TELNET, FTP, SMTP 等)
运输层(TCP 或 UDP)
网络层 IP
数据链路层
物理层
应用层 (各种应用层协议如
TELNET, FTP, SMTP 等)
运输层(TCP 或 UDP)
网际层 IP
网络接口层
The network layer is the lowest layer that deals with end-to-end transmission. It must:
Services Provided to the Transport Layer
The network services to the transport layer goals:
– The services should be independent of the router technology. – The transport layer should be shielded from the routers present. – The uniform addresses plan across LANs and WANs.
网络互连使用路由器
当中继系统是转发器或网桥时,一般并不称之为网 络互连,因为这仅仅是把一个网络扩大了,而这 仍然是一个网络。
网关由于比较复杂,目前使用得较少。 互联网都是指用路由器进行互连的网络。 由于历史的原因,许多有关 TCP/IP 的文献将网 络层使用的路由器称为网关。
直接交付和间接交付
A
4. quality of service and avoiding congestion: VCs have some advantages when the connection is established. With a datagram subnet, congestion avoidance is more difficult.