欧洲文化入门古代时期
- 格式:doc
- 大小:216.00 KB
- 文档页数:24
第4课欧洲文化的形成知识点一、古典希腊文化与罗马文化P21-22(一)希腊文化1、范围:古代希腊的中心区域在巴尔干半岛南部和爱琴海中的部分岛屿。
文化范围包括希腊半岛、小亚细亚半岛西岸和爱琴海中的许多小岛,起源于爱琴文明(BC2000-BC1200)。
2、时间:公元前5世纪至公元前4世纪上半叶被称作“古典时代”,这是古代希腊文化高度发展的时期。
3、原因:①政治:城邦制度和民主政治的鼎盛,公民阶层活跃;②经济:生产力进步,奴隶制经济发达;③自然地理环境④文化:海洋文明中形成的平等、独立、自由、开拓、探究的意识,吸纳其他地区的优秀文化成果。
⑤个人:先哲们勇于探索、善于思辨;各城邦执政者重视文化教育4、文化成就:(1)哲学:产生于希腊人对宇宙起源和人生意义等自然和社会问题的知识追求。
大约在BC7世纪,有人开始怀疑宗教对世界和人生的解释,他们提出了一种新的思考方式。
(2)特点:古希腊哲学家力图用理性的、科学的、逻辑缜密的思维方式认识世界和解释世界。
注重研究人与自然;哲学与自然科学紧密联系。
人文主义色彩浓厚,运用理性;有科学的萌芽。
(3)代表人物:苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德4)文学:①《荷马史诗》史诗中的诸神和英雄的故事成为后世西方文学创作的源泉。
②古希腊文学的最高成就就是雅典城邦时期的戏剧,悲剧与喜剧是这一时期戏剧的杰出代表。
③雕塑和建筑:《掷铁饼者》④史学:希罗多德的《历史》开创叙事体的撰史体裁;修昔底德著有《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》⑤文学:现代欧美国家的字母文字源自古希腊文和拉丁文。
如英文当中,有大约50%的词或出自古希腊文,或出自拉丁文古希腊文和拉丁文赋予欧美语言大量的词汇,深刻影响了欧美人的观念。
⑥古希腊的民主政治:雅典民主制(典型)⑦体育:奥林匹克发源地⑧神话:BC7C前,古希腊人认为自然界和人类都是神创造的,人的一切活动都是鬼使神差的结果。
宙斯是众神之王、人类之王,人们按神谕安排事情。
(二)古罗马文化1、范围:古罗马从公元前9世纪初在意大利半岛中部兴起。
欧洲文化史欧洲文化略分五个时期。
一、古典时期( the Classic Age, 1200 B.C~476 A.D)主要是古希腊文明(the Ancient Greek Civilization)及古罗马文明(the Ancient Roman Civilization)。
奉行的是异教徒的信仰和实践(Paganism)。
异教徒指非基督教徒,非犹太教徒,非伊斯兰教徒。
理念上鲜有束缚,实践中享受人生,个性突出,热情奔放,创造力旺盛,风格多姿多彩。
二、中世纪时期(the Middle Ages, 476~1453)主要是罗马天主教的教会文化(the Church Culture),强调人的原罪(the original sin),人性受到压抑(inhibited),文化上是一泓死水(cultural backwater)。
这一时期的主流是对古典时期的反动。
反主流的代表人物是但丁( Alighier,Dante,l265~1321),杰作是史诗《神曲》(Divine Comedy)。
三、文艺复兴时期(the Renaissance, 15~16C)古典主义的复兴,遵循的是人文主义(Humanism),这是对中世纪经院哲学(Scholasticism)的对抗(reaction)。
代表人物有:1. 米开朗琪罗(Michelangelo Buonarroti,1475~1564):代表作有梵蒂冈教皇(Pope,pontiff)专用西斯庭小教堂(The Sistine chapel)穹顶上的壁画《创世纪》,(Genesis)以及圣坛后的壁画《最后的审判》(The Last Judgment),雕塑《大卫》(David)等。
米氏又是建筑师、诗人。
2. 达芬奇(Leonardo da Vinci,1452~1519):代表作有《蒙娜丽莎》(Mona Lisa),《最后的晚餐》,(The last Supper)。
是画家,又是雕塑家、建筑师、音乐家、工程师,确是多才多艺(versatile)。
欧洲文化略分五个时期。
一、古典时期( the Classic Age,1200 B.C~476 A.D)主要是古希腊文明(the Ancient Greek Civilization)及古罗马文明(the Ancient Roman Civilization)。
奉行的是异教徒的信仰和实践(Paganism)。
异教徒指非基督教徒,非犹太教徒,非伊斯兰教徒。
理念上鲜有束缚,实践中享受人生,个性突出,热情奔放,创造力盛,风格多姿多彩。
二、中世纪时期(the Middle Ages,476~1453)主要是罗马天主教的教会文化(the Church Culture),强调人的原罪(the original sin),人性受到压抑(inhibited),文化上是一泓死水(cultural backwater)。
这一时期的主流是对古典时期的反动。
反主流的代表人物是但丁( Alighier,Dante,l265~1321),杰作是史诗《神曲》(Divine Comedy)。
三、文艺复兴时期(the Renaissance,15~16C)古典主义的复兴,遵循的是人文主义(Humanism),这是对中世纪经院哲学(Scholasticism)的对抗(reaction)。
代表人物有:1. 米开朗琪罗(Michelangelo Buonarroti,1475~1564):代表作有梵蒂冈教皇(Pope,pontiff)专用西斯庭小教堂(The Sistine chapel) 穹顶上的壁画《创世纪》,(Genesis)以及圣坛后的壁画《最后的审判》(The Last Judgment),雕塑《大卫》(David)等。
米氏又是建筑师、诗人。
2. 达芬奇(Leonardo da Vinci,1452~1519):代表作有《蒙娜丽莎》(Mona Lisa),《最后的晚餐》,(The last Supper)。
是画家,又是雕塑家、建筑师、音乐家、工程师,确是多才多艺(versatile)。
欧洲入门文化希腊文明分为几个时期,她形成于公元前800-500年,经历了古典时代(也就是公元前500到公元前336年)和希腊化时代(也就是公元前336年到公元前31年)。
希腊文明达到顶峰是公元前5世纪。
公元前146年,希腊被罗马攻克。
希腊文明也就被罗马文明所取代。
这段历史的重要大事有:1、公元前12世纪,随着特洛伊人的入侵,希腊堕入“黑暗时代”。
荷马史诗描述的正是希腊人与特洛伊人之间的战争(《以利亚特》和《奥得赛》)。
这里要注意的是,荷马史诗描述的时代并非荷马生活的时代。
荷马生活在公元前700年。
2、公元前6世纪,希腊世界开始有了全面改变,为后来的古典时代打开了通途。
其中两个重要的城邦国家是雅典和斯巴达。
雅典发展起一个完全不同类型的社会,公元前594年,梭伦成为雅典的首席执行官,他的贡献在于,在组织上为以后建立著名的雅典民主奠定了基础。
雅典之所以在当时拥有卓越的地位,是因为它在打败庞大的波斯帝国这场重大战争中起了最主要的作用。
历史之父希罗多德在他的历史书中进行了详尽的描述。
3、由于雅典的不断扩张引起了斯巴达的恐慌,因而在公元前431年爆发了伯罗奔尼撒战争。
战争最终以雅典的失败而告终。
修昔底得这位历史上最伟大的历史学家在其作品中,详尽描写了这一战争。
4、伯罗奔尼撒战争后,斯巴达专横跋扈,底比斯和雅典为求相互保护而结成新的联盟。
公元前371年,马其顿国王腓力二世打败了底比斯和雅典联军,他的闻名世界的儿子亚历山大大帝统治了希腊。
至此,古典时代结束,希腊化时代即将开始。
古典时代的希腊造就了一批哲学家和剧作家。
哲学家主要以苏格拉底、柏拉图和亚里士多德为代表。
苏格拉底提出自由辩论的重要性。
柏拉图的目标是要实现一个既能维持贵族特权,又可为贫苦阶级接受的社会,并构件了唯心主义的根基。
亚力士多德寻求自然界和人类社会各个方面的秩序。
剧作家有埃斯库罗斯、阿里斯托芬、索福克勒斯。
这一时期希腊也造就了像阿基米德和欧几里得这样的数学家,以及像希罗多德和修昔底得这样伟大的历史学家。
欧洲,她在现代文明中透出一种古典的浪漫。
如梦如幻的天鹅堡静静守候着一个婉转动人的童话;一望无际的紫色花海谱写着普罗旺斯的浪漫诗篇。
巴黎的现代繁华背后弥漫着一股浓浓的古韵和幽情;瑞士的美,恰似也一杯百年葡萄酒,历久弥香,令人惬意酣畅。
没错,这就是欧洲,现代与古典的融合,现实与浪漫的结合。
煮一杯香浓的咖啡,伴着轻柔的音乐,请您随我,一起踏上这片古老的地域,开始一段神奇的文化之旅。
·欧洲文明起源(公元前3500-475年)可以这么说,欧洲文化的起源来自遥远的巴尔干半岛,发源地是在爱琴海及古希腊地区,史称“爱琴文明”。
这里气候宜人,交通方便,为文明的产生提供了先决条件。
这段时间,无疑是古希腊傲视群雄的时期。
光辉灿烂的希腊文化,对后世有深远的影响。
古希腊人在哲学思想、历史、建筑、文学、戏剧、雕塑等诸多方面有很深的造诣。
这一文明遗产在古希腊灭亡后,被古罗马人破坏性的延续下去,从而成为整个西方文明的精神源泉。
唯美的神话故事诉说着远古时代动人的故事,荷马描绘着特洛伊战争弥留下的硝烟;柏拉图探索着心中神圣的理想国;阿基米德思考着鉴别真假皇冠的浮力定律。
雅典的民主制对如今政治有着不可磨灭的影响,斯巴达的尚武精神仍被人们津津乐道。
文化的奇葩在这里盛开,思想的长河在这里流淌。
古罗马的足迹紧随其后。
公元前10世纪至公元前7世纪,意大利半岛处于一个多民族、多元文化交织的时期。
不得不说,是古罗马把古希腊经典的文化传播下去。
完备的法律体系,是现代西方立法的参照。
凯撒之剑横扫欧亚非,为罗马创造了前所未有的辉煌,奥古斯都大帝又将这一辉煌送上顶峰。
罗马,一个梦一样的名词,说出来的时候,想象的翅膀便随风飘起。
这古老的,无数个世纪重重叠叠,充满光彩的碎片和荣耀的瞬间……把目光移向北欧,维京的海盗正在上演龙的传说;自成一派的北欧神话使无数少女为之向往;哥本哈根的小美人鱼微笑着迎接四方客人。
在西欧,大不列颠岛上,苏格兰人民的奋勇抵抗,“勇敢的心”分外闪亮;百年战争使法兰西人民斗志昂扬。
欧洲文化入门总结Introduction1、There are many elements constituting(组成) European Culture.2、There are two major elements: Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.3、The richness(丰富性) of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.第一章1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on(依赖) an immense(无限的)amount of slave labour.3、Olympus mount, Revived in 1896(当代奥运会)4、Ancient Greece(古希腊)’s epics was created by Homer.5、They events of Homer’s own time. (错)(They are not about events of Homer’s own time, probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.)6、The Homer’s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.7、Agamemnon, Hector, Achilles are in Iliad.8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey.9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→James Joyoe’s Ulysses(描述一天的生活). In the 20th century.10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.11、三大悲剧大师①Aeschylus《Prometheus Bound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》②Sophocles(之首)《Oedipus the King》—→ Freud’s “the Oedipus complex” (恋母情结) —→ David Herbert Lawrence’s《Sons and lovers》(劳伦斯)447页③EuripidesA.《Trojan Women》B.He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧) 在肖伯纳手中达到高潮,属于存在主义戏剧的人物C.Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides human”(一个纯粹的人)D.Realism can be traced back(追溯到) to the Ancient Greece.To be specific(具体来说), Euripides.12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18页Aristophanes writes about nature. —→浪漫主义湖畔派(The lakers)华兹华兹Swift says of him “As for comic Aristophanes, The dog too witty and too profane is.”(新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游记》《大人国小人国》《温和的提议》用讽刺的写作手法) 13、History (Historical writing)史学创作※“Father of History” —→ Herodotus —→ war(between Greeks and Persians)This war is called Peleponicion wars. 博罗奔泥撒,3只是陈述史实,并没有得出理论。
1.第1题In the year of ____, Constantine the Great issued Edit of Milan which officially made Christianity legal.A.311B.313C.324D.380您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.02.第2题Constantine the Great named the new imperial capital ______.A.ConstantinopleB.ByzantiumC.New RomeD.Istanbul您的答案:A题目分数:1.0此题得分:0.03.第3题Egypt was conquered by ____ in 31 B.C. and renamed “Africa.”A.GreeksB.ArabsC.RomansD.Persians您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.04.第4题Of the following orders of columns, which one is more formal and dignified and mainly used in mainland Greece?A.DoricB.IonicC.Corinthianposite您的答案:A题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.05.第5题The Roman Empire reached it largest territorial extent during the reign of _____.A.Julius Caesar (46-44B.C.)B.Octavian (27 B.C.-14 A.D.)C.Trajan (98-117 A.D.)D.Constantine the Great (306-337 A.D.)您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.06.第6题In the Early Middle Ages, the Roman Church and the Eastern Church were divided over the following issues EXCEPT for ______.A.IconoclasmB.official languageC.explanation of the Holy SpiritD.baptism您的答案:D题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.07.第7题Which one of the following was NOT a member of the First Triumvirate?A.CrassusB.SullaC.PompeyD.Caesar您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.08.第8题The ancient Egyptians divided a year into ___seasons.A.2B.3C.4D.5您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.09.第9题Which description of Spartan women is incorrect?A.They enjoyed more political rights and domestic freedom that the rest of the Greek world.B.They received physical training instead of literacy education.C.They could inherit property.D.They usually got married at 18.您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.010.第10题The so-called Mesopotamia civilization included cultures developed by the following groups of people EXCEPT _______.A.BabyloniansB.PersiansC.SumeriansD.Assyrians您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.011.第11题Which one of the following groups of people did not speak the Semitic language?A.HebrewsB.ArabsC.SumeriansD.Babylonians您的答案:D题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.012.第12题Which description of the traditional Greek religion is incorrect?A.Ancient Greeks believed that the gods have human forms and human personality.B.For the Greeks, the gods only favored those people and states that honored them.C.In ancient Greece, the main religious ceremony took place inside the temple.D.Oracles also played an important part in the Greek religion and beliefs.您的答案:C题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.013.第20题Which description of the Age of Pericles is NOT true?A.It is the Golden Age of classical Greece.B.It was when Athens secured its status as the capital of Hellenic civilization.C.It witnessed great developments in democracy, economy, art and science.D.It was when the nobles became a major force in politics.您的答案:D题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.014.第21题Christians considered pagan gods_____.A.as demonsB.as humansC.incredibleD.supernatural您的答案:A题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.015.第22题The Tigris and Euphrates are originated from which country?A.IraqB.ArmeniaC.TurkeyD.Iran您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.016.第23题The economic success of the early Roman Empire was mainly achieved by _____.A.small farmersB.slavesC.serfsD.Roman legions您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.017.第24题Jesus lived in the __.A.early 1st centuryte 1st centuryC.early 2nd centuryte 2nd century您的答案:A题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.018.第25题The first city- builders in Italy were ________.A.the GreeksB.the LatinsC.the EtruscansD.the Italians您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.019.第26题Which one of the following architectural constructions was not typical Roman?A.domeB.vaultC.archD.column您的答案:D题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.020.第27题Which of the following group of people did not constitute a class in Sparta?A.the native SpartansB.foreignersC.slavesD.nobles您的答案:D题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.021.第28题The ethnic origin of Jesus was ____.A.GreekB.RomanC.HebrewD.European您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.022.第29题All land in Sumer belonged to _____.A.the kingsB.godsC.the noblesD.free farmers您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.023.第37题Which one of the following statements about ancient Egyptian religious belief is NOT true?A.The ancient Egyptians practised polytheism.B.All Egyptian gods had an animal head and a human body.C.Ancient Egyptians built temples to communicate with their gods.D.Egyptians believed in final judgement and resurrection.您的答案:B题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.024.第38题The government of the Roman Republic included all of the following branches EXCEPT ______.A.the executive branchB.the deliberative branchC.the legislative branchD.the judicial branch您的答案:D题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.025.第39题Which one of the following statements about the ancient Egyptian art is NOT true?A.The more important a person or a god, the larger his size on a painting.B.Ancient Egyptians artists created a variety of individual styles.C.Wall paintings inside the pyramids were meant to keep the dead company.D.Colors in the paintings have symbolic meanings.您的答案:B题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.026.第40题Epicureanism and Stoicism are similar in the following ways except for____.A.Both were concerned with the good of theindividual.B.Both were idealistic in world view.C.Both believed that reason is the key to solution of social problems.D.Both thought highly of the peace of mind.您的答案:B题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.027.第41题Which of the following is NOT true about Emperor Constantine the Great?A.He concentrated power in his own hands.B.He made Christianity the state religion.C.He abandoned Rome as the imperial capital.D.He tolerated all religions in the Roman Empire. 您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.028.第42题The second founding father of Christianity was _____.A.St. PeterB.St. PaulC.St. AthanasiusD.St. Augustine您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.029.第43题_____ is the longest river in the world.A.The TigrisB.The AmazonC.The MississippiD.The Nile您的答案:D题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.030.第44题Olive trees and grapevine were introduced into Italy by ______.A.EtruscansB.GreekstinsD.Egyptians您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.031.第45题Which of the following statements about ancient Greek sculpture is NOT true?A.The beauty of human form was the most important subject.B.The archaic Greek artists created two sculptural human forms, the kouros and kore.C.The classical Greek sculptors represented human body less naturally or relaxed.D.The Hellenistic Greek sculptors liked to represent extreme emotions in the human face and figure.您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.032.第46题Which one of the following peoples first practiced monotheism?A.ancient EgyptiansB.ancient HebrewsC.ancient GreeksD.ancient Sumerians您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:0.033.第47题In the early days of the Roman Republic, ______ had the most important law making power.A.the Assembly of CenturyB.the Plebian CouncilC.the Assembly of CuriaeD.the Tribal Assembly您的答案:A题目分数:1.0此题得分:0.034.第48题Constantine the Great declared __.A.Christianity as the only religionB.toleration for all religionsC.the end of Imperial CultD.paganism illegal您的答案:D题目分数:1.0此题得分:0.035.第49题The Sumerian civilization had ______ cultural center(s).A.1B.2C.3D.4您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:0.036.第50题Who replaced the Council of 400 with the Council of 500?A.SolonB.PersistratusC.CleisthenesD.Pericles您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.037.第51题Three of the following statements are true with the early experience of Christianity. Which one is the exception?A.Unlike the Jews, the early Christians of the Roman Empire suffered persecution.B.Christianity was not the official religion of the Roman Empire until the 4th century.C.Christianity spread in the cities of the empire, first in the east and later in the west.D.It was Constantine’s toleration for all religions that brought new life to Christianity.您的答案:C题目分数:4.0此题得分:0.038.第58题The following descriptions of the secondGreco-Persian War are true EXCEPT for _____. A.The Persian army was led by Xerxes I, who was Darius son.B.All Greek city-states united to counter the Persian invasion.C.The Greek army was greatly outnumbered by the Persian army.D.The Greek army won a decisive victory in the straits between Athens and Salamis.您的答案:B题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.039.第59题Which one is NOT the aftermath of the Peloponnesian Wars?A.In Athens, democracies collapsed and the empire crumbled.B.Many city-states rebelled against the imperialistic rule of the Athens.C.In Sparta, class conflict became severer and traditional virtues were corrupted.D.There were constant clashes between different city-states.您的答案:B题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.040.第60题All of the following political ideas can be accredited to the Romans EXCEPT ____.A.popular sovereigntyB.social contract theoryC.democracyD.separations of power您的答案:C题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.041.第13题Officers in the Roman Republic were produced by drawing lots.您的答案:错误题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.042.第14题In the Roman Empire, a foreign soldier could earn citizenship through his military service.您的答案:正确题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.043.第15题Mount Olympus is the highest point in Greece and home of the mythical Greek gods. ?您的答案:正确题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.044.第16题Among the Olympian gods, Zeus was the chief deity and he was mainly worshipped at Olympia.您的答案:正确题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.045.第17题After Christianity became the state religion ofthe Roman Empire in the 4th century, all other religious beliefs disappeared.您的答案:错误题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.046.第18题The word “tyranny” was just as derogative in ancient Greece as today.您的答案:错误题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.047.第19题Like the Jews, the Christians rejected the Greco-Roman gods and the Cult of the Living Emperors.您的答案:正确题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.048.第30题Earlier Christian leaders all agreed that the gospel was intended for Jews and non-Jews as well to hear.您的答案:错误题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.049.第31题Though the idea of democracy originated in Athens, the practice was very different from today’s western countries.您的答案:正确题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.050.第32题That the early Christians suffered systematical persecution by the Roman authorities was a myth.您的答案:正确题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.051.第33题The institution of the senate in the Roman Republic could be traced to the Etruscan tradition.您的答案:正确题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.052.第34题Ptolemy’s geocentric theory remained very popular in Europe for centuries.您的答案:正确题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.053.第35题The Hammurabi Code ensured that every one is equal before the law.您的答案:错误题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.054.第36题Acropolis is an open space or plaza that served both as a market and as a place where citizens could assemble.您的答案:错误题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.055.第52题Mesopotamian civilization was based on the tradition, culture and custom of one single group of ancient people living in the region.您的答案:错误题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.056.第53题Athenian magistrate Solon devised the Council of 500 as a check to the power of the nobles.您的答案:错误题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.057.第54题The term “dictator” did not have its present day’s derogatory meaning in the period of the Roman Republic.您的答案:正确题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.058.第55题The Americans learnt from the ancient Rome in creating their federal government.您的答案:正确题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.059.第56题Roman state financed gladiator shows to make people forget social and economic problems.您的答案:正确题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.060.第57题The Minoan civilization is often regarded as the first advanced civilization of Europe.您的答案:正确题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.0作业总得分:91.。
第一章希腊罗马文化希腊罗马文化可以说是欧洲文明的起源,所以这一章节应该是比较重要的章节。
我们先看希腊的发展。
希腊文明分为几个时期,她形成于公元前800-500年,经历了古典时代(也就是公元前500到公元前336年)和希腊化时代(也就是公元前336年到公元前31年)。
希腊文明达到顶峰是公元前5世纪。
公元前146年,希腊被罗马攻克。
希腊文明也就被罗马文明所取代。
这段历史的重要大事有:1、公元前12世纪,随着特洛伊人的入侵,希腊堕入“黑暗时代”。
荷马史诗描述的正是希腊人与特洛伊人之间的战争(《以利亚特》和《奥得赛》)。
这里要注意的是,荷马史诗描述的时代并非荷马生活的时代。
荷马生活在公元前700年。
2、公元前6世纪,希腊世界开始有了全面改变,为后来的古典时代打开了通途。
其中两个重要的城邦国家是雅典和斯巴达。
雅典发展起一个完全不同类型的社会,公元前594年,梭伦成为雅典的首席执行官,他的贡献在于,在组织上为以后建立著名的雅典民主奠定了基础。
雅典之所以在当时拥有卓越的地位,是因为它在打败庞大的波斯帝国这场重大战争中起了最主要的作用。
历史之父希罗多德在他的历史书中进行了详尽的描述。
3、由于雅典的不断扩张引起了斯巴达的恐慌,因而在公元前431年爆发了伯罗奔尼撒战争。
战争最终以雅典的失败而告终。
修昔底得这位历史上最伟大的历史学家在其作品中,详尽描写了这一战争。
4、伯罗奔尼撒战争后,斯巴达专横跋扈,底比斯和雅典为求相互保护而结成新的联盟。
公元前371年,马其顿国王腓力二世打败了底比斯和雅典联军,他的闻名世界的儿子亚历山大大帝统治了希腊。
至此,古典时代结束,希腊化时代即将开始。
古典时代的希腊造就了一批哲学家和剧作家。
哲学家主要以苏格拉底、柏拉图和亚里士多德为代表。
苏格拉底提出自由辩论的重要性。
柏拉图的目标是要实现一个既能维持贵族特权,又可为贫苦阶级接受的社会,并构件了唯心主义的根基。
亚力士多德寻求自然界和人类社会各个方面的秩序。
欧洲文化史欧洲文化略分五个时期。
一、古典时期( the Classic Age, 1200 ~476 )主要是古希腊文明(the Ancient Greek Civilization)及古罗马文明(the Ancient Roman Civilization)。
奉行的是异教徒的信仰和实践(Paganism)。
异教徒指非基督教徒,非犹太教徒,非伊斯兰教徒。
理念上鲜有束缚,实践中享受人生,个性突出,热情奔放,创造力旺盛,风格多姿多彩。
二、中世纪时期(the Middle Ages, 476~1453)主要是罗马天主教的教会文化(the Church Culture),强调人的原罪(the original sin),人性受到压抑(inhibited),文化上是一泓死水(cultural backwater)。
这一时期的主流是对古典时期的反动。
反主流的代表人物是但丁( Alighier,Dante,l265~1321),杰作是史诗《神曲》(Divine Comedy)。
三、文艺复兴时期(the Renaissance, 15~16C)古典主义的复兴,遵循的是人文主义(Humanism),这是对中世纪经院哲学(Scholasticism)的对抗(reaction)。
代表人物有:1. 米开朗琪罗(Michelangelo Buonarroti,1475~1564):代表作有梵蒂冈教皇(Pope,pontiff)专用西斯庭小教堂(The Sistine chapel)穹顶上的壁画《创世纪》,(Genesis)以及圣坛后的壁画《最后的审判》(The Last Judgment),雕塑《大卫》(David)等。
米氏又是建筑师、诗人。
2. 达芬奇(Leonardo da Vinci,1452~1519):代表作有《蒙娜丽莎》(Mona Lisa),《最后的晚餐》,(The last Supper)。
是画家,又是雕塑家、建筑师、音乐家、工程师,确是多才多艺(versatile)。
1.第1题In the year of ____, Constantine the Great issued Edit of Milan which officially made Christianity legal.A.311B.313C.324D.380您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.02.第2题Constantine the Great named the new imperial capital ______.A.ConstantinopleB.ByzantiumC.New RomeD.Istanbul您的答案:A题目分数:1.0此题得分:0.03.第3题Egypt was conquered by ____ in 31 B.C. and renamed“Africa.”A.GreeksB.ArabsC.RomansD.Persians您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.04.第4题Of the following orders of columns, which one is more formal and dignified and mainly used in mainland Greece?A.DoricB.IonicC.Corinthianposite您的答案:A题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.05.第5题The Roman Empire reached it largest territorial extent during the reign of _____.A.Julius Caesar (46-44B.C.)B.Octavian (27 B.C.-14 A.D.)C.Trajan (98-117 A.D.)D.Constantine the Great (306-337 A.D.)您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.06.第6题In the Early Middle Ages, the Roman Church and the Eastern Church were divided over the following issues EXCEPT for ______.A.IconoclasmB.official languageC.explanation of the Holy SpiritD.baptism您的答案:D题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.07.第7题Which one of the following was NOT a member of the First Triumvirate?A.CrassusB.SullaC.PompeyD.Caesar您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.08.第8题The ancient Egyptians divided a year into ___ seasons.A.2B.3C.4D.5您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.09.第9题Which description of Spartan women is incorrect? A.They enjoyed more political rights and domestic freedom that the rest of the Greek world.B.They received physical training instead of literacy education.C.They could inherit property.D.They usually got married at 18.您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.010.第10题The so-called Mesopotamia civilization included cultures developed by the following groups of people EXCEPT _______.A.BabyloniansB.PersiansC.SumeriansD.Assyrians您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.011.第11题Which one of the following groups of people did not speak the Semitic language?A.HebrewsB.ArabsC.SumeriansD.Babylonians您的答案:D题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.012.第12题Which description of the traditional Greek religion isincorrect?A.Ancient Greeks believed that the gods have human forms and human personality.B.For the Greeks, the gods only favored those people and states that honored them.C.In ancient Greece, the main religious ceremony took place inside the temple.D.Oracles also played an important part in the Greek religion and beliefs.您的答案:C题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.013.第20题Which description of the Age of Pericles is NOT true?A.It is the Golden Age of classical Greece.B.It was when Athens secured its status as the capital of Hellenic civilization.C.It witnessed great developments in democracy, economy, art and science.D.It was when the nobles became a major force in politics.您的答案:D题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.014.第21题Christians considered pagan gods_____.A.as demonsB.as humansC.incredibleD.supernatural您的答案:A题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.015.第22题The Tigris and Euphrates are originated from which country?A.IraqB.ArmeniaC.TurkeyD.Iran您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.016.第23题The economic success of the early Roman Empire was mainly achieved by _____.A.small farmersB.slavesC.serfsD.Roman legions您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.017.第24题Jesus lived in the __.A.early 1st centuryte 1st centuryC.early 2nd centuryte 2nd century您的答案:A题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.018.第25题The first city- builders in Italy were ________.A.the GreeksB.the LatinsC.the EtruscansD.the Italians您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.019.第26题Which one of the following architectural constructions was not typical Roman?A.domeB.vaultC.archD.column您的答案:D题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.020.第27题Which of the following group of people did not constitute a class in Sparta?A.the native SpartansB.foreignersC.slavesD.nobles您的答案:D题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.021.第28题The ethnic origin of Jesus was ____.A.GreekB.RomanC.HebrewD.European您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.022.第29题All land in Sumer belonged to _____.A.the kingsB.godsC.the noblesD.free farmers您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.023.第37题Which one of the following statements about ancient Egyptian religious belief is NOT true?A.The ancient Egyptians practised polytheism.B.All Egyptian gods had an animal head and a human body.C.Ancient Egyptians built temples to communicate with their gods.D.Egyptians believed in final judgement and resurrection.您的答案:B题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.024.第38题The government of the Roman Republic included all of the following branches EXCEPT ______.A.the executive branchB.the deliberative branchC.the legislative branchD.the judicial branch您的答案:D题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.025.第39题Which one of the following statements about the ancient Egyptian art is NOT true?A.The more important a person or a god, the larger his size on a painting.B.Ancient Egyptians artists created a variety of individual styles.C.Wall paintings inside the pyramids were meant tokeep the dead company.D.Colors in the paintings have symbolic meanings.您的答案:B题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.026.第40题Epicureanism and Stoicism are similar in the following ways except for____.A.Both were concerned with the good of the individual.B.Both were idealistic in world view.C.Both believed that reason is the key to solution of social problems.D.Both thought highly of the peace of mind.您的答案:B题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.027.第41题Which of the following is NOT true about Emperor Constantine the Great?A.He concentrated power in his own hands.B.He made Christianity the state religion.C.He abandoned Rome as the imperial capital.D.He tolerated all religions in the Roman Empire.您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.028.第42题The second founding father of Christianity was _____.A.St. PeterB.St. PaulC.St. AthanasiusD.St. Augustine您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.029.第43题_____ is the longest river in the world.A.The TigrisB.The AmazonC.The MississippiD.The Nile您的答案:D题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.030.第44题Olive trees and grapevine were introduced into Italyby ______.A.EtruscansB.GreekstinsD.Egyptians您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.031.第45题Which of the following statements about ancient Greek sculpture is NOT true?A.The beauty of human form was the most important subject.B.The archaic Greek artists created two sculptural human forms, the kouros and kore.C.The classical Greek sculptors represented human body less naturally or relaxed.D.The Hellenistic Greek sculptors liked to represent extreme emotions in the human face and figure.您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.032.第46题Which one of the following peoples first practiced monotheism?A.ancient EgyptiansB.ancient HebrewsC.ancient GreeksD.ancient Sumerians您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:0.033.第47题In the early days of the Roman Republic, ______ had the most important law making power.A.the Assembly of CenturyB.the Plebian CouncilC.the Assembly of CuriaeD.the Tribal Assembly您的答案:A题目分数:1.0此题得分:0.034.第48题Constantine the Great declared __.A.Christianity as the only religionB.toleration for all religionsC.the end of Imperial CultD.paganism illegal您的答案:D题目分数:1.0此题得分:0.035.第49题The Sumerian civilization had ______ cultural center(s).A.1B.2C.3D.4您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:0.036.第50题Who replaced the Council of 400 with the Council of 500?A.SolonB.PersistratusC.CleisthenesD.Pericles您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.037.第51题Three of the following statements are true with the early experience of Christianity. Which one is the exception?A.Unlike the Jews, the early Christians of the Roman Empire suffered persecution.B.Christianity was not the official religion of the Roman Empire until the 4th century.C.Christianity spread in the cities of the empire, first in the east and later in the west.D.It was Constantine’s toleration for all religions that brought new life to Christianity.您的答案:C题目分数:4.0此题得分:0.038.第58题The following descriptions of the secondGreco-Persian War are true EXCEPT for _____.A.The Persian army was led by Xerxes I, who was Darius son.B.All Greek city-states united to counter the Persian invasion.C.The Greek army was greatly outnumbered by thePersian army.D.The Greek army won a decisive victory in the straits between Athens and Salamis.您的答案:B题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.039.第59题Which one is NOT the aftermath of the Peloponnesian Wars?A.In Athens, democracies collapsed and the empire crumbled.B.Many city-states rebelled against the imperialistic rule of the Athens.C.In Sparta, class conflict became severer and traditional virtues were corrupted.D.There were constant clashes between differentcity-states.您的答案:B题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.040.第60题All of the following political ideas can be accredited to the Romans EXCEPT ____.A.popular sovereigntyB.social contract theoryC.democracyD.separations of power您的答案:C题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.041.第13题Officers in the Roman Republic were produced by drawing lots.您的答案:错误题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.042.第14题In the Roman Empire, a foreign soldier could earn citizenship through his military service.您的答案:正确题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.043.第15题Mount Olympus is the highest point in Greece and home of the mythical Greek gods. ?您的答案:正确题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.044.第16题Among the Olympian gods, Zeus was the chief deity and he was mainly worshipped at Olympia.您的答案:正确题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.045.第17题After Christianity became the state religion of the Roman Empire in the 4th century, all other religious beliefs disappeared.您的答案:错误题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.046.第18题The word “tyranny” was just as derogative in ancient Greece as today.您的答案:错误题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.047.第19题Like the Jews, the Christians rejected theGreco-Roman gods and the Cult of the Living Emperors.您的答案:正确题目分数:1.048.第30题Earlier Christian leaders all agreed that the gospel was intended for Jews and non-Jews as well to hear.您的答案:错误题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.049.第31题Though the idea of democracy originated in Athens, the practice was very different from today’s western countries.您的答案:正确题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.050.第32题That the early Christians suffered systematical persecution by the Roman authorities was a myth.您的答案:正确题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.051.第33题The institution of the senate in the Roman Republic could be traced to the Etruscan tradition.您的答案:正确题目分数:1.052.第34题Ptolemy’s geocentric theory remained very popular in Europe for centuries.您的答案:正确题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.053.第35题The Hammurabi Code ensured that every one is equal before the law.您的答案:错误题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.054.第36题Acropolis is an open space or plaza that served both as a market and as a place where citizens could assemble.您的答案:错误题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.055.第52题Mesopotamian civilization was based on the tradition, culture and custom of one single group of ancient people living in the region.题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.056.第53题Athenian magistrate Solon devised the Council of 500 as a check to the power of the nobles.您的答案:错误题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.057.第54题The term “dictator” did not have its present day’s derogatory meaning in the period of the Roman Republic.您的答案:正确题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.058.第55题The Americans learnt from the ancient Rome in creating their federal government.您的答案:正确题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.059.第56题Roman state financed gladiator shows to make people forget social and economic problems.题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.060.第57题The Minoan civilization is often regarded as the first advanced civilization of Europe.您的答案:正确题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.0作业总得分:91.。