科技论文常用英语句型葵花宝典

科技论文的常用句型与写作要点科技论文是学术交流和研究成果发布的重要形式之一，对于科学研究人员而言，掌握科技论文的常用句型和写作要点是提高论文质量和影响力的关键。

本文将介绍一些常用的科技论文句型，并分享一些写作要点，帮助科研人员写出更加精彩和专业的科技论文。

一、常用句型1.表达引言和目的：–In recent years, there has been growing interest in…–The purpose of this study is to…–This paper aims to…–The intention of this research is to…这些句型常用于引出研究的背景和目的，为读者提供对研究主题的整体认识。

2.阐述问题：–One of the key research questions is…–The main problem addressed in this study is…– A major challenge in this field is…这些句型用于明确和阐述研究中需要解决的问题和挑战，引起读者的兴趣。

3.描述方法和实验过程：–The research was conducted using a quantitative/qualitative approach.–The experimental setup consisted of…–Data collection was performed through…在描述研究方法和实验过程时，可以使用这些句型来说明研究使用的方法和实验设计的细节。

4.呈现结果和数据分析：–The results of the study indicate…–The data analysis revealed that…–From the findings, it can be concluded that…通过使用这些句型，可以简明扼要地呈现研究的结果和对数据的分析。

现在把科技英文写作的一些常用句型、套路用语、转折、强调用语甚至是一些搞定评阅人的一些技巧拿出来与大家分享，希望新虫门能从中受惠，顺利跨国发表SCI文章这道坎。

如果觉得有用，别忘了评价。

一些常见的英文文章语言技巧a)如何指出当前研究的不足以及有目的地引导出自己的研究的重要性，通常在叙述了前人成果之后，用However来引导不足，比如However, little information..little attention...little work...little datalittle researchor few studiesfew investigations...few researchers...few attempts...or nonone of these studieshas (have) been lessdone on ...focused onattempted toconductedinvestigatedstudied(with respect to)Previous research (studies, records) has (have)failed to considerignoredmisinterpretedneglected tooverestimated, underestimatedmisleadedthus, these previus results areinconclisive, misleading, unsatisfactory, questionable, controversial.. Uncertainties (discrepancies) still exist ...这种引导一般提出一种新方法，或者一种新方向。

如果研究的方法以及方向和前人一样，可以通过下面的方式强调自己工作的作用：However, data is still scarcerareless accuratethere is still dearth ofWe need toaim tohave toprovide more documentsdatarecordsstudiesincrease the datasetFurther studies are still necessary...essential...为了强调自己研究的重要性，一般还要在However之前介绍自己研究问题的反方面，另一方面等等比如：1)时间问题如果你研究的问题时间上比较新，你就可以大量提及对时间较老的问题的研究及重要性，然后说(However)，对时间尺度比较新的问题研究不足2)物性及研究手段问题如果你要应用一种新手段或者研究方向，你可以提出当前比较流行的方法以及物质性质，然后说对你所研究的方向和方法，研究甚少。

科技论文写作常用句型1.摘要（1）文章内容与作者观点•常用词：deal with ,describe ,explain ,illustrate(vt) ,introduce ,present ,report等。

•例句：The basic concepts and data collected are presented.给出了基本概念和所采集的数据。

（2）文章研究课题：•常用词: analyze(vt),consider ,develop ,discuss ,investigate(调查研究) ,state ,study等。

•例句:The relationship between mass(质量) and energy in nature is discussed briefly.简要地讨论自然界中质量与能量的关系。

（3）文章涉及范围•常用词：consist of ,contain ,cover ,include 等。

•例句：This article consists of four parts : introduction，theory ,experimental method ,and conclusion.本文由引言、理论、实践方法与结论四部分组成。

（4）综述某一个领域的研究课题。

•常用词：abstract ,outline ,review ,summarize 等。

•例句: The theory based on materials science is summarized briefly.简单概述了基于材料科学的理论。

（5）文章重点：•常用句型： Attention i s concentrated on …T here is a focus on …A ttention is paid to …T he emphasis is on …•例句：Attention is concentrated on grasping the quantum theory.重点在掌握量子理论上。

一、提出观点：主观角度：1) we confirm（确认、证实）that ：表示不是本文最新提出的2) we believe that：自信的观点不是本文最新提出的一般不用以上两种3) results + indicate thatInfer thatSuggest thatImply that4) we + put forwordDiscoverObserve千万不要加for the first time5）表示不太肯定，倾向于we tentatively（暂时地；试验性地）put forward thatThe results may be due toThis is probably a consequence ofIt seems that *** can account for （对…负有责任；对…做出解释；说明……的原因）thisIt is possible that it stems from（起源于，比较地道）其中possible不建议使用以上：文中全用1）没创新；全用5）不确定；全用2）则会被拒二、逻辑性连接词：however，提出其他观点：also，in addition表结果：consequently，递进：afterwards（后来）, moreover, further/furthermore转折：although、in contrast、similarly、alternatively因此：therefore除此之外：despite时间顺序：如：AA advocated it for the first time, then BB furthermore demonstrate that…., afterwords, CC …..More recent studies by DD….AA提出，BB提出：AA put forward that …. In contrast, BB believe that ….unlike AA/on the contrary.AA put forward that … similarly, BB believe that …alternativelyalso句子间用：firstly,…secondly….三、其他1. 第一次缩写，必须要写说明：如CSP for short…，或者we present a new mobility model, called Selfsimilar Least-Action Walk (SLAW),不要全盘否定前人成果（即使认为不对），不要说their results are wrong或者very questionable 或has no commonsense可以说their studies may be more reasonable if they had….Considered this situation….their results could better convinced that …their conclusion may remain some uncertains…2. 不是综述不写future work提别人的错误，用在讨论中比较提自己的不足：1) it should be noted that this study has research/focus on only…2)Some limitation of this study are …We have pointed that ..上述两种说法指出文章的片面性提出不足后，要能转回来，否则不提：1)the results do not imply…2)the results can not be used to determine …3)unfortunately, we can not determine this from this data4)our results are lack of …转回来：Not withstanding its limitation, this study does suggest….(解决不了)Not withstanding：虽然However，these problems can be solved if….3. 参考文献尽量新，写审稿人、权威作者的文献尽量不写et al. 两个作者一定都要写，写页数，加上自己的论文。

高分必备高考英语作文葵花宝典之三：换个表达更精彩高考英语作文葵花宝典之一：8种万能句型高考英语作文葵花宝典之二：常用客套话No.1九个"决定"1、decide to do sth.2、make a decision to do sth.3、determine to do sth.4、be determined to do sth.5、make a determination to do sth.6、resolve to do sth.7、make a resolution to do sth.8、make up one, s mind to do sth.9、set one, s mind to do sth.No.2两个“尽可能……”1、as ... as possible2、as...as you canNo.3四个“乐意做……"1、be glad to do sth.2、be pleased to do sth.3、be happy to do sth.4、be delighted to do sth.No.4九个"准备做……"1、get ready for sth.2、get sth. ready3、be ready for sth.4、be ready to do sth.5、prepare for sth.6、prepare oneself for sth.7、prepare to do sth.8、prepare sth. for sb.9、be prepared for sth.No.5"邀请"与"请求"1、Would you like to do sth.?2、Would you like sth.?3、Would you please do...? (回答:I' d like/love to.)No.6四个“没用"1、It is no use (in)doing sth.2、There is no use doing sth.3、It is useless to do sth.4、It is no good (in) doing sth.No.7三个"结果"1、so/such …that …2、...enough to do sth.3、too ... to...No.8六个“花费"1、sb. spends some time/money on sth.2、sb. spends some time/money (in) doing sth.3、sb. pays some money for sth.4、sth. costs ( sb. ) some money5、It takes ( sb. ) some6、It takes some time for sb. to do sth.No.9五个“为了"1、so that （引导目的状语从句，只位于句尾）2、in order that （引导目的状语从句）3、so as to do sth.（引导目的状语z只位于句尾）4、in order to do sth.（引导目的状语z可首可尾）to5、do sth.（引导目的状语z可首可尾）No.10三个“以至于不……"1、too...to...2、so ... that...not...3、not...enough to…No.11两个"习惯”1、be/get used to doing sth.2、be/get accustomed to doing sth.No.12两个“建议"1、What about sth./doing sth.?2、How about sth√doing sth.?No.13四个"出什么毛病了”1、What, s the matter with...?2、What, s wrong with...?3、What, s the trouble with...?4、What happens to...?No.14两个“为什么不……"1、Why not do sth.?2、Why don, t you do sth.?No.15三个“不但……而且……"1、not only...but also2、not only...but...3、not only...but ...as wellNo.16五个“劝阻""阻止"1、stop sb. ( from ) doing2、prevent sb. ( from ) doing3、keep sb. from doing4、discourage sb. from doing sth.5、dissuade sb. from doing sth.No.17四个"相处"1、get on ( well ) with sb.2、get along ( well ) with sb.3、mix with sb.4、mix well with sb.No.18五个“因为"1、thanks to2、due to3、because of4、as a result of5、owing toNo.19两个"形式”1、lt‘s + adj, （for∕of sb.） to do sth.（形式主语）2、find/think/feel it + adj. + to do sth.（形式宾语）No.20stress句型汇总1、be stressed out2、be under a lot of stress3、take/stand the stress 忍受压力4、put stress on sth.强调No.21两个“弥补"1、make up for2、compensate forNo.22五个“在……看来"1、in one‘s opinion2、to one’s mind3、in one‘s view4、in one’s eye5、according to sb.No.23“丢”1、be lost2、be missing3、be goneNo.24八个"著名"1、be famous for sth2、be famous to sb.3、be famous as4、be famous to sb. as5、be known for sth.6、be known to sb.7、be known as8、be known to sb. asNo.25四个"满意"1、be satisfied with2、be pleased with be happy with3、be delighted withNo.26四个"为……而高兴"1、be pleased for sb.2、be happy for sb.3、be glad for sb.4、be delighted for sth.No.27两个"祝贺"1、congratulate sb. on sth2、congratulations to sb. on sthNo.28两个"道歉"1、apologize to sb. for sth.2、make an apology to sb. for sth.No.29两个"玩得高兴"1、have fun (doing sth.)2、enjoy oneselfNo.30七个“一......就……"1、as soon as2、the moment the minute3、the instant4、immediately5、instantly6、directly。

Abstract:1、Introduction (Motivation/ purpose/goal/aim/objective/importance) (present tense)1）The aim of this paper is to assess the accuracy of steady-state scale-up for small-scale sedimentary structures.2）An important objective of these well-constrained experiments is to evaluate current theoretical models of PGE solubility.2、Scope/perspective (past/present tense)1）This study examined fecal coliform reduction in domestic wastewater after receiving treatment through a constructed open water wetland, a slow sand filter, and a portable ultraviolet disinfection unit.2）The scope of this study was to compare the behavior and character of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) during soil-aquifer treatment at different field sites in Arizona and California.3、method/procedure/approach (past tense)1）In this study, a lab-scale aerobic biofilter-biotrickling tower system packed with particulate plastic media (1.5 cm, hexagon in shape) was used to treat the salty artificial wastewater polluted by mineral oil (diesel fuel) mixed with chemical dispersant (CPC OD-10) and inorganic nutrients. 2）It involved recycling a small portion of the primary sludge and then activating it to enhance its biosorptive and flocculent properties through 30-min aeration. The aerated sludge was then brought into contact with raw sewage to induce rapid biosorption of soluble COD and flocculation of colloidal organic before the mixture was settled in a regular primary clarifier.4、Results/findings/products (past tense)e.g. Three granitoid magmatic events were identified at 815 Ma, 700-730Ma, and 620-625Ma, which were marked by emplacement of the calc-alkaline Ujjukka granite and granodiorite, the anatectic Suqii-Wagga two-mica granite and the Guttin K-feldspar megacrystic granite, and the anorogenic Ganjii monzogranite, respectively.5、Discussion/Conclusions (present/past tense)e.g. The results showed that under traction free conditions subsidence was a three-dimensional problem and one-dimensional subsidence models tended to focus excessive amounts of vertical deformation near the pumped well. The magnitude of vertical deformation in one-dimensional subsidence models was exacerbated as the grid size becamesmaller in the vicinity of the pumping well. This was due to increased calculated drawdown in the vicinity of the well for more finely-spaced grids.6、Implications/applications (present tense)e.g. Our experimental results are directly applicable to porphyrycopper systems because in such systems temperature, PH, salinity and oxygen fugacity are similar to the experimental parameters. Application of our experimental results indicate that a typical porphyry systems can transport at least 40 tons of Pd if sources of platinum group elements (PGE) are available and the solubility-controlling phase is metallic Pd.7、limitations and suggestions for further studies (past/present tense for limitations, present/future tense for suggestions)e.g. 1) This study suggests that in order to achieve the highesttreatment level of secondary unchlorinated wastewater, acombination of aquatic ponds and subsurface flowwetlands may be necessary.2) In general, source water quality, drinking water andwastewater treatment should be viewed as one system in indirect potable re-use projects.3) However, because constructed wetlands, besides the waterquality improvement function, perform a multitude of other functions such as biodiversity, habitat, climatic, hydrological and public use functions, methodologies need to be developed to evaluate these functions and to weigh them in relation to the water quality issue.Structure of an Abstract：1、The first sentence in the Abstract:♦The purpose of this research is…♦The primary goal of this research is…♦The intention of this paper is to survey…♦The overall objective of thi s study is…♦The chief aim of the present work is to investigate…♦The purpose of this paper is to explain why…♦The primary object of this fundamental research is to reveal…♦The main objective of our investigation has been to obtain…♦The experiment made here is aimed at …♦The emphasis of this study lies in…♦The problem we have outlined here deals largely with the study of…♦This study examined…. (past tense)2、The next sentences：♦The method used in the study was…♦The technique applied is referred to as…♦The procedure was as follows…♦The approach adopted extensively is called…♦The experiment consisted of three steps:…♦Included in the experiment were…♦The test equipment which was used consisted of…♦Several sets of experiments were carried out to test the validity of…♦This formula is verified by…3、The ending part of an abstract：♦The results of the experiment indicated that …♦The studies showed that…♦The studies we carried out demonstrated that…♦The research suggested that…♦The investigation carried out by… revealed that…♦All the preliminary results threw light on …♦As a result of our experiments, we concluded that…♦From the experiments, we realized that…♦This fruitful work provided explanation to …♦The research work brought about a discovery of…♦These findings of the research led the author to the conclusion that…4、The last sentences:♦…should be further studied in relation to ...♦…should do…♦Further research into…is necessary.♦Further study should be made in relation to…♦Further investigation into…is needed.Introduction：Step 1: the nature and scope of the problem investigated. interest or importance, many other investigators active in the area.♦Recently, there has been a spate of interest in how to…♦In recent years, applied researchers have become increasingly in terested in…♦Recently, there has been wide interest in…♦The well-known…phenomena…have been favorite topics for analysis both in…♦Knowledge of …has a great importance for…♦The study of …has become an important aspect of…♦The effect of …has been studied exte nsively in recent years.♦Many investigators have recently turned to…♦The relationship between …has been studied by many authors.♦ A central issue in…is the validity of…Step 2: making a topic generalization.statements about knowledge or practice:♦The pathology of… is well known.♦There is now much evidence to support the hypothesis that…♦The …properties of …are still not completely understood.♦ A standard procedure for assessing has been…♦Education core courses are often criticized for…phenomena:♦…is a common finding in patients with…♦An elaborate system of…is found in the …♦English is rich in related words exhibiting “stress shifts”.♦There are many situations where examination scripts are marked and then re-marked by another examiner.Step3:Discuss the relevant primary research literature (with citations) and summarizing our current understanding of the problem you are investigating.Examples of integral citation forms（直接引用方式）:♦Halliday (2008) showed that the moon is …..♦Halliday’s theory (2008) claim s that …...♦Halliday’s (2008) theory of lunar composition has general support.♦According to Halliday (2008), the moon is…...Examples of indirect citation forms（间接引用方式）:♦Previous research has shown that the moon is …..(Brie, 1988).♦It has been shown that the moon is made of cheese (Brie, 1988).♦It has been established that the moon is made of cheese (Brie, 1988).♦The moon is probably made of cheese (Brie, 1988).♦The moon may be made of cheese (cf. Rock, 1989).Step4:Indicate a gap.♦No research has been don e on …♦Little effort has been spent on the study of…♦(Very) few researchers have investigated…♦The nature of…is overlooked.♦Researchers have failed to notice that…♦The result is misleading/questionable/inconclusive/limited.♦The result of…has several limita tions.♦The research can rarely cover…Step5: State the purpose♦The purpose of this study was to....♦We investigated three possible mechanisms to explain the ...(1) …….(2) …….♦This paper reports on the results obtained…♦The aim of the present paper is to give…♦The main purpose of the experiment reported here was to…♦This study was designed to evaluate…♦This paper aims to report the interaction of…Step6: rationale and approachFor example: State briefly how you approached the problem (e.g., you studied oxidative respiration pathways in isolated mitochondria of cauliflower). This will usually follow your statement of purpose in the last paragraph of the Introduction. Step7: the arrangement of the writing at the end of the Introduction.●This paper is divided into five major sections: Section one opens with…. Section two presents…Section three deals with… Section Four reveals…Section five concludes the paper.●We have organized the rest of this paper in the following way…●This paper is structured as follow s…●The remainder of this paper is divided into five sections. Section II describes…Materials and Methods1.… (method) was used to do….2.The study used/made use of/employed the method that….3.描述方法过程的连接词：and/and then/then/next/the next step/before that/after that.Conclusion or Discussion：•Based on the above discussion, the following conclusion can be made that …•From .., it can be concluded that…•In conclusion, the result shows that…•These findings of the research led to the conclusion that..•To sum up, t he research/this study reveals that…•In summary, the result of the experiment demonstrates that…•As a result of our experiments we concluded that…The results：•The data of the experiment are briefly summarized as follows.•Figure 4 shows the results of the study.•Table 6 presents the data obtained in the experiment.•This table summarizes the data collected in this study.•The findings of this study are summarized/listed in Table 7.•The outcome of the experiment is reported in the following table.ABSTRACTProcessing AIT logging information can get more accurate layer real resistivity and mud invasion depth and section. AIT results help to differentiate layer infiltration ability and fluid type, the calculation of mud invasion depth can instruct the level of oil reservoir to be polluted by well drilling directly and offer reference basis for the following work. The development of AIT offers new method to differentiate oil reservoir mud invade and thin layer and means and condition for establishing the explainable method of complex oil reservoir and raising the appraisement precision. This paper studied AIT principle and explainable method as well ascontrast aspect with conventional induction resistivity. This paper presents some application examples of Huabei oilfield logging series optimization technology.Subject Terms：AIT logging contrast the method based of radial resistive rateInvasion thin layer apply1. 油集团从油田勘探开发的瓶颈问题入手，研究出一套较高勘探程度富油气凹陷的精细勘探方法，提出并实践了适合该区地质特点的勘探开发一体化地质研究与管理模式。

Part One 科技论文写作英语句型库一、摘要This paper derives the…This paper puts forward a new method to …二、引文研究目的（（purpose of the study）1．研究目的This problem concerned (deals, bears)(briefly, meanly, largely) with …This is a problem relating to …Our work is devoted to…The Primery goal of the present research is..The work presented in this paper focuses in…The work presented in this paper focuses on several aspects of …The chief aim of study is …The laboratory study demonstrates (suggestes, indicates, reveals, establishes) …Doing this work, we intend (hope, expect, attempt) to…Carry out (undertaking, performing, initiating) this study, we hope to …The principal purpose (objective, task) of the present (preliminery, further) work is to investage the features of (mechanisms involved in, effects prodused by) …背景和历史（（background and history）2．背景和历史This problem was (first) advanced by …The Problem under discussion was formulated ( raised, posed, brought up, put forward) by …Since then the problem has attracted (fascinated) many scientists (workers in this field) .. This problem has been clarified (e;usidated, solved) …The problem as can be seen (is to know) is (still) poorly (inadequately) understood. Compared with the current research, the previous work was in connection with …The work we are doing is closely related to the deliberations described in …The new findings from the experiment agree well with the results obtained in …Several (numerous, many, few) studies are made (carried out, performed) to elucidate the nature (understand the behavior, reveal the cause) of …Astudy of the the kind has (never) been made (until now, until a few years ago)3．问题的难易程度问题的难易程度（（difficulty of the problem）It seems (exceedingly, enormously) difficulty to obtain knowledge of the problem …It proves (totally, quite) impossible (unrealistic) to try …It is rather difficulte to solve the problem …The problem is rather involved …The problem involves (cetain, tremendous) difficulties.It is easy to present (reveal, analyze, discuss) the problem in all its complexity (in every detail).It is no easy task to gain a insight into the intricate detail of …4．问题的范围问题的范围（（scope of the problem）The main aspect (core, essence) of problem is …Studies of these effects cover various aspects of …Our studies with this technique confine to …The problem is within the scope of …Our problem lies beyond the range of …二、正文理论说明（（theoretical explanations）1．理论说明Our theory is based on the assumption that …This theory proceeds from the idea (principle) of …The underlying concept of the theory is as follows.There is a similar (alternative, tentative) theory that …The basic (essential, fundamental) feature of this theory is …The object of this theory is to …The newly advanced theory has some advantages (assets, strong points, positive features, deficiencies, drawback, inadequacies, flaws, shortcomings) .The validity of the theory has become obvious in the light of recent findings.This newly-developed theory finds experimental support ..The theory received universal recognition (general acceptance).公式推导（（formulas derivation）2．公式推导… is given by:… as follows:… as in the following:… the following equation is obtained.… this becomestherefore, we have… can be expressed as… can be derived:… can be written:… can be described by …… can be represented as方法介绍（（method introduction）3．方法介绍the method of … was first developed by …the method of …came into use as long ago asthe original proposal of this method was first published in …the method we used differs from the conventional one.The newly-elaborated technique is different from the one previously used.The method is now greatly improved. …The procedure we followed has certain advantages over the existing method.One of the assets of the technique is its simplicity (reliability, sensitivity).Another good feature of this method is …This method allows us to demonstrate …The above procedure makes it possible to evaluate …This method is capable of providing …实验描述（（experiment description）4．实验描述We made (carried out, performed, initiated ) this experiment to show (demonstrate, elucidate, evaluate) a correlation between (certain phenomena, the mechanism of, the hypothesis of, some features of )…Experiments on … are made (underway) to …Earlier (previous) experiments with this technique were intended (designed, designated) to …The experiments reported here demonstrate a variety of changes in (a correlation between, a much resistance to) …Our experiment support our assumption (hypothesis, evidence) that …Recent experiments with … furnish some new information (for the data, new evidence) about the mechanism (the influence) of …Further experiments in this area lead us to conclude (believe, suggest) that …From these experiments we can conclude that …三、结论结果的意义（（meaning of the results）1．结果的意义The results presented in this paper are (seem) …The findings reported here is (quite) striking (remarkable, fascinating).These preliminary findings are very reliable (encouraging, promising. Convincing, ambiguous)The results reported here prove (confirm, suport, bear out) the hypothesis (assumption, observation) that …The above findings can be viewed (approached) as follows (in terms of.., from other standpoint).We can consider (interpret, look at) these results as fully reliable (consistent with) …This fruitful work gives explanation to …导致结论（（Conclusion deduced）2．导致结论Our findings suggests that …These findings lead the auther to a conclusion that …Our data leave open the question of whether …In the future, we will extend the persent studies to …Our work has contributed to the understanding of …The research work has brought about a discovery of …Further progress can be provided by this experiment.四常用语句1．It has been generally accepted that … could be …As mentioned above, ….It is emphasized that …2．时间In recent years, there are …Part Two PaperBeginning1. In this paper, we focus on the need for2. This paper proceeds as follow.3. The structure of the paper is as follows.4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on theIntroduction1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review1. This review is followed by an introduction.2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and toconstruct membership functions.27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xxSummary1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0. Abstract1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14. This paper analyses problems in15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achievinga hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedureChapter 1. IntroductionTime1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the4. The development of ... is explored5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient andeffective method has yet to be developed.12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3. The paper concerns the development of a xx4. The scope of this research lies in5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide10. The main objective of such a ... system is to11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:13. In order to take advantage of their similarity14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods20. This illustration points out the need to specify21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22. Chapter 2. Literature Review23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well inmethodological aspects as in concrete applications.29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have,therefore, not yet been automated.33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34. The central issue in all these studies is to35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36. Applied ... techniques to37. Characterized the ... system as38. Developed an algorithm to39. Developed a system called ... which40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce41. Emphasized the need to42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights46. Point out that the problem of47. A study on ...was done / developed by []48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with49. The approach taken by [] is50. The system developed by [] consists51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []52. []'s model requires consideration of...53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development54. []'s model focuses on...55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to56. The published information that is relevant to this research...57. This study further shows that58. Their work is based on the principle of59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].60. Studies have been completed to established61. The ...studies indicated that62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed69. An unanswered question70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed73. The three prime issues can be summarized:74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...75. There have been many attempts to76. It is expected to be serious barrier to77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex Part Three Others1、对……作一分析/研究/比较make an analysis of …make a study of …make a comparison of A with/and Bmake a comparison between A and B2、对……作一介绍/描述/解释give an introduction to …give a description of …give an explanation of …3、对……的研究/分析/比较表明……A study of … shows that…An analysis of … shows that…4、我们必须……It is necessary for us to do…We must do…5、我们能够……It is possible for us to do…We can do…We are able to do…We are capable of doing…We are in a position to do…6、值得注意的是……It is worth noting that…What is worth noting is that…7、必须解这个方程把未知数求出来。

经典常用例句目录经典常用例句 (1)目录 (1)说明 (5)常用动词 (6)一、中性词 (6)1. （文章等）给出、研究、建立、提出、提供 (6)2. 由...得到、得出、得到（结论等）.. (6)3. 集中、侧重、强调、注重、聚焦、着重、投精力于 (6)4. 用、使用、应用、采用、采取 (7)5. 构造、形成、构成、由...构成、由...组成.. (8)6. 覆盖、包括 (8)7. 包含、包括、涉及 (8)8. 认为、发现、观察 (9)9. 基于、建立在...基础上.. (10)10. 在于 (10)11. 放、置于 (10)12. 影响 (10)13. 考虑、考虑到 (11)14. 回到、追溯、回归、回顾 (11)15. 寻求、打算 (11)16. 确定、决定、作决定 (11)17. 刻画、描述、表述、描绘、叙述、陈述 (12)18. 指示、显示、表明、指出、指明、标明 (12)19. 意味着、推断、暗示、建议 (12)20. 描述、刻画、理解 (12)21. 需要指出的是、需要强调的是、需要注意的是 (13)22. 推荐、建议、劝告 (13)23. 展示、表现、展现 (13)24. 控制、管理、监管、安排 (13)25. 使得 (13)26. 扩展、拓展、扩张 (13)27. 改变、变更、变化、修改 (14)28. 贡献、占据、捐献 (14)29. 持续、维持 (14)30. 近似、逼近 (14)31. 接近、接触、进入 (14)32. 成为 (14)33. 趋势、趋向、潮流、发展（变化）方向 (15)二、褒义词 (15)1. 保证、确保、担保 (15)2. 澄清、解释、解释为 (15)3. 证明、证实、演示、例证 (15)4. 尽、尽量、尽力、尽可能的 (16)5. 努力、尝试 (16)6. 给出、提出、提供、给予、供给 (16)7. 能、使能、能够、有能力 (17)8. 增加、增长、增强、加强 (17)9. 胜过、超过、比...多 (17)10. 水平、有水平、高水平 (18)11. 有、享有、允许有、拥有、具有、带有 (18)12. (对...)起作用、有效、运行（执行）良好 .. (19)13. 优化 (19)14. 支持、赞成、推荐、喜欢、更喜欢 (19)15. 期待、期望、指望、有望、有希望 (20)16. 提高、改进、有利于、发展、健康运行 (20)17. 进行、执行、实现、贯彻、完成 (20)18. 解决、克服、突破、避免 (21)19. 使...简单（容易）、简洁、简便、方便、简单 . (22)20. 优点、利益、好处 (22)21. 有价值、具有理论价值、应用价值（工程应用、价值） (23)常用名词 (23)一、中性词 (23)I. 单纯性名词 (23)II. 动词的名词形式 (23)III. 动名词 (23)二、褒义词 (23)I. 单纯性名词 (23)II. 动词的名词形式 (24)III. 动名词 (24)三、贬义词 (24)I. 单纯性名词 (24)II. 动词的名词形式 (24)III. 动名词 (24)常用连词 (24)一、比、象、如、连（联） (24)1. 象、如、例如、正如 (24)2. 联系、相关、联合、连接、关联、关系 (24)3. 相似、类似、与...一样（相似）. (25)4. 比、比较、对比 (26)5. 比...好，优于、超过、比...高、不亚于. (27)6. 比...差、不如、不比...好、比...少 (28)二、因为、为了、所以、目标、观点、角度 (28)1. 因为、由于、鉴于、归功于、归因于 (28)2. 因此，所以 (29)3. 为、为了、为了...目的.. (29)4. 目标、目的 (30)5. 从...观点来看、从...角度讲、在...意义下、以...意义来看 .. (30)常用短语/习语、常用副词/介词 (30)1. 在...的前沿，在...领域.. (30)2. 在...框架内. (30)3. 事先、预先、先于、在...以前、先前的、在前的 (31)4. 适合于、适用于、可行的 (31)5. 重要的、有用的、本质的、关键的、有益的、作为工具的 (31)6. 剩余的、其余的、剩下的 (32)7. 详细的、详细地 (32)8. 以...（速度、顺序、尺寸、步长、字体等等）. (32)9. 就...而言、从...方面来看、在...方面.. (32)10. 倾向于、易于 (32)11. 可接受的、能接受的 (33)12. 直接的、直截了当的、显然的、平凡的、容易的 (33)13. 可利用的、可获得的、空闲的 (33)14. 上（半）部分、下（半）部分、左（右）上部、左（右）下部 (33)15. 稍微的（地）、稍稍的（地）、稍许 (34)16. 显然、明显的 (34)17. 大量的、丰富的 (34)18. 怎样、怎么 (34)19. 无论如何...、不管如何...、无论何事 (34)语法及特殊结构、用法 (34)1. 现在分词的用法 (34)2. 过去分词的用法 (36)3. 不定式的用法：作宾语、作后置定语 (38)4. 缩写、略写、省略句 (38)5. 特殊符号的用法 (39)6. 特殊句式 (40)7. （特殊）语法结构：独立主格结构、虚拟语气等等 (41)负面表述 (42)一、否定形式 (42)1. Not及No的形式否定 (42)2. 介词意义否定 (43)3. 动词意义否定 (44)4. 短语意义否定 (44)5. 形容词短语意义否定 (45)6. 形容词、副词及其比较级意义否定 (45)7. 前缀及后缀否定 (45)8. 连词意义否定 (46)二、贬义动词 (46)1. 出现、发生、遇到、遭遇 (46)2. 牵扯、牵涉、卷入、包含 (47)3. 阻止 (47)4. 导致、引起、招致、受困于 (48)5. 掩盖、遮住、隐瞒、隐藏 (48)6. 欺骗、被骗 (48)7. 忽略、忽视、省略、避免 (49)8. 除...外、除...外（还有）. (49)9. 排除、去除、删除、去掉、移动 (49)10. 降低、减少、退化、恶化、减小 (49)11. 失败、失效、舍弃 (50)12. 歪曲、曲解、扭曲 (50)13. 滥用、混淆、盲目 (50)14. 要求、需要、必需、必需品、必须 (50)三、贬义短语、名词、形容词、介词、连词 (52)1. 不便，麻烦，繁重 (52)2. 破费、昂贵、在损害...的情况下、以损害...为代价.. (52)3. 冒险、风险 (53)4. 挑战 (53)5. 缺点、缺陷、局限、不利条件 (53)6. 困难、麻烦、障碍、损失（不利结果） (54)7. 苛刻的、苛求的、受限的、有限的 (54)8. 差、差的、最差、最差的 (54)9. 尽管、不管、不论 (55)四、矛盾（常用于反证法） (55)五、区别、不同、与...不同.. (55)图、表、例 (56)1. 图 (56)2. 表 (56)3. 例 (56)文章的结尾部分 (56)1. 经验、教训 (56)2. 总结、概括、报告、结论 (57)3. 将来的工作（研究）、开放性的问题 (57)4. 附录 (58)5. 感谢、感激 (58)6. （文献）引用、参考 (58)专业知识 (59)一、控制 (59)二、测量 (59)三、神经网络 (60)1. 数据及其处理 (60)2. 神经网络的结构与算法 (60)3. 神经网络的训练 (61)4. 神经网络训练的偏差与精度 (62)5. 神经网络训练的收敛性（稳定） (62)6. 神经网络的逼近性能与特点 (63)数学常用语 (64)1. 向量、空间、系统的维数 (64)2. 微分、求导、初等变换、可微的（可导的）、导数 (64)3. 解方程、给出...的解 (64)4. 张成向量空间、取秩 (64)5. 距离、度量 (64)6. 平方根 (65)7. 区间 (65)8. 精度、准确性、精确性 (65)9. 前提、前提条件、充要条件 (65)10. 在...情况/条件/背景/前提下、背景、情况、前提.. (65)11. 满足条件、满足要求、条件成立、结论成立 (67)12. 可能性、概率、百分比 (67)13. （作）差、距离、差值 (68)14. 带入、替代 (68)15. 迭代 (68)16. 划分、分类、分组、分解 (68)17. 逐步、逐点、逐渐 (69)18. 等价、等于 (69)19. 收敛、收敛速度 (69)20. 有限步内 (69)21. 计算、计算量 (69)说明1.“经典常用例句”在其注释中包含“经典短语、经典搭配”等；2. 这些例句均摘自“美国（或英国）原版外文材料（论文或图书）”，完全值得信赖和模仿。

When it comes to writing an essay on technology in English, its important to have a rich vocabulary and a variety of sentence structures to make your writing more engaging and persuasive. Here are some useful phrases and sentences that you might find helpful for your technologythemed essay:1. Innovations in Technology: The rapid pace of technological innovation has revolutionized the way we live and work.2. Impact on Society: Technology has a profound impact on society, shaping our daily interactions and the way we access information.3. Digital Divide: Despite the benefits, the digital divide remains a significant challenge, with unequal access to technology affecting educational and economic opportunities.4. Technological Advancements: Technological advancements have paved the way for new industries and transformed existing ones, leading to increased efficiency and productivity.5. Artificial Intelligence: The rise of artificial intelligence is a testament to human ingenuity, offering solutions to complex problems and enhancing our understanding of the world.6. Cybersecurity Concerns: As we become more reliant on technology, cybersecurity concerns become increasingly pertinent, necessitating robust measures to protect sensitive data.7. Evolution of Communication: The evolution of communication through technology has been nothing short of remarkable, with instant messaging and social media connecting people across the globe.8. Environmental Impact: While technology offers numerous benefits, it is also crucial to consider its environmental impact, including electronic waste and energy consumption.9. Future of Work: The future of work is being reshaped by technology, with automation and remote work becoming more prevalent in various industries.10. Educational Transformation: Technology has transformed education, providing access to a wealth of knowledge and enabling personalized learning experiences.11. Healthcare Improvements: Advancements in medical technology have led to improved diagnostics, treatments, and overall patient care.12. Ecommerce Growth: The growth of ecommerce has been facilitated by technology, offering consumers convenience and a wider range of products.13. Smart Cities: The concept of smart cities, underpinned by technology, aims to create more efficient, sustainable, and livable urban environments.14. Virtual Reality: Virtual reality offers immersive experiences, blurring the lines between the digital and physical worlds and opening up new possibilities for entertainment and training.15. Blockchain Technology: Blockchain technology has the potential to disrupt traditional systems by providing secure, transparent, and decentralized solutions.16. Internet of Things IoT: The Internet of Things connects everyday devices, creating a network that can collect and exchange data, enhancing our ability to monitor and control our environment.17. Agricultural Technology: Agricultural technology is improving crop yields and reducing waste, helping to address global food security challenges.18. Space Exploration: Advancements in space technology have opened up new frontiers for exploration, inspiring a new generation of scientists and engineers.19. Ethical Considerations: As technology continues to advance, ethical considerations become increasingly important, ensuring that developments are used responsibly and for the greater good.20. Technological Integration: The successful integration of technology into our lives requires a balance between innovation and the preservation of our social and cultural values.Using these phrases and sentences can help you construct a compelling and wellrounded essay on technology. Remember to adapt them to fit the context of your specific topic and to support your arguments effectively.。

科技进校园英语作文常用句型1. The integration of technology into campus life has become increasingly pervasive.2. Educational institutions are embracing technological advancements to enhance learning experiences.3. The presence of digital tools in classrooms has revolutionized teaching methods.4. Students now have access to a wealth of information through online resources.5. E-learning platforms offer flexibility and convenience for both students and educators.6. Technology facilitates collaborative learning among students from different backgrounds.7. Virtual reality simulations provide immersive educational experiences.8. Mobile apps cater to personalized learning needs of individual students.9. Digital textbooks are replacing traditional printed materials in many classrooms.10. Online assessments offer immediate feedback to students and teachers alike.11. Smart classrooms are equipped with interactive whiteboards and multimedia capabilities.12. Distance learning programs allow students to study remotely from anywhere in the world.13. Internet connectivity has become essential for accessing educational resources.14. Coding workshops introduce students to essential programming skills.15. Educational robots are used to teach programming and problem-solving skills.16. Augmented reality apps bring educational content to life in real-time.17. Cloud computing enables seamless access to data and collaboration on projects.18. Online forums and discussion boards facilitate peer-to-peer learning.19. Digital portfolios showcase students' academic achievements and creative works.20. Gamification of learning activities makes education more engaging and interactive.21. Cybersecurity measures ensure the safety and privacy of student data online.22. Technology literacy has become a fundamental skill for the 21st-century learner.23. Online tutorials and video lectures supplement traditional classroom instruction.24. Webinars and virtual conferences connect students with experts worldwide.25. Remote access to scientific equipment enables hands-on learning opportunities.26. Digital citizenship programs educate students about responsible online behavior.27. Social media platforms are used for educational purposes, such as networking and sharing resources.28. 3D printing technology allows students to create prototypes and models for their projects.29. Artificial intelligence enhances personalized learning experiences through adaptive algorithms.30. Online simulations replicate real-world scenarios for practical learning.31. EdTech startups innovate with new tools and platforms to address educational challenges.32. Virtual field trips provide students with immersive cultural and historical experiences.33. Digital storytelling platforms encourage creativity and expression among students.34. Online language learning apps facilitate the acquisition of foreign languages.35. Robotics competitions foster teamwork and problem-solving skills among students.36. Digital citizenship education promotes ethical use of technology among students.37. Educational podcasts offer an alternative medium for learning and knowledge-sharing.38. Online research databases provide access to scholarly articles and studies.39. Mobile learning apps offer on-the-go access to educational content.40. Big data analytics help educators personalize learning paths for students.41. Online exams and quizzes streamline assessment processes and reduce paperwork.42. Virtual reality tours of campuses attract prospective students from around the globe.43. Technology-enabled classrooms accommodate diverse learning styles and preferences.44. Online mentoring programs connect students with mentors in their field of interest.45. Digital note-taking apps organize and synchronize study materials across devices.46. Cloud-based storage solutions ensure secure and accessible data management.47. Online academic journals facilitate scholarly research and publication.48. Remote collaboration tools enable group projects among geographically dispersed students.49. Online coding competitions challenge students to hone their programming skills.50. Digital badges and certifications validate students' achievements in specific skills.51. Online workshops and webinars offer continuous professional development for educators.。

英文科技论文写作经典常用例句在当前的学术领域，英文科技论文写作成为了一个必要的技能。

在此过程中，例句的使用是不可或缺的因素。

在这篇文章中，我们将会介绍一些经典和常用的英文科技论文例句，帮助你更好的理解和应用这些例句。

1. Paper introduction在论文引言部分，你需要尽快抓住读者的注意力。

下面是一些可以帮助你写作引言部分的例句：- The present paper aims to investigate…- Recent years have witnessed a growing interest in…- Nowadays, various methods have been proposed to…- The urgent need for… has prompted researchers to investigate…2. Literature review对于一个好的文献回顾来说，需要您引用相关文献，探讨现有的研究和进展，和这些文献有关的观点可以用如下的例句：- According to previous research,…- Prior studies have shown that…- Several authors have proposed…- Previous studies have demonstrated that…3. Materials and methods在材料和方法部分，需要详细的说明您的研究方法和实验过程。

如下是几个常用的例句：- The study employed a questionnaire consisting of several items…- A survey was condu cted to collect data on…- In order to test the hypothesis, a controlled experiment was conducted…- The data was analyzed using a variety of statistical techniques…4. Results在结果部分，您应该总结您的数据，并展示您的研究结果。

英文科技论文写作经典常用例句英文科技论文在写作过程中，常常需要使用特定的语言表达方式和例句，以确保论文的准确性和可信度。

以下是英文科技论文写作中常用的例句，可供参考。

1. IntroductionIntroduce the background or purpose of the study:- The aim of this study is to investigate…- In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in…- The importance of this study lies in…Introduce the research question or hypothesis:- The research question is whether…- Our hypothesis is that…2. Literature ReviewDiscuss previous studies and their findings:- According to [Name], their fin dings suggest that…- [Name] identified that…- Evidence from previous research suggests that…Compare and contrast different studies:- While [Name] found that…, [Name] reported that…- Although some studies have found…, others have reported…Outline the limitations of previous research:- However, it should be noted that there are limitations to these studies.- One limitation of this previous research is…- Despite the important contributions of these studies, they do not fully address…3. MethodsDescribe the study design and procedures:- This study employed a mixed-methods approach, involving…- Participants completed a series of questionnaires and underwent a series of tests…- Data was collected through interviews and observations…Report on sample size and participant characteristics:- The sample consisted of [number] participants…- Participants were selected based on specific criteria, including…- The majority of participants were [age range, gender, etc.]…Detail the data analysis procedures:- All data was analyzed using [statistical software or method]…- Qualitative data was analyzed using thematic analysis…- A series of regression analyses were conducted to investigate…4. ResultsReport on the main findings:- The results show that…- Statistically significant differences were found between…- Overall, the findings suggest that…Present data using tables and figures:- As shown in Table [number]…- Figure [number] illustrates the relationship between…- The results are su mmarized graphically in Figure [number]…5. DiscussionInterpret the results and their implications:- The results of this study have important implications for…- These findings are consistent with previous research, which suggests…- The significance of these results lies in their potential to…Address limitations of the study:- One limitation of this study is the sample size…- Another limitation is the potential for [bias, confounding variables, etc.]…- Despite these limitations, the findings are still valuable because…6. ConclusionSum up the main findings and their implications:- Overall, this study has shown that…- These findings have important implications for [field, practice, policy, etc.]…- This study provides valuable insights into [topic] and highlights the need for further research in this area.7. Reference ListList all cited sources in alphabetical order:- [Name]. (Year). [Title of article]. [Journal name], [volume number], [page range].- [Name]. (Year). [Title of book]. [Publisher].- [Name]. (Year). [Title of report]. Retrieved from [URL or database].以上例句仅供参考，具体用法要结合实际情况和论文的要求。

作业科技英语写作必背的40个句型科技英语写作常用写作句型归纳与总结1、对……作一分析/研究/比较make an analysis of …make a study of …make a comparison of A with/and Bmake a comparison between A and B2、对……作一介绍/描述/解释give an introduction to …give a description of …give an explanation of …3、对……的研究/分析/比较表明……A study of … shows that…An analysis of … shows that…4、这是与……有关的问题。

This is a problem concerned with…concerning…related to…relating to…dealing with…bearing on…5、直接应用这个定律我们就可以得到……Direct application of this law yields/gives/produces/results in/leads to…By direct application of this law we obtain/have/get…6、……的体积各不相同。

…are different in size (=are of different sizes).…vary /differ in size.…come in different/vario us sizes.7、该项研究的主要目的在于……The chief aim of the study is…main purposeprimary objectmajor objectiveprincipal goalThe study has been started in the hope of/that…with the view to do…in order to do…to the end that…so that…The study is intended/designe d to do…Performing the study we hope that…intend to do…expect to do…8、该结果表明……This result indicates…implies…shows…suggests…demonstrates…reveals…establishes…bears out…9、他们根据……而提出了这一理论。

英文科技论文写作常用句型1. Introduction- In recent years, there has been a growing interest in...- This paper aims to...- With the advancement of technology, there is an increasing need for...- The purpose of this study is to...- The significance of this research lies in...2. Background- Previous studies have shown that...- It is well established that...- The literature suggests that...- Recently, there have been several developments in...13. Objectives- The main objective of this research is to...- Our primary goal is to...- The specific objectives of this study include...4. Methodology- This study employed a quantitative/qualitative research method. - Data were collected through surveys/interviews/observations.- A random sample was selected/Participants were recruited from... - The data analysis involved...5. Results- The findings of this study indicate that...- The results reveal that...- It was observed that...2- The data show a significant correlation between...6. Discussion- The results of this study are consistent with previous research. - These findings suggest that...- The implications of these results are...- It is worth noting that...- Further research is needed to...7. Conclusion- In conclusion,...- This study contributes to the understanding of...- These findings have important implications for...- The results of this research can be applied to...- Future research should focus on...38. Limitations- One limitation of this study is...- It is important to acknowledge the limitations of this research. - The sample size was relatively small, which may limit generalizability.- The study was conducted in a specific context, which may limit the applicability of the findings.9. Recommendations- Based on the findings, it is recommended that...- Future research should consider...- In light of these results, it is suggested that...- It would be beneficial to...410. Future directions- Future research should explore...- It would be interesting to investigate...- This study opens up avenues for future research on... - Further investigation is needed to establish...5。

英文科技论文写作常用句型Beginning1.In this paper,we focus on the need for2.This paper proceeds as follow.3.The structure of the paper is as follows.4.In this paper,we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts5.To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction1.This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2.Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3.In the next section,after a statement of the basic problem,various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated:first,an entirely possibility model is proposed;then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied;lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review1.This review is followed by an introduction.2.A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section2.3.In the next section,a brief review of the....is given.4.In the next section,a short review of...is given with special regard to...5.Section2reviews relevant research related to xx.6.Section1.1briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action,while1.2looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body1.Section1defines the notion of robustness,and argues for its importance.2.Section1devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3.Section2gives the background of the problem which includes xxx4.Section2discusses some problems with and approaches to,natural language understanding.5.Section2explains how flexibility which often...can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window6.Section3discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the...7.Section3describes the system itself in a general way,including the…..and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8.Section3describes a new measure of xx.9.Section3demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10.Section3is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11.Section3,is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules12.The main idea of the FLC is described in Section3while Section4describes the xx strategies.13.Section3and4show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14.Section4discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15.Section4gives a specific example of xxx.16.Section4is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17.Section4contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section2and3.18.Section4applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19.Section5presents the primary results of the paper:a fuzzy set model..20.Section5contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21.Section6illustrates the model with an example.22.Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section2.23.In Section2are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system24.In Section2we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a...scheme must satisfy.25.In Section2of this paper,we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26.In Section3,we describe the preliminary results of an empirical studycurrently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions. 27.In Section5is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section1.In this section,the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2.We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section2.The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3.However,it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4.The three components will be described in the next two section,and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5.We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6.The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx Summary1.This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section5.2.Section5summarizes the results of this investigation.3.Section5gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4.Section7provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5.Finally,conclusions and future work are summarized6.The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7.Section7is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter0.Abstract1.A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2.This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3.This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4.The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5.The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6.The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7.The usefulness of xx is also considered.8.A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9.The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10.A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11.Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12.The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13.Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14.This paper analyses problems in15.This paper outlines the functions carried out by...16.This paper includes an illustration of the...17.This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching18.Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19.The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx20.Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21.The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of:xx,xx22.The compatibility of a project in terms of cost,and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23.A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedureChapter1.IntroductionTime1.Over the course of the past30years,..has emerged form intuitive2.Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world3.The advent of...systems for has had a significant impact on the4.The development of...is explored5.During the past decade,the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years7.There has been a turning point in...methodology in accordance with the advent of...8.A major concern in...today is to continue to improve...9.A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10.At the time of this writing,there is still no standard way of xx11.Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses,the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12.The pioneer work can be traced to xx[1965].13.To date,none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective/Goal/Purpose1.The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:2.The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads,and to provide intelligent,computer aidedinstruction for xxx.3.The paper concerns the development of a xx4.The scope of this research lies in5.The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6.These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit...7.The objectives of the...operations study are as follows:8.The primary purpose/consideration/objective of9.The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide10.The main objective of such a...system is to11.The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12.In order to achieve these objectives,an xx must meet the following requirements:13.In order to take advantage of their similarity14.more research is still required before final goal of...can be completed15.In this trial,the objective is to generate...16.for the sake of concentrating on...research issues17.A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18.For an illustrative purpose,four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data:xx.19.A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring..methods20.This illustration points out the need to specify21.The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22.Chapter2.Literature Review23.A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature,for example,regarding xx24.A considerable amount of research has been done..during the last decade25.A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26.There is considerable amount of literature on planning27.However,these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28.Since then,the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications.29.Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30.Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31.Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of32.Many complex processes unfortunately,do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore,not yet been automated.33.Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and/or probabilistic in nature.34.The central issue in all these studies is to35.The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators,however,these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36.Applied...techniques to37.Characterized the...system as38.Developed an algorithm to39.Developed a system called...whiches an iterative algorithm to deduce41.Emphasized the need to42.Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology43.A comprehensive study of the...has been undertaken44.Much work has been reported recently in these filed45.Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/Indicated/Has shown/showed/Address/ Highlights46.Point out that the problem of47.A study on...was done/developed by[]48.Previous work,such as[]and[],deal only with49.The approach taken by[]is50.The system developed by[]consists51.A paper relevant to this research was published by[]52.[]'s model requires consideration of...53.[]'model draws attention to evolution in human development54.[]'s model focuses on...55.Little research has been conducted in applying...to56.The published information that is relevant to this research...57.This study further shows that58.Their work is based on the principle of59.More history of...can be found in xx et al.[1979].60.Studies have been completed to established61.The...studies indicated that62.Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years,effort in analyzing xx,especially xx,is lacking.Problem/Issue/Question63.Unfortunately,real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model.They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64.Remedy/solve/alleviate these problems67....is a difficult problem,yet to be adequately resolved68.Two major problems have yet to be addressed69.An unanswered question70.This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71.An additional research issue to be tackled is....72.Some important issues in developing a...system are discussed73.The three prime issues can be summarized:74.The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the...75.There have been many attempts to76.It is expected to be serious barrier to77.It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex。

高分必备高考英语作文葵花宝典之一：8种万能句型No.1开头句型这一部分比较简单，注意不要全背下来，画出来几句自己喜欢的用熟就好！1 .As far as ...is concerned就……而言2.It goes without saying that...不言而喻,...3.It can be said with certainty that...可以肯定地说……4. As the proverb says ,正如谚语所说的，5.It has to be noticed that...它必须注意到，...6.It's generally recognized that...它普遍认为∙∙∙7.It's likely that ...这可能是因为…8.It's hardly that...这是很难的......9.lt's hardly too much to say that...它几乎没有太多的说…10.What calls for special attention is that...需要特别注意的是11 .There's no denying the fact that...毫无疑问，无可否认12.Nothing is more important than the fact that... 没有什么比这更重要的是∙∙∙13.what's far more important is that...更重要的是…No.2衔接句型1 .A case in point is ...一个典型的例子是…2.As is often the case...由于通常情况下...3.As stated in the previous paragraph如前段所述4. But the problem is not so simple. Therefore然而问题并非如此简单，所以……5.But it's a pity that...但遗憾的是∙∙∙6.For all that...对于这一切……7.In spite of the fact that...尽管事实.................8.Further, we hold opinion that...此外，我们坚持认为，…9.However, the difficulty lies in...然而,困难在于…10.Similarly, we should pay attention to...同样，我们要注意…11.not(that)...but(that)...不是/而是12.In view of the present station.鉴于目前形势13.As has been mentioned above正如上面所提到的…14.ln this respect, we may as well (say)从这个角度上我们可以说15.However, we have to look at the other side of the coin, th at is...然而我们还得看到事物的另一方面，即…No.3结尾句型1 .l will conclude by saying...最后我要说…2.Therefore, we have the reason to believe that... 因此，我们有理由相信…3.All things considered,总而言之4.It may be safely said that...它可以有把握地说......5.Therefore, in my opinion, it's more advisable... 因此,在我看来,更可取的是…6.From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw t he conclusion that....通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论…7.The data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that....通过数据我们得到的结论是，….8.It can be concluded from the discussion that... 从中我们可以得出这样的结论9.From my point of view, it would be better if...在我看来……也许更好No.4举例句型1 .Let's take...to illustrate this.2.let's take the above chart as an example to illustrate this.3.Here is one more example.4.Take ... for example.5.The same is true of....6.This offers a typical instance of....7.We may quote a common example of....8.Just think of....No.5常用于引言段的句型1.Some people think that ….有些人认为…2.To be frank, I can not agree with their opinion for the reaso ns below.坦率地说，我不能同意他们的意见，理由如下。

科技英文作文好句1. Technology has completely transformed the way we communicate with each other. From sending letters toinstant messaging, we can now connect with someone on the other side of the world with just a few taps on our smartphones. It's crazy to think about how much our lives have changed because of technology.2. One of the coolest things about technology is how it has made education more accessible. With online courses and virtual classrooms, anyone with an internet connection can learn something new. It's amazing to see how technology has opened up doors for people who may not have had the opportunity to pursue higher education otherwise.3. Social media has become a huge part of our lives,for better or for worse. It's a platform where we can share our thoughts, connect with friends and family, and even build a personal brand. However, it's important to remember that what we see on social media is often a curated versionof someone's life. It's easy to get caught up in comparing ourselves to others, but it's crucial to remember that social media is just a highlight reel.4. The rise of artificial intelligence has sparked both excitement and concern. On one hand, AI has the potential to revolutionize industries and make our lives easier. On the other hand, there are concerns about job displacement and the ethical implications of AI. It's a complex topic that requires careful consideration and regulation.5. Technology has also had a significant impact on the entertainment industry. Streaming platforms like Netflix and Spotify have changed the way we consume media. We no longer have to wait for our favorite shows to air on TV or buy physical copies of albums. Everything is available at our fingertips, which is both convenient and overwhelming at times.6. The advancements in technology have also revolutionized the healthcare industry. From telemedicine to wearable devices, patients have more control over theirhealth than ever before. It's incredible to think about how technology has the power to save lives and improve the quality of healthcare.7. Cybersecurity has become a major concern in today's digital age. With more and more of our personal information stored online, it's crucial to protect ourselves from hackers and data breaches. It's a constant battle between those who seek to exploit vulnerabilities and those who work tirelessly to keep our information safe.8. The future of technology is uncertain, but one thing is for sure: it will continue to evolve and shape our lives in ways we can't even imagine. It's exciting to think about what advancements will be made in the coming years and how they will impact society as a whole.9. Despite the many benefits of technology, it's important to find a balance and not let it consume our lives. It's easy to get lost in the virtual world andforget to live in the present moment. Technology should enhance our lives, not dictate them.10. In conclusion, technology has had a profound impact on every aspect of our lives. It has changed the way we communicate, learn, entertain ourselves, and even take care of our health. As we continue to embrace and adapt to new technologies, it's important to approach them with caution and use them to enhance our lives rather than replace them.。