The policeman searched the building thoroughly but did not find any trace of the criminal.10. Survival of the Fittest is an eternal truth of nature.11. A series of new policies have been introduced in the region in the hope of attracting foreign investment.12. The military government refused to transfer power to a democratically elected civilian government.13. Many people tend to justify the breakdown of their marriage on the grounds of conflict of personalities.14. The substance on the new medicine is believed to be safe,nonetheless, the Food and Drug Administrations is going to examine it all the same.15. It has been a long tradition for businesses in this area to make contributions to the local charities.16. In order to achieve a higher GDP, the government has taken various measures to accelerate the rate of economic growth.17. Deforesting and global warming threaten to ruin the current and future state of our environment.Unit 31.After gold was first discovered at Sutter’s Mill in 1848, many people traveled all the way to California in quest of gold and fortune.2.He had finished his speech, but somehow he remained at the microphone for a few minutes, gazing at the audience.3.Medical research has proved that people who consume large amounts of animal fats are more likely to get cancer and heart disease than those who do not.4.My father’s job is to look through a microphone at viruses day and night, and his biggest wish is that I could follow suit and do likewise.5.They filled a large cooking vessel(容器) with vegetables and let it simmer over the campfire.6.She wanted to improve her English so she could qualify herself as a translator.7.I can’t play the piano like I used to-my fingers have gone stiff from lack of practice.8.He felt as if his whole world had collapsed when he learned that his child had been killed in the accident.9.Some scientists predict that the Earth’s temperature would rise by as much as 5 over the next 20 years if we didn’t take effective measures.10.The worsening economic conditions will inevitably lead to more crimes and more victims.11.He appeared to have grasped what I said in class, but I could not tell whether he had absorbed every detail.12.His proposal of decreasing production was turned down since all the board members thought it was sheer nonsense.13.The company is planing to construct a palm oil refinery with the capacity of refining 300 tons of palms to cooking oil per day.14.The public transport system in the region has been completely paralyzes since the bus drivers started a strike in the morning.15.We thought we’d do an exchange. She’ll come over here at Easter and I’ll go there in summer.Unit 61.It used to be rare to see people sleeping on the street of London, but these days it’s becoming increasingly commonplace.2.Those psychologists believe that one’s childhood experiences will have an enduring influence on his or her future work and personality.3.As the music started, the lights in the theatre began to dim.4.As a fresh graduate, Jim seems to have the ambition to command everything in the world.5.Her colleagues were afraid to work with her, because she won’t tolerate any imperfection in her own or anyone else’s work.6.The girl remains in serious bu stable condition in the intensive care unit in the hospital.7.At the last ring of the bell, all the people at the party joined in with abandon shouting joyfully and merrily, to welcome the arrival of the New Year.8.We should devote our finite life to the infinite cause of serving the people.9.I never thought he was capable of doing such a mean thing to his brother - that was totally disgusting!10.It seems to me that this novelist delights in weaving elaborate and complicated plots in his works.11.Our car broke down, so we had to rent a car, which was an additional financial burden on my family.12.Jim had high aspirations(愿望)to open a law firm even before he graduated from the law school.13.She felt a deep sense of gratitude to the teacher who had financed her through college education.14.His friends deserted him since they were fed up with his endless complaining about his family, colleagues, work, and everything.15.He has remained faithful to the President’s administration when so many others have spoken out against it.16.The president of the university promised that once he had commi t ted to this course of action, he would try his best to have it fulfilled.Unit 71.I don’t think it necessary to furnished our apartment a second time since we will sell it soon.2.He made a firm resolve to give up smoking and drinking as soon as he discovered that he had a heart trouble.3.To reduce the risks of railway accidents, we spend over ten million yuan on maintain the railway lines every year.4.My parents lived a frugal lifestyle all their lives. For one thing, they never discard anything that was still of use; for another, they never purchased things on impulse.5.The government has refused to sanction a further cut in the rate of corporate tax.6.As Linda is a career woman and her husband works abroad, they cannot raise their newborn son all by themselves and have to employ a babysitter on a fixed term of five years.7.My apartment was badly furnished because the workers did not strip the original paint off the walls before they started painting.8.When we learned that the local college had only the bare essentials in terms of equipment, we decided to donate a million yuan so that they could improve their teaching facilities.9.The Jones purchased a second-hand car for $1200;it was a real bargain,, but I wonder how long it will last.10.It is always good to read some English novels in your spare time.If you cannot understand the original,you may read the simplified versions which are also available in the local bookstore.11.Sam said to the girl,”I will trade you some of my chocolate for some of your ice cream.”12.Since you’re decided to simplify your life and have moved into a smaller house,you are going to have to make an effort to downsize your furniture and belongings.13.Representatives from the two nations had worked together on numerous occasions before the peace treaty was signed to end the border conflicts.14.When the factory closed,the machinery was sold off for only a fraction of its true value.15.At the press conference the new president made it plain that he would do his utmost to build “a government of the people,by the people for the people” as advocated by Lincoln.16.Diets that are high in saturated fat tend to block our arteries(动脉), thereby reducing the blood flow to our hearts and brains.17.The children are busy rolling ,folding, and cutting paper in a handcrafting competition.Unit 81.Based on his experiences as a judge and writer during the past 30 years, his new book covers all his reflections on life and justice.2.There is no doubt that the improper medical treatment hasten his death.3.There was only one solitary hotel left standing after the earthquake.4.How the massive stones were brought here from hundreds of miles away remains an unsolved mystery to modern man.5.Emily Dickinson is known for her brilliant flights of fancy in her poems about love,death and natural scenery.6.I’ll not be able to attend the conference in New York unless someone covers my expenses.7.In his talk,the doctor pointed out that many women pursue a slender figure at the cost of their health,by taking pills,having operations,and so on.8.The money from the donors will be used for the purchase of computer equipment for the school.9.There’s a notice outside the building which says “No admission before 12 noon”.10.The play’s message is perhaps too subtle to be understood by the child audience.11.Although she appeared quite cold and harsh ,her smiling eyes betrayed her care and love toward the children.12.Nothing can be more exciting than the first time you receive red roses from the one you love.They have special significance to your youth.13.The boy inherited a big house from his father, but he cannot legally take possession of the property until he is 18 yeas old.14.In the mornings in Disneyland there is always a procession of cartoon figures greeting the children.15.She dropped a few hints about her birthday to make sure that no one would forget it.16.He was taking drugs and trying to conceal it from his parents.二、短语填空Unit11. Shortly after the government‟s new po licy was put into effect , the economy of our country began to show signs of recovery. 后不久，政府的新政策付诸实施，我国经济开始出现复苏迹象。
