欧洲文化入门古代时期
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第4课欧洲文化的形成知识点一、古典希腊文化与罗马文化P21-22(一)希腊文化1、范围:古代希腊的中心区域在巴尔干半岛南部和爱琴海中的部分岛屿。
文化范围包括希腊半岛、小亚细亚半岛西岸和爱琴海中的许多小岛,起源于爱琴文明(BC2000-BC1200)。
2、时间:公元前5世纪至公元前4世纪上半叶被称作“古典时代”,这是古代希腊文化高度发展的时期。
3、原因:①政治:城邦制度和民主政治的鼎盛,公民阶层活跃;②经济:生产力进步,奴隶制经济发达;③自然地理环境④文化:海洋文明中形成的平等、独立、自由、开拓、探究的意识,吸纳其他地区的优秀文化成果。
⑤个人:先哲们勇于探索、善于思辨;各城邦执政者重视文化教育4、文化成就:(1)哲学:产生于希腊人对宇宙起源和人生意义等自然和社会问题的知识追求。
大约在BC7世纪,有人开始怀疑宗教对世界和人生的解释,他们提出了一种新的思考方式。
(2)特点:古希腊哲学家力图用理性的、科学的、逻辑缜密的思维方式认识世界和解释世界。
注重研究人与自然;哲学与自然科学紧密联系。
人文主义色彩浓厚,运用理性;有科学的萌芽。
(3)代表人物:苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德4)文学:①《荷马史诗》史诗中的诸神和英雄的故事成为后世西方文学创作的源泉。
②古希腊文学的最高成就就是雅典城邦时期的戏剧,悲剧与喜剧是这一时期戏剧的杰出代表。
③雕塑和建筑:《掷铁饼者》④史学:希罗多德的《历史》开创叙事体的撰史体裁;修昔底德著有《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》⑤文学:现代欧美国家的字母文字源自古希腊文和拉丁文。
如英文当中,有大约50%的词或出自古希腊文,或出自拉丁文古希腊文和拉丁文赋予欧美语言大量的词汇,深刻影响了欧美人的观念。
⑥古希腊的民主政治:雅典民主制(典型)⑦体育:奥林匹克发源地⑧神话:BC7C前,古希腊人认为自然界和人类都是神创造的,人的一切活动都是鬼使神差的结果。
宙斯是众神之王、人类之王,人们按神谕安排事情。
(二)古罗马文化1、范围:古罗马从公元前9世纪初在意大利半岛中部兴起。
欧洲文化史欧洲文化略分五个时期。
一、古典时期( the Classic Age, 1200 B.C~476 A.D)主要是古希腊文明(the Ancient Greek Civilization)及古罗马文明(the Ancient Roman Civilization)。
奉行的是异教徒的信仰和实践(Paganism)。
异教徒指非基督教徒,非犹太教徒,非伊斯兰教徒。
理念上鲜有束缚,实践中享受人生,个性突出,热情奔放,创造力旺盛,风格多姿多彩。
二、中世纪时期(the Middle Ages, 476~1453)主要是罗马天主教的教会文化(the Church Culture),强调人的原罪(the original sin),人性受到压抑(inhibited),文化上是一泓死水(cultural backwater)。
这一时期的主流是对古典时期的反动。
反主流的代表人物是但丁( Alighier,Dante,l265~1321),杰作是史诗《神曲》(Divine Comedy)。
三、文艺复兴时期(the Renaissance, 15~16C)古典主义的复兴,遵循的是人文主义(Humanism),这是对中世纪经院哲学(Scholasticism)的对抗(reaction)。
代表人物有:1. 米开朗琪罗(Michelangelo Buonarroti,1475~1564):代表作有梵蒂冈教皇(Pope,pontiff)专用西斯庭小教堂(The Sistine chapel)穹顶上的壁画《创世纪》,(Genesis)以及圣坛后的壁画《最后的审判》(The Last Judgment),雕塑《大卫》(David)等。
米氏又是建筑师、诗人。
2. 达芬奇(Leonardo da Vinci,1452~1519):代表作有《蒙娜丽莎》(Mona Lisa),《最后的晚餐》,(The last Supper)。
是画家,又是雕塑家、建筑师、音乐家、工程师,确是多才多艺(versatile)。
欧洲文化略分五个时期。
一、古典时期( the Classic Age,1200 B.C~476 A.D)主要是古希腊文明(the Ancient Greek Civilization)及古罗马文明(the Ancient Roman Civilization)。
奉行的是异教徒的信仰和实践(Paganism)。
异教徒指非基督教徒,非犹太教徒,非伊斯兰教徒。
理念上鲜有束缚,实践中享受人生,个性突出,热情奔放,创造力盛,风格多姿多彩。
二、中世纪时期(the Middle Ages,476~1453)主要是罗马天主教的教会文化(the Church Culture),强调人的原罪(the original sin),人性受到压抑(inhibited),文化上是一泓死水(cultural backwater)。
这一时期的主流是对古典时期的反动。
反主流的代表人物是但丁( Alighier,Dante,l265~1321),杰作是史诗《神曲》(Divine Comedy)。
三、文艺复兴时期(the Renaissance,15~16C)古典主义的复兴,遵循的是人文主义(Humanism),这是对中世纪经院哲学(Scholasticism)的对抗(reaction)。
代表人物有:1. 米开朗琪罗(Michelangelo Buonarroti,1475~1564):代表作有梵蒂冈教皇(Pope,pontiff)专用西斯庭小教堂(The Sistine chapel) 穹顶上的壁画《创世纪》,(Genesis)以及圣坛后的壁画《最后的审判》(The Last Judgment),雕塑《大卫》(David)等。
米氏又是建筑师、诗人。
2. 达芬奇(Leonardo da Vinci,1452~1519):代表作有《蒙娜丽莎》(Mona Lisa),《最后的晚餐》,(The last Supper)。
是画家,又是雕塑家、建筑师、音乐家、工程师,确是多才多艺(versatile)。
欧洲入门文化希腊文明分为几个时期,她形成于公元前800-500年,经历了古典时代(也就是公元前500到公元前336年)和希腊化时代(也就是公元前336年到公元前31年)。
希腊文明达到顶峰是公元前5世纪。
公元前146年,希腊被罗马攻克。
希腊文明也就被罗马文明所取代。
这段历史的重要大事有:1、公元前12世纪,随着特洛伊人的入侵,希腊堕入“黑暗时代”。
荷马史诗描述的正是希腊人与特洛伊人之间的战争(《以利亚特》和《奥得赛》)。
这里要注意的是,荷马史诗描述的时代并非荷马生活的时代。
荷马生活在公元前700年。
2、公元前6世纪,希腊世界开始有了全面改变,为后来的古典时代打开了通途。
其中两个重要的城邦国家是雅典和斯巴达。
雅典发展起一个完全不同类型的社会,公元前594年,梭伦成为雅典的首席执行官,他的贡献在于,在组织上为以后建立著名的雅典民主奠定了基础。
雅典之所以在当时拥有卓越的地位,是因为它在打败庞大的波斯帝国这场重大战争中起了最主要的作用。
历史之父希罗多德在他的历史书中进行了详尽的描述。
3、由于雅典的不断扩张引起了斯巴达的恐慌,因而在公元前431年爆发了伯罗奔尼撒战争。
战争最终以雅典的失败而告终。
修昔底得这位历史上最伟大的历史学家在其作品中,详尽描写了这一战争。
4、伯罗奔尼撒战争后,斯巴达专横跋扈,底比斯和雅典为求相互保护而结成新的联盟。
公元前371年,马其顿国王腓力二世打败了底比斯和雅典联军,他的闻名世界的儿子亚历山大大帝统治了希腊。
至此,古典时代结束,希腊化时代即将开始。
古典时代的希腊造就了一批哲学家和剧作家。
哲学家主要以苏格拉底、柏拉图和亚里士多德为代表。
苏格拉底提出自由辩论的重要性。
柏拉图的目标是要实现一个既能维持贵族特权,又可为贫苦阶级接受的社会,并构件了唯心主义的根基。
亚力士多德寻求自然界和人类社会各个方面的秩序。
剧作家有埃斯库罗斯、阿里斯托芬、索福克勒斯。
这一时期希腊也造就了像阿基米德和欧几里得这样的数学家,以及像希罗多德和修昔底得这样伟大的历史学家。
欧洲,她在现代文明中透出一种古典的浪漫。
如梦如幻的天鹅堡静静守候着一个婉转动人的童话;一望无际的紫色花海谱写着普罗旺斯的浪漫诗篇。
巴黎的现代繁华背后弥漫着一股浓浓的古韵和幽情;瑞士的美,恰似也一杯百年葡萄酒,历久弥香,令人惬意酣畅。
没错,这就是欧洲,现代与古典的融合,现实与浪漫的结合。
煮一杯香浓的咖啡,伴着轻柔的音乐,请您随我,一起踏上这片古老的地域,开始一段神奇的文化之旅。
·欧洲文明起源(公元前3500-475年)可以这么说,欧洲文化的起源来自遥远的巴尔干半岛,发源地是在爱琴海及古希腊地区,史称“爱琴文明”。
这里气候宜人,交通方便,为文明的产生提供了先决条件。
这段时间,无疑是古希腊傲视群雄的时期。
光辉灿烂的希腊文化,对后世有深远的影响。
古希腊人在哲学思想、历史、建筑、文学、戏剧、雕塑等诸多方面有很深的造诣。
这一文明遗产在古希腊灭亡后,被古罗马人破坏性的延续下去,从而成为整个西方文明的精神源泉。
唯美的神话故事诉说着远古时代动人的故事,荷马描绘着特洛伊战争弥留下的硝烟;柏拉图探索着心中神圣的理想国;阿基米德思考着鉴别真假皇冠的浮力定律。
雅典的民主制对如今政治有着不可磨灭的影响,斯巴达的尚武精神仍被人们津津乐道。
文化的奇葩在这里盛开,思想的长河在这里流淌。
古罗马的足迹紧随其后。
公元前10世纪至公元前7世纪,意大利半岛处于一个多民族、多元文化交织的时期。
不得不说,是古罗马把古希腊经典的文化传播下去。
完备的法律体系,是现代西方立法的参照。
凯撒之剑横扫欧亚非,为罗马创造了前所未有的辉煌,奥古斯都大帝又将这一辉煌送上顶峰。
罗马,一个梦一样的名词,说出来的时候,想象的翅膀便随风飘起。
这古老的,无数个世纪重重叠叠,充满光彩的碎片和荣耀的瞬间……把目光移向北欧,维京的海盗正在上演龙的传说;自成一派的北欧神话使无数少女为之向往;哥本哈根的小美人鱼微笑着迎接四方客人。
在西欧,大不列颠岛上,苏格兰人民的奋勇抵抗,“勇敢的心”分外闪亮;百年战争使法兰西人民斗志昂扬。
欧洲文化入门总结Introduction1、There are many elements constituting(组成) European Culture.2、There are two major elements: Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.3、The richness(丰富性) of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.第一章1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on(依赖) an immense(无限的)amount of slave labour.3、Olympus mount, Revived in 1896(当代奥运会)4、Ancient Greece(古希腊)’s epics was created by Homer.5、They events of Homer’s own time. (错)(They are not about events of Homer’s own time, probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.)6、The Homer’s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.7、Agamemnon, Hector, Achilles are in Iliad.8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey.9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→James Joyoe’s Ulysses(描述一天的生活). In the 20th century.10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.11、三大悲剧大师①Aeschylus《Prometheus Bound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》②Sophocles(之首)《Oedipus the King》—→ Freud’s “the Oedipus complex” (恋母情结) —→ David Herbert Lawrence’s《Sons and lovers》(劳伦斯)447页③EuripidesA.《Trojan Women》B.He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧) 在肖伯纳手中达到高潮,属于存在主义戏剧的人物C.Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides human”(一个纯粹的人)D.Realism can be traced back(追溯到) to the Ancient Greece.To be specific(具体来说), Euripides.12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18页Aristophanes writes about nature. —→浪漫主义湖畔派(The lakers)华兹华兹Swift says of him “As for comic Aristophanes, The dog too witty and too profane is.”(新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游记》《大人国小人国》《温和的提议》用讽刺的写作手法) 13、History (Historical writing)史学创作※“Father of History” —→ Herodotus —→ war(between Greeks and Persians)This war is called Peleponicion wars. 博罗奔泥撒,3只是陈述史实,并没有得出理论。
1.第1题In the year of ____, Constantine the Great issued Edit of Milan which officially made Christianity legal.A.311B.313C.324D.380您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.02.第2题Constantine the Great named the new imperial capital ______.A.ConstantinopleB.ByzantiumC.New RomeD.Istanbul您的答案:A题目分数:1.0此题得分:0.03.第3题Egypt was conquered by ____ in 31 B.C. and renamed “Africa.”A.GreeksB.ArabsC.RomansD.Persians您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.04.第4题Of the following orders of columns, which one is more formal and dignified and mainly used in mainland Greece?A.DoricB.IonicC.Corinthianposite您的答案:A题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.05.第5题The Roman Empire reached it largest territorial extent during the reign of _____.A.Julius Caesar (46-44B.C.)B.Octavian (27 B.C.-14 A.D.)C.Trajan (98-117 A.D.)D.Constantine the Great (306-337 A.D.)您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.06.第6题In the Early Middle Ages, the Roman Church and the Eastern Church were divided over the following issues EXCEPT for ______.A.IconoclasmB.official languageC.explanation of the Holy SpiritD.baptism您的答案:D题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.07.第7题Which one of the following was NOT a member of the First Triumvirate?A.CrassusB.SullaC.PompeyD.Caesar您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.08.第8题The ancient Egyptians divided a year into ___seasons.A.2B.3C.4D.5您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.09.第9题Which description of Spartan women is incorrect?A.They enjoyed more political rights and domestic freedom that the rest of the Greek world.B.They received physical training instead of literacy education.C.They could inherit property.D.They usually got married at 18.您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.010.第10题The so-called Mesopotamia civilization included cultures developed by the following groups of people EXCEPT _______.A.BabyloniansB.PersiansC.SumeriansD.Assyrians您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.011.第11题Which one of the following groups of people did not speak the Semitic language?A.HebrewsB.ArabsC.SumeriansD.Babylonians您的答案:D题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.012.第12题Which description of the traditional Greek religion is incorrect?A.Ancient Greeks believed that the gods have human forms and human personality.B.For the Greeks, the gods only favored those people and states that honored them.C.In ancient Greece, the main religious ceremony took place inside the temple.D.Oracles also played an important part in the Greek religion and beliefs.您的答案:C题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.013.第20题Which description of the Age of Pericles is NOT true?A.It is the Golden Age of classical Greece.B.It was when Athens secured its status as the capital of Hellenic civilization.C.It witnessed great developments in democracy, economy, art and science.D.It was when the nobles became a major force in politics.您的答案:D题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.014.第21题Christians considered pagan gods_____.A.as demonsB.as humansC.incredibleD.supernatural您的答案:A题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.015.第22题The Tigris and Euphrates are originated from which country?A.IraqB.ArmeniaC.TurkeyD.Iran您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.016.第23题The economic success of the early Roman Empire was mainly achieved by _____.A.small farmersB.slavesC.serfsD.Roman legions您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.017.第24题Jesus lived in the __.A.early 1st centuryte 1st centuryC.early 2nd centuryte 2nd century您的答案:A题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.018.第25题The first city- builders in Italy were ________.A.the GreeksB.the LatinsC.the EtruscansD.the Italians您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.019.第26题Which one of the following architectural constructions was not typical Roman?A.domeB.vaultC.archD.column您的答案:D题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.020.第27题Which of the following group of people did not constitute a class in Sparta?A.the native SpartansB.foreignersC.slavesD.nobles您的答案:D题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.021.第28题The ethnic origin of Jesus was ____.A.GreekB.RomanC.HebrewD.European您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.022.第29题All land in Sumer belonged to _____.A.the kingsB.godsC.the noblesD.free farmers您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.023.第37题Which one of the following statements about ancient Egyptian religious belief is NOT true?A.The ancient Egyptians practised polytheism.B.All Egyptian gods had an animal head and a human body.C.Ancient Egyptians built temples to communicate with their gods.D.Egyptians believed in final judgement and resurrection.您的答案:B题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.024.第38题The government of the Roman Republic included all of the following branches EXCEPT ______.A.the executive branchB.the deliberative branchC.the legislative branchD.the judicial branch您的答案:D题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.025.第39题Which one of the following statements about the ancient Egyptian art is NOT true?A.The more important a person or a god, the larger his size on a painting.B.Ancient Egyptians artists created a variety of individual styles.C.Wall paintings inside the pyramids were meant to keep the dead company.D.Colors in the paintings have symbolic meanings.您的答案:B题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.026.第40题Epicureanism and Stoicism are similar in the following ways except for____.A.Both were concerned with the good of theindividual.B.Both were idealistic in world view.C.Both believed that reason is the key to solution of social problems.D.Both thought highly of the peace of mind.您的答案:B题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.027.第41题Which of the following is NOT true about Emperor Constantine the Great?A.He concentrated power in his own hands.B.He made Christianity the state religion.C.He abandoned Rome as the imperial capital.D.He tolerated all religions in the Roman Empire. 您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.028.第42题The second founding father of Christianity was _____.A.St. PeterB.St. PaulC.St. AthanasiusD.St. Augustine您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.029.第43题_____ is the longest river in the world.A.The TigrisB.The AmazonC.The MississippiD.The Nile您的答案:D题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.030.第44题Olive trees and grapevine were introduced into Italy by ______.A.EtruscansB.GreekstinsD.Egyptians您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.031.第45题Which of the following statements about ancient Greek sculpture is NOT true?A.The beauty of human form was the most important subject.B.The archaic Greek artists created two sculptural human forms, the kouros and kore.C.The classical Greek sculptors represented human body less naturally or relaxed.D.The Hellenistic Greek sculptors liked to represent extreme emotions in the human face and figure.您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.032.第46题Which one of the following peoples first practiced monotheism?A.ancient EgyptiansB.ancient HebrewsC.ancient GreeksD.ancient Sumerians您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:0.033.第47题In the early days of the Roman Republic, ______ had the most important law making power.A.the Assembly of CenturyB.the Plebian CouncilC.the Assembly of CuriaeD.the Tribal Assembly您的答案:A题目分数:1.0此题得分:0.034.第48题Constantine the Great declared __.A.Christianity as the only religionB.toleration for all religionsC.the end of Imperial CultD.paganism illegal您的答案:D题目分数:1.0此题得分:0.035.第49题The Sumerian civilization had ______ cultural center(s).A.1B.2C.3D.4您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:0.036.第50题Who replaced the Council of 400 with the Council of 500?A.SolonB.PersistratusC.CleisthenesD.Pericles您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.037.第51题Three of the following statements are true with the early experience of Christianity. Which one is the exception?A.Unlike the Jews, the early Christians of the Roman Empire suffered persecution.B.Christianity was not the official religion of the Roman Empire until the 4th century.C.Christianity spread in the cities of the empire, first in the east and later in the west.D.It was Constantine’s toleration for all religions that brought new life to Christianity.您的答案:C题目分数:4.0此题得分:0.038.第58题The following descriptions of the secondGreco-Persian War are true EXCEPT for _____. A.The Persian army was led by Xerxes I, who was Darius son.B.All Greek city-states united to counter the Persian invasion.C.The Greek army was greatly outnumbered by the Persian army.D.The Greek army won a decisive victory in the straits between Athens and Salamis.您的答案:B题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.039.第59题Which one is NOT the aftermath of the Peloponnesian Wars?A.In Athens, democracies collapsed and the empire crumbled.B.Many city-states rebelled against the imperialistic rule of the Athens.C.In Sparta, class conflict became severer and traditional virtues were corrupted.D.There were constant clashes between different city-states.您的答案:B题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.040.第60题All of the following political ideas can be accredited to the Romans EXCEPT ____.A.popular sovereigntyB.social contract theoryC.democracyD.separations of power您的答案:C题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.041.第13题Officers in the Roman Republic were produced by drawing lots.您的答案:错误题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.042.第14题In the Roman Empire, a foreign soldier could earn citizenship through his military service.您的答案:正确题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.043.第15题Mount Olympus is the highest point in Greece and home of the mythical Greek gods. ?您的答案:正确题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.044.第16题Among the Olympian gods, Zeus was the chief deity and he was mainly worshipped at Olympia.您的答案:正确题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.045.第17题After Christianity became the state religion ofthe Roman Empire in the 4th century, all other religious beliefs disappeared.您的答案:错误题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.046.第18题The word “tyranny” was just as derogative in ancient Greece as today.您的答案:错误题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.047.第19题Like the Jews, the Christians rejected the Greco-Roman gods and the Cult of the Living Emperors.您的答案:正确题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.048.第30题Earlier Christian leaders all agreed that the gospel was intended for Jews and non-Jews as well to hear.您的答案:错误题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.049.第31题Though the idea of democracy originated in Athens, the practice was very different from today’s western countries.您的答案:正确题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.050.第32题That the early Christians suffered systematical persecution by the Roman authorities was a myth.您的答案:正确题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.051.第33题The institution of the senate in the Roman Republic could be traced to the Etruscan tradition.您的答案:正确题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.052.第34题Ptolemy’s geocentric theory remained very popular in Europe for centuries.您的答案:正确题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.053.第35题The Hammurabi Code ensured that every one is equal before the law.您的答案:错误题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.054.第36题Acropolis is an open space or plaza that served both as a market and as a place where citizens could assemble.您的答案:错误题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.055.第52题Mesopotamian civilization was based on the tradition, culture and custom of one single group of ancient people living in the region.您的答案:错误题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.056.第53题Athenian magistrate Solon devised the Council of 500 as a check to the power of the nobles.您的答案:错误题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.057.第54题The term “dictator” did not have its present day’s derogatory meaning in the period of the Roman Republic.您的答案:正确题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.058.第55题The Americans learnt from the ancient Rome in creating their federal government.您的答案:正确题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.059.第56题Roman state financed gladiator shows to make people forget social and economic problems.您的答案:正确题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.060.第57题The Minoan civilization is often regarded as the first advanced civilization of Europe.您的答案:正确题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.0作业总得分:91.。
第一章希腊罗马文化希腊罗马文化可以说是欧洲文明的起源,所以这一章节应该是比较重要的章节。
我们先看希腊的发展。
希腊文明分为几个时期,她形成于公元前800-500年,经历了古典时代(也就是公元前500到公元前336年)和希腊化时代(也就是公元前336年到公元前31年)。
希腊文明达到顶峰是公元前5世纪。
公元前146年,希腊被罗马攻克。
希腊文明也就被罗马文明所取代。
这段历史的重要大事有:1、公元前12世纪,随着特洛伊人的入侵,希腊堕入“黑暗时代”。
荷马史诗描述的正是希腊人与特洛伊人之间的战争(《以利亚特》和《奥得赛》)。
这里要注意的是,荷马史诗描述的时代并非荷马生活的时代。
荷马生活在公元前700年。
2、公元前6世纪,希腊世界开始有了全面改变,为后来的古典时代打开了通途。
其中两个重要的城邦国家是雅典和斯巴达。
雅典发展起一个完全不同类型的社会,公元前594年,梭伦成为雅典的首席执行官,他的贡献在于,在组织上为以后建立著名的雅典民主奠定了基础。
雅典之所以在当时拥有卓越的地位,是因为它在打败庞大的波斯帝国这场重大战争中起了最主要的作用。
历史之父希罗多德在他的历史书中进行了详尽的描述。
3、由于雅典的不断扩张引起了斯巴达的恐慌,因而在公元前431年爆发了伯罗奔尼撒战争。
战争最终以雅典的失败而告终。
修昔底得这位历史上最伟大的历史学家在其作品中,详尽描写了这一战争。
4、伯罗奔尼撒战争后,斯巴达专横跋扈,底比斯和雅典为求相互保护而结成新的联盟。
公元前371年,马其顿国王腓力二世打败了底比斯和雅典联军,他的闻名世界的儿子亚历山大大帝统治了希腊。
至此,古典时代结束,希腊化时代即将开始。
古典时代的希腊造就了一批哲学家和剧作家。
哲学家主要以苏格拉底、柏拉图和亚里士多德为代表。
苏格拉底提出自由辩论的重要性。
柏拉图的目标是要实现一个既能维持贵族特权,又可为贫苦阶级接受的社会,并构件了唯心主义的根基。
亚力士多德寻求自然界和人类社会各个方面的秩序。
欧洲文化史欧洲文化略分五个时期。
一、古典时期( the Classic Age, 1200 ~476 )主要是古希腊文明(the Ancient Greek Civilization)及古罗马文明(the Ancient Roman Civilization)。
奉行的是异教徒的信仰和实践(Paganism)。
异教徒指非基督教徒,非犹太教徒,非伊斯兰教徒。
理念上鲜有束缚,实践中享受人生,个性突出,热情奔放,创造力旺盛,风格多姿多彩。
二、中世纪时期(the Middle Ages, 476~1453)主要是罗马天主教的教会文化(the Church Culture),强调人的原罪(the original sin),人性受到压抑(inhibited),文化上是一泓死水(cultural backwater)。
这一时期的主流是对古典时期的反动。
反主流的代表人物是但丁( Alighier,Dante,l265~1321),杰作是史诗《神曲》(Divine Comedy)。
三、文艺复兴时期(the Renaissance, 15~16C)古典主义的复兴,遵循的是人文主义(Humanism),这是对中世纪经院哲学(Scholasticism)的对抗(reaction)。
代表人物有:1. 米开朗琪罗(Michelangelo Buonarroti,1475~1564):代表作有梵蒂冈教皇(Pope,pontiff)专用西斯庭小教堂(The Sistine chapel)穹顶上的壁画《创世纪》,(Genesis)以及圣坛后的壁画《最后的审判》(The Last Judgment),雕塑《大卫》(David)等。
米氏又是建筑师、诗人。
2. 达芬奇(Leonardo da Vinci,1452~1519):代表作有《蒙娜丽莎》(Mona Lisa),《最后的晚餐》,(The last Supper)。
是画家,又是雕塑家、建筑师、音乐家、工程师,确是多才多艺(versatile)。
古代欧洲知识点总结古代欧洲是一个充满故事的地方,它承载着许多重要事件和文化变革。
从古希腊的民主政体到古罗马的帝国时代,再到中世纪的基督教统治,欧洲历史充满了戏剧性和魅力。
在这篇总结中,我将带您回顾古代欧洲的一些重要知识点,包括政治、文化、宗教等方面的发展。
古代欧洲的政治古代欧洲的政治发展可以追溯到古希腊和古罗马时期。
古希腊在公元前7世纪至公元前5世纪,出现了城邦制度。
这种制度下,政治权力主要掌握在城市国家的公民手中,城邦之间经常发生战争和外交冲突。
在古希腊,雅典和斯巴达是两个最重要的城邦,分别代表着民主和寡头制的政治体制。
希腊的政治思想家如柏拉图、亚里士多德等人也对政治体制有着深刻的思考,他们的著作对后世产生了深远的影响。
古罗马是古代欧洲另一个重要的政治实体,它在其最辉煌的时期形成了一个庞大的帝国。
罗马共和国时期是罗马政治发展的重要阶段,其政治体制以元老院和两位执政官为主。
然而,由于政治腐败和内部冲突,罗马共和国最终被庞大的帝国所取代。
罗马帝国时期,政治权力主要掌握在皇帝手里,它将欧洲的大部分地区统一在了一个统一的政治体制下。
罗马帝国的政治制度对欧洲政治体制的形成和发展产生了深远的影响。
古代欧洲的文化古代欧洲的文明发展涵盖了许多领域,包括文学、哲学、艺术、建筑等。
希腊文明是欧洲古代文化的一个亮点,希腊人在文学、哲学、戏剧等方面都取得了卓越成就。
希腊文学以荷马的《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》以及希腊悲剧为代表,他们对欧洲文学的发展产生了深远的影响。
希腊哲学家如苏格拉底、柏拉图和亚里士多德等人,对西方哲学和思想产生了深远的影响,他们的思想成果被后世的哲学家们所继承和发扬。
古罗马文明也是古代欧洲文化的重要组成部分,它在建筑、雕塑、法律等方面都取得了非常不错的成就。
罗马建筑以其精美的设计和工艺闻名,如斗兽场、庞大的浴场和棱柱式的建筑都是古代欧洲建筑风格的代表作品。
罗马雕塑在艺术技巧上也达到了巅峰,其细致的雕刻和栩栩如生的作品仍然令人赞叹。
单选题第1题(4.0) 分Major changes in Roman religious life were mainly a result of _____.A、foreign cultural invasionB、trade and commerceC、territorial expansion of RomeD、interest in spiritual matters第2题(4.0) 分Which description of Greek democracy of the Archaic Period is not true?A、It began as an expanded version of oligarchy.B、It is the same with modern democracy.C、It ensured an easier coexistence between different classes.D、Solon’s reforms laid the foundation for the Athenian democracy.第3题(4.0) 分Which description of the Hellenistic civilization is incorrect?A、It was a cosmopolitan and open culture.B、It was a mixture of Greek and Oriental cultures.C、It helped to popularize Greek thinking and life styles.D、Its commercial, cultural and intellectual centre was Athens.第4题(4.0) 分The following descriptions of the second Greco-Persian War are true EXCEPT for _____.A、The Persian army was led by Xerxes I, who was Darius son.B、All Greek city-states united to counter the Persian invasion.C、The Greek army was greatly outnumbered by the Persian army.D、The Greek army won a decisive victory in the straits between Athens and Salamis.第5题(4.0) 分Which one of the following statements about the condition of the Jews during the Roman time was NOT true?A、In 64 B.C. Pompey conquered Judea and turned it into a Roman province.B、The Jews had to pay heavy tax, but they enjoyed limited self-rule.C、Faced with Roman persecution, the Jews had to worship the Roman emperors as gods.D、The Jewish people hoped for salvation led by a prophet.第6题(4.0) 分Three of the following statements are true with the early experience of Christianity. Which one is the exception?A、Unlike the Jews, the early Christians of the Roman Empire suffered persecution.B、Christianity was not the official religion of the Roman Empire until the 4th century.C、Christianity spread in the cities of the empire, first in the east and later in the west.D、It was Constantine’s toleration for all religions that brought new life to Christianity.第7题(1.0) 分Whose power was gradually reduced in the process of Athenian political reforms?A、People’s AssemblyB、People’s CourtC、Council of citizensD、Council of nobles第8题(1.0) 分Constantine the Great declared __.A、Christianity as the only religionB、toleration for all religionsC、the end of Imperial CultD、paganism illegal第9题(1.0) 分All land in Sumer belonged to _____.A、the kingsB、godsC、the noblesD、free farmers第10题(1.0) 分Which one does not belong to the Bronze Age civilizations of ancient Greece?A、Cycladic civilizationB、Helladic civilizationC、Hellenistic civilizationD、Minoan civilization第11题(1.0) 分Which of the following is NOT true about Emperor Constantine the Great?A、He concentrated power in his own hands.B、He made Christianity the state religion.C、He abandoned Rome as the imperial capital.D、He tolerated all religions in the Roman Empire.第12题(1.0) 分The economic success of the early Roman Empire was mainly achieved by _____.A、small farmersB、slavesC、serfsD、Roman legions第13题(1.0) 分The largest and most famous of all Hellenistic cities is ____.A、AthensB、SpartaC、AlexandriaD、Thebes第14题(1.0) 分Which of the following statements about ancient Greek sculpture is NOT true?A、The beauty of human form was the most important subject.B、The archaic Greek artists created two sculptural human forms, the kouros and kore.C、The classical Greek sculptors represented human body less naturally or relaxed.D、The Hellenistic Greek sculptors liked to represent extreme emotions in the human face and figure.第15题(1.0) 分Of the following orders of columns, which one is more formal and dignified and mainly used in mainland Greece?A、DoricB、IonicC、CorinthianD、Composite第16题(1.0) 分Jesus lived in the __.A、early 1st centuryB、late 1st centuryC、early 2nd centuryD、late 2nd century第17题(1.0) 分Christians considered pagan gods_____.A、as demonsB、as humansC、incredibleD、supernatural第18题(1.0) 分_____ is the longest river in the world.A、The TigrisB、The AmazonC、The Mississippi第19题(1.0) 分The Roman Republic was founded in _____.A、509 B.C.B、471 B.C.C、445 B.C.D、367 B.C.第20题(1.0) 分The ancient Egyptians divided a year into ___ seasons.A、2B、3C、4D、5第21题(1.0) 分Which one does NOT indicate that Euripides was the most revolutionary dramatist in ancient Greece?A、His creation of less heroic and more realistic characters.B、His sharp criticism of conventional values.C、His view of the human soul as a place where opposing forces struggle.D、His use of graceful language and perfect form.第22题(1.0) 分The poetic creation of _____ glorifies Rome’s conquests and achievements.A、Virgil (70-19 B.C.)B、Horace (65-8 B.C.)C、Ovid (43 B.C.-17 A.D.)D、Juvenal (55-130 A.D.)第23题(1.0) 分Beginning in the 4th century, army units of German were__.A、suppressed by the RomansB、eliminated by the RomansC、welcomed into the Roman Empire to defend the RomansD、driven by the Romans to settle in depopulated areas.第24题(1.0) 分Starting from the reign of which Roman emperor such jobs as bakery and military service became hereditary?A、OctavianB、DiocletianC、ConstantineD、Theodosius第25题(1.0) 分Who is usually regarded as the “father of history”?A、HerodotusB、ThucydidesC、XenophonD、Polybius第26题(1.0) 分Which of the following was NOT true about the early Christians?A、They defied the Roman political authoritiesB、They accepted the idea that emperors were divine.C、They banned paganismD、They suffered religious persecution第27题(1.0) 分Christianity originated from__.A、TurkeyB、PalestineC、North AfricaD、the Western Europe第28题(1.0) 分Of the following philosophical schools, which one had perhaps the greatest influence on Roman laws and government?A、EpicureanismB、StoicismC、CynicismD、Neo- Platonism第29题(1.0) 分The wheel was invented by ancient ________.A、EgyptiansB、IndiansC、GreeksD、Sumerians第30题(1.0) 分All of the following Roman officers were produced by election EXCEPT ____.A、consulB、dictatorC、tribuneD、magistrate第31题(1.0) 分The ethnic origin of Jesus was ____.A、GreekB、RomanC、HebrewD、European第32题(1.0) 分Which one of the following groups of people did not speak the Semitic language?A、HebrewsB、ArabsC、SumeriansD、Babylonians第33题(4.0) 分Epicureanism and Stoicism are similar in the following ways except for____.A、Both were concerned with the good of the individual.B、Both were idealistic in world view.C、Both believed that reason is the key to solution of social problems.D、Both thought highly of the peace of mind.第34题(1.0) 分Who replaced the Council of 400 with the Council of 500?A、SolonB、PeisistratusC、CleisthenesD、Pericles第35题(1.0) 分In the first Greco-Persian War, Greek army defeated the Persian forces and won a smashing victory in the battle of ____.A、ThermopylaeB、MarathonC、SalamisD、Plataea第36题(4.0) 分Which one of the following statements about Judaism is NOT true?A、Judaism was the earliest monotheism in the ancient Near East.B、Judaism began with the covenant between God and Abraham.C、The Ten Commandants are a set of moral laws given to the Israel (Jacob) by God.第37题(4.0) 分The Roman expansion had many consequences EXCEPT ______.A、Rome became the hegemony in the Mediterranean region.B、economic gains for all RomansC、social conflicts and slave uprisingsD、increased political power for military commanders第38题(4.0) 分Which one is NOT the aftermath of the Peloponnesian Wars?A、In Athens, democracies collapsed and the empire crumbled.B、Many city-states rebelled against the imperialistic rule of the Athens.C、In Sparta, class conflict became severer and traditional virtues were corrupted.D、There were constant clashes between different city-states.第39题(4.0) 分The government of the Roman Republic included all of the following branches EXCEPT ______.A、the executive branchB、the deliberative branchC、the legislative branchD、the judicial branch第40题(4.0) 分Roman religion was _____.A、borrowed entirely from the GreeksB、not purely RomanC、invented by RomansD、borrowed from the Egyptians判断题第41题(1.0) 分The basic units of the first human civilization were city-states.正确错误第42题(2.0) 分Mount Olympus is the highest point in Greece and home of the mythical Greek gods. ?正确错误第43题(1.0) 分Although people from different regions in the Roman Empire spoke different mother tongues, they could always communicate with strangers either in Latin or in Greek, the official languages of the Empire.正确第44题(1.0) 分The Roman government offered free food to the poor people to achieve greater harmony.正确错误第45题(2.0) 分Among the Olympian gods, Zeus was the chief deity and he was mainly worshipped at Olympia.正确错误第46题(1.0) 分Earlier Christian leaders all agreed that the gospel was intended for Jews and non-Jews as well to hear.正确错误第47题(1.0) 分After Christianity became the state religion of the Roman Empire in the 4th century, all other religious beliefs disappeared.正确错误第48题(1.0) 分The word “tyranny”was just as derogative in ancient Greece as today.正确错误第49题(1.0) 分According to Aristotle, Form (or Idea) exists as a higher reality than the material world.正确错误第50题(1.0) 分Octavian kept the republican system in name in order to gain support.正确错误第51题(1.0) 分It was the Romans who created the name “Africa”after they conquered the Carthage Empire.正确错误第52题(1.0) 分At the age of 30, Jesus started to preach; but he had no intention to create a new religion.正确错误第53题(1.0) 分In the ancient Egyptian society there were only male pharaohs.正确错误第54题(1.0) 分Athenian magistrate Solon devised the Council of 500 as a check to the power of the nobles.正确错误第55题(1.0) 分The Romans were extremely intolerant of foreign religions.错误第56题(1.0) 分The Americans learnt from the ancient Rome in creating their federal government.正确错误第57题(1.0) 分In the Roman Empire, a foreign soldier could earn citizenship through his military service. 正确错误第58题(1.0) 分Roman state financed gladiator shows to make people forget social and economic problems. 正确错误第59题(2.0) 分All Egyptian gods have a human body and an animal head.正确错误第60题(2.0) 分The Greek city-states varied greatly in their governmental structures.正确错误。
欧洲文化入门:
《欧洲文化入门》是一本为中国大学英语系学生编写的教科书,由外语教学与研究出版社出版。
书中介绍了英语中来自欧洲各个历史时期和人物的典故﹑名言﹑成语﹑人名﹑地名等等,并按时间顺序对欧洲从古至今的历史进行了具体扼要的讲述。
相关概要:
《欧洲文化入门》是一本中国大学英语系的教科书,为了教学需要而编写的。
学习英语的中国大学生在阅读英文书刊和同英语国家人士的交往中,往往感到由于缺乏欧洲文化知识而增加了许多困难。
英语中有数不清的典故、名言、成语、人名、地名等等来自古希腊罗马的哲学、文学、历史著作,希伯莱的圣经,文艺复兴时期的艺术创作或者牵涉到各时期思想、科技、政治、社会方面的重要事件和人物。
如果对这些所知无多,读书未必全懂,对谈也难顺利。
而一旦对这些有了较多知识,则不仅了解程度会提高,而且由于通过文化来学习语言,语言也会学得更好
课程目的:
为学习英语的学生而设,因此用英语讲授,提到的地名,人名,书名,事件的名称等等也按英语惯例拼写,例如用Aristotle而不是Aristote(法)或Aristoteles(德)。
欧洲历史知识介绍欧洲的历史是悠久而辉煌的,那么同学们对欧洲历史了解多少呢?下面由店铺为大家整理的欧洲历史知识介绍,希望对大家有帮助!欧洲历史知识介绍一远古时代(Ancient Age)从文明伊始到公元前2000年,人类的社会文明史起源于中国、印度和两河流域。
大约在公元前三千年,生活在两河流域的闪族人发明了书写文字和车轮运输,并建立起了人类历史上最具雏形的文明社会。
不过在游戏中,人类文明起源的这段时期被分为了远古时代和古典时代两个部分,其原因大概是因为两个阶段人类所使用的武器有所不同。
在远古时代,著名的人类文明包括闪族、埃及、亚述、巴比伦以及中国的第一个朝代。
在远古时代,玩家只可以训练步兵,城市也只能建设到小型规模,防御建筑也只有箭塔。
更重要的是,知识和金属这两种重要的基础资源都无法采集。
而原本需要这两种资源进行升级的技术暂时只能转而消耗食物和木材,因而消耗量更大。
古典时代(Classical Age)从公元前1999年到公元500年classical这个词源自希腊,原意是指在科学和哲学领域的巨大发明或进步。
在历史上,这个时代的辉煌文明包括希腊、罗马、波斯、帕堤亚、萨珊,当然还包括中国。
在这个时代里,随着冶铁技术的进步,武器技术得到了长足的发展,人类战争进人了崭新的阶段。
而随着历史上东方民族大迁徙并灭亡罗马帝国,导致欧洲文明倒退到一段黑暗的阶段,从而为古典时代画上了一个句号。
中世纪时代(MEDIEVAL AGE)公元501年到公元1299年自从西罗马帝国被哥特人攻陷之后,欧洲文明进人了中世纪时代。
在此之后的数个世纪里,原本用于野蛮民族的哥特人等民族逐渐融人了欧洲社会,并成为现代欧洲人的祖先。
在中世纪,很多影响人类历史的发明出现了,其中包括城堡、马镫和十字弓等(其实中国在古典时代就已经出现装备弩的部队)。
而中国在这个时代甚至出现了人类战争史上最早使用火器的部队。
欧洲历史知识介绍二火药时代(Gunpowder Age)公元1300年到公元1715年火药于12世纪的时候由中国人发明,到了14世纪在欧洲战场上得到了广泛的应用。
第二单元古代欧洲文明基础知识第四课希腊城邦和亚历山大帝国(古代希腊文明)一、希腊城邦1.地理范围:希腊半岛(主体),爱琴海诸岛小亚细亚西部,黑海沿岸,意大利南部,西西里岛2.地理环境1)表现:①多山,环海,多岛屿等②平原小,耕地少2)影响:①政治:“小国寡民”(城邦林立)②经济:航海业,海外贸易3.希腊早期文明:爱琴文明1)时间:公元前2000年—公元前1200年2)代表:克里特文明,迈锡尼文明3)荷马时代(落后)4.希腊城邦国家1)(重新)兴起:前8世纪2)城邦国家含义:以城市(市镇)为中心,周围农村组成小国(奴隶制)3)特点:“小国寡民”4)规模:最大:斯巴达 8400平方千米;最小:几百人5)城邦居民:公民,非公民①公民:成年男性公民享有政治权利(参加公民大会)公民占有土地参军打仗义务参加宗教活动,节庆演出,文体竞赛等②非公民:外邦人:自由,没有政治权利,不占土地奴隶:没有自由,不享有政治权利③关系:统治者与被统治者关系,界限分别,难以转化6)代表:斯巴达:内陆,尚武军事化雅典:民主政治,航海业,海上贸易二、雅典的民主政治1.位置:希腊中部(临海,航海业,海外贸易)2.民主政治发展1)梭伦改革:公元前594年;设四百人议事会2)克利斯提尼改革:前509年五百人议事会3)伯里克利改革陶片放逐法3.全盛:1)时间:前五世纪中后期2)执政官:伯里克利3)表现:经济发达,国势强盛;奴隶制民主政治达到巅峰4.雅典民主政治1)高峰:前五世纪中后期伯里克利执政2)内容:①扩大公民权利公职人员抽签产生(选举)②十个主席团轮流主政(抽签产生)③国家最高权力机构:公民大会(立法,司法等职能)④建立津贴制度(贫穷公民)3)局限性:①只有全体成年男性公民享有政治权利②外邦人,妇女奴隶没有政治权利三、亚历山大帝国1.兴起:前四世纪希腊北部,马其顿国兴起,控制希腊2.亚历山大东征(前344年)1)伊苏斯之战①时间:公元前334年②双方:亚历山大 3.5万;大流士三世 10万③地点:叙利亚,伊苏斯平原④结果:亚历山大出奇制胜2)南下沿地中海东岸占领埃及3)灭波斯①前331年,回师两河流域再败波斯②前330年灭波斯4)最远到达印度河流域5)结果:①历时10年建立庞大帝国②版图:西:希娜东:印度河流域北:中亚南:埃及6)称誉:亚历山大帝国(国家名称)亚历山大帝(最高统治者)3.影响1)消极:①给东方人民带来巨大灾难②掠夺了东方世界的无数财产2)积极:①促进了东西方文化的大交汇②加强了东西方之间的经济联系和贸易往来③建立新城,使其成为新的文化中心第五课罗马城邦和罗马帝国(古代罗马文明)一、罗马城邦和罗马共和国1. 地理环境1)地中海中部,三面临海(意大利半岛,亚平宁半岛)2)山地众多,有利于畜牧业3)西部河流纵横,土地肥沃,有利于农业2. 城邦兴起1)时间:公元前1000年2)罗马城邦兴起①时间:公元前8世纪②地点:意大利半岛中部 台伯河畔3. 罗马共和国1)建立:公元前509年2)罗马统治的特点①最高决策权:元老院(300名贵族)②两个执政官主持日常事务③公民大会:形式最高权力机关④设立两名保民官(平民选出)有权否决决议⑤颁布《十二铜表法》3)统一:前3世纪征服(统一)意大利半岛 4)扩张:①布匿战争时间:前246-公元前196年双方:罗马共和国 迦太基(三次)结果:成为西地中海霸主②前2世纪征服东地中海,成为地中海霸主③掠夺大量奴隶,成为主要生产者5)衰落:斯巴达克起义打击①斯巴达克:角斗士奴隶②前73年起义,声势浩大③结果:沉重打击罗马统治,最终被镇压二、罗马帝国1. 建立1)公元前49年,凯撒夺权(独裁者)2)前44年,凯撒被刺3)前31年,屋大维夺权4)前21年,创“元首制”标志罗马帝国建立2. 屋大维统治:采取措施,解决矛盾,巩固地位,促进发展3. 强盛1)2世纪 黄金时期时间:公元前450年名称由来:法律条刻在十二块青铜板上内容:涉及诉讼,所有权,债务权以及宗教法等影响:量刑定罪有文字依据,一定程度遏制贵族2)版图:地跨欧亚非三洲地中海成为内湖三、罗马帝国的衰亡1.原因1)内因:①3世纪帝国统治经济大危机②统治者争斗,人民起义,农业工商业衰落,民生凋敝2)外因:375年,北方日耳曼人大举入侵(蛮族)3)实质:奴隶制危机2.分裂:4世纪末(395年)东西罗马3.西罗马帝国灭亡:476年第六课希腊罗马文化一、文学和雕塑1.总体成就:神话,文学,艺术,哲学,科学,史学,法学,体育2.神话:希腊神话特点:神人同形同性3.文学:《荷马史诗》1)作者:荷马2)《伊利五特》《奥德赛》3)意义:了解早期希腊社会的重要文献4.雕塑1)希腊人物雕塑达到完美境界2)代表作奥林匹克亚神庙宙斯像(七大奇迹之一)《掷铁饼者》二、建筑1.影响:对后世产生深远影响2.希腊建筑:1)神庙建筑艺术2)特点:四周廊柱环绕柱子有粗有细3)代表:帕特农神庙(奉祀雅典娜的神庙)3.罗马建筑:1)特点:吸收希腊建筑特点创新柱子拱形穹顶为主坚固结实华丽宏伟2)代表:①罗马大竞技场(可容纳万人)②引水道工程:高架引水渠③凯旋门④万神庙三、哲学和法学1.希腊哲学1)德谟克利特:提出“原子论”认为:宇宙万物由微小原子构成2)苏格拉底①开始思考人类社会②探究人的灵魂,美德,幸福等③求和最好办法是系统的问和答④主张人应该“认识你自己”(内心世界)3)亚里士多德①百科全书式的学者②对许多学科有贡献③创立逻辑学等学科体系(物理学,植物学,动物学等)④名言:吾爱吾师,吾更爱真理4)阿基米德①浮力定律②杠杆定律2.罗马法学1)地位:罗马人最伟大的成就之一2)源头:《十二铜表法》(前450年)3)完整罗马法体系①法学家对法律广泛论证②万民法③经济法④众多法律概念四、公历1.来源:古埃及人的太阳历2.基础:凯撒《儒略历》内容:每逢能被四整除的那一年为闰年,在2月份增加一天3.4世纪:成为基督教历法4.16世纪格列高利历二、易混易错、知识点拨与拓展1、【易错易混】1、古代罗马时期分为罗马共和国时期和罗马帝国统治时期。
古代欧洲文明知识点梳理希腊城邦雅典民主政治亚历山大帝国一、希腊城邦1.时间:公元前8世纪出现。
2.概况:①希腊城邦的居民分为公民和非公民,成年男性公民有参与统治的权利,非公民包括外邦人和奴隶。
公民与非公民是统治与被统治的关系,二者界限分明,非公民转化为公民,极为困难。
②最大的城邦是斯巴达,雅典以其民主政治和经济文化的繁荣闻名于世。
3.特点:小国寡民(突出特点)。
二、雅典民主政治1.概况:公元前5世纪中后期,伯里克利主政期间,雅典达到全盛,奴隶制民主政治发展到高峰。
2.表现:伯里克利扩大了公民的权利,使每一名公民都有参政的机会。
公民大会是最高权力机构,具有立法、司法等多种职能。
建立津贴制度。
3.局限性:雅典民主政治仅适用于公民,占雅典人口绝大多数的外邦人、奴隶、妇女没有任何政治权利。
三、亚历山大帝国公元前334年,马其顿国王亚历山大率军征战,建立起了一个地跨欧、亚、非三洲的“亚历山大帝国”。
亚历山大东征和帝国的建立,促进了东西方文化的大交汇,加强了东西方之间的经济联系和贸易往来。
同时,亚历山大东征具有侵略性质,给东方人民带来巨大灾难。
罗马城邦罗马帝国的征服与扩张一、罗马城邦:公元前1000年,罗马城邦在意大利半岛中部的台伯河畔兴起;公元前509年,罗马建立了共和国。
公元前3世纪初,罗马征服了意大利半岛,后控制了西地中海地区,公元前2世纪,罗马成为整个地中海地区的霸主。
公元前27年,罗马共和国演变为罗马帝国。
2世纪,罗马帝国版图横跨欧、亚、非三洲,地中海成了罗马帝国的“内湖”。
4世纪末,罗马帝国分裂为东西两个帝国。
476年,西罗马帝国灭亡。
二、罗马帝国的征服与扩张:2世纪,罗马帝国进入黄金时期。
帝国的版图横跨欧、亚、非三洲,地中海成了罗马帝国的“内湖”。
罗马帝国的征服与扩张,使罗马文化渗透到它统治过的广大地区,罗马帝国的征服与扩张充满暴力,给被征服地区带来了深重灾难。
西欧庄园西欧中世纪城市一、西欧庄园1.概况:①从9世纪开始,一种新的农业经济组织形式———庄园逐渐在欧洲流行开来。
1.第1题In the year of ____, Constantine the Great issued Edit of Milan which officially made Christianity legal.A.311B.313C.324D.380您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.02.第2题Constantine the Great named the new imperial capital ______.A.ConstantinopleB.ByzantiumC.New RomeD.Istanbul您的答案:A题目分数:1.0此题得分:0.03.第3题Egypt was conquered by ____ in 31 B.C. and renamed“Africa.”A.GreeksB.ArabsC.RomansD.Persians您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.04.第4题Of the following orders of columns, which one is more formal and dignified and mainly used in mainland Greece?A.DoricB.IonicC.Corinthianposite您的答案:A题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.05.第5题The Roman Empire reached it largest territorial extent during the reign of _____.A.Julius Caesar (46-44B.C.)B.Octavian (27 B.C.-14 A.D.)C.Trajan (98-117 A.D.)D.Constantine the Great (306-337 A.D.)您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.06.第6题In the Early Middle Ages, the Roman Church and the Eastern Church were divided over the following issues EXCEPT for ______.A.IconoclasmB.official languageC.explanation of the Holy SpiritD.baptism您的答案:D题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.07.第7题Which one of the following was NOT a member of the First Triumvirate?A.CrassusB.SullaC.PompeyD.Caesar您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.08.第8题The ancient Egyptians divided a year into ___ seasons.A.2B.3C.4D.5您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.09.第9题Which description of Spartan women is incorrect? A.They enjoyed more political rights and domestic freedom that the rest of the Greek world.B.They received physical training instead of literacy education.C.They could inherit property.D.They usually got married at 18.您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.010.第10题The so-called Mesopotamia civilization included cultures developed by the following groups of people EXCEPT _______.A.BabyloniansB.PersiansC.SumeriansD.Assyrians您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.011.第11题Which one of the following groups of people did not speak the Semitic language?A.HebrewsB.ArabsC.SumeriansD.Babylonians您的答案:D题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.012.第12题Which description of the traditional Greek religion isincorrect?A.Ancient Greeks believed that the gods have human forms and human personality.B.For the Greeks, the gods only favored those people and states that honored them.C.In ancient Greece, the main religious ceremony took place inside the temple.D.Oracles also played an important part in the Greek religion and beliefs.您的答案:C题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.013.第20题Which description of the Age of Pericles is NOT true?A.It is the Golden Age of classical Greece.B.It was when Athens secured its status as the capital of Hellenic civilization.C.It witnessed great developments in democracy, economy, art and science.D.It was when the nobles became a major force in politics.您的答案:D题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.014.第21题Christians considered pagan gods_____.A.as demonsB.as humansC.incredibleD.supernatural您的答案:A题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.015.第22题The Tigris and Euphrates are originated from which country?A.IraqB.ArmeniaC.TurkeyD.Iran您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.016.第23题The economic success of the early Roman Empire was mainly achieved by _____.A.small farmersB.slavesC.serfsD.Roman legions您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.017.第24题Jesus lived in the __.A.early 1st centuryte 1st centuryC.early 2nd centuryte 2nd century您的答案:A题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.018.第25题The first city- builders in Italy were ________.A.the GreeksB.the LatinsC.the EtruscansD.the Italians您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.019.第26题Which one of the following architectural constructions was not typical Roman?A.domeB.vaultC.archD.column您的答案:D题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.020.第27题Which of the following group of people did not constitute a class in Sparta?A.the native SpartansB.foreignersC.slavesD.nobles您的答案:D题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.021.第28题The ethnic origin of Jesus was ____.A.GreekB.RomanC.HebrewD.European您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.022.第29题All land in Sumer belonged to _____.A.the kingsB.godsC.the noblesD.free farmers您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.023.第37题Which one of the following statements about ancient Egyptian religious belief is NOT true?A.The ancient Egyptians practised polytheism.B.All Egyptian gods had an animal head and a human body.C.Ancient Egyptians built temples to communicate with their gods.D.Egyptians believed in final judgement and resurrection.您的答案:B题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.024.第38题The government of the Roman Republic included all of the following branches EXCEPT ______.A.the executive branchB.the deliberative branchC.the legislative branchD.the judicial branch您的答案:D题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.025.第39题Which one of the following statements about the ancient Egyptian art is NOT true?A.The more important a person or a god, the larger his size on a painting.B.Ancient Egyptians artists created a variety of individual styles.C.Wall paintings inside the pyramids were meant tokeep the dead company.D.Colors in the paintings have symbolic meanings.您的答案:B题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.026.第40题Epicureanism and Stoicism are similar in the following ways except for____.A.Both were concerned with the good of the individual.B.Both were idealistic in world view.C.Both believed that reason is the key to solution of social problems.D.Both thought highly of the peace of mind.您的答案:B题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.027.第41题Which of the following is NOT true about Emperor Constantine the Great?A.He concentrated power in his own hands.B.He made Christianity the state religion.C.He abandoned Rome as the imperial capital.D.He tolerated all religions in the Roman Empire.您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.028.第42题The second founding father of Christianity was _____.A.St. PeterB.St. PaulC.St. AthanasiusD.St. Augustine您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.029.第43题_____ is the longest river in the world.A.The TigrisB.The AmazonC.The MississippiD.The Nile您的答案:D题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.030.第44题Olive trees and grapevine were introduced into Italyby ______.A.EtruscansB.GreekstinsD.Egyptians您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.031.第45题Which of the following statements about ancient Greek sculpture is NOT true?A.The beauty of human form was the most important subject.B.The archaic Greek artists created two sculptural human forms, the kouros and kore.C.The classical Greek sculptors represented human body less naturally or relaxed.D.The Hellenistic Greek sculptors liked to represent extreme emotions in the human face and figure.您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.032.第46题Which one of the following peoples first practiced monotheism?A.ancient EgyptiansB.ancient HebrewsC.ancient GreeksD.ancient Sumerians您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:0.033.第47题In the early days of the Roman Republic, ______ had the most important law making power.A.the Assembly of CenturyB.the Plebian CouncilC.the Assembly of CuriaeD.the Tribal Assembly您的答案:A题目分数:1.0此题得分:0.034.第48题Constantine the Great declared __.A.Christianity as the only religionB.toleration for all religionsC.the end of Imperial CultD.paganism illegal您的答案:D题目分数:1.0此题得分:0.035.第49题The Sumerian civilization had ______ cultural center(s).A.1B.2C.3D.4您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:0.036.第50题Who replaced the Council of 400 with the Council of 500?A.SolonB.PersistratusC.CleisthenesD.Pericles您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.037.第51题Three of the following statements are true with the early experience of Christianity. Which one is the exception?A.Unlike the Jews, the early Christians of the Roman Empire suffered persecution.B.Christianity was not the official religion of the Roman Empire until the 4th century.C.Christianity spread in the cities of the empire, first in the east and later in the west.D.It was Constantine’s toleration for all religions that brought new life to Christianity.您的答案:C题目分数:4.0此题得分:0.038.第58题The following descriptions of the secondGreco-Persian War are true EXCEPT for _____.A.The Persian army was led by Xerxes I, who was Darius son.B.All Greek city-states united to counter the Persian invasion.C.The Greek army was greatly outnumbered by thePersian army.D.The Greek army won a decisive victory in the straits between Athens and Salamis.您的答案:B题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.039.第59题Which one is NOT the aftermath of the Peloponnesian Wars?A.In Athens, democracies collapsed and the empire crumbled.B.Many city-states rebelled against the imperialistic rule of the Athens.C.In Sparta, class conflict became severer and traditional virtues were corrupted.D.There were constant clashes between differentcity-states.您的答案:B题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.040.第60题All of the following political ideas can be accredited to the Romans EXCEPT ____.A.popular sovereigntyB.social contract theoryC.democracyD.separations of power您的答案:C题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.041.第13题Officers in the Roman Republic were produced by drawing lots.您的答案:错误题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.042.第14题In the Roman Empire, a foreign soldier could earn citizenship through his military service.您的答案:正确题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.043.第15题Mount Olympus is the highest point in Greece and home of the mythical Greek gods. ?您的答案:正确题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.044.第16题Among the Olympian gods, Zeus was the chief deity and he was mainly worshipped at Olympia.您的答案:正确题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.045.第17题After Christianity became the state religion of the Roman Empire in the 4th century, all other religious beliefs disappeared.您的答案:错误题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.046.第18题The word “tyranny” was just as derogative in ancient Greece as today.您的答案:错误题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.047.第19题Like the Jews, the Christians rejected theGreco-Roman gods and the Cult of the Living Emperors.您的答案:正确题目分数:1.048.第30题Earlier Christian leaders all agreed that the gospel was intended for Jews and non-Jews as well to hear.您的答案:错误题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.049.第31题Though the idea of democracy originated in Athens, the practice was very different from today’s western countries.您的答案:正确题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.050.第32题That the early Christians suffered systematical persecution by the Roman authorities was a myth.您的答案:正确题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.051.第33题The institution of the senate in the Roman Republic could be traced to the Etruscan tradition.您的答案:正确题目分数:1.052.第34题Ptolemy’s geocentric theory remained very popular in Europe for centuries.您的答案:正确题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.053.第35题The Hammurabi Code ensured that every one is equal before the law.您的答案:错误题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.054.第36题Acropolis is an open space or plaza that served both as a market and as a place where citizens could assemble.您的答案:错误题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.055.第52题Mesopotamian civilization was based on the tradition, culture and custom of one single group of ancient people living in the region.题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.056.第53题Athenian magistrate Solon devised the Council of 500 as a check to the power of the nobles.您的答案:错误题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.057.第54题The term “dictator” did not have its present day’s derogatory meaning in the period of the Roman Republic.您的答案:正确题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.058.第55题The Americans learnt from the ancient Rome in creating their federal government.您的答案:正确题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.059.第56题Roman state financed gladiator shows to make people forget social and economic problems.题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.060.第57题The Minoan civilization is often regarded as the first advanced civilization of Europe.您的答案:正确题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.0作业总得分:91.。