Specifications

SPEC19-08 10/15)Outlet: 1-1/4” tube outlet for 1-1/4” slip joint connectionACCESS PANELSHeavy-gauge steel with vandal-resistant screws. Provides access for easy hook-up of all plumbing connections. SUGGESTED SPECIFICATIONSUnit shall include powder-coated finish with vandal-resistant pushbutton actuation, vandal-resistant bubbler with integral hood guard, and contour-formed rounded basin to reduce splash and prevent standing water. Fountain shall comply with ANSI 117:1 and ADA for visual and motion disabilities. The manufacturer shall certify the unit to meet the requirements of NSF/ANSI 61, and the Safe Drinking Water Act.Outdoor TubularModel LK4410FRK is shown.2222 Camden Court Oak Brook, IL In keeping with our policy of continuing product improvement, Elkay reserves the right to change specification without notice. Please visit for the most current version.ModelColor OptionADA CompliantNSF/ANSI 61CertifiedLK4410FRK*(Refer to Finish Color Options)••* Select color option to complete model number. Example: LK4410FRK EVG Beige Black Blue Brown Evergreen GrayOrange Purple Terracotta Red White YellowN o w Av a i l a bl ei n12Co l o r s !Each 4410 FR consists of 2 cartons of the following:• Fountain• Single Freeze-Resistant Valve System - 97243CThis specification describes an Elkay product with design, quality and functional benefits to the user. When making a comparison of other producer’s offerings, be certain these features are not overlooked.FINISH COLOR OPTIONS – Choose color option to complete your model number, add as suffix example: LK4410FRK EVGMatte finish: Evergreen = EVG Gloss finish: Beige = BGE Gray = GRY Terracotta = TER Black = BLK Orange = ORN White = WHT Blue = BLU Purple = PUR Yellow = YLWBrown = BRN Red = REDOPTIONS• Hose Bib (Locking) - LK4471LHB * (Choose color option to complete your model number)• Hose Bib (Non-Locking) - LK4470NLHB* (Choose coloroption to complete your model number)• Direct Bury Kit - 97890CPrinted in the U.S.A.Page 2MODEL LK4410FRK Outdoor TubularFreeze-Resistant FountainOPERATING PRESSURES:Supply water 20 – 105 psi maximumMOUNTING INSTRUCTIONS and PLUMBING INSTRUCTIONSSite and drainage excavation is required for fountain installation. Refer to owner’s manual for site preparation details. Provide solid, well-drained surface to mount pedestal fountain (concrete pad recommended) with adequate support (300 lb. load minimum). (6) 3/8” minimum fasteners (not included) should be attached securely to mounting surface in order to secure fountain, (Refer to rough-in diagram), and be sure to allow an opening for the freeze-resistant valve in the ground as shown in the diagram below). Refer to local codes for any additional requirements.Locate and install plumbing through ground as required. Assemble fountain to prepared site and mounting pad.NOTE: Fountain is not furnished with service valve.Position pedestal over plumbing and secure base to fasteners. Remove access panels and connect supply and water lines. Turn on water supply and check for leaks. Refer to owner’s manual for detailed instructions.Reassemble access panels to pedestal. Trap and service stop not included.2222 Camden Court Oak Brook, IL 。

SPECIFICATIONSNI 6320/6321/6323Specifications listed below are typical at 25°C unless otherwise noted. Refer to the X Series User Manual for more information about NI PCIe-6320/6321/6323 devices.Analog InputNumber of channelsNI 6320/6321............................................8 differential or 16single endedNI 6323.....................................................16 differential or 32single endedADC resolution.................................................16 bits DNL..................................................................No missing codes guaranteed INL....................................................................Refer to AI Absolute AccuracySampling rateMaximum..................................................250 kS/s single channel,250kS/s multi-channel(aggregate) Minimum..................................................No minimumTiming accuracy.......................................50 ppm of sample rateTiming resolution......................................10 nsInput coupling...................................................DCInput range........................................................±10V, ±5V, ±1V,±0.2VMaximum working voltage for analog inputs(signal + common mode)..................................±11 V of AI GNDCMRR (DC to 60 Hz).......................................100 dBInput impedanceDevice onAI+ to AI GND.................................>10 GΩ in parallel with100 pFAI- to AI GND..................................>10 GΩ in parallel with100 pF Device offAI+ to AI GND.................................1200 ΩAI- to AI GND..................................1200 ΩInput bias current..............................................±100 pACrosstalk (at 100 kHz)Adjacent channels.....................................-75 dBNon-adjacent channels..............................-90 dBSmall signal bandwidth (–3 dB).......................700 kHzInput FIFO size.................................................4,095 samplesScan list memory..............................................4,095 entriesData transfers....................................................DMA (scatter-gather), programmed I/OOvervoltage protection (AI <0..31>, AI SENSE, AI SENSE2)Device on..................................................±25 V for up to two AI pinsDevice off..................................................±15 V for up to two AI pinsInput current during overvoltage condition......±20 mA max/AI pinSettling time for multichannel measurements, accuracy, full scale step, all ranges ±90 ppm of step (±6 LSB)........................4 μs convert interval±30 ppm of step (±2 LSB)........................5 μs convert interval±15 ppm of step (±1 LSB)........................7 μs convert intervalFigure 1. Settling Error versus Time for Different Source ImpedancesAnalog triggers.................................................None2||NI 6320/6321/6323 SpecificationsNI 6320/6321/6323 Specifications |© National Instruments | 3AI Absolute AccuracyNote Accuracies listed are valid for up to two years from the device external calibration.Table 1. Analog Input Absolute AccuracyNominal RangeResidualGain Error(ppm ofReading)GainTempco(ppm/°C)ReferenceTempco(ppm/°C)ResidualOffsetError(ppm ofRange)OffsetTempco(ppm ofRange/°C)INL Error(ppm ofRange)RandomNoise, σ(μVrms)AbsoluteAccuracyat FullScale* (μV) PositiveFull ScaleNegativeFull Scale10-10657.351324602292200 5-5727.351325601181140 1-1787.35173760262570.2-0.21057.352793601269* Refer to the AI Absolute Accuracy Example section.4| |NI 6320/6321/6323 SpecificationsAI Absolute Accuracy EquationAbsolute Accuracy = Reading · (Gain Error ) + Range · (Offset Error ) + Noise UncertaintyGain Error = Residual Gain Error + Gain Tempco ·(Temp Change From Last Internal Cal ) + Reference Tempco · (Temp Change From Last External Cal )Offset Error = Residual Offset Error + Offset Tempco · (Temp Change From Last Internal Cal ) + INL ErrorNoise Uncertainty = for a coverage factor of 3 σ and averaging 10,000points.AI Absolute Accuracy ExampleAbsolute accuracy at full scale on the analog input channels is determined using the followingassumptions:•Temp Change From Last External Cal = 10°C •Temp Change From Last Internal Cal = 1°C •Number of Readings = 10,000•Coverage Factor = 3 σFor example, on the 10 V range, the absolute accuracy at full scale is as follows:Gain Error = 65 ppm + 7.3 ppm · 1 + 5 ppm · 10 = 122 ppm Offset Error = 13 ppm + 24 ppm · 1 + 60 ppm = 97 ppm Noise Uncertainty = = 6.9 μVAbsolute Accuracy = 10 V · (Gain Error ) + 10 V · (Offset Error ) + Noise Uncertainty = 2,200μVAnalog OutputNumber of channelsNI 6320.....................................................0NI 6321.....................................................2NI 6323.....................................................4DAC resolution.................................................16 bits DNL..................................................................±1 LSB Monotonicity.....................................................16 bit guaranteed Maximum update rate1 channel...................................................900 kS/s2 channels .................................................840 kS/s per channelRandom Noise 3⋅10,000------------------------------------------229 μV 3⋅10,000--------------------------3 channels.................................................775 kS/s per channel4 channels.................................................719 kS/s per channelTiming accuracy...............................................50 ppm of sample rateTiming resolution..............................................10 nsOutput range.....................................................±10 VOutput coupling................................................DCOutput impedance.............................................0.2 ΩOutput current drive..........................................±5 mAOverdrive protection.........................................±15 VOverdrive current..............................................15 mAPower-on state..................................................±20 mVPower-on/off glitch...........................................2 V for 500 msOutput FIFO size..............................................8,191 samples shared among channels used Data transfers....................................................DMA (scatter-gather), programmed I/OAO waveform modes........................................Non-periodic waveform, periodic waveformregeneration mode from onboard FIFO, periodicwaveform regeneration from host bufferincluding dynamic updateSettling time, full scale step,15 ppm (1 LSB)................................................6 μsSlew rate...........................................................15 V/μsGlitch energyMagnitude.................................................100 mVDuration....................................................2.6 μsNI 6320/6321/6323 Specifications|© National Instruments|56 | | NI 6320/6321/6323 Specifications AO Absolute AccuracyAbsolute accuracy at full scale numbers is valid immediately following self calibration and assumes the device is operating within 10°C of the last external calibration.Note Accuracies listed are valid for up to two years from the device external calibration.AO Absolute Accuracy EquationAbsolute Accuracy = Output Value · (Gain Error) + Range · (Offset Error)Gain Error = Residual Gain Error + Gain Tempco · (Temp Change From Last Internal Cal) + Reference Tempco ·(Temp Change From Last External Cal)Offset Error = Residual Offset Error + Offset Tempco · (Temp Change From Last Internal Cal) + INL ErrorNominal Range ResidualGain Error(ppm ofReading)GainTempco(ppm/°C)ReferenceTempco(ppm/°C)ResidualOffset Error(ppm ofRange)OffsetTempco(ppm ofRange/°C)INL Error(ppm ofRange)AbsoluteAccuracy atFull Scale*(μV) PositiveFull ScaleNegativeFull Scale10-108011.3553 4.81283,271* Refer to the AO Absolute Accuracy Equation section.Digital I/O/PFIStatic CharacteristicsNumber of channelsNI 6320/6321............................................24 total,8(P0.<0..7>) 16(PFI<0..7>/P1,PFI<8..15>/P2)NI 6323.....................................................48 total,32 (P0.<0..31>) 16(PFI<0..7>/P1,PFI<8..15>/P2)Ground reference..............................................D GNDDirection control...............................................Each terminal individually programmableas input or outputPull-down resistor.............................................50 kΩ typical, 20kΩminimumInput voltage protection1..................................±20 V on up to two pinsWaveform Characteristics (Port0Only)Terminals usedNI 6320/6321............................................Port 0 (P0.<0..7>)NI 6323.....................................................Port 0 (P0.<0..31>)Port/sample sizeNI 6320/6321............................................Up to 8 bitsNI 6323.....................................................Up to 32 bitsWaveform generation (DO) FIFO....................2,047 samplesWaveform acquisition (DI) FIFO.....................255 samplesDO or DI Sample Clock frequency..................0 to 1 MHz, system and bus activity dependent Data transfers....................................................DMA (scatter-gather), programmed I/O Digital line filter settings..................................160 ns, 10.24 μs, 5.12 ms, disablePFI/Port 1/Port 2 Functionality Functionality.....................................................Static digital input, static digital output, timinginput, timing outputTiming output sources......................................Many AI, AO, counter, DI, DO timing signals Debounce filter settings....................................90ns, 5.12μs, 2.56ms, custom interval, disable;programmable high and low transitions;selectable per input1 Stresses beyond those listed under Input voltage protection may cause permanent damage to the device.NI 6320/6321/6323 Specifications|© National Instruments|7Table 2. Recommended Operation ConditionsInput Voltage Level Minimum Maximum Input high voltage (V IH) 2.2 V 5.25 V Input low voltage (V IL)0 V0.8 VOutput high current (I OH)P0.<0..31>.................................................-24 mA maximumPFI <0..15>/P1/P2.....................................-16 mA maximumOutput low current (I OL)P0.<0..31>.................................................16 mA maximumPFI <0..15>/P1/P2.....................................24 mA maximumDigital logic levelsPositive-going threshold (VT+)................2.2 V maximumNegative-going threshold (VT-)................0.8 V minimumElectrical and digital I/O characteristicsDelta VT hysteresis (VT+ – VT-).............0.2 V minimumI IL input low current (V IN = 0 V)..............-10 μA maximumI IH input high current (V IN = 5 V).............250 μA maximumFigure 2. P0.<0..31>: I OH versus V OH8||NI 6320/6321/6323 SpecificationsFigure 3. P0.<0..31>: I OL versus V OLFigure 4. PFI <0..15>/P1/P2: I OH versus V OHNI 6320/6321/6323 Specifications|© National Instruments|9Figure 5. PFI <0..15>/P1/P2: I OL versus V OLGeneral-Purpose Counter/TimersNumber of counter/timers (4)Resolution.........................................................32 bitsCounter measurements......................................Edge counting, pulse, pulse width, semi-period,period, two-edge separationPosition measurements.....................................X1, X2, X4 quadrature encoding with Channel Zreloading; two-pulse encodingOutput applications...........................................Pulse, pulse train with dynamic updates,frequency division, equivalent time sampling Internal base clocks...........................................100 MHz, 20 MHz, 100kHzExternal base clock frequency..........................0 to 25 MHzBase clock accuracy..........................................50 ppm Inputs................................................................Gate, Source, HW_Arm, Aux, A,B, Z,Up_Down, Sample ClockRouting options for inputs................................Any PFI, RTSI, many internal signals FIFO..................................................................127 samples per counterData transfers....................................................Dedicated scatter-gather DMA controller foreach counter/timer, programmed I/O10||NI 6320/6321/6323 SpecificationsFrequency GeneratorNumber of channels (1)Base clocks.......................................................20 MHz, 10 MHz, 100kHz Divisors.............................................................1 to 16Base clock accuracy..........................................50 ppmOutput can be available on any PFI or RTSI terminal.Phase-Locked Loop (PLL)Number of PLLs (1)Reference clock locking frequenciesRTSI <0..7>..............................................10 MHz, 20 MHzPFI <0..15>...............................................10 MHz, 20 MHzOutput of PLL...................................................100 MHz Timebase; other signals derived from100MHz Timebase including 20 MHz and100kHz TimebasesExternal Digital Triggers Source...............................................................Any PFI, RTSI Polarity..............................................................Software-selectable for most signalsAnalog input function.......................................Start Trigger, Reference Trigger, Pause Trigger,Sample Clock, Convert Clock, Sample ClockTimebaseAnalog output function.....................................Start Trigger, Pause Trigger, Sample Clock,Sample Clock TimebaseCounter/timer functions....................................Gate, Source, HW_Arm, Aux, A,B, Z,Up_Down, Sample ClockDigital waveform generation (DO) function....Start Trigger, Pause Trigger, Sample Clock,Sample Clock TimebaseDigital waveform acquisition (DI) function.....Start Trigger, Reference Trigger, Pause Trigger,Sample Clock, Sample Clock TimebaseDevice-To-Device T rigger BusInput source......................................................RTSI <0..7>Output destination.............................................RTSI <0..7>Output selections..............................................10 MHz Clock, frequency generator output,many internal signalsNI 6320/6321/6323 Specifications|© National Instruments|1112| |NI 6320/6321/6323 SpecificationsDebounce filter settings....................................90ns, 5.12μs, 2.56ms, custom interval, disable;programmable high and low transitions; selectable per inputBus InterfaceForm factor .......................................................x1 PCI Express, specification v1.1 compliant Slot compatibility..............................................x1, x4, x8, and x16 PCI Express slots 1DMA channels..................................................8, analog input, analog output, digital input,digital output, counter/timer 0, counter/timer 1, counter/timer 2, counter/timer 3Power RequirementsWithout disk drive power connector installed+3.3 V.......................................................1.4 W +12 V........................................................8.6 W With disk drive power connector installed+3.3 V.......................................................1.4 W +12 V........................................................3 W +5 V..........................................................15 WCurrent LimitsCautionExceeding the current limits may cause unpredictable behavior by thedevice and/or PC.Without disk drive power connector installedP0/PFI/P1/P2 and +5V terminals combined....1 A max With disk drive power connector installed+5 V terminal (connector 0)......................1 A max 2+5 V terminal (connector 1)......................1 A max 2P0/PFI/P1/P2 combined............................1 A max1 Some motherboards reserve the x16 slot for graphics use. For PCI Express guidelines, refer to/pciexpre ss .2Has a self-resetting fuse that opens when current exceeds this specification.NI 6320/6321/6323 Specifications |© National Instruments |13CalibrationRecommended warm-up time...........................15 minutes Calibration interval...........................................2 yearsPhysical RequirementsPrinted circuit board dimensions......................9.9 × 16.8 cm (3.9×6.6in.) (half-length)WeightNI 6320/6321............................................104 g (3.6 oz)NI 6323.....................................................114 g (4.0 oz)I/O connectorNI 6320/6321............................................1 68-pin VHDCI NI 6323.....................................................2 68-pin VHDCIDisk drive power connector..............................Standard ATX peripheral connector(not serial ATA)Clean the hardware with a soft, nonmetallic brush.Maximum Working Voltage 1CautionThe protection provided by the DAQ device can be impaired if it is usedin a manner not described in the X Series User Manual .Channel to earth................................................11 V , Measurement Category INoteMeasurement Categories CAT I and CAT O (Other) are equivalent. These testand measurement circuits are not intended for direct connection to the MAINs building installations of Measurement Categories CAT II, CAT III, or CAT IV .Table 3. Mating ConnectorsManufacturer, Part NumberDescriptionMOLEX 71430-001168-Pos Right Angle Single Stack PCB-Mount VHDCI (Receptacle)MOLEX 74337-001668-Pos Right Angle Dual Stack PCB-Mount VHDCI(Receptacle)MOLEX 71425-300168-Pos Offset IDC Cable Connector (Plug) (SHC68-*)1 Maximum working voltage refers to the signal voltage plus the common-mode voltage.14||NI 6320/6321/6323 SpecificationsEnvironmentalOperating temperature......................................0 to 50 °C Storage temperature..........................................-40 to 70 °COperating humidity...........................................10 to 90% RH, noncondensing Storage humidity...............................................5 to 95% RH, noncondensing Pollution Degree...............................................2Maximum altitude.............................................2,000 m Indoor use only.SafetyThis product meets the requirements of the following standards of safety for electrical equipment for measurement, control, and laboratory use:•IEC 61010-1, EN 61010-1•UL 61010-1, CSA 61010-1NoteFor UL and other safety certifications, refer to the product label or the OnlineProduct Certification section.Electromagnetic CompatibilityThis product meets the requirements of the following EMC standards for electrical equipment for measurement, control, and laboratory use:•EN 61326-1 (IEC 61326-1): Class A emissions; Basic immunity •EN 55011 (CISPR 11): Group 1, Class A emissions •AS/NZS CISPR 11: Group 1, Class A emissions •FCC 47 CFR Part 15B: Class A emissions •ICES-001: Class A emissionsNoteIn the United States (per FCC 47 CFR), Class A equipment is intended for usein commercial, light-industrial, and heavy-industrial locations. In Europe, Canada, Australia and New Zealand (per CISPR 11) Class A equipment is intended for use only in heavy-industrial locations.NoteGroup 1 equipment (per CISPR 11) is any industrial, scientific, or medicalequipment that does not intentionally generate radio frequency energy for the treatment of material or inspection/analysis purposes.NoteFor EMC declarations and certifications, and additional information, refer tothe Online Product Certificationsection.NI 6320/6321/6323 Specifications |© National Instruments |15CE ComplianceThis product meets the essential requirements of applicable European Directives as follows:•2006/95/EC; Low-V oltage Directive (safety)•2004/108/EC; Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive (EMC)Online Product CertificationTo obtain product certifications and the Declaration of Conformity (DoC) for this product, visit /certification , search by model number or product line, and click the appropriate link in the Certification column.Environmental ManagementNI is committed to designing and manufacturing products in an environmentally responsible manner. NI recognizes that eliminating certain hazardous substances from our products is beneficial to the environment and to NI customers.For additional environmental information, refer to the Minimize Our Environmental Impact w eb page at /environment . This page contains the environmental regulations anddirectives with which NI complies, as well as other environmental information not included in this document.Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)EU CustomersAt the end of the product life cycle, all products must be sent toa WEEE recycling center. For more information about WEEE recycling centers, National Instruments WEEE initiatives, and compliance with WEEE Directive 2002/96/EC on Waste and Electronic Equipment, visit /environment/ weee .Contact InformationNational Instruments corporate headquarters11500 North Mopac Expressway, Austin, Texas, 78759-3504512 795 8248/niglobal⬉ ѻ ∵ ㅵ⧚ ⊩˄Ё RoHS ˅Ё National Instruments ヺ Ё ⬉ ѻ Ё䰤 Փ⫼ ѯ ⠽䋼 Ҹ (RoHS)DŽ ѢNational Instruments Ё RoHS 㾘 ˈ䇋ⱏ /environmen t /rohs_china DŽ(For information about China RoHS compliance,go to /environmen t /rohs_china .)16||NI 6320/6321/6323 SpecificationsNI 6320/6321/6323 Specifications|© National Instruments|17Refer to the NI Trademarks and Logo Guidelines at /trademark s for more information on National Instruments trademarks. Other product and company names mentioned herein are trademarks or trade names of their respective companies. For patents covering National Instruments products/technology, refer to the appropriate location: Help»Patents in your software, the patent s.txt file on your media, or the National Instruments Patents Notice at /patent s. You can find information about end-user license agreements (EULAs) and third-party legal notices in the readme file for your NI product. Refer to the Export Compliance Information at /legal/export-compliance for the National Instruments global trade compliance policy and how to obtain relevant HTS codes, ECCNs, and other import/export data.© 2009–2013 National Instruments. All rights reserved.370785D-01Apr13。

NI 6115/6120 SpecificationsThis document lists the specifications for the NI6115/6120. For the most current edition of this document, refer to /manuals. Refer to the DAQ Getting Started Guide for more information about accessing documents on the NI-DAQ media.The following specifications are typical at 25°C unless otherwise noted.Analog InputInput CharacteristicsNumber of channels........................4 pseudodifferentialType of ADCResolutionNI6115..................................12 bits, 1 in 4,096NI6120..................................16 bits, 1 in 65,536 PipelineNI6115 (2)NI6120 0Sampling rateMaximumNI6115..................................10 million S/sNI6120..................................800 kS/sMinimumNI6115..................................20 kS/sNI6120..................................No minimumInput impedanceAI + to AI –Range ≤ ±10 V.......................1 MΩ in parallel with100pFRange > ±10 V.......................10 kΩ in parallel with40pFAI – to AI GNDNI6115..................................100 GΩ in parallel with10nFNI6120..................................100 GΩ in parallel with100 pFAI + to AI GNDNI6115...................................100GΩ in parallel with100 pFNI6120...................................100GΩ in parallel with100 pFInput bias current.............................±300 pAInput offset current..........................±200 pAInput coupling.................................DC/ACMax working voltage for all analog input channels Positive input (AI +)...................±42 V for ±20 V and±42V ranges;±11 V for other ranges Negative input (AI –)..................±2.5 VOvervoltage protection(AI +, AI –)......................................±42 VInput current duringovervoltage conditions....................±20 mA maxInput FIFO size................................16 or 32 MSData transfers...................................DMA, interrupts,programmed I/ODMA mode......................................Scatter-gatherNI 6115/6120 Specifications DC Transfer CharacteristicsINLNI 6115.......................................±0.35 LSB typ,±1 LSB max NI 6120.......................................±2.5 LSB max DNLNI 6115.......................................±0.25 LSB typ,±1 LSB max NI 6120.......................................0.75 LSB typ,no missing codes Offset, gain error.............................Refer to Tables 1 and 211 Accuracies are valid for measurements following an internal calibration. Averaged numbers assume dithering and averagingof 100 single-channel readings. Measurement accuracies are listed for operational temperatures within ±1 °C of internal calibration temperature and ±10 °C of external or factory-calibration temperature.Table 1. NI 6115 Analog Input DC Accuracy InformationNominal Range at Full Scale (V)Absolute AccuracyRelative Accuracy % of Reading Offset * (mV)Noise +Quantization (mV)Temp Drift (%/°C)Absolute Accura cy a t Full Scale (±mV)Resolution (mV)24 Hours 1 Year Single Point Averaged Single Point Averaged ±420.350.353342 3.60.023210.048 4.8±200.270.271317 1.40.0236919 1.9±100.0260.028 6.78.30.720.00061010 1.0±50.0160.018 3.4 4.20.360.0006 4.7 4.80.48±20.0360.038 1.3 1.80.160.0006 2.2 2.00.20±10.0430.0450.68 1.10.090.0006 1.2 1.20.12±0.50.0580.0600.350.690.0610.00060.710.800.080±0.20.100.110.150.430.0390.00060.400.510.051* The offset might degrade by 2.25 LSB with filter enabled.© National Instruments Corporation 3NI 6115/6120 SpecificationsDynamic CharacteristicsAnalog filters NumberNI 6115..................................2NI 6120..................................1TypeNI 6115..................................3-pole Bessel NI 6120..................................5-pole Bessel FrequencyNI 6115..................................50kHz and 500kHz(software-enabled)NI 6120..................................100kHz(software-enabled)Crosstalk.........................................–80 dB, DC to 100 kHzTable 2. NI 6120 Analog Input DC Accuracy InformationNominal Range at Full Scale (V)Absolute AccuracyRelative Accuracy % of ReadingOffset *(μV)Noise +Quantization (μV)Temp Drift (%/°C)Absolute Accuracy at Full Scale (±mV)Resolution (μV)24 Hours 1 Year Single Point Averaged Single Point Averaged ±420.160.168,4006,1005500.011877,200720±200.140.143,3002,4002200.011312,900290±100.0330.0341,7001,2001100.0006 5.11,400140±50.0350.0378********.0006 2.790090±20.0390.0413********.0006 1.241041±10.0770.0792********.0006 1.124024±0.50.100.10180110100.00060.6913013±0.20.120.1293545.10.00060.34686.8* The offset might degrade by 8 LSB with filter enabled and by 1 LSB when sampling above 500kS/s.Table 3. NI6115 Analog Input Dynamic CharacteristicsInput Range Bandwidth* (MHz)SFDR Typ† (dB)CMRR‡ (dB)System Noise** (LSB rms)±42 V 5.578340.35±20 V 4.478400.45±10 V7.281460.35±5 V 4.881520.35±2 V 4.885600.45±1 V 4.485660.60±500 mV 4.485700.80±200 mV 4.18172 1.3 * –3 dB frequency for input amplitude at 96% of the input range (–0.3 dB)† Measured at 100 kHz with twelfth-order bandpass filter after signal source‡ DC to 60 Hz** LSB rms, not including quantizationTable 4. NI6120 Analog Input Dynamic CharacteristicsInput Range Bandwidth* (MHz)SFDR Typ† (dB)CMRR‡ (dB)System Noise** (LSB rms)±42 V 1.09560 1.2±20 V 1.09668 1.2±10 V 1.09576 1.2±5 V 1.09582 1.5±2 V 1.09690 1.7±1 V 1.09495 2.0±500 mV 1.090100 2.2±200 mV 1.085105 2.8* –3 dB frequency for input amplitude at 10% of the input range (–20 dB)† Measured at 100 kHz with twelfth-order bandpass filter after signal source‡ DC to 60 Hz** LSB rms, not including quantizationNI 6115/6120 © National Instruments Corporation 5NI 6115/6120 SpecificationsFigure 1. NI 6115 Total Harmon ic Distortion Plus Noise (THD+N)Figure 2. NI 6120 Total Harmon ic Distortion Plus Noise (THD+N)Figure 3. NI 6115 High-Voltage THD+N Figure 4. NI 6120 High-Voltage THD+NFigure 5. NI 6115 THD+N with FiltersFigure 6. NI 6120 THD+N with FiltersStabilityRecommended warm-up time.........15 minCalibration interval..........................1 yearOffset temperature coefficientPregainNI6115...................................±12 μV/°CNI6120...................................±1.5 μV/°C PostgainNI6115...................................±64 μV/°CNI6120...................................±2.1 LSB/°CGain temperature coefficientNI6115.......................................±21.3 ppm/°CNI6120.......................................±22.2 ppm/°CAnalog OutputOutput CharacteristicsNumber of channels.........................2 voltageResolutionNI6115.......................................12 bits, 1 in 4,096 NI6120.......................................16 bits, 1 in 65,536Max update rate1 channel....................................4 MS/s, systemdependent*2 channel....................................2.5 MS/s, systemdependent* *Update rates above 1MS/s may degrade the analog output slew rate.Output buffer size...........................16 or 32 MSData transfers..................................DMA, interrupts,programmed I/O DMA modes....................................Scatter-gatherDC Transfer CharacteristicsINLNI6115.......................................±0.5 LSB typ,±2 LSB max NI6120.......................................±0.35 LSB typ,±1 LSB maxDNLNI6115.......................................±0.25 LSB typ,±1 LSB max NI6120.......................................±0.2 LSB typ,±1 LSB maxOffset, gain errorNI6115.......................................Refer to Table5NI6120.......................................Refer to Table6Table 5. NI 6115 Analog Output DC Accuracy InformationNominal Range at Full Scale(V)Absolute Accuracy Relative Accuracy % of ReadingOffset(mV)TempDrift(%/°C)AbsoluteAcc. at FullScale (mV)Theoretical Resolution(mV)24 Hours90 Days 1 Year±100.0450.0470.0498.90.000814 4.9Table 6. NI 6120 Analog Output DC Accuracy InformationNominal Range at Full Scale(V)Absolute Accuracy Relative Accuracy % of ReadingOffset(μV)TempDrift(%/°C)AbsoluteAcc. at FullScale (mV)Theoretical Resolution(μV)24 Hours90 Days 1 Year±100.0510.0520.0531,9000.0006 6.7310NI 6115/6120 Voltage Output Ranges.............................................±10 VOutput coupling..............................DCOutput impedance...........................50 Ω ±5%Current dri4bility............................Any passive loadProtection........................................Short-circuit to groundPower-on output voltage(before software loads calibration values)NI6115.......................................±400 μVNI6120.......................................±80 μVInitial power-up glitchMagnitude...................................±2 VDuration......................................200 msDynamic CharacteristicsSlew rateNI6115.......................................300 V/μsNI6120.......................................15 V/μsNoiseNI6115.......................................600 μV rms, DC to 5 MHz NI6120.......................................100 μV rms, DC to 1 MHzGlitch energy at midscale transitionNI6115.......................................±30 mV for 1 μsNI6120.......................................±10 mV for 1 μsSettling timeNI6115.......................................300 ns to 0.01%NI6120.......................................4μs to ±1 LSBStabilityOffset temperature coefficientNI6115.......................................±35 μV/°CNI6120.......................................±35 μV/°CGain temperature coefficientNI6115.......................................±56.9 ppm/°CNI6120.......................................±6.5 ppm/°CCalibration Level...............................................5.000 V (±2.5 mV)(actual value stored inEEPROM) Temperature coefficient..................±2.0 ppm/°C maxLong-term stability.........................±6 ppm/Digital I/ONumber of channels........................8 input/output Compatibility...................................TTL/CMOSPower-on state.................................Input (high-impedance) Data transfers...................................DMA, interrupts,programmed I/OInput buffer......................................2,048 bytesOutput buffer...................................2,048 bytesTransfer rate (1 word = 8 bits)........10 Mwords/sTiming I/ONumber of channels........................2 up/downcounter/timers,1 frequency scalerResolutionCounter/timers............................24 bitsFrequency scaler.........................4 bits Compatibility...................................TTL/CMOSBase clocks availableCounter/timers............................20 MHz, 100 kHzFrequency scaler.........................10 MHz, 100 kHz Base clock accuracy........................±0.01%Max source frequency.....................20 MHzMin source pulse duration...............10 ns, edge-detect mode Min gate pulse duration...................10 ns, edge-detect mode Data transfers...................................DMA, interrupts,programmed I/ODMA modes....................................Scatter-gather1,000 hTable 7. Digital Logic LevelsLevel Min Max Input low voltageInput high voltageInput low current (V in = 0 V)Input high current (V in = 5 V)0.0 V2.0 V——0.8 V5.0 V–320 μA10 μA Output low voltage(I OL = 24 mA)Output high voltage(I OH = –13 mA)—4.35 V0.4 V—© National Instruments Corporation7NI 6115/6120 SpecificationsTriggersAnalog Trigger Source..............................................All analog input channels,external trigger(PFI 0/AI START TRIG)LevelInternal........................................± full-scaleExternal.......................................±10 V Slope................................................Positive or negative(software-selectable)ResolutionNI6115.......................................8 bits, 1 in 256NI6120.......................................12 bits, 1 in 4,096 Hysteresis........................................Programmable Bandwidth (–3 dB) .........................5 MHz internal/externalExternal input (PFI 0/AI START TRIG)Impedance...................................10 kΩCoupling......................................AC/DCProtection....................................–0.5V to (V CC + 0.5)Vwhen configured as adigital signal,±35V when configuredas an analog trigger signalor disabled,±35V powered offDigital Trigger Compatibility...................................TTLResponse..........................................Rising or falling edgePulse width......................................10 ns minRTSI Trigger Lines (PCI Only)Trigger lines <0..6> (7)RTSI clock (1)PXI Trigger Bus (PXI Only)Trigger lines <0..6> (7)Star trigger (1)Bus Interface Type.................................................Master, slave Power Requirement+5 VDC (±5%)NI 6115.......................................2.2 ANI 6120.......................................3.0 A+3.3 V.............................................0.8APower available at I/O connector....+4.65 to +5.25 VDCat1APhysicalDimensions (not including connectors)NI PCI-6115/6120......................31.2 cm × 10.6 cm(12.3 in. × 4.2 in.)NI PXI-6115/6120......................16 cm × 10 cm(6.3 in. × 3.9 in.)I/O connector..................................68-pin male SCSI-II typeMaximum Working VoltageMaximum working voltage refers to the signal voltage plus the common-mode voltage.Channel-to-earth.............................42 V, MeasurementCategory IChannel-to-channel.........................42 V, MeasurementCategory IEnvironmentalThe NI6115/6120 is intended for indoor use only.Operating temperature....................0 to 50 °CStorage temperature........................–20 to 70 °CHumidity.........................................10 to 90% RH,noncondensingMaximum altitude...........................2,000 mPollution Degree (2)SafetyThe NI6115/6120 is designed to meet the requirements of the following standards of safety for electrical equipment for measurement, control, and laboratory use:•IEC 61010-1, EN 61010-1•UL 61010-1, CSA 61010-1Note For UL and other safety certifications,refer to the product label or the Online ProductCertificationsection.NI 6115/6120 Electromagnetic CompatibilityThis product meets the requirements of the following EMC standards for electrical equipment for measurement, control, and laboratory use:•EN 61326 (IEC 61326): Class A emissions; Basic immunity•EN 55011 (CISPR 11): Group 1, Class A emissions •AS/NZS CISPR 11: Group 1, Class A emissions •FCC 47 CFR Part 15B: Class A emissions•ICES-001: Class A emissionsNote For the standards applied to assess theEMC of this product, refer to the Online ProductCertification section.Note For EMC compliance, operate this devicewith shielded cabling.CE ComplianceThis product meets the essential requirements of applicable European Directives as follows:•2006/95/EC; Low-V oltage Directive (safety)•2004/108/EC; Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive (EMC)Online Product CertificationRefer to the product Declaration of Conformity (DoC) for additional regulatory compliance information. To obtain product certifications and the DoC for this product, visit/certification, search by model number or product line, and click the appropriate link in the Certification column.Environmental ManagementNational Instruments is committed to designing and manufacturing products in an environmentally responsible manner. NI recognizes that eliminating certain hazardous substances from our products is beneficial not only to the environment but also to NI customers.For additional environmental information, refer to the NI and the Environment Web page at /environment. This page contains the environmental regulations and directives with which NI complies, as well as other environmental information not included in this document.Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)EU Customers At the end of their life cycle, allproducts must be sent to a WEEE recycling center.For more information about WEEE recyclingcenters and National Instruments WEEE initiatives,visit /environment/weee.htm.⬉ ѻ ∵ ㅵ⧚ ⊩˄Ё RoHS˅Ё National Instrumentsヺ Ё ⬉ѻ Ё䰤 Փ⫼ ѯ ⠽䋼 Ҹ (RoHS)DŽ ѢNational InstrumentsЁ RoHS 㾘 ˈ䇋ⱏ /environment/rohs_chinaDŽ(For information about China RoHS compliance,go to /environment/rohs_china.)© National Instruments Corporation9NI 6115/6120 SpecificationsDevice PinoutFigure 7. NI 6115/6120 PinoutNational Instruments, NI, , and LabVIEW are trademarks of National Instruments Corporation.Refer to the Terms of Use section on /legal for more information about NationalInstruments trademarks. Other product and company names mentioned herein are trademarks or tradenames of their respective companies. For patents covering National Instruments products/technology,refer to the appropriate location: Help»Patents in your software, the patents.txt file on yourmedia, or the National Instruments Patent Notice at /patents.© 2005–2008 National Instruments Corporation. All rights reserved.371397C-01Sep08。

SSPC-SP COMNovember 1, 2004SSPC: The Society for Protective CoatingsSURFACE PREPARATION SPECIFICATIONSSurface Preparation Commentary for Steel and Concrete Substrates1. IntroductionThis Surface Preparation Commentary (SP COM) is in-tended to be an aid in selecting the proper surface preparation method, materials, and specifi cation for steel, other metals, and concrete. A compilation of standards, guides, and speci-fi cations related to concrete is available as SSPC publication #04-03 “Surface Preparation and Coating of Concrete.” The SP COM is not part of the actual standards, but is included to provide a better understanding of the SSPC surface prepara-tion standards. In addition, surface preparation standards other than those published by SSPC are referenced.The SSPC standards, summarized in Table 1, represent a broad consensus of users, suppliers, and public interest groups. Details of the methods used to measure many of the properties discussed in this SP COM are described in SSPC publication 03-14, “The Inspection of Coatings and Linings, A Handbook of Basic Practice for Inspectors, Owners, and Specifi ers, 2nd Ed.”2. Contents1. Introduction2. Contents3. Importance of Surface Preparation4. Surface Conditions4.1NewConstruction4.2Maintenance4.3SurfaceContaminants4.3.1Rust,Stratifi ed Rust, Pack Rust, and Rust Scale4.3.2MillScale4.3.3 Grease and Oil4.3.4 Dirt and Dust4.3.5Moisture4.3.6SolubleSalts4.3.7PaintChalk4.3.8DeterioratedPaint4.4SurfaceDefects4.4.1 WeldsandWeldSpatter4.4.2 WeldPorosity4.4.3 SharpEdges4.4.4 Pits4.4.5 Laminations,Slivers4.4.6 Crevices4.4.7 ConcreteDefects4.5RustBack 5. Summary of SSPC Surface Preparation Standards5.1 SSPC-SP 1, “Solvent Cleaning”5.1.1PetroleumSolventsandTurpentine5.1.2AlkalineCleaners5.1.3EmulsionCleaners5.1.4SteamCleaning5.1.5ThresholdLimitValues5.1.6PaintRemoval5.2 SSPC-SP 2, “Hand Tool Cleaning”5.2.1 Loose Rust, Mill Scale, and Paint5.2.2ConsensusReferencePhotographs5.3 SSPC-SP 3, “Power Tool Cleaning”5.3.1 Loose Rust, Mill Scale, and Paint5.3.2ConsensusReferencePhotographs5.4 SSPC-SP 4, “Flame Cleaning of New Steel”5.5 SSPC-SP 5/NACE No. 1, “White Metal Blast Cleaning”5.5.1ConsensusReferencePhotographs5.6 SSPC-SP 6/NACE No. 3, “Commercial Blast Cleaning”5.6.1ReferencePhotographs5.7 SSPC-SP 7/NACE No. 4, “Brush-Off Blast Cleaning”5.7.1ConsensusReferencePhotographs5.8 SSPC-SP 8, “Pickling”5.9 SSPC-SP 9, “Weathering Followed by Blast Cleaning”5.10 SSPC-SP 10/NACE No. 2, “Near-White Blast Cleaning”5.10.1ConsensusReferencePhotographs5.11 SSPC-SP 11, “Power T ool Cleaning to Bare Metal”5.11.1 Power Tools and Cleaning Media5.11.2 Power Tools with Vacuum Shrouds5.11.3ConsensusReferencePhotographs5.12 SSPC-SP 12/NACE No. 5, “Surface Preparation andCleaning of Metals by Waterjetting Prior to Coating”5.12.1SurfaceCleanliness5.12.2FlashRusting5.12.3ConsensusReferencePhotographs5.13 SSPC-SP 13/NACE No. 6, “Surface Preparationof Concrete”5.14 SSPC-SP 14/NACE No. 8, “Industrial Blast Cleaning”5.14.1ConsensusReferencePhotographs5.15 SSPC-SP 15, “Commercial Grade Power T ool Cleaning”5.15.1ConsesnsusReferencePhotographs6. Selection of Abrasives, Blast Cleaning Parameters,and Equipment6.1 Abrasive Characteristics6.1.1 Hardness6.1.2 Size6.1.3 Shape6.1.4 BulkDensity6.1.5Friability/WasteGeneration6.1.6 RecyclabilitySSPC-SP COM November 1, 20046.2 Factors Affecting Surface Profi le 6.2.1 Profi le Height 6.2.2 Profi le Texture (Roughness) 6.3 Parameters That Affect Productivity 6.3.1 Particle Size 6.3.2 Hardness 6.3.3 Shape 6.3.4 Specifi c Gravity 6.3.5 Nozzle Pressure 6.3.6 Nozzle Type 6.3.7 Nozzle to Surface Distance 6.3.8 Impact Angle 6.3.9 Abrasive Metering 6.3.10 Abrasive Cleanliness 6.3.11 Embedment 6.4 Abrasive Types 6.4.1 Metallic Abrasives 6.4.2 Non-Metallic Abrasives 6.5 Blast Equipment 6.5.1 Conventional Blasting 6.5.2 Vacuum Blasting 6.5.3 Abrasive Blast Cleaning Above 760 kPa (110 psi)7. Summary of SSPC Abrasive Standard s 7.1 SSPC-AB 1, “Mineral And Slag Abrasives 7.2 SSPC-AB 2, “Cleanliness of Recycled Ferrous Metallic Abrasives” 7.3 SSPC-AB 3, “Ferrous Metallic Abrasive”8. Wet Abrasive Blast and Waterjetting Me thods 8.1 Water Cleaning and Waterjetting (Without Abrasive) 8.1.1 Degrees of Cleaning 8.1.2 Profi le 8.1.3 Water Consumption 8.1.4 Equipment 8.1.5 F lash Rust 8.2 Wet Abrasive Blast Cleaning 8.2.1 Air/Water/Abrasive Blasting 8.2.2 Water/Abrasive Blast Cleaning 8.3 Flash Rust and Rust Bloom 8.4 Inhibitors and Salt Removers 9. Other Cleaning Methods 9.1 Chemical Stripping 9.2 Sodium Bicarbonate (Baking Soda) Blast Cleaning 9.3 Pliant Media Blasting (Sponge Jetting) 9.4 Carbon Dioxide (Dry Ice) Blasting 9.5 Electrochemical Stripping 10. Film Thickness 11. Consensus Reference Photographs 11.1 SSPC-VIS 1,” Guide and Reference Photographsfor Steel Surfaces Prepared by Dry A brasive Blast Cleaning “11.2 SSPC-VIS 2, “Standard Method of EvaluatingDegree of Rusting on Painted Steel Surfaces”11.3 SSPC-VIS 3, “ Guide and Reference Photographsfor Steel Surfaces Prepared by Hand and Power Tool Cleaning “11.4SSPC-VIS 4/NACE VIS 7, “Guide and Reference Photographs for Steel Surfaces Prepared by Waterjetting”11.5 SSPC-VIS 5/NACE VIS 9, “Guide and ReferencePhotographs for Steel Surfaces Prepared by Wet Abrasive Blast Cleaning”11.6 ISO Pictorial Standards 11.7 Other Photographic Standards 11.8 Project Prepared Standards12. Other SSPC Surface Preparation Documents in This Volume 12.1 SSPC-TR 1/NACE 6G194, “Joint TechnologyReport on Thermal Precleaning”12.2 SSPC-TR 2/NACE 6G198, “Joint T echnical Reporton Wet Abrasive Blast Cleaning”12.3 SSPC-TU 2/NACE 6G197, “Informational Reportand Technology Update on Design, Installation, and Maintenance of Coating Systems for Concrete Used in Secondary Containment”12.4 SSPC-TU 4, “F ield Methods for Retrieval andAnalysis of Soluble Salts on Substrates”12.5 SSPC-TU 6, “Chemical Stripping of OrganicCoatings from Steel Structures”13. Non-SSPC Cleaning Standards14. Surface Preparation of Concrete for Coating 14.1 Industry Standards 14.2 Methods of Cleaning Concrete15. Surface Preparation of Other Metallic Surfaces 15.1 Aluminum 15.2 Stainless Steel 15.3 Copper Alloys3. Importance of Surface PreparationOften, the surface preparation of steel for painting requires a three step process: 1) initial pre-cleaning to remove grease, oil, dirt, and other surface contaminants; 2) cleaning with hand/power tools, pressurized water, chemicals, or abrasive blast-ing; 3) creation or verifi cation of the specifi ed anchor pattern profi le. The life of a coating depends as much on the degree and quality of surface preparation as on the selected coating system, because most coating failures can be attributed to inadequate surface preparation or lack of coating adhesion. Surface preparation, therefore, should receive thorough con-sideration. The primary functions of surface preparation are:• To remove surface contaminants that can inducepremature coating failure• To provide a clean surface with adequate profi le forgood coating adhesion.Where conventional abrasive blast cleaning is not allowed or is impractical, alternative abrasives or methods of cleaning the surface must be employed. Chemical stripping will remove paint and is relatively easy to contain. Hence, chemical strip-ping may be used around sensitive machinery or in densely populated areas. (Refer to SSPC-TU 6, “Chemical Stripping of Organic Coatings from Steel Structures.”) A lternative abrasivesSSPC-SP COMNovember 1, 2004TABLE 1SUMMARY OF CURRENT SSPC ABRASIVE ANDSURFACE PREPARATION STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONSSSPC SPECIFICATION DESCRIPTIONAB1Mineral and Slag Abrasives Definition of requirements for selecting and evaluating mineral and slag abrasives used for blast cleaning.AB 2Cleanliness of Recycled Ferrous Metallic Abrasive Cleanliness requirements for a recycled work mix and a description of the test procedures.AB 3Ferrous Metallic Abrasive Requirements of chemical and physical properties of iron and steel abrasives.SP 1Solvent Cleaning Removal of oil, grease, dirt, soil, salts, and contaminants by cleaning with solvent, vapor, alkali, emulsion, or steam.SP 2Hand Tool Cleaning Removal of loose rust, loose mill scale, and loose paint to degree specified, by hand chipping, scraping, sanding, and wire brushing.SP 3Power Tool Cleaning Removal of loose rust, loose mill scale, and loose paint to degree specified, by power tool chipping, descaling, sanding, wire brushing, and grinding.SP 5/NACE No. 1White Metal Blast Cleaning Removal of all visible rust, mill scale, paint, and foreign matter by blast cleaning by wheel or nozzle (dry or wet) using sand, grit or shot. For very corrosive atmospheres where high cost of cleaning is warranted.SP 6/NACE No. 3 Commercial Blast Cleaning Blast cleaning until at least two-thirds of the surface is free of all visible residues with only staining permitted on the remainder. For conditions where a thoroughly cleaned surface is required.SP 7/NACE No. 4Brush-Off Blast Cleaning Blast cleaning of all except tightly adhering residues of mill scale, rust, and coatings, while uniformly roughening the surface.SP 8 Pickling Complete removal of rust and mill scale by acid pickling, duplex pickling, or electrolytic pickling.SP 10/NACE No. 2Near-White Blast Cleaning Blast cleaning nearly to White Metal cleanliness, until at least 95% of the surface is free of all visible residues with only staining permitted on the remainder. For high humidity, chemical atmosphere, marine, or other corrosive environments.SP 11Power Tool Cleaning to Bare Metal Complete removal of all rust, scale, and paint by power tools, with resultant surface profile.continued...SSPC-SP COM November 1, 2004such as sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) or dry ice (CO2) can sometimes be used in places where conventional abrasives cannot be used. A class of abrasives has been developed where each abrasive particle is contained in a urethane sponge. The sponge contains the abrasive and facilitates cleanup and recycling. Alternative methods of surface preparation are discussed in more detail in Chapter 2.9 of the SSPC Painting Manual, Vol. 1.An advantage of all wet blast methods is the control of dust emissions. Wet blast methods may involve water alone, abrasive injected into the water stream, water injected into an abrasive air stream, or a water curtain surrounding an air/ abrasive stream. Power tools with vacuum shrouds have also been proven effective in controlling dust emissions, particularly in removing lead-containing paint. It is important to note that surface preparation methods used to control dust may not necessarily eliminate any hazards associated with disturbance of hazardous materials such as lead. In applications where the presence of soluble salts on the steel surface creates a serious problem, such as tank linings, it may be benefi cial to incorporate water into the cleaning process.T o gain maximum benefi t from a high performance industrial coating, it is not prudent to cut back on the surface preparation. Surface preparation is important even when a “surface tolerant” coating is used. When the manufacturer claims a particular coating will “tolerate” a given amount of rust, old paint, or other contamination on the steel surface, it is likely that the coating will perform even better if the surface is prepared to a higher level of cleanliness.SP 12/NACE No. 5Surface Preparation and Cleaning of Metals by Waterjetting Prior to Coating Defines four degrees of cleaning for visible contaminants (similar to SP 5, 6, 7, and 10) and three levels of flash rust and describes three levels of non-visible surface cleanliness for non-visible soluble salt contamination.SP 13/NACE No. 6Surface Preparation of Concrete Description of inspection procedures prior to surface preparation, methods of surface preparation, inspection, and classification of prepared concrete surfaces.SP 14/NACE No. 8 Industrial Blast Cleaning Between SP 7 (brush-off) and SP 6 (commercial). The intent is to remove as much coating as possible, but contaminants difficult to remove can remain on 10 percent of the surface.SP 15Industrial Grade Power Tool Cleaning Between SP 3 and SP 11. Removes all rust and paint but allows for staining; requires a minimum 1 mil (25 µm) profile.VIS 1Guide and Reference Photographs for Steel Surfaces Prepared by Dry Abrasive Blast Cleaning Standard reference photographs; recommended supplement to SSPC surface preparation standards SSPC-SP 5, 6, 7, 10, and 14.VIS 2Standard Method of Evaluating Degree of Rusting on Painted Steel Surfaces A geometric numerical scale for evaluating degree of rusting of painted steel. Color photographs show staining while matching black and white images depict only rust. Three rust distributions, general, spot, and pinpoint, are depicted.VIS 3Guide and Reference Photographs for Steel Surfaces Prepared by Power-and Hand-Tool Cleaning Standard reference photographs; recommended supplement to SSPC-SP 2, 3, 11, and 15.VIS 4/NACE VIS 7Guide and Reference Photographs for Steel Surfaces Prepared by Waterjetting Standard reference photographs depict previously rusted steel (painted and unpainted) cleaned by water jetting. Photographs depict three levels of flash rusting. Recommended as a supplement to SSPC-SP 12.VIS 5/NACE VIS 9Guide and Reference Photographs for Steel Surfaces Prepared by Wet Abrasive Blast Cleaning Standard reference photographs depict previously rusted unpainted steel cleaned by wet abrasive blast cleaning to SSPC SP 6 and SP 10. Photographs depict three levels of flash rusting. Recommended as a supplement to SSPC-SP 6 and SP 10 when wet blast cleaning methods are used.SSPC-SP COM November 1, 20044. Surface ConditionsThe initial condition of the surface to be cleaned will determine the amount of work, time, and money required to achieve any particular degree of surface cleanliness. It is more diffi cult to remove contaminants from rusty steel than from intact mill scale. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the surface condition prior to selecting the method of cleaning.The initial condition of the steel may determine the choice of abrasive to be used. Steel shot is an economical and ef-fective choice for removing intact mill scale. However, if the steel is rusted and/or pitted, a more angular abrasive such as steel grit or a nonmetallic mineral abrasive will more effectively “scour out” the rust.Although there are almost an infinite number of initial conditions, they can be broadly divided into three categories as follows:• New construction—steel not previously painted• Maintenance—previously painted steel• Contaminated surfaces—common to both new con-struction and maintenance.4.1 NEW CONSTRUCTION: For new construction there are four surface conditions based upon the rust condition classifi cations. These initial conditions, defi ned in SSPC visual consensus references, namely, SSPC-VIS 1, SSPC-VIS 3, and SSPC-VIS 4, are as follows:Rust Condition A Steel surface covered completelywith adherent mill scale; little or norust visibleRust Condition B Steel surface covered with both millscale and rustRust Condition C Steel surface completely coveredwith rust; little or no pitting visible Rust Condition D Steel surface completely coveredwith rust; pitting visibleRust Conditions A, B, C, and D are also referred to as Rust Grades A, B, C, and D.4.2MAINTENANCE: The SSPC documents containing the consensus reference photographs also defi ne conditions E, F, G and H for previously painted surfaces.Condition E Light-colored paint applied over a blast-cleaned surface, paint mostly intact.Condition F Zinc-rich paint applied over blast-cleanedsteel, paint mostly intact.Condition G Painting system applied over mill scalebearing steel; system thoroughly weath-ered, thoroughly blistered, or thoroughlystained.Condition H Degraded painting system applied over steel;system thoroughly weathered, thoroughlyblistered, or thoroughly stained.In maintenance repainting, the degree of surface prepara-tion required depends on the new painting system and on the extent of degradation of the surface to be painted. The amount of rusting on a surface is based on the numerical scale of 0 to 10 given in SSPC-VIS 2 (ASTM D 610), “Standard Method of Evaluating Degree of Rusting on Painted Steel Surfaces,” where a rating of 10 indicates no rust and a rating of 0 indicates more than 50 percent rusting. SSPC-PA Guide 4, “Guide to Mainte-nance Repainting with Oil Base or Alkyd Painting Systems,” suggests the minimum surface preparation needed for each degree of rusting. The SSPC Painting System Commentary will also help in estimating surface preparation requirements.In estimating rust percentages, photographs and sche-matic diagrams of the type shown in SSPC-VIS 2 can serve as practical aids. The Guide to SSPC-VIS 2 shows black and white schematics of actual rust patterns which serve as guides for judging the percentage of surface covered by rust (after removal of stains) or rust blisters. SSPC-VIS 2 shows three different confi gurations of rusting – general, pinpoint, and spot rust.Comments on surface preparation for maintenance repaint-ing are given in SSPC-PA Guide 4, “Guide to Maintenance Repainting with Oil Base or Alkyd Painting Systems.” This guide includes a description of accepted practices for retain-ing old, sound paint, removing unsound paint, feathering, and spot cleaning.4.3 SURFACE CONTAMINANTS: Typical contaminants that should be removed during surface preparation are rust, corrosion products, mill scale, grease, oil, dirt, dust, moisture, soluble salts such as chlorides, sulfates, etc., paint chalk, and loose, cracked, or peeling paint.4.3.1 Rust, Stratified Rust, Pack Rust, and Rust Scale: Rust consists primarily of iron oxides, the corrosion products of steel. Whether loose or relatively tightly adherent, rust must be removed for satisfactory coating performance. Rust result-ing from the corrosion of steel is not a good base for applying coatings because it expands and becomes porous. So-called “over-rust primers” (also referred to as “rust converters”) do not perform as well as conventional coatings applied over clean steel, and the effectiveness of rust converters is unproven.Stratified rust, pack rust, or rust scale occur when the iron oxides form in a defi nite shape rather than in grains or powder. Pack rust typically forms between mating surfaces (e.g., in crevice areas), whereas rust scale and stratifi ed rust form on the surface of the steel (e.g., on steel plates, webs, and fl anges). Stratifi ed rust, pack rust, and rust scale can be dislodged from the surface in pieces or layers as large as several inches (centimeters) across. Some of this rust can adhere so tightly to the base metal that a power wire brush will not remove it. Even though it is considered “tightly adherent” because it cannot be lifted with a dull putty knife, it provides a very poor surface to paint over. Eventually the rust will loosenSSPC-SP COM November 1, 2004and dislodge from the surface leaving large areas unprotected. Stratifi ed rust, pack rust, and rust scale must be removed with impact tools such as chipping hammers, scabblers, needle guns, and rotary impact fl ap assemblies.Ideally, these types of rust should be removed, even for the lowest degrees of hand and power tool cleaning, SSPC-SP 2 and SSPC-SP 3. However, a judgment must be made on each job whether the cost and effort required to remove the stratifi ed rust, pack rust, and rust scale can be justifi ed by the expected increase in the life of the coating system. Where these forms of rust are a problem, the contracting parties should come to an agreement on the extent of removal at the outset of the job.4.3.2 Mill Scale: Mill scale is a bluish, somewhat shiny oxide residue that forms on steel surfaces during hot rolling. Although initially tightly adherent, it eventually cracks, pops, and disbonds. As a general rule, unless completely removed before painting, it will later cause the coatings to crack and expose the underlying steel. Steel is anodic to mill scale and so corrodes more rapidly in this combination of “dissimilar metals.”Mill scale is erratic in its effect upon the performance of coatings. Tightly adhered or intact mill scale may not have to be removed for mild atmospheric exposure. If, however, the steel surface is to be coated with primers with low wet-ting properties or exposed to severe environments such as chemical exposures or immersion in fresh or salt water, then removal of mill scale by blast cleaning or power tool cleaning is necessary. Note that the effort required to remove all tightly adherent mill scale usually results in a surface that has less staining than the maximum 33% permitted by SP 6 or SP 15, but may have more staining than the maximum 5% permitted by SP 10 or SP 11.4.3.3GreaseandOil: Even thin fi lms of grease and oil, which may not be readily visible, can prevent tight bonding of high performance coatings. Oil paints may be tolerant of thin oil fi lms. Visible deposits of grease and oil should be removed by solvent cleaning, SSPC-SP 1, prior to mechanical cleaning (e.g., power tool or abrasive blast cleaning). If this precleaning is not done, the power tools or abrasive blasting may spread the grease or oil over the surface without removing it.4.3.4 Dirt and Dust: Dirt and dust can also prevent tight bonding of coatings, and should be removed completely. ISO 8502-3:1982, “Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products–Tests for the as-sessment of surface cleanliness–Part 3: Assessment of dust on steel surfaces prepared for painting (pressure-sensitive tape method)” provides a method of determining the amount of dust on a surface prior to painting.4.3.5 Moisture: Steel surfaces must be dry before cleaning and painting. Moisture may either produce fl ash rusting before painting or accelerate underfi lm corrosion after painting. Water can also prevent an organic coating from properly “wetting out” the surface on metal or concrete surfaces, and may disrupt the curing of the coating.4.3.6 Soluble Salts: Soluble salts are deposited from the atmosphere onto surfaces. If they remain on the surface after cleaning, they can attract moisture which can permeate the coating and cause a blister (osmotic blistering). Salts, particu-larly chlorides, may also accelerate the corrosion reaction and underfi lm corrosion. Methods for measuring the amount of salt on the surface are described in SSPC-TU 4, “Field Methods for Retrieval and Analysis of Soluble Salts on Substrates.” In some circumstances it is desirable to remove soluble salts by power washing or other method prior to power tool or abrasive blast cleaning. In other circumstances, salt removal is more effi cient after initial power tool or abrasive blast cleaning has been performed.Sometimes a maximum level of soluble salts is speci-fi ed in the procurement documents (job specifi cation.) Three commonly specifi ed levels, as verifi ed by fi eld or laboratory analysis using reliable, reproducible test methods, are:· The surface shall be free of detectable levels of soluble contaminants.· The surface shall have less than 7 µg/cm2 (0.0007 grains/in2) of chloride contaminants, less than 10µg/cm2 (0.001 grains/in2) of soluble ferrous iron levels,or less than 17 µg/cm2 (0.0017 grains/in2) of sulfatecontaminants.· The surface shall have less than 50 µg/cm2 (0.005 grains/in2) of chloride or sulfate contaminants.The U.S. Navy has established maximum allowable levels of chloride as measured with an adhesive patch/conductivity meter method. Currently these requirements are 3 µg/cm2 for tanks and immersed surfaces and 5 µg/cm2 for topside and non-immersed surfaces. Similarly, the conductivity require-ments are 30 µS/cm for immersed surfaces and 70 µS/cm for non-immersed applications.4.3.7 Paint Chalk: The sun’s ultraviolet light causes all exterior organic coatings to chalk to some extent. Chalk is the residue left after deterioration of the coating’s surface organic binder. All loose chalk must be removed before coating in order to avoid intercoat adhesion problems. It is often specifi ed that, before topcoating, old paint must have a rating of no less than 8 in accordance with ASTM D 4214, “Test Method for Evaluat-ing Degree of Chalking of Exterior Paint Films.”4.3.8 Deteriorated Paint: All loose paint (can be removed with a dull putty knife and/or fails pre-established adhesion values) must be removed before maintenance painting. Before removing any old paint, it must be determined whether the paint contains signifi cant amounts of lead or other toxic material. If toxic materials are found, special precautions must be taken to protect workers, others in the area, and the environment.4.4 SURFACE DEFECTS: Coatings tend to draw thin and pull away from sharp edges and projections, leaving little or noSSPC-SP COM November 1, 2004coating to protect the underlying steel, thereby increasing the potential for coating failure. Other features of steel that are diffi cult to properly cover and protect include crevices, weld porosity, laminations, etc., discussed below. The high cost to remedy these surface imperfections requires weighing the ben-efi ts of remedial methods such as edge rounding or grinding, versus a potential coating failure. Some high solids coatings, often requiring plural component spray, have edge retentive properties that may lessen the effect of sharp edges.Poorly adhering contaminants, such as weld slag residues, loose weld spatter, and some minor surface laminations, may be removed by abrasive blast cleaning. Other surface defects, such as steel laminations, weld porosities, or deep corrosion pits, may not be evident until after abrasive blast cleaning. Therefore, the timing of such surface repair work may occur before, during, or after preliminary surface preparation opera-tions have begun.4.4.1 Welds and Weld Spatter: Weld spatter should be removed prior to blast cleaning. Most weld spatter, except that which is very tightly adherent, can be readily removed using a chipping hammer, spud bar, or scraper. Tightly adhering weld spatter may require removal by grinding. Weld spatter that is not removed will result in a lower coating fi lm thickness (as on sharp edges) and may disbond from the base metal resulting in adhesion failure. Welds can also have sharp projections that may penetrate through the wet paint. NACE RP0178, “Standard Recommended Practice, Fabrication Details, Surface Finish Requirements, and Proper Design Considerations for Tanks and Vessels to Be Lined for Immersion Service,” provides details on grinding welds.4.4.2 Weld Porosity: Although it may be outside the scope of surface preparation for coating application, areas of porosity might warrant further investigation. Unacceptable porosity is defi ned in the American Welding Society standard AWS D1.1, “Structural Welding Code.” A cceptable weld profi les, arc strikes, and weld cleaning are also addressed in Section 3 of AWS D1.1.4.4.3 Sharp Edges: Sharp edges, such as those normally occurring on rolled structural members or plates, as well as those resulting from flame cutting, welding, grinding, etc., and especially shearing, could have an infl uence on coating performance and may need to be removed (e.g., grinding, mechanical sanding, fi ling). Care should be taken to ensure that new sharp edges are not created during the removal operations.4.4.4 Pits: Deep corrosion pits, gouges, clamp marks, or other surface discontinuities may require grinding prior to paint-ing. The surface may also require fi lling with weld material.4.4.5 Laminations, Slivers: Rolling discontinuities (laps) may have sharp protruding edges and deep penetrating crev-ices. It is benefi cial to remove such defects prior to painting. Various methods can be used to eliminate minor slivers (e.g., scraping and grinding), and fi lling may be necessary. Filling of indentations may also be necessary.4.4.6 Crevices: Areas of poor design for corrosion protec-tion, such as tack or spot welded connections, back-to-back angles, crevices, etc., may require special attention. Where possible, such defi ciencies should be corrected by structural or design modifi cation. Where this is not possible, fi lling, and/or special surface preparation and painting procedures may be needed.4.4.7 Concrete Defects: As is the case for steel, repair of surface defects on concrete is important for a successful coating application. Identifi cation and repair of defects in con-crete are discussed in Appendix A of SSPC-SP 13, “Surface Preparation of Concrete.” Some specifi c defects that require repair prior to surface preparation and application of a coating or polymer overlay are: mechanical damage, exposed rebar, honeycombs, scaling, spalling, bugholes, pinholes, and gener-ally unsound concrete. The surface must also be cleaned of organic contaminants such as moss, mildew, and algae.4.5 RUST BACK: Rust back occurs when freshly cleaned steel is exposed to conditions of high humidity, moisture, or a corrosive atmosphere. The time interval between blast cleaning and rust back will vary greatly (from minutes to weeks) from one environment to another. Because of this factor, timeliness of inspection is of great importance. Inspection must be co-ordinated with the contractor’s schedule of operation in such a way as to avoid delay. Acceptance of the prepared surface must be made prior to application of the prime coat, because the degree of surface preparation cannot be readily verifi ed after painting.Under normal mild atmospheric conditions it is best to coat a blast cleaned surface within 24 hours after blast cleaning. Under no circumstances should the steel be permitted to rust back before painting, regardless of the time elapsed. (With wet abrasive blast cleaning or waterjetting, a certain level of fl ash rusting may be acceptable.) If visible rust occurs prior to painting, surfaces must be re-cleaned to meet contract clean-ing requirements (e.g. SSPC-SP 10). It is incumbent upon the contractor to verify (using recognized quality control tests) and document the quality of the cleaned surface before proceeding with application of the primer even if third-party inspection is required.Moisture condenses on any surface that is colder than the dew point of the surrounding air. It is therefore recommended that fi nal dry blast cleaning should not be conducted when the steel surface is less than 3 C° (5 F°) above the dew point.Excessive weathering or exposure of bare steel to chemical contaminants such as chlorides and sulfates prior to blast clean-ing should be avoided since pitting of the steel may increase cleaning costs and makes removal of contaminants diffi cult. After blast cleaning, even slight residues of chlorides, sulfates, or other electrolytes on the steel surface may be harmful and, for some coatings, may cause premature coating failure.。