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有限空间作业安全要求GB 12942-911 主题内容与适用范围本标准规定了在有限空间内进行涂装、热工等作业的一般安全技术要求。
本标准适用于船舶、机车车辆等行业的有限空间作业，对其他行业的有限空间作业亦应参照本标准。
本标准不适用于矿井、隧道工程、工艺条件的氧浓集间或缺氧间，公用事业的上、下水道或电讯设备的进出口。
2 引用标准GB2893安全色GB2894安全标志GB3805安全电压GB6514涂装作业安全规程涂漆工艺安全GB6515涂装作业安全规程涂漆工艺通风净化GB7691涂装作业安全规程劳动安全和劳动卫生管理GB7692涂装作业安全规程涂漆前处理工艺安全GB8958缺氧危险作业安全规程GBJ16建筑设计防火规范TJ36工业企业设计卫生标准3 术语3.1 有限空间 confined spaces指仅有1~2个人孔，即进出口受限制的密闭、狭窄、通风不良的分隔间，或深度大于1.2m封闭和敞口的只允许单人进出的围截的通风不良空间。
3.2 热工作业 hot work仅指焊接、气割及能产生明火、火花或灼热工艺的作业。
4 通用安全技术要求4.1 作业前准备4.1.1 作业者必须持有有限空间作业许可证，才能进入有限空间。
4.1.2 应备有检测仪器，并设置相应的通风设备及个人防护用具。
4.1.3 将有限空间内管道开口端严密封住，并堵上盲板，检查阀门滑块或伸缩接头，其质量必须可靠，严禁堵塞通向大气的阀门。
4.1.4 在容器制造时，因工艺要求有限空间本身必须转动时，应限制最高转速。
4.1.5 必须将有限空间内液体、固体沉积物及时清除处理，且保持足够通风，将易挥发的气体排出有限空间，或采用其他适当介质进行清洗、置换。
4.1.6 有限空间外敞面周围应有便于采取急救措施的通道。
4.1.7 高处作业时，必须设置脚手架，并应固定牢固或配戴安全带。
4.2 作业的安全与卫生4.2.1 必须对空气中含氧量进行检测，在大气压条件下，有限空间的空气中含氧量应为18%~21%，若空气中含氧量低于18%，应有报警讯号。
2024版有限空间作业安全操作准则英文版2024 Limited Space Work Safety Operating GuidelinesIn 2024, it is crucial to adhere to strict safety protocols when operating in limited spaces. These guidelines are designed to ensure the well-being of workers and prevent accidents.PurposeThe purpose of these guidelines is to provide a framework for safe operations in confined spaces. By following these rules, workers can minimize risks and maintain a secure working environment.ScopeThese guidelines apply to all personnel working in limited spaces, including but not limited to construction sites, industrial facilities, and underground tunnels. It is essential for everyone involved in such operations to be familiar with and follow these guidelines.Key Points1. Risk Assessment: Conduct a thorough risk assessment before entering a confined space. Identify potential hazards and take necessary precautions to mitigate risks.2. Training: All personnel must undergo proper training on confined space operations, including emergency procedures and the proper use of safety equipment.3. Communication: Maintain clear communication with team members at all times. Use radios or other communication devices to stay connected while working in limited spaces.4. Ventilation: Ensure proper ventilation in confined spaces to prevent the buildup of hazardous gases or lack of oxygen.5. Emergency Procedures: Establish clear emergency procedures and ensure all workers are familiar with them. Practice emergency drills regularly to enhance preparedness.6. Safety Equipment: Provide workers with appropriate safety equipment, such as harnesses, gas detectors, and respirators. Inspect equipment regularly to ensure it is in good working condition.7. Permit System: Implement a permit system for confined space entry. Only authorized personnel should be allowed to enter limited spaces, and permits should be issued based on a risk assessment.8. Monitoring: Continuously monitor conditions inside the confined space during operations. Use gas detectors and other monitoring devices to ensure a safe working environment.9. Rescue Plan: Develop a comprehensive rescue plan in case of emergencies. Ensure that all team members are aware of the plan and know their roles and responsibilities.10. Documentation: Keep detailed records of all confined space operations, including risk assessments, permits, training records, and incident reports. This documentation will be crucial for future reference and improvement.By following these guidelines, workers can ensure their safety and well-being while operating in limited spaces in 2024.。
生产单位有限空间作业安全注意事项1定义1.1受限空间 confined spaces化学品生产单位的各类塔、釜、槽、罐、炉膛、锅筒、管道、容器以及地下室、窨井、坑（池）、下水道或其它封闭、半封闭场所。
1.2受限空间作业 operation at confined spaces进入或探入化学品生产单位的受限空间进行的作业。
2受限空间作业安全要求2.1 受限空间作业实施作业证管理，作业前应办理《受限空间安全作业证》（以下简称《作业证》）。
2.2 安全隔绝2.2.1 受限空间与其他系统连通的可能危及安全作业的管道应采取有效隔离措施。
2.2.2 管道安全隔绝可采用插入盲板或拆除一段管道进行隔绝，不能用水封或关闭阀门等代替盲板或拆除管道。
2.2.3 与受限空间相连通的可能危及安全作业的孔、洞应进行严密地封堵。
2.2.4 受限空间带有搅拌器等用电设备时，应在停机后切断电源，上锁并加挂警示牌。
2.3 清洗或置换受限空间作业前，应根据受限空间盛装（过）的物料的特性，对受限空间进行清洗或置换，并达到下列要求：2.3.1 氧含量一般为18%～21%，在富氧环境下不得大于23.5%。
2.3.2 有毒气体（物质）浓度应符合GBZ 2 的规定。
2.3.3 可燃气体浓度：当被测气体或蒸气的爆炸下限大于等于4%时，其被测浓度不大于0.5%（体积百分数）；当被测气体或蒸气的爆炸下限小于4%时，其被测浓度不大于0.2%（体积百分数）。
2.4 通风应采取措施，保持受限空间空气良好流通。
2.4.1 打开人孔、手孔、料孔、风门、烟门等与大气相通的设施进行自然通风。
2.4.2 必要时，可采取强制通风。
2.4.3 采用管道送风时，送风前应对管道内介质和风源进行分析确认。
2.4.4 禁止向受限空间充氧气或富氧空气。
2.5 监测2.5.1 作业前30 min内，应对受限空间进行气体采样分析，分析合格后方可进入。
2.5.2 分析仪器应在校验有效期内，使用前应保证其处于正常工作状态。
Introduction toConfined Space SafetyOR-OSHA 2150501ObjectivesThis class provides the following information:1. Criteria for confined spaces and permit-requiredconfined spaces.2. Hazards which may exist in permit-required confinedspaces.3. Steps in developing a permit-required confinedspace program.4. Training requirements.Why a Permit-Required Confined Space Program?Does workplace contain PRCS? (b)Inform Employees. (c)(2)Will PRCS be entered?Will Contractors enter?Will host employees enter?Consult other OSHA Standards.Prevent employee entry. (c)(3)Do task from outside of space.Inform contractor. (c)(8)Contractor obtains information. (c)(9)Both contractor and host employees enter.Coordinate entry operations. (c)(8), (d)(11) Prevent unauthorized entry. Prevent unauthorized entry.NoYesNoYesYesNoYes NoStopYesNoStopA quick reference to the Permit-Required Confined Space StandardDoes space have known or potential hazards?Can hazards be eliminated?Can space be maintained safeusing continuous forced air only? Prepare for entry using permit procedures. Verify acceptable entry conditions.Issue permit. Maintain acceptableentry conditions throughout entry.Entry tasks completed. Return and cancel permit.Audit permit program May reclassify space as non-PRCS. (c)(7)Space may be entered under (c)(5).Permit not valid until conditionsmeet permit specifications.Emergency exists (prohibited condition).Entrants evacuated, entry aborted. Callrescuers if needed. Permit is void.Reevaluate program to correct/preventprohibited condition. No entry until program corrections completed. May require a new program. Not a PRCS. Consult other OSHA standards.No YesNoNoYesYesNoNoYesYesStop1Stop11Spaces may have to be evacuated and re-evaluated if hazards arise during entry.Evaluate Your Workplace1. Does the workplace contain a confinedspace?Yes! if the space is...1. Large enough for whole body to enter and work, and2. Limited access or egress, and3. Not designed for continuous occupancyWhat is meant by limited or restricted entry and exit?What is meant by not designed for continuous occupancy?2. Does the workplace contain permit-required confined spaces (PRCS)?Yes, if it’s a confined space and it...1. Contains hazardous atmosphere, or2. Has potential for engulfment, or3. Has dangerous configuration, or4. Contains other serious safety or health hazards.Evaluating Confined Spaces for Hazards Hazardous Atmospheres1. Oxygen Level {too high or too low?}23.5% and above = High20.8 -21% = Normal19.5% and below = DeficientAtmospheric conditions in a confined space can change greatly within a few minutes.Why would too much oxygen be hazardous? How could you have too much oxygen?What are some causes or indications of possibly having a deficient oxygen atmosphere inside a space?Suspect O2Deficient When:•Space has been closed up, sealed or ventilated before entry.•Has contained inerted atmosphere or has been purged.•Contains any amount of water or organic material.•Metal Oxidation -rusting.•Combustion processes.•Displacement by other gases.•Coatings, sludges, materials with cure and/or absorb oxygen -activated charcoal.Dangers of Low Oxygen Levels16 -12% O2in Air Deep breathing, fast heartbeat, poor attention,poor thinking, poor coordination14 -10% O2in Air Faulty judgment, intermittent breathing,rapid fatigue (possibly causing heart damage),very poor coordination, lips turning blue10% or less O2in Air Nausea (vomiting), loss of movement,loss of consciousness followed by deathLess than 6% O2in Air Spasmodic breathing, convulsive movement, death in approx. eight minutesComa in 40 seconds4% -6% O2in Air29 CFR 1926 Subpart PAir quality tests taken beforeentry.Excavations more than 4 ft.deep when hazardousatmosphere exists or couldexist.Tests conducted as necessary, including checks for flammable gases and oxygen deficiency.Where hazardous atmospheres exist or could be expected to exist, emergency rescue equipment must be on worksite and readily accessible.2. Flammable/Explosive Gas, Vapor, MistHazardous if it exceeds 10% of its lowerflammable limit(LFL)Lower Flammable Limit(LFL),or lower explosive limit (LEL), is the lowest concentration of air-fuel mixture at which a gas or vapor can ignite.Upper Flammable Limit(UFL),or upper explosive limit (UEL), is the highest concentration of air-fuel mixture that can be ignited.Flammable AtmospheresFlammableNon-flammable(Too “Rich”)TemperatureV A P O R Non-flammable (Too “Lean”)Flammable RegionAirborne Combustible DustExplosive when concentration is between the LEL & UEL!AirDust Ignition3. Toxic SubstancesHazardous if they exceed doses or permissible exposure limits(PEL) published in:OR-OSHA Division 2 Subdivisions G & ZRefer to your material safety data sheets for chemical-specific toxicity characteristics, health hazards, reactivity hazards, etc.PermissibleSubstanceExposure Limit (PPM)Carbon Dioxide5,000Carbon Monoxide50 Hydrogen Sulfide20 Methane1,000Nitric Oxide25Oxygen diflouride0.05Phosgene (carbonyl chloride)0.1Sulfur Dioxide5Stoddard Solvent500Engulfment•Liquid or flowable solids•Can be aspirated•Can cause death by:Plugging respiratory system,Strangulation,Constriction, orCrushingHazardous ConfigurationCan trap or asphyxiateInwardly converging walls, orFloor slopes downward, orFloor tapers to smaller cross-sectionAny Other Recognized SeriousSafety or Health HazardElectrical equipmentMechanical equipmentVisibility -lightingBiohazardsClaustrophobiaNoiseRadiationTemperatureOnce you have evaluated and identified the permit-required confined spaces at your workplace, inform employees through signs and/or other equally effective means.Permit-Required ConfinedSpace EntryHow is PRCS “entry”defined?When any part of the body breaksthe plane of the opening in apermit required confined space.If permit-required confined spaces will not be entered, you must still take all measures toprevent entry!How?spaces:Ensure compliance with permit space programHazards of the permit spacePrecautions and proceduresCoordinate entry operations (if conducted)Debrief when completed (hazards found or created)spaces:Obtain information about permit space hazards & entry operationsCoordinate entry operations (if conducted)Brief employer on permit space program being usedDebrief employer on hazards confronted or createdWhat does this basically involve?Quick Quiz (actually a recap)!When your Employees enter Permit-Required Confined Spaces1.Can the hazard(s) which made the space a permitspace be eliminated?If YES The space can be reclassified as anonpermit-required space.If NO Prepare for permit entry or consideranother question…...2. Is the only hazard of the permit space an actual or potential atmospheric hazard?If NO Entry made under the permit system only.If YES You can follow the alternative (c)(5)procedures!Before we discuss (c)(5) procedures:Control of the atmospheric hazard through forced air ventilation does not constituteelimination of the hazard.When following these (c)(5) proceduresexclusively, the employer is not required todevelop a permit entry system, establish anentry team, or provide a rescue system.Of course, these elements are required when entering permit spaces through the permit system.The alternative (c)(5)procedures are allowed when...Verification is made that using continuous forced air ventilation is safe;Monitoring and inspection data supports the atmospheric hazard is the only hazard and theforced air ventilation is effective;Data is documented and made available to entrants.And once the above are met……..Ensure safety before removing a cover and guard opening immediately;Test internal atmosphere (O,F,T) -observation available to entrant;Continuous forced air ventilation;Atmosphere periodically tested -observation available to entrant;Evacuate immediately if necessary and evaluate what went wrong;Verify these procedures were conducted through a written certification.More on the Alternative (c)(5) Procedures!No entry until FAV has eliminated any hazardous atmosphere;Direct FAV to ventilate immediate work area and areas where the entrant will likely be (be aware ofpockets within the space);FAV must continue until all workers have left the space;FAV must have clean source;FAV must not increase the hazards in the space.Ventilating Confined SpacesVentilation Equipment •Natural -rarely dependable •Mechanical -preferred, positive hazard reduction depends on configurationconsider nature of atmospherichazardRemember, ventilation must be continuous during entry!Air Monitoring EquipmentUsed during initial investigation prior to, and during confined space entry.(Note: You must test in Tests for:this order)1. Oxygen content2. Flammable gases and vapors3. Toxic gases and vaporsDetector TubesSealed glass tubesCrystals react with airborne chemicals Reaction results in color changeSpecific for the substance of concernCan be inaccurate +/-25%False readings from other chemicalsGas Detection InstrumentsSensors measure concentrationsResults in a meter or digital reading; alarms Portable multi-gas instrumentsAccurateMay react to interfering chemicalsSamplingHydrogen Sulfide(heavier than air)Carbon Monoxide (same as air)Methane (lighter than air)The Entry Permit SystemWhat is the written plan?The measures implement to preventunauthorized entryThe identification & evaluation of all permit space hazards prior to entryThe development & implementation of safe entry operationsProviding and maintaining all necessaryequipment (PPE, monitors, etc.)Evaluating permit space conditions before & during entry operationsProviding at least one attendant & developing procedures for multiple spacesDesignating and training all persons who have active rolesWhat is the written plan?Developing and implementing rescue &emergency proceduresDeveloping and implementing the entry permit procedures (issue, use, cancel)Coordinating multi-employer entry procedures Developing procedures for concluding the entry (closing off the space)The review & evaluation of entry operations during the year (as needed)The annual permit space program review using the historic permitsThe entry permit must document:1.Permit space to be entered;2. Purpose of the entry;3. Date & duration of the entry permit;4. Authorized entrants;5. Attendants;6. Entry supervisor and place for signature;7. Hazards of the permit space;8. Isolation measures -hazard controls (purging,ventilating, etc.);The entry permit must document:9. The acceptable entry conditions;10. Test results (initial/periodic) with initials/name oftester & time;11. Rescue/emergency services available andmeans to summon;12. Communication procedures between entrantand attendant;13. All necessary equipment (PPE,Testing/Communication equipment, etc.);14. Other necessary information;15. Any additional permits (hot work, etc.).Duties to the Entry TeamThe Entry SupervisorThe AttendantThe entrantIdentify Equipment For:Testing and monitoringVentilatingPersonal protection (PPE)CommunicationLightingBarriers and shieldsEntry and exitRescue and emergencyRescue and Emergency proceduresThree options to permit-required confined space rescue1. Arrange for rescue servicefrom an outside source.2. Arrange for your ownemployees to provide rescue.3. Provide for non-entryrescue.Training。
