Abstract Global Engineering Design

沥青路面面层设计弯沉值和实测弯沉值的计算与检测沥青路面面层设计弯沉值和实测弯沉值的计算与检测沥青路面面层设计弯沉值和实测弯沉值的计算与检测摘要：弯沉值是沥青路面公路工程设计和检测的重要指标，本文结合实例阐述沥青路面面层设计弯沉值的计算、非标准轴载和标准轴载下弯沉实测值之间的换算、工程现场弯沉检测值的修正以及对弯沉检测项目的评定进行了理论分析，为具体的工程实践提供了切实可行的参考依据。

关键词：沥青路面回弹弯沉设计值检测值Abstract: The deflection is important indexes of highway asphalt pavement engineering design and detection, this paper expounds the project analyzed the design of asphalt pavement deflection calculation, non standard axial load and bending under the heavy standard axle load measuring value between conversion, engineering field deflection testing values of the correction and the deflection detection project evaluation, for the specific engineering practice feasible reference.Key words: asphalt pavement; resilience; deflection; design value; detecting value中图分类号：U416.217文献标识码：A文章编号：1背景资料（实例）黄冈市某两地之间拟建一条四车道的一级公路，在使用期内交通量的年平均增长率为10%。

一、SpringerLink（全文）数据库简介（目前可访问的期刊为2236种，期刊前标记为绿色方框表示可访问所有卷的全文，标记为半个绿色方框表示可访问部分卷期的全文；其中大部分期刊是被SCI、EI、SSCI收录的核心期刊）自1996年推出以来，SpringerLink已是全球最大的在线科学、技术和医学(STM)领域学术资源平台。

题范围：自然科学和技术、经济、法律SpringerLink数据库由德国Springer（施普林格）出版社出版，2004年底，Springer与Kluwer Academic Publisher合并。

现在，SpringerLink数据库提供包括原Springer和原Kluwer出版的全文期刊、图书、科技丛书和参考书的在线服务。

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SpringerLink的数字资源有：全文电子期刊1500余种；图书和科技丛书（包括Lecture Notes in Computer Science——LNCS）13000种以上；超过200万条期刊文章的回溯记录；最新期刊论文出版印刷前的在线浏览。

电子期刊Springer出版1,900多种经同行评议的学术期刊，大部份拥有自1997年以来已出版的期刊内容。

Springer的在线回溯期刊数据库提供自第一卷第一期起的所有期刊。

Springer拥有大量的高水准ISI期刊，并不断新增学会期刊以及收购其他优质期刊，体现了Springer对提供高品质文献的承诺。

电子图书数据库Springer 的电子图书数据库包括各种的Springer图书产品，如专著、教科书、手册、地图集、参考工具书、丛书等。

SpringerLink在2009年已经出版超过30,000余种在线电子图书，每年将增加3,500种新书，只需轻点鼠标即可获得。

SpringerLink能够成为最受欢迎的在线科学平台之一，其中一个主要原因是Springer每天都会新增高品质的内容：学会刊物、参考工具书、会刊、专著、手册、实验室指南及更多内容。

本刊稿件由专人排版，此模板仅供参照使用，作者只需保证稿件内容完整即可。

计算机工程与设计Computer Engineering and Design 20xx,xx (xx) xxxx •嵌入式系统工程(根据文章类型自行填写) •正文标题不超过20 个字，不用不常见的英文缩写作者1,2 作者2,3(1. 作者详细单位, 省市邮编; 2. 作者详细单位, 省市邮编;3. 作者详细单位, 省市邮编)摘要: 中文摘要要求200 字左右。

中文摘要用第三人称编写，无需说明部分，简短精炼，明确具体。

摘要格式要规范，不能出现本文、论文等类似字样，建议采用“对……进行了研究”、“报告了……现状”、“进行了……的调查”、“分析了……”等，不能出现数学公式、插图、表格、参考文献序号等。

摘要中应突出创新点（新理论，新观点，新技术，新工艺等），以便于创新性知识的发现，提取和评价。

关键词: 关键词; 关键词; 关键词; 关键词; 关键词; 关键词(要求5-8 个，以分号隔开)中图法分类号: （根据稿件类型填写）文献标识码:A 文章编号: （由本刊工作人员填写）TitleAuthor1,2, Author2,3(1.Department, City, City Zip Code, China; 2.Department, City, City Zip Code, China;3.Department, City, City Zip Code, China)Abstract: 英文摘要应与中文摘要文意一致（建议先写英文摘要，再写中文摘要）。

采用被动语态，不用“We”等第一人称作主语。

Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract.Key word: Key word; Key word; Key word; Key word; Key word (一律小写，英文缩写除外)0 引言（需以此为段落起始）论文开头要有引言（“0 引言”开始为标题排序），引言要求500 字左右。

石油化工英语常用缩写(第一版)序号缩写英文中文1 AC Air Conditioning 空气调节装置2 AGO Atmospheric gas oil 常压瓦斯油3 AML Approved Manufacturers' List 批准的厂商名单4 APE Area Project Engineer 区域工程工程师5 AR Atmospheric residue 常压渣油6 ARDS Atmospheric residue desulfurization 常压渣油加氢脱硫7 ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers 美国机械工程师协会8 BD Business Director 商务主任9 BD Business Development 市场部10 BEDP Basic Design Engineering Package 基础设计包11 BFW Boiler feed water 锅炉给水12 BL Battery limits 界区13 BEDD Basic Engineering Design Data 基础工程设计数据14 BM Bill of Material 材料表15 BOD Basis of Design 设计基础16 BOD Biological Oxygen Demand 化学需氧量17 BP Boiling point 沸点18 BS Bright stock 光亮油19 BSI British Standards Institute 英国规范协会20 BTEX Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylene 苯,甲苯,乙苯,二甲苯21 BTU British thermal unit 英热单位22 BTX Benzene, toluene, xylene 苯,甲苯,二甲苯23 C Construction 施工24 CAD Computer Aided Design 计算机辅助设计25 CADD Computer Aided Design and Drafting 计算机辅助设计和绘图26 CCR Conradson carbon residue 康氏残炭27 CCR Continuous Catalyst Regeneration 催化剂连续再生28 CDU Crude distillation unit 原油蒸馏装置29 CGO Coker gas oil 焦化瓦斯油30 CI Cetane index 十六烷指数31 CL Center line 中心线32 CM Construction Manager 施工经理33 CN Conference Note 会议纪要34 COD Chemical oxygen demand 化学需氧量35 CPDP Chinese Preliminary Design Package 中国初步设计包36 CPM Critical Path Method 关键路径法37 CR Catalytic Reforming 催化重整38 CS Carbon Steel 碳钢39 CW Cooling Water 冷却水40 FEED Front End Engineering Design 前期工程设计41 GB GUO BIAO 国标42 GCD Guaranteed Completion Date 保证完成日期43 GG Gauge glass 玻璃液面计44 GHSV Gaseous hourly space velocity 气体体积空速45 GPH Gas phase hydrogenation 气相加氢46 GSN Global Supply Network 全球供应网络47 GTG Gas Turbine Generator 燃气涡轮发电机48 GW Gross weight 毛重49 HAZID Hazard Identification Review 危险识别审查50 HAZOP Hazard and Operability Study 危险与可操作性研究51 HBP Highly branched paraffins 高支链烷烃52 HC Hydrocracking 加氢裂化53 HCCO Heavy catalytic cycles oil 重催化循环油54 HCGO Heavy coker gas oil 重焦化瓦斯油55 HDA hydrodearomatization 加氢脱芳烃56 HDF hydrofinishing 加氢后精制57 HDM hydrodemetallization 加氢脱金属58 HDN hydrodenitrogenation 加氢脱氮59 HDPE High Density Polyethylene 高密度聚乙烯60 HO Home Office 总部61 HDS hydrodesulfurization 加氢脱硫62 HDT hydrotreating 加氢精制，加氢处理63 HGO Heavy gas oil 重瓦斯油64 HR Human Resource 人力资源65 HP High pressure 高压66 HSFO High sulfur fuel oil 高硫燃料油67 HSR Heavy straight run 重直馏油68 HVAC Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning 采暖通风69 HVGO Heavy vacuum gas oil 减压重瓦斯油70 HVI High viscosity index 高粘度指数71 IBL Inside Battery Limits (Same as ISBL) 界区内72 IBP Initial Boiling Point 初馏点，初沸点73 IEC International Electro-technical Commission 国际电工委员会74 IFA Issued for Approval 用于正式批准75 IFB Issued for Bid 用于招标76 IFC Issued for Construction 用于施工77 IFD Issued for Design 用于设计78 IFH Issued for HAZOP 用于危险与可操作性研究79 ISBL Inside Battery Limits (same as IBL) 界区内80 ISO International Standardization Organization 国际规范化组织81 IS&T/IT Information System and Technology (same as IT) 信息系统和技术82 ITB Invitation to Bid 邀标书83 JV Joint Venture 合营者84 KW Kilo-Watt 千瓦85 LAN Local Area Network 局域网86 LC Letter of Credit 信用证87 LCC Life Cycle Cost 寿命周期成本88 LCCO Light catalytic cycle oil 催化裂化轻循环油89 LCGO Light coker gas oil 焦化轻瓦斯油90 LCN Light coker naphtha 焦化轻汽油91 LCO Light cycle oil 轻循环油92 LDE Lead Discipline Engineer 专业负责人93 LDPE Low Density Polyethylene 低密度聚乙烯94 Level 1 High Level Schedules, control documentsused for control of total scope 工程计划195 Level 2 Intermediate Level Schedules, control documents designed to control scope at unit, area, department, contract or discipline level 工程计划296 Level 3 Detailed Schedules, control documents designed to control and report the status of individual deliverables, e.g. documents, requisitions etc. 工程计划397 LLDPE Linear Low Density Polyethylene 线性低密度聚乙烯98 LOI Letter of Intent 意向书99 LP Low Pressure 低气压100 LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas 液化石油气101 LS Lump Sum 固定总价102 LS Low sulfur 低硫103 LSD Low sulfur diesel 低硫柴油104 LSFO Low sulfur fuel oil 低硫燃料油105 LSR Light straight run 轻直馏油106 LSTK Lump Sum Turn Key （一揽子价格）总承包107 LSWR Low sulfur waxy residue 低硫含蜡渣油108 LTFT Low-temperature flow test 低温流动性实验109 LTRS Low-temperature recovery system 低温回收系统110 LV Low Voltage 低（电）压111 LVGO Light vacuum gas oil 轻减压瓦斯油112 LVI Low viscosity index 低粘度指数113 LVN Light virgin naphtha 直馏轻石脑油馏分114 MC Mechanical Completion 机械竣工115 MCR Micro carbon residue 微残炭116 MEG Mono Ethylene Glycol same as EG) 乙二醇117 MHC Mild hydrocracking 缓和加氢裂化118 MPA Multi Project (Purchasing) Agreement 大宗采购协议119 MFA Multi-Facility (Purchase) Agreement 大宗采购协议120 MON Motor octane number 马达法辛烷值121 MP Medium pressure 中压122 MPHC Moderate pressure hydrocracking 中压加氢裂化123 MR Material Requisition 请购单124 MRP Material Requisition (issued for Purchase) 请购单(用于购买)125 MRQ Material Requisition (issued for Quotation) 请购单(用于报价)126 MRR Material Receiving Report 材料验收单127 MTO Material Take-Off 材料表128 MV Medium Voltage 中（电）压129 MW Mega-Watt 兆瓦130 MW Molecular weight 分子量131 N/A Not applicable or Not Appropriate 不适用的132 N/A Not Available 无133 NEC National Electrical Code 国家电气规范134 NEMA National Electrical Manufacturers Association 国家电气制造商协会135 NFPA National Fire Protection Association 全国防火协会136 NGL Natural Gas Liquids 天然气液体137 NP Normal paraffin 正构烷烃138 NPSH Net positive suction head 净吸入头139 NR Non Reimbursable (costs) 非实报实销140 NTP Notice To Proceed 开工通知书141 NTS Not to Scale 不按比例142 OBL Outside Battery Limits ￡®same as OSBL 界区外143 OBS Organization Breakdown Structure 组织分解结构144 OSBL Outside Battery Limits (same as OBL) 界区外145 P3 Primavera Project Planner 工程计划经管146 PAC Polycyclic aromatic compound 稠环芳烃,多环芳烃147 PAG Project Automation Group 工程自动化团队148 PAF Personnel Authorization Form 职员批准表149 P&ID Process and instrumentation Diagram 工艺仪表流程图150 PID Proportional, Integral and Differential 比例、积分加微分（控制）151 PC Personal Computer 个人电脑152 PDA Propane deasphalting 丙烷脱沥青153 PDAO Propane deasphalted oil 丙烷脱沥青油154 PDU Propane deasphalting unit 丙烷脱沥青装置155 PE Project Engineer 工程工程师156 PE Polyethylene 聚乙烯157 PEM Project Engineering Manager 工程设计经理158 PET Project Execution Team 工程执行组159 PFD Process Flow Diagram 工艺流程图160 PFE Project Field Engineer 工程现场工程师161 PFPM Project Field Procurement Manager 工程现场采购经理162 PEFS Process Engineering Flow Scheme (same as P&ID) 工艺设计流程图163 PFS Process Flow Scheme (same as PFD-Process Flow Diagram) 工艺流程图164 P/L Packing List 装箱单165 PM Project Manager 工程经理166 PMC Project Management Contractor 工程经管承包商167 PMM Project Material Manager 工程材料经理168 PNA Polynuclear aromatics 稠环芳烃,多环芳烃169 PNA Paraffin, Naphthene, Aromatic 烷烃、环烷烃、芳烃170 PO Procurement Order 采购订单171 POX Partial Oxidation 部分氧化造气172 PP Polypropylene 聚丙烯173 PPM Project Procurement Manager 工程采购经理174 PQP Project Quality Plan 工程质量计划175 PQAM Project Quality Assurance Manager 工程质量保证经理176 PQCM Project Quality Control Manager 工程质量控制经理177 PR Procedure 程序178 PRC People Republic of China 中华人民共和国179 PRS Power recovery system 能量回收系统180 PSA Pressure swing adsorption 变压吸附181 PSM Project Site Manager 工程现场经理182 PVC Poly Vinyl Chloride 聚氯乙烯183 PW Paraffin wax 石蜡184 QA Quality Assurance 质量保证185 QC Quality Control 质量控制186 QM Quality Management 质量经管187 RDS Resid desulfurization 渣油(加氢)脱硫188 RFCC Resid FCC 渣油催化裂化189 RFG Reformulated gasoline 新配方汽油190 RHC Resid hydroconversion 渣油加氢转化191 RHDS Residue hydrodesulfurization 渣油加氢脱硫192 RIS Refinery information system 炼油厂信息系统193 RMP Risk management plan 风险经管计划194 RON Research octane number 研究法辛烷值195 RONC Research octane number clear 不加铅研究法辛烷值196 ROSE Resid oil supercritical extraction 渣油超临界抽提197 SCO Synthetic crude oil 合成原油198 SDW Solvent dewaxing 溶剂脱蜡199 SIGF Site Integration & General Facility 全场一体化和一般设施200 RFSU Ready for Start Up 待开车201 S/C Subcontractor 分包商202 SM Styrene Monomer 苯乙烯单体203 SOR Start of run 运转初期204 SR Semi-regenerative 半再生的205 SR Straight run 直馏206 SRU Sulfur recovery unit 硫磺回收装置207 SS Stainless Steel 不锈钢208 SSOT Single stage once through 一段一次通过加氢裂化209 STG Steam Turbine Generator 蒸汽发电机210 TAN Total acid number 总酸值211 TBD To be Determined 待定212 TBN Total base number 总碱值213 TBS Technical Bid Summary 技术标概要214 T&C'S Terms and Conditions (e.g. of purchase) 术语和条件(用于采购) 215 TCD Target Completion Date 目标完成日期216 TGCU Tail gas cleanup unit 尾气净化装置217 TGTU Tail gas treating unit 尾气处理装置218 TIC Total Installed Cost 总体安装费用219 T&L Traffic and Logistics 交通与后勤经管220 TS Technical Specialist 技术专家221 TSA Technical Services Agreement 技术服务协议222 TF Tank Farm 罐区223 UFD Utility Flow Diagram 公用工程流程图224 ULSD Ultra low sulfur diesel 超低硫柴油225 UK United Kingdom 英国226 UR Unit Rate 单价227 USA United States of America 美利坚合众国228 VDU Vacuum distillation unit 减压蒸馏装置229 VE Value Engineering 价值工程230 VGO Vacuum gas oil 减压瓦斯油231 VI Viscosity index 粘度指数232 VL Vendor List 制造厂表233 VP Vendor Print 厂商资料234 VPMS Vendor Print Management System 厂商资料经管系统235 VPTL Vendor Print Transmittal Letter 厂商资料传送236 VR Vacuum residue 减压渣油237 VRDS Vacuum residue desulfurization 减压渣油加氢脱硫238 VTB Vacuum tower bottoms 减压渣油239 WAN Wide Area Network 广域网240 WHSV Weight hourly space velocity 重时空速241 WPC World Petroleum Congress 世界石油大会242 WT Weight 重量243 WWTS Wastewater treatment system 污水处理系统244 VCM/PVC Vinyl Chloride 氯乙烯/聚氯乙烯245 VIP Value Improvement Practices 价值工程实践246 WBS Work Breakdown Structure 工作分解结构247 XHVI Extra high viscosity index 超高粘度指数。

设计法规与标准1 知识产权Intellectual Property2 著作权Copyright3 工业产权Industrial Property4 专利Patent5 发明专利Patent for Invention6 实用新型Utility Modle7 外观设计专利Registation of Design8 注册商标Registered Trade Mark9 广告法Advertising Law10 反不正当竞争Repression of Untair Competition11 设计费Design Fee12 标准Standard13 德国工业标准Deutsche Industrie Normen设计团体与部分人物1 维也纳工厂Wiener Werksttate2 德意志制造联盟Der Deutsche Werkbund3 克兰布鲁克学院The Cranbrook Academy4 国际现代建筑会议Congres Internationaux D'Architecture Moderne5 现代艺术馆Museum Of Modern Art6 芝加哥设计学院Chicago Institute of Design7 英国工业设计委员会Council of Industrial Design8 设计委员会The Desgin Council9 国际建筑师协会Union Internationale des Architects10 设计研究组织Design Research Unit11 日本工业设计师协会Japan Industrial Desginers Association12 日本设计学会Japanese Society for Science of Design13 乌尔姆造型学院Ulm Hochschule fur Gestallung14 国际设计协会联合会International Council of Societies Industrial Desgin15 国际工业设计会议International Design Congress ,ICSID Congress16 国际设计师联盟Allied International Designers17 国际室内设计师联合会International Federation of Interior Designers18 国际图形设计协会International Graphic Desgin Associations19 国际流行色协会International Commission for color in fashion and Textiles20 工业产品设计中心The Centre de Creation Industrielle21 中国工业设计协会China Industrial Design Association22 阿尔齐米亚集团Alchymia Studio23 中国流行色协会China Fashion Color Association24 中国技术美学委员会China Technological Aesthetics Association25 莫里斯Willian Morris (1834-1896E)26 奥斯特瓦德Wilhelm Friedrich Ostwald(1853-1932G)27 孟赛尔Albert F.Munsell (1858-1918A)28 凡.德.维尔德Henry Vande Velde (1863-1957)29 莱特Lloyd Wright (1867-1959A)30 贝伦斯Peter Behrens(1868-1940G)31 霍夫曼Joseph Hoffmann(1870-1956)32 皮克Frank Pick(1878-1941)33 维斯宁兄弟Alexander Leonid and Victor Vesnin34 格罗皮乌斯Walter Gropius(1883-1969)35 蒂格Walter Dorwin Teague36 利奇Bernard Leach37 勒.柯不西埃Le Corbusier(法)38 伊顿Johennes Itten39 里特维尔德Gerrit Thomas Rietvela40 庞蒂Gio Ponti41 拉塞尔Gordon Russel42 格迪斯Norman Bel Geddes43 洛伊Raymond Fermam44 里德Herbert Read45 莫荷利.纳吉Laszlo Moholy Nagy46 凡.多伦Harold Van Doren47 阿尔托Alvar Aalto48 拜耶Herbert Bayer49 卡桑德拉50 佩夫斯纳Nikolans51 布劳耶尔Marcel Breuer52 佩里安Charlotte Perriand53 德雷夫斯Henry Dreyfuss54 迪奥Christian Dior55 鲍登Edward Bawden56 贾戈萨Dante Giacosa57 伊姆斯Charles Eames1 维也纳工厂Wiener Werksttate2 德意志制造联盟Der Deutsche Werkbund3 克兰布鲁克学院The Cranbrook Academy4 国际现代建筑会议Congres Internationaux D'Architecture Moderne5 现代艺术馆Museum Of Modern Art6 芝加哥设计学院Chicago Institute of Design7 英国工业设计委员会Council of Industrial Design8 设计委员会The Desgin Council9 国际建筑师协会Union Internationale des Architects10 设计研究组织Design Research Unit11 日本工业设计师协会Japan Industrial Desginers Association12 日本设计学会Japanese Society for Science of Design13 乌尔姆造型学院Ulm Hochschule fur Gestallung14 国际设计协会联合会International Council of Societies Industrial Desgin15 国际工业设计会议International Design Congress ,ICSID Congress16 国际设计师联盟Allied International Designers17 国际室内设计师联合会International Federation of Interior Designers18 国际图形设计协会International Graphic Desgin Associations19 国际流行色协会International Commission for color in fashion and Textiles20 工业产品设计中心The Centre de Creation Industrielle21 中国工业设计协会China Industrial Design Association22 阿尔齐米亚集团Alchymia Studio23 中国流行色协会China Fashion Color Association24 中国技术美学委员会China Technological Aesthetics Association25 莫里斯Willian Morris (1834-1896E)26 奥斯特瓦德Wilhelm Friedrich Ostwald(1853-1932G)27 孟赛尔Albert F.Munsell (1858-1918A)28 凡.德.维尔德Henry Vande Velde (1863-1957)29 莱特Lloyd Wright (1867-1959A)30 贝伦斯Peter Behrens(1868-1940G)31 霍夫曼Joseph Hoffmann(1870-1956)32 皮克Frank Pick(1878-1941)33 维斯宁兄弟Alexander Leonid and Victor Vesnin34 格罗皮乌斯Walter Gropius(1883-1969)35 蒂格Walter Dorwin Teague36 利奇Bernard Leach37 勒.柯不西埃Le Corbusier(法)38 伊顿Johennes Itten39 里特维尔德Gerrit Thomas Rietvela40 庞蒂Gio Ponti41 拉塞尔Gordon Russel42 格迪斯Norman Bel Geddes43 洛伊Raymond Fermam44 里德Herbert Read45 莫荷利.纳吉Laszlo Moholy Nagy46 凡.多伦Harold Van Doren47 阿尔托Alvar Aalto48 拜耶Herbert Bayer49 卡桑德拉50 佩夫斯纳Nikolans51 布劳耶尔Marcel Breuer52 佩里安Charlotte Perriand53 德雷夫斯Henry Dreyfuss54 迪奥Christian Dior55 鲍登Edward Bawden56 贾戈萨Dante Giacosa57 伊姆斯Charles Eames58 伊娃齐塞尔Eva Zeiesl59 比尔MaxBill设计思潮与流派1 学院派Academicism2 理性主义Rationalism3 非理性主义Irrationalism4 古典主义Classicism5 浪漫主义Romanticism6 现实主义Realism7 印象主义Impressionism8 后印象主义Postimpressionism9 新印象主义Neo-Impressionism(法）10 那比派The Nabject11 表现主义Expressionism12 象征主义Symbolism13 野兽主义Fauvism14 立体主义Cubism15 未来主义Futurism16 奥弗斯主义Orphism17 达达主义Dadaisme(法)18 超现实主义Surrealism19 纯粹主义Purism20 抽象艺术Abstract Art21 绝对主义，至上主义Suprematism22 新造型主义Neo-plasticisme(法)23 风格派De Stiji24 青骑士Der Blaus Reiter25 抒情抽象主义Lyric Abstractionism26 抽象表现主义Abstract Expressionism27 行动绘画Action Painting28 塔希主义Tachisme(法)29 视幻艺术Op Art30 活动艺术、机动艺术Kinetic Art31 极少主义Minimalism32 概念主义Conceptualism33 波普艺术Pop Art34 芬克艺术、恐怖艺术Funk Art35 超级写实主义Super Realism36 人体艺术Body Art37 芝加哥学派Chicago School38 艺术与手工艺运动The Arts & Crafts Movement39 新艺术运动Art Nouveau40 分离派Secession41 构成主义Constructivism42 现代主义Modernism43 包豪斯Bauhaus44 阿姆斯特丹学派Amsterdam School45 功能主义Functionalism46 装饰艺术风格Art Deco(法)47 国际风格International Style48 流线型风格Streamlined Forms49 雅典宪章Athens Charter50 马丘比丘宪章Charter of Machupicchu51 斯堪的纳维亚风格Scandinavia Style52 新巴洛克风格New Baroque53 后现代主义Postmodernism54 曼菲斯Memphis55 高技风格High Tech56 解构主义Deconstructivism57 手工艺复兴Crafts Revival58 准高技风格Trans High Tech59 建筑风格Architecture60 微建筑风格Micro-Architecture61 微电子风格Micro-Electronics62 晚期现代主义Late Moddernism设计生产经营与评价1 工业工程学Industrial Engineering2 工业心理学Industrial Psychology3 科学管理法Scientific Management4 生产管理Production Control5 质量管理Quality Control6 系统工程System Engineering7 批量生产Mass Production8 流水作业Conveyer System9 互换式生产方式Interchangeable Production Method10 标准化Standardization11 自动化Automation12 市场调查Market Research13 商品化计划Merchandising14 产品开发Product Development15 产品改型Model Change16 产品测试Product Testing17 产品成本Product Cost18 营销学Marketing19 买方市场Buyer's Market20 卖方市场Seller's Marker21 促销Sales Promotion22 适销Marketability23 消费者Consumer24 购买动机调查Motivation Research25 深层面接法Depth Interview26 销售热点Selling Point27 卡通测试法Cartoon Test1 工业工程学Industrial Engineering2 工业心理学Industrial Psychology3 科学管理法Scientific Management4 生产管理Production Control5 质量管理Quality Control6 系统工程System Engineering7 批量生产Mass Production8 流水作业Conveyer System9 互换式生产方式Interchangeable Production Method10 标准化Standardization11 自动化Automation12 市场调查Market Research13 商品化计划Merchandising14 产品开发Product Development15 产品改型Model Change16 产品测试Product Testing17 产品成本Product Cost18 营销学Marketing19 买方市场Buyer's Market20 卖方市场Seller's Marker21 促销Sales Promotion22 适销Marketability23 消费者Consumer24 购买动机调查Motivation Research25 深层面接法Depth Interview26 销售热点Selling Point27 卡通测试法Cartoon Test28 产品形象Product Image29 形象策略Image Strategy30 公共关系Public Relations31 运筹学Operations Research32 设计策略Design Policy33 艺术总监Art Director设计美学与设计实验1 美Beauty2 现实美Acture Beauty3 自然美Natural Beauty4 社会美Social Beauty5 艺术美Artistic Beauty6 内容与形式Content and Form7 形式美Formal Beauty8 形式原理Principles and Form9 技术美Beauty of Technology10 机械美Beauty of Machine11 功能美Functional Beauty12 材料美Beauty of Material13 美学Aesthetics14 技术美学Technology Aesthetics15 设计美学Design Aesthetics16 生产美学Production Aesthetics17 商品美学Commodity Aedthetics18 艺术Art19 造型艺术Plastic Arts20 表演艺术Performance Art21 语言艺术Linguistic Art22 综合艺术Synthetic Arts23 实用艺术Practical Art24 时间艺术Time Art25 空间艺术Spatial Art26 时空艺术Time and Spatial Art27 一维艺术One Dimentional28 二维艺术two Dimentional29 三维艺术Three Dimentional30 四维艺术Four Dimentional31 舞台艺术Stagecraft32 影视艺术Arts of Movie and Television33 环境艺术Environmental Art34 美术Fine Arts35 戏剧Drama36 文学Literature37 意匠Idea38 图案Pattern39 构思Conception40 构图Composition41 造型Formation42 再现Representation43 表现Expression44 构成Composition45 平面构成Tow Dimentional Composition46 立体构成Three Dimentional Composition47 色彩构成Color Composition48 空间构成Composition of Space49 音响构成Composition and Sound50 多样与统一Unity of Multiplicity51 平衡Balance52 对称Symmetry53 调和、和声Harmony54 对比Contrast55 类似Similarity56 比例Proportion57 黄金分割Golden Section58 节奏Rhythm59 旋律Melody60 调子Tone61 变奏Variation62 纹样Pattern63 形态Form64 有机形态Organic Form65 抽象形态Abstract Form66 简化形态Simplified Form67 变形Deformation68 图学Graphics69 透视画法Perspective70 线透视Linear Perspective71 视点Eye on Picture Plane72 灭点Vanishing Point73 平行透视Parallel Perspective74 成角透视Angular Perspective75 斜透视Oblige Perspective76 单点透视Single Paint Perspective77 两点透视Tow-Point Perspective78 三点透视Three-Point Perspective79 鸟瞰图Bird's Eye View80 平面视图Ground Plain81 轴侧投影Axonometric Projection82 设计素描Design Sketch83 预想图Rendering84 模型Model85 粘土模型Clay Model86 石膏模型Plaster Model87 木制模型Wooden Model88 缩尺模型Scale Model89 原大模型Mock Up90 仿真模型Finished Model91 制造原形Prototype92 计算机图形学Computer Graphics93 框架模型Frame Model94 实体模型Solid Model95 计算机辅助设计COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN96 计算机辅助制造Computer Aided Manufacture97 计算机三维动画Computer Three Dimentional Animation98 计算机艺术Computer Arts99 计算机书法Computer Calligraphy100 计算机图象处理Computer Image Processing101 计算机音响构成Computer Sound Composition。

Abstract:Engineering project management is a critical field that involves the application of project management principles, tools, and techniques to the planning, execution, and control of engineering projects. This abstract provides an overview of the key concepts, methodologies, and challenges in engineering project management. The purpose of this abstract is to highlight the importance of effective project management in engineering projects and to provide insights into the various aspects of the field.I. IntroductionEngineering projects are complex endeavors that require a coordinated effort from multiple stakeholders, including engineers, designers, contractors, suppliers, and clients. Effective project management is essential to ensure that these projects are completed on time, within budget, and meet the required quality standards. This abstract aims to provide a comprehensive overview of engineering project management, covering its key concepts, methodologies, and challenges.II. Key Concepts in Engineering Project ManagementA. Project ManagementProject management is the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet the project requirements. It involves planning, executing, and controlling project activities to ensure that the project is completed on time, within budget, and meets the required quality standards.B. Engineering ProjectsEngineering projects are unique, complex, and interdisciplinary in nature. They involve the application of scientific and engineering principles to design, build, and operate infrastructure, systems, and products. Examples of engineering projects include the construction of buildings, roads, bridges, and power plants.C. Project LifecycleThe project lifecycle consists of several phases, including initiation, planning, execution, monitoring and controlling, and closing. Each phase has specific objectives and deliverables that contribute to the successful completion of the project.III. Methodologies in Engineering Project ManagementA. Project PlanningProject planning is the process of defining the project scope, objectives, deliverables, and the resources required to complete the project. It involves identifying the project stakeholders, defining the project requirements, and developing a project schedule and budget.B. Project ExecutionProject execution is the process of implementing the project plan and delivering the project outputs. It involves coordinating the activities of the project team, managing risks, and ensuring that the project is progressing according to the plan.C. Project Monitoring and ControllingProject monitoring and controlling is the process of tracking theproject's progress and performance against the project plan and making necessary adjustments to ensure that the project is completed on time, within budget, and meets the required quality standards.D. Project ClosingProject closing is the process of formally completing the project and documenting its outcomes. It involves reviewing the project's performance, celebrating the successes, and learning from the failures.IV. Challenges in Engineering Project ManagementA. Scope CreepScope creep refers to the uncontrolled expansion of a project's scope beyond its original objectives. It can lead to delays, cost overruns, and quality issues. Effective project management practices, such asscope management and change control, can help mitigate the risks associated with scope creep.B. CommunicationCommunication is a critical aspect of project management. In engineering projects, stakeholders come from diverse backgrounds and may have different expectations and requirements. Effective communication can help ensure that all stakeholders are aligned and that the project objectives are achieved.C. Risk ManagementEngineering projects are often subject to various risks, including technical, financial, and environmental risks. Effective risk management involves identifying, assessing, and mitigating these risks to minimize their impact on the project.D. Resource ManagementResource management is the process of planning, acquiring, and managing the resources required to complete the project. This includes human resources, materials, equipment, and finances. Effective resource management can help ensure that the project is completed on time and within budget.V. ConclusionEngineering project management is a critical field that requires a comprehensive understanding of project management principles, methodologies, and tools. Effective project management can help ensure that engineering projects are completed on time, within budget, and meet the required quality standards. This abstract has provided an overview of the key concepts, methodologies, and challenges in engineeringproject management, highlighting the importance of effective project management in achieving project success.Keywords: engineering project management, project lifecycle, project planning, project execution, project monitoring and controlling, projectclosing, scope creep, communication, risk management, resource management.。

Engineering Design - ED1 Proposal GuidelinesThis section provides a structural template for an engineering proposal. Note that a proposal includes both front matter (cover sheet, letter of transmittal, title page, summary/abstract, table of contents, list of figures, and list of tables) and the main body of the proposal. The first three parts of the main body (introduction, scope of work, and plan of implementation) demand the most writing effort.Note that each section of the proposal has a specific purpose. All team members should understand the purpose of each section and put material in the right section. Make sure that the readers can tell a section’s purpose from cues in the writing.The text itself should read like an argument with an easy-to-follow structure complete with transitions, a clearly stated point for each paragraph, and appropriate details supporting each point. Headings and subheadings are there only for the reader's quick visual orientation. The document should read smoothly and clearly with all the heads removed. Try to imagine writing the proposal without any headings whatsoever so that you are forced to include sufficient transitions. Then add the headings back in.All figures and tables must be clearly referenced in the text and explained in detail. Imagine each figure projected on a screen during an oral presentation. Typically you would talk your listeners through the figure using a pointer. The text of your proposal should do the same thing. Figures and tables are not self-explanatory. You must tell your readers what you want them to see or understand.The following template is based upon typical proposals in technical fields. The template describes a generic proposal; the peculiarities of an individual problem may require modifications. The important consideration is to keep your reader on track.Outline of Contents for the ProposalYour proposal should contain the following parts or sections:CoverLetter of TransmittalTitle PageSummary or AbstractTable of ContentsList of FiguresList of TablesI. INTRODUCTIONA. BackgroundB. Statement of the ProblemII. SCOPE OF WORKA. OverviewB. Literature ReviewC. Alternative SolutionsD. EvaluationE. DecisionIII. PLAN OF IMPLEMENTATIONA. ResearchB. DesignD. TestingE. DocumentationIV. REFERENCESV. FACILITIESCHARTVI. PERSONNEL/ORGANIZATIONVII. SCHEDULEVIII. BUDGETAppendicesExplanation of Each Section of the ProposalThis section explains the purpose and contents of each section of the proposal.CoverLetter of TransmittalThe proposal is introduced to the client through a “letter of transmittal”—a brief one-page business letter addressed to the liaison or course coordinator at the sponsoring company or institution. The letter explains that the requested proposal is attached. Summarize your proposal briefly and highlight what you see as its major selling points. This letter constitutes your reader’s first impression of your team—its professionalism, thoroughness, and writing ability. Make the letter graceful, respectful, and professionally cordial; use the letter to sell your design approach and your team’s abilities. The letter of transmittal is often the last part of the document you write, but save plenty of time to write a good one. Title PageThe title page for your proposal should contain the title of proposed project, followed by ‘A Proposal Submitted by’, your names and affiliations, and date, all of which should be centered in the page. Summary or AbstractA summary or abstract typically accompanies proposals that are reviewed at several levels in the sponsor organization. A busy executive may not have time to read the total proposal. A summary, therefore, is a brief condensation of the proposal identifying the project problem, describing the proposed solution, and indicating that the design approach meets all specifications and criteria.Table of Contents, List of Figures, List of TablesAny proposal of more than five pages should have a Table of Contents. The Table of Contents should include all the main headings in the proposal, showing page numbers. Teams should make sure that headings in the Table of Contents are worded exactly as they are worded in the proposal itself. Following the Table of Contents is a List of Figures and a List of Tables (the figures and tables themselves are embedded in the text). Include only necessary figures and tables that contribute to the reader’s rapid comprehension of material. Several figures common to most proposals would be an organization chart and a project schedule. Proposals that evaluate various alternative solutions would include a decision matrix.INTRODUCTIONThe Introduction is the first section in the main body of the paper. As such, it is headed with a First Level Heading (e.g., I. INTRODUCTION).At the very start of the Introduction, provide an overview of the whole proposal in one or two sentences. It is suggested to use the following boilerplate:This proposal responds to an RFP from [sponsoring company] [include date, if known, or title of RFP]. The [sponsoring company] seeks a solution to the [describe the problem to be addressed]. The [sponsoring company] requests [describe the main deliverables the sponsor expects.]The Introduction includes a Statement of the Problem along with necessary background information. Describing the problem to be solved is important in both solicited and unsolicited proposals, even though the writer knows that the recipients understand their own problem. In solicited proposals, the problem statement shows that the writer, too, understands the problem and has the readers’ concerns in mind when setting forth a solution. In unsolicited proposals the writer often needs to convince the reader that the problem exists. In some proposals the background information and statement of the problem have their own subheads. In other proposals, the background information is woven smoothly into the statement of the problem.BackgroundTo provide a context for the reader, the writer often needs to supply background information about the company and the history of the problem to be solved. Organizationally this section is headed with a Second Level Heading, e.g., A. Background (Continue to follow these style guidelines for the remainder of your proposal.)In the background section the conditions leading up to the problem are described, indicating why the problem is now being considered and why it is important to the company. If previous attempts at solution have been made, they are described along with their results and shortcomings. A brief review of the literature is sometimes given at this point. Often a better place to put literature review is in the Scope of Work section as an introduction to Alternative Solutions. What the writer needs to show is an understanding of the total context of the problem and an awareness of previous work in the area. Statement of the ProblemThe team spends a paragraph to several pages defining the problem, its significance, its ramifications, and its relation to larger problems or issues. In this section the team must also identify the specifications, criteria, and constraints described by the sponsor in the RFP. By the end of the introduction the reader knows what the problem is, why it is important to the sponsor, why it is problematic technically, and what specifications and criteria a suitable solution must meet.SCOPE OF WORKThis section summarizes what the project team actually proposes to do. Usually the Scope of Work involves several stages with different goals for each stage and ends in some kind of final product. This section differs from the Plan of Implementation in that the Plan of Implementation section focuses more on the “how we will do it” rather than “what will we do.”OverviewThe Overview section of the Scope of Work should summarize what the team will do for the project and specify deliverables. Often work will be divided into several stages such as a research stage, a design stage, a construction stage, and a final testing/calibration stage. These stages should be specified and described briefly in the Overview section to provide a clear statement of all the work to be done. You will need to work cooperatively with your faculty project advisor and sponsor liaison, who must approve your design plan.Literature ReviewTo keep from re-inventing the wheel and to be professionally aware of the state-of-the-art on any design question, effective engineers and computer scientists search and review the available literature before tackling a design problem. What has been published in the professional literature that has bearing on your design problem? In this section, briefly review the relevant literature by summarizing findings that may advance your project. An alternative approach is to work references to the literature into the body of your proposal where they are most relevant.Alternative SolutionsIn this section, you explain different approaches your team could take toward solving the client’s problem. Devote one subsection of “Alternative Solutions” to each possible design approach. First describe the approach. Then analyze its strengths and weaknesses in terms of technical and economic feasibility.In some cases, depending on the nature of the project and the needs and specifications of the sponsor, a detailed section on alternative solutions is not necessary. Of course, all designs require some consideration of alternative solutions, such as selection of types of materials. You will also need to leave yourself open to modifying your design if subsequent work reveals new problems or better solutions.This section presents numerous organizational difficulties that the writers need to solve. Typically your team would describe two or more alternative solutions and to compare and contrast their respective strengths and weaknesses. Good transitions, topic sentences, and mapping statements are crucial. Often the strengths and weaknesses of each approach are displayed in bulleted lists. Good technical writing demands that all listed items are grammatically parallel.EvaluationIn this section you describe the criteria you used to evaluate the design approaches and justify the weights you give to each. Discuss external constraints including economic, environmental, sustainability (e.g., long term availability of parts, equipment, or staff to continue the processes), manufacturability, ethical, health and safety, social, and political constraints. Often this section will refer to a decision-matrix figure that displays each of your criteria, assigns relative weights to them, and scores each alternative against each criterion in turn. This section talks your reader through the decision matrix.DecisionIn this section you show how the evaluation process identifies the strongest alternative solution. Your team’s decision governs the rest of your project because it determines the design approach you will pursue from here on out. Convincing your client that this approach is superior to alternatives is crucial to your proposal argument.PLAN OF IMPLEMENTATIONBecause this section explains how the work is to be accomplished, it is crucial for “selling” your proposal to a prospective client. The reader wants to know that the methods used will, in fact, produce the results promised. Because a project is often a single and non-repetitive enterprise, its achievement must be based on careful planning within a time limit and a cost budget. If the Scope of Work section explains what your team promises to do, the Plan of Implementation section convinces your reader that your team can in fact do it.A Plan of Implementation describes how you will accomplish your objectives in the face of problems that may be encountered on the way. Success depends largely on carrying out the constituent tasks in a sensible sequence and deploying resources to best advantage.In preparing a Plan of Implementation, the project team should break the project into as many definable tasks as possible. Planning is crucial because it will affect both the budget and schedule. Both are based largely on the estimated time to complete each of the tasks.When clients compare competing proposals with similar costs, they often choose the one offering the most comprehensive and convincing Plan of Implementation. For these reasons, the methods used to solve the problem or do the job are always given in detail. When the methods are unusually innovative, they are described step-by-step, with reasons for each step included in sufficient detail to convince the reader that they will work.In short, this section explains how you will accomplish the tasks described in the Scope of Work. How do you propose to divide up and sequence the work? Who will do what when?FACILITIESOften a section describing the facilities to be used follows and amplifies the Plan of Implementation. You can’t promise work in sterile conditions, for instance, if the proper laboratories are not available. Equipment to be used is frequently described in this section, although sometimes it is listed separately. Equipment might range from special computer capabilities to normal laboratory equipment, but it must clearly be capable of doing the job. In major proposals, one further reason for this section is that it explains what the client will be getting for the overhead charges, which often range from 50 to 100 percent above the cost of actually doing the work.PERSONNEL/ORGANIZATION CHARTThe people who will be doing the work, or at least the major discipline leaders, are shown in the Personnel section. A diagram is used in most cases to show the major groupings of tasks and the group leader for each group of tasks. The diagram shows both the organizational structure of the team and the relationship of the team to the sponsor organization, the sponsor liaison or project manager, and the faculty advisor. It is typical in this section to make brief comments about the special capabilities of each group leader and to amplify these comments in the appendix with a fully developed one or two-page resume of all persons shown in the organization chart.SCHEDULEThis section places all of the tasks which were developed through planning the project from beginning to end into a time flow diagram. This diagram can be as simple as a Gantt chart, or more complex in the form of a CPM (Critical Path Method) schedule or a PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) schedule. The time flow diagram shows the dates on which various deliverables, representing ongoing phases of the project, are submitted to the sponsor. A discussion of the project management techniques in ensuring that the deliverable schedule can be met should be included in this section. The items noted in the schedule should repeat exactly the items discussed in Scope of Work and Plan of Implementation.BUDGETThe section on the costs of the proposed project is crucial. In a well-written proposal, the reader should be convinced that the expense is justified. Sometimes costs are detailed in a section separate from the proposal so that they will not influence other deliberations; sometimes they are presented first on a special budget sheet. In any case, all costs should be itemized under headings such as salaries, capital equipment, expendable equipment, miscellany, and overhead. Often only estimates are possible, but they obviously should be made with the greatest care. In industry, at least, expensive cost overruns are rarely tolerated.REFERENCESThis section cites any material which was utilized in providing information for the proposal. It could include technical journals, texts, newspaper articles, or other such sources of material.AppendicesAs in all written documents, Appendices should contain supplemental material that cannot easily and concisely be placed in the body of the document. In the case of proposals, Appendices would include the original statement of work, sometimes called the request for proposal (RFP), resumes, and information on the team and previous work that the team or company has done in areas similar to those covered by the proposal.。

2023年教师资格之中学英语学科知识与教学能力自我提分评估(附答案)单选题（共50题）1、There are________ syllables and________ phonemes in the word "determine".A.3; 8B.3; 7C.2; 6D.3; 6【答案】 D2、请阅读Passage l。

完成第小题。

A.It may highlight the purpose of literature teachingB.It may expose students to the dark side of the worldC.It may deprive students of their intellectual growthD.It may cause students to experience a post-traumatic-stress disorder【答案】 D3、Which of the following has the proper word stress?A.magniFicentB.magNificentC.magnifiCentD.Magnificent【答案】 B4、Every student as well as teachers who __________to visit the museumasked to be at the school gate on time.A.is; isB.are; areC.is; areD.are; is【答案】 D5、Passage 1A.revealed a cunning personalityB.centered on trivial issuesC.was hardly convincingD.was part of a conspiracy【答案】 C6、When American-born actor Michael Pena was a year old, his parents were deported. They had illegally walked across the U.S. border from Mexico and when they were caught by immigration authorities, they sent Pena and his brother to stay with relatives in the U.S. “It was quite a bit of a gamble for my parents,” says Pena, “but they came back a year later.” Pena?s father, who had been a farmer in Mexico, got a job at a button factory in Chicago and, eventually, a green card. Pena stayed in Chicago until, at 19, he fled to Los Angeles to pursue his acting dreams. This family history makes Pena?s latestrole especially personal. In Cesar Chavez, Pena plays the labor leader as he struggles to organize immigrant California farm workers in the 1960s. To pressure growers to improve working conditions and wages, Chavez led a national boycott of table grapes that lasted from1965 to 1970 and is recorded in the film. Chavez, like Pena, was the American-born son of Mexican farmers who immigrated to the U.S. “A.To report on immigration policy debatesB.To stir immigration debates with a biopicC.To make known the achievements of Michael PenaD.To highlight the seeds of change within the masses involved【答案】 B7、 The words "make" and "chair" are called __________ because they can occur unattached.A.derivational affixB.bound morphemesC.free morphemesD.inflectional affix【答案】 C8、According to F．de Saussure，________refers to the abstract linguistic systems hared by all the members of a speech community．A.paroleB.performancenguenguage【答案】 C9、When the teacher asks students to read a text for the main idea, he/she intends to develop students' skill of_______.A.retellingB.predictingC.skimmingD.scanning【答案】 C10、请阅读短文。

科技英语中动名词的应用和翻译070520209 朱博摘要随着科技的进步和中国与世界的交流日趋密切，科技英语的翻译也显得越发重要。

科技英语在词法和句法等的运用上和普通英语不同，词法上主要表现在名词化结构的大量使用。

科技文章的任务是叙述事实和论证推断，因而科技文体要求行文简洁，表达客观，内容确切，信息量大，名词化结构正好符合科技文体的要求。

这其中，动名词的应用尤为突出，本文旨在总结归纳科技英语中动名词的应用和翻译技巧。

关键词科技英语动名词翻译AbstractAs the development of the science and technology and China communicates with the world more closely, the translation of EST is becoming more and more important. EST differs from common English in accidence and syntax. In accidence, it mainly shows in the phenomenon of nominalization. It is EST’s target to expound and demonstrate, so it necessary for an EST article to be brief, object, exact and abundant. Nominalization exactly has this function. Among these, gerunds used a lot, this article is to summarize the use and technique of translation of gerund in EST.KeywordScience and technology English gerund translation动名词是动词的非限定形式之一，在科技英语中有大量的应用。