英美国家概况表格

英国概况英格兰面积最大苏格兰，爱丁堡为首府威尔士，加的夫，Cardiff为首府北爱尔兰，贝尔法斯特Belfast为首府伦敦，UK首都，皇家法庭royal courts of justice 及圣保罗大教堂st paul’s cathedral在这里。

威斯敏斯特westminster，伦敦市的一个行政区，也叫西敏寺，这里有议会houses of parliament，包含大钟楼big ben，白厅whitehall即英国政府，白金汉宫buckingham palace即英国皇宫，还有st james’ hall 圣詹姆斯宫。

The great charter in 1215,1215年大宪章，亦称the great charter or Magna Charta,确保一些平民的政治权利与自由，保障教会不受国王的控制，改革了法律和司法，限制国王及王室官员的行为。

议会雏形，1265年，Simon de Montford 召集the Great Council在西敏寺开会，就是最早的议会，后来发展了House of Lords上议院，House of Commons下议院。

玫瑰战争和英国宗教改革：Richard 三世和Henry Tudor都铎（duduo）打了玫瑰战争，都铎胜利，终成五代都铎王朝。

亨利八世进行宗教改革，想切断英国教会与罗马教皇的关系，使英国教会独立起来。

宗教改革的真正进行是在亨利八世的儿子爱德华时期，新教是Protestant，即基督教，改革叫做“The Reformation”。

伊丽莎白一世时期，伊丽莎白为女王统治英国，她是基督教徒，大力推行新教，从此英国都是信奉新教。

文艺复兴运动The English Renaissance文艺复兴是中世纪到现代的过渡时期，从1350-1650，有300年，从意大利发起，达芬奇等人为代表。

在这段时期，罗马教会经历新教改革，人文主义兴起，海外探索（大航海时代？）。

亚洲国家概况面积-万平方千米 人口-万人
东亚：中国，日本，朝鲜，韩国，蒙古
东南亚：越南，柬埔寨，老挝，缅甸，新加坡，菲律宾，印尼，马来西亚，文莱，菲律宾，东帝汶
西亚：阿富汗，伊朗，土耳其，塞浦路斯，叙利亚，黎巴嫩，巴勒斯坦，约旦，以色列，伊拉克，科威特，沙特阿拉伯，也门，阿曼，阿拉伯联合酋长国，卡塔尔、巴林，格鲁吉亚，亚美尼亚，阿塞拜疆南亚：印度，孟加拉国，巴基斯坦，斯里兰卡，马尔代夫，尼泊尔，不丹
中亚：哈萨克斯坦，土库曼斯坦，吉尔吉斯斯坦，塔吉克斯坦，乌兹别克斯坦北亚：俄罗斯的亚洲部分，不算亚洲国家。

The united Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandContain 50 or more countriesCommonwealth of Nations (50) → European Union (28)EnglandLondon capital cultural, business, financial centerCeltics original peopleRoman Empire combine the small kingdoms into a united one called EnglandAnglo-SaxonViking and DanishNormanCharles the First’s attempt to overrule parliament civil warScotlandEdinburgh capitalGlassgow largestGaelicWalesCardiff capitalWelshNorthern Ireland “The Six Counties”Belfast capitalConflict ethnically distinct from the majority of British peopleGeographically North and South of IrelandReligiously Protestant and CatholicsMost Irish people remained Catholics, while most British people had become Protestant1921 the southern 26 counties formed an independent “free state”, while the 6 north- eastern counties remained a part of the UKJurisdiction : the Republic of Ireland Great Britainits own elected executive government of ten ministers GovernmentThe process of stated-building has been one of evolution rather than revolutionBoth a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchyQueen is the official head of stateGovernor- General fulfill the role of monarch in Australia, Canada, New ZealandIsrael and Britain are the only two counties without written constitutions of the sort with most countries haveMonarchyThe oldest institution of governmentThe “divine right of kings” authority from GodCivil war between republican “Roundheads” led by Oliver CromwellKing should not exercise absolute power→ symbolize the tradition and unity of the British stateQueen non-political1. Head of the executive2. An intergral part of the legislature3. Head of the judiciary4. Commander in chief of the armed forces and “supreme governor” of the Churchof EnglandParliamentFirst used officially in 1236 to describe the gathering of feudal barons and representatives from counties and towns1689 William of Orange the Bill of Rights→ Function : pass laws, vote for taxation, examine government, debate the major issues Consist of the Queen, the House of Lords, the House of Commons(sovereign) (The real center of British political life) The House the Lords : the Lords Spiritual & the Lords TemporalServe their countryDo not receive salaries and many do not attend Parliament at all The House of Commons : 646 Members of Parliament (MPs)Most belong to political parties : Labour, the Conservatives, the Liberal Democrats Election650 constituencies5 years general electionEconomy6th largest economyA member of the G7,G8,G-20, the World Trade OrganizationBy the 1880s the British economy was dominant in the worldDecline1. War debt2. The independence of colonies3. Substantial and expensive military presence4. Failure to invest sufficiently industryBritain has seen a relative shrinking of the importance of secondary industry and a spectacular growth in tertiary or service industriesLiteratureEducationVoluntary → compulsoryUK has only one privately funded university, the University of BuckinghamThe Open University offers a non-traditional route for people to take university level courses and receive a university degreeOxford the oldest university in UKSportsTennisWimbledon a London suburb world’s best players gather to competeInvented in BritainGolfInvented in ScottishHorse RacingThe true sport of British Kings (and Queens)HolidaysIreland7000 BC middle Stone Age period the earliest settlers arrived6th century BC Celts their language proved the most lastingAn instrument of social and cultural unity & a legal system5th century Christianity brought by Saint PatrickThe VikingsThe Normans1541 Henry Ⅷdeclared himself King of Ireland - the first English monarch1789 the French Revolution “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”1798 rebellion1870-1914 Home Rule by Isaac Butt1905-1908 Sinn Fein1916.4 the Easter Rising1919-1921 the War of IndependenceAnglo-Irish Treaty was signed , with the result that 26 counties gainedindependence as the new Irish Free StateEducationIrish education was undertaken by various religious orders, mostly Roman CatholicDominant religious beliefAll children in the Republic must learn the Irish languageThe University of Dublin, Trinity College, is the oldest university in the State which don’t need to learn IrishArt cultureriverdanceAustralia6th largest country in the worldThe largest island in the worldThe smallest, flattest and driest continent in the world50th most populous country in the worldSydney largest cityTasmania smallest stateNew South Welsh populous state James Cook named itWest Australia the largest stateAnimal: platypus, kangaroo,koala, wombatTwo most distinctive physical features: the Great Diving Range & The Great Barrier Reef“The Father of Australia” Lachlan Macquarie the Governor of NSWA member of the APEC, G20, OECD, WTO organizationThere is now a much higher proportion of settlers arriving from Asia although Anglo Australia migrants still predominateThe peoplesPeople of Dreaming“The Dreaming” or ”The Dreamtime” is the most enduring religion in Australia todayPeople who live on the continent have special responsibilities to the land - that the land owns people, creating and providing everythingThe Dreaming is the belief system from ancient times that has bound indigenous groups togetherTerra NulliusBritish who took over the country in the late 18th century, declaring it to be “terra nullius”Australia as a penal colonyThe impact of Colonisation1.Expropriation of land and the killing of the peoples2.Segregation and protection3.Assimilation destroy the culture of the Dreaming4.Citizenship and the fight against racismReligionChristianityThe Dreaming most enduringProtestantism most dominantBuddhism is now the fastest growing belief system in AustraliaIslam, Hinduism, JudaismSportThe principal games a form of football ARL, AFL, RU, soccerThe most popular game netballThe second most popular fishingOther games and sports cricket, hockey, basketball, beach volleyball, athletics, swimming The Formation of the Australian Political SystemWashminsterUSPolitical structure is based on a Federation of StatesHas a three-tier system of governmentThe House of Representatives (the Lower House) & the Senate (the Upper House)UKThe chief executive is a Prime MinisterTwo houses of parliamentHeaded by the Governor-GeneralThe members of parliament generally belong to one of the two major political parties:The Australia Labour Party (ALP) & the Coalitionthe Liberals & the NationalsServices1st TourismMost popular tourist features: the Great Barrier Reef, Ulura Kakadu and the keycity attractions and beaches of Sydney, the Gold Coast, and the othermetropolitan centers2nd Coal and iron ore3rd EducationNew ZealandAotearoa : another name, means “land of the long white cloud”The North Island and the South Island are separated by Cook StraitAuckland the largest urban areaMt. Cook the highest mountainIn colloquial English, a Kiwi, capitalized, means a New Zealander80% European ancestry 15% Maori 7% from the Pacific IslandsChristianity is the most common religionMaoritangaMeans “Maori culture”Maori : the original inhabitant of New Zealand are the largest non-European group, however, in recent years, Maori culture and perspectives have experienced a sort of renaissanceAlthough some Maori still live in their tribal areas, over 80% of the Maori population live in urban areasThe best known internationally of all Maori traditions is the hakaHistory1000 years ago voyagers from East Polynesia settled there1642 first European explorer Abel Tasman found it1840 over 500 chiefs signed the Treaty of WaitangiGovernmentGoverned by a democratically elected parliamentThe Head of State is the British monarch Queen Elizabeth II represented by a Governor-General The House of Representatives : the National Party & the Labour PartyThe Prime Minister chooses up to 20 MPs to form the CabinetEducationthe Correspondence School the largest schoolthe Open Polytechnic the biggest education providerEconomyAgricultureThe world’s largest farmA world leader in agriculture research and advisory servicesPastoral farming remains the main land useForestry & FishingConstitute new natural resource-based industries with exciting potential for furtherdevelopmentOverseas TradeNew Zealand lives by tradeAmericanTwo long-continuing immigration movements : Asia (Indians) & Europe and Africa1492 Columbus foundThe first new force was the development of capitalismThe second major force is the RenaissanceThe third influential force was the Religious ReformationThe first English permanent settlement was founded in 1607 in Virginia1619 two events 1. A start of election 2. A start of Negroes being brought to USPuritan New England was established in MassachusettsCatholic MarylandQuaker Pennsylvania1773 “Boston Tea Party”1774 the First Continental Congress met in Philadelphia1775 the first shot thus the American War of Independence beganJuly 4,1776 Declaration of Independenceproclaimed the independence of 13 North American colonies1781 the War of Independence came to an end1789 Washington began to set up the new federal government and frame his administration 1861 Civil War broke out1865 endedConstitutionSet up a federal system one in which power is shared between a central authority and itsconstituent parts, with some rights reserved to eachLegislative Branch the CongressThe only branch that can make federal laws, levy federal taxes, declare war orput foreign treaties into effectThe House of Representatives & the SenateThe main duty of the Congress is to make laws, including those which levytaxes that pay for the work of the federal governmentExecutive Branch the President four-year term only two termsCommander-in-chief of the armed forcesUnder the Constitution, the president is primarily responsible for foreignrelations with other nationsJudicial Branch the Supreme Court : a chief justice & eight associate justicesChecks and BalancesTwo major political parties Democratic Party donkeyRepublican Party elephantEconomyAmerican is always a mighty presence on Global 100After the birth of the nation, Americans lost no time in industrializing their new nation and in building trade with other countriesKey development the introduction of the factory systemThe “American system” of mass productionThe application of new technologiesThe emergency of new forms of business organizationThe construction of railroads marked the start of a new era for the United StatesService industries now dominate the economyThe Roots of AffluenceBountiful resources, the geographical size of the country and population treads have all contributed to these success. Religious, social and political traditions; the institutional structures of government and business; and the courage, hard work and determination of countless entrepreneurs and workers have also played a part.The 4th largest area and population in the worldAgriculture and its related industries serve as the foundation of American economic life, accounting for a larger portion of the United States’ GNP than other endeavorThe Current Recession1930s the Great DepressionIn late 2007 a crisis began in America and soon turned globalTriggered by a liquidity shortfallResult in the collapse of large financial institutions, the bailout of banks bynational governments, and downturns in stock markets around the world ReligionThe majority of Americans belong to the Protestant churchBaptists the largest Protestant groupMethodists the second largest Protestant groupRoman Catholics the largest single religious groupCharacter1.American with different religions live together under the same law2.The religious beliefs of Americans continue to be strong with social progress3.In the US every church is a completely independent organization, and concerned with its ownfinance and its own buildingLiteratureEducationEvery child in America is guaranteed up to 13 years of educationElementary School usually means grades kindergarten through 8Secondary School generally means grades 9-12 called “high school”Higher educationSuccessful applicants : high school recordsRecommendations from high school teachersImpression during interviewsScores on SATsFour categories : the universityThe collegeThe technical training institutionCommunity collegeHarvald University is the oldest in AmericaBoth public and private colleges depend on 3 sources of income:student tuition, endowments, government fundingSocial movementThe Civil Rights MovementThe spontaneous action of one woman, Rosa Parks, was the beginningThe strongest leadership Martin Luther KingThe Youth Movement resented traditional white male valuesAnti-War Movement against the war in VietnamThe Women’s MovementGroups : professional womenWhite housewives and mothers The Feminine MystiqueYoung activistsThe accident was a word in the Civil Rights Act add “sex” intoSocial problemRacial problems the Afro-Americans used to be the largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the US, but recent, they after the HispanicsDrug Abuse crime, automobile accidents, effects on individuals, economic lossesCrimeThe Abuse of PowerPovertyWay of Life310 million people 3rd largest populationMelting Pot & Salad Bowl & Mosaic & KaleidoscopeTechnologythe dreary, mindless, alienating way of workingNuclear energy is the most significant technologyScenic spotsThe Grand Canyon America’s most famous scenic wonderMt. Rushmore the Middle WestGeorge Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, Theodore Roosevelt Hawaii the only state that is not on the North American continentAlaska the largest state of the US by areaCanada10 provinces and 3 territoriesThe traditional northern economy hunting and trapping animals for food and peltsBritish Columbia (BC) has the most valuable forestry industry in CanadaQuebec the first colonists settled in the heartland of French CanadaOttawa the capital city located in OntarioToronto the center the largest city located in OntarioMontreal second largest city, located in the mainly French-speaking province of Quebec More than half of Canada’s population live in Ontario and QuebecHistoryFrench colonists first settled CanadaBritishEuropeans 17thBattles fought between Indian tribes and the French and British entrepreneurs in 18thCanada was born when 4 provinces joined togetherGovernmentTwo major foreign influences : its legacy as a former colony of BritainThe powerful influence exerted by its neighbor, the US Canada’s system of government was based on the British system of parliamentary democracy Monarchy both Queen and the Governor General occupy roles which are largely ceremonial The first political community to combine federalism with a British system of government Parliament : the House of Commons (a lower house) & The Senate (an upper house) Leader : Prime Minster4 major political parties : the Liberal Party, the Conservative, NDP, BQMosaicThe first Canadians used to be called “Indians”“the First Nations”first : they are the original inhabitants of the countryNations: there are many “nations”, or tribes, which have different languages,customs and beliefsNow make up about 3.8% of the Canadian population, and their numbers areincreasing due to high birthrates3 special groups of aboriginal peoples : the First Nations, the Inuit, the MetisThe Metis are different in appearance and economic developmentCanada’s aboriginal peoples were vital to the fur trade and thus played a huge role in Canada’s economic development, but they were treated very badly by their white Europeans who came to colonies Canada. While in recent years their situation had improved, and they have become more politically activeVancouver is the second largest Chinese community in North American, after San Francisco Economy3 main groups: natural resources, manufacturing, service industriesThe export of primary resources remains the backbone of the Canadian economy An exporter of Raw resources, an importer of manufactured goods, logging, oil industries10th economy。

英国（大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国）大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国（United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland），通称英国，又称联合王国（United Kingdom），本土位于欧洲大陆西北面的不列颠群岛，被北海、英吉利海峡、凯尔特海、爱尔兰海和大西洋包围。

英国是由大不列颠岛上的英格兰、威尔士和苏格兰以及爱尔兰岛东北部的北爱尔兰以及一系列附属岛屿共同组成的一个西欧岛国。

除本土之外，其还拥有十四个海外领地[1] ，总人口超过6400万，以英格兰人（盎格鲁-撒克逊人）为主体民族。

1688年的光荣革命确立英国君主立宪政体，英国是世界上第一个工业化国家，首先完成工业革命，国力迅速壮大。

18世纪至20世纪初期英国统治的领土跨越全球七大洲，是当时世界上最强大的国家，号称日不落帝国。

在两次世界大战中都取得了胜利，但国力严重受损。

到20世纪下半叶大英帝国解体，资本主义世界霸主的地位被美国取代。

不过，现在英国仍是一个在世界范围内有巨大影响力的大国[2] 。

英国是一个高度发达的资本主义国家。

欧洲四大经济体之一，其国民拥有较高的生活水平和良好的社会保障制度。

作为英联邦元首国、八国集团成员国、北约创始会员国、英国同时也是联合国安全理事会五大常任理事国之一。

特产苏格兰威士忌英国苏格兰威士忌历史悠久，苏格兰高地的特殊水质和极为严格的酿造工艺，使那里出产的威士忌被誉为“液体黄金”。

泰迪熊泰迪熊（TeddyBear）有着浑圆丰满的身材和泰迪熊四肢，蓬松温厚的安哥拉羊毛，简素的材料和绣线，憨厚的表情，以及百分之百的手工缝制和填塞作业。

在白宫的一次宴会上，有几只玩具熊被打扮成猎人、渔夫的模样陈列在桌上当作装饰品，罗斯福总统，对这批小熊着迷不已。

恰巧英国国王爱德华七世小名也叫泰迪，很快泰迪熊也成为英国家喻户晓的宠物泰迪熊。

如今的泰迪熊就像芭比娃娃一样，已经不再是一般玩具的概念了，更多的，它们被赋予了各种特殊的纪念意义，担负起了传承某种文化的作用。

英美国家概况第一章Land and People英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。

2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。

4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。

(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。

(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。