The Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate

Ｊ．Ｃｅｎｔ．Ｓｏｕｔｈ　Ｕｎｉｖ．（２０１３）２０：８６６—８７０　ＤＯＩ：ｔＯ．１００７／ｓｌ１７７１—０１３－１５５９一Ｙ　

Ｅｆｆｅｃｔ　ｏｆ　ｔｅｍｐｅｒｉｎｇ　ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ　ｏｎ　ｍｉｃｒｏｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ　ａｎｄ　

ｍｅｃｈａｎｉｃａｌ　ｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓ　ｏｆＡＩＳＩ　６　１　５０　ｓｔｅｅｌ　垒Ｓｐｒｉｎｇｅｒ　

ＬＩ　Ｈｏｎｇ—ｙｍｇ（李红英）　，ＨＵ　Ｊｉ—ｄｏｎｇ（胡继东）　，ＬＩ　Ｊｕｎ（￣俊）。，ＣＨＥＮ　Ｇｕａｎｇ（陈Ｊ　）　，ＳＵＮ　Ｘｉｏｎｇ－ｊｉｅ（￣雄杰）　

１．Ｓｃｈｏｏｌ　ｏｆ　Ｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｓ　Ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ　ａｎｄ　Ｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ，Ｃｅｎｔｒａｌ　Ｓｏｕｔｈ　Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｃｈａｎｇｓｈａ　４　１　００８３，Ｃｈｉｎａ；　２．Ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ　Ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅ，Ｂａｏｓｈａｎ　Ｉｒｏｎ＆Ｓｔｅｅｌ　Ｃｏ．Ｌｔｄ，Ｓｈａｎｇｈａｉ　２０１９００，Ｃｈｉｎａ　

◎Ｃｅｎｔｒａｌ　Ｓｏｕｔｈ　Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ　Ｐｒｅｓｓ　ａｎｄ　Ｓｐｒｉｎｇｅｒ—Ｖｅｒｌａｇ　Ｂｅｒｌｉｎ　Ｈｅｉｄｅｌｂｅｒｇ　２０　１　３　

Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：Ｅ骶ｃｔ　ｏｆ　ｔｅｍｐｅｒｉｎｇ　ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ　ｏｎ　ｔｈｅ　ｍｉｃｒｏｓｔｍｃｔｕｒｅ　ａｎｄ　ｍｅｃｈａｎｉｃａｌ　ｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓ　ｏｆ　ＡＩＳＩ　６　ｌ　５０　ｓｔｅｅ１　ｗａｓ　ｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｅｄ．Ａｌ１　ｓａｍｐｌｅｓ　ｗｅｒｅ　ａｕｓｔｅｎｉｔｉｚｅｄ　ａｔ　８７０。Ｃ　ｆｏｒ　４５　ｍｉｎ　ｆｏｌｌｏｗｅｄ　ｂｙ　ｏｉｌ　ｑｕｅｎｃｈｉｎｇ，ａｎｄ　ｔｈｅｎ　ｔｅｍｐｅｒｅｄ　ａｔ　ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｓ　ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ　２００　ａｎｄ　６００　。Ｃ　ｆｏｒ　６０　ｒａｉｎ．Ｔｈｅ　ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ　ｓｈｏｗ　ｔｈａｔ　ｔｈｅ　ｍｉｃｒｏｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ　ｏｆ　ｔｅｍｐｅｒｅｄ　ｓａｍｐｌｅ　ａｔ　２００。Ｃ　ｍａｉｎｌｙ　ｃｏｎｓｉｓｔｓ　ｏｆ　ｔｅｍｐｅｒｅｄ　ｍａｒｔｅｎｓｉｔｅ．Ｗｉｔｈ　ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇ　ｔｈｅ　ｔｅｍｐｅｒｅｄ　ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ，ｔｈｅ　ｍａｒｔｅｎｓｉｔｅ　ｔｒａｎｓｆｏｒｉｌｌＳ　ｔｏ　ｔｈｅ　ｆｅｒｒｉｔｅ　ａｎｄ　ｃａｒｂｉｄｅｓ．Ｔｈｅ　ｕｌｔｉｍａｔｅ　ｔｅｎｓｉｌｅ　ｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈ　ｔｈｅ　ｈａｒｄｎｅｓｓ　

Teaching AS Chemistry Practical Skills

© University of Cambridge International Examinations 2006

Teaching AS Chemistry Practical Skills

Your attention is drawn to the Risk Assessment section on page 15 of the Introduction

to this booklet, and to the hazards indicated in Appendices 1 and 2. While every effort

has been made to ensure that appropriate safety indications are given, CIE accepts no

responsibility for the safety of these experiments and it is the responsibility of the

teacher to carry out a full risk assessment for each experiment undertaken, in

accordance with local rules and regulations. Hazard data sheets should be available

from your Teaching AS Chemistry Practical Skills

© University of Cambridge International Examinations 2006

Acknowledgements

Thanks are due to Chris Conoley and Brian Hildick for writing this booklet.

Ａｖａｉｌａｂｌｅ　ｏｎｌｉｎｅ　ａｔ　ｗｗｗ．ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅｄｉｒｅｃｔ．ｃｏｍ　ＳｃｉｅｎｃｅＤｉｒｅｃｔ　＇Ｉ珥州＾ＬＯＦ　黼Ｅ舢ＩＳ　

ＪＯＵＲＮＡＬ　ＯＦＲＡＲＥＥＡＲＴＨＳ，ＶｏＬ　２６，Ｎｏ．　Ｊｕｎ．２００８，ｐ．３４１　ｗｗｗ．ｒｅ－ｊｏｍｍ１．ｏｏｍ　

Ｅｆｆｅｃｔ　ｏｆ　ｃａｌｃｉｎａｔｉｏｎ　ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ　ａｎｄ　ｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎ　ｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓ　ｏｎ　ｍｅｔｈａｎｅ　ｐａｒｔｉａｌ　

ｏｘｉｄａｔｉｏｎ　ｕｓｉｎｇ　ｌａｎｔｈａｎｕｍ—ｂａｓｅｄ　ｐｅｒｏｖｓｋｉｔｅ　ａｓ　ｏｘｙｇｅｎ　ｄｏｎｏｒ　

ＤＡＩ　Ｘｉａｏｐｉｎｇ（代小平）　一，ＹＵ　Ｃｈａｎｇｃｈｕｎ（余长春）　，ＬＩ　Ｒａｎｊｉａ（李然家）　，ＷＵ　Ｑｉｏｎｇ（吴琼）　，ＳＨＩ　Ｋａｉｊｉａｏ（史凯娇）　，　

ＨＡ０　Ｚｈｅｎｇｐｉｎｇ（郝郑平）　

Ｉ１．ｍ　ＫｅｙＬａｂｏｒａｔｏｒｙ　ｏｆＣａｔａｌｙｓｉｓ　ＣＮＰＣ，Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓ　ｏｆＰｅｔｒｏｌｅｕｍ，Ｂｅ　ｇ　１０２２４９，Ｃｈｉｎａ；２．Ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ　ＣｅｎｔｅｒｆｏｒＥｃｏ—ＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅ，ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙ　ｏｆ　Ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ１０００８５，Ｃｈｉｎａ）　

Ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄ　１０　Ｊｕｎｅ　２００７；ｒｅｖｉｓｅｄ　２２　Ｊｕｌｙ　２００７　

Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：Ｗｅ　ｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｅｄ　ｔｈｅ　ｅｆｆｅｃｔ　ｏｆ　ｃａｌｃｉｎａｔｉｏｎ　ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ，ｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎ　ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ，ａｎｄ　ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ　ａｍｏｕｎｔｓ　ｏｆ　ｒｅｐｌｅｎｉｓｈｅｄ　ｌａｔｔｉｃｅ　ｏｘｙｇｅｎ　ｏｎ　ｔｈｅ　ｐａｒｔｉａｌ　ｏｘｉｄａｔｉｏｎ　ｏｆ　ｍｅｔｈａｎｅ（ＰＯＭ）ｔｏ　ｓｙｎｔｈｅｓｉｓ　ｇａｓ　ｕｓｉｎｇ　ｐｅｒｏｖｓｋｉｔｅ—ｔｙｐｅ　ＬａＦｅＯ３　ｏｘｉｄｅ　ａｓ　ｏｘｙｇｅｎ　ｄｏｎｏｒ　ｉｎｓｔｅａｄ　ｏｆ　ｇａｓｅｏｕｓ　ｏｘｙｇｅｎ，　ｗｈｉｃｈ　ｗａｓ　ｐｒｅｐａｒｅｄ　ｂｙ　ｔｈｅ　ｓｏｌ—ｇｅｌ　ｍｅｔｈｏｄ，ａｎｄ　ｔｈｅ　ｏｘｉｄｅｓ　ｗｅｒｅ　ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｚｅｄ　ｂＶⅪ　，ＴＧ／ＤＴＡ，ａｎｄ　ＢＥＴ．Ｔｈｅ　ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ　ｉｎｄｉｃａｔｅｄ　ｔｈａｔ　ｔｈｅ　ｐａｒｔｉｃｌｅ　ｓｉｚｅ　ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ　ｗｉｔｈ　ｔｈｅ　ｃａｌｃｉｎａｔｉｏｎ　ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ　ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇ，ｗｈｉｌｅ　ＢＥＴ　ａｎｄ　ＣＨ４　ｃｏｎｖｅｒｓｉｏｎ　ｄｅｃｌｉｎｅｄ　ｗｉｔｈ　ｔｈｅ　ｃａｌｃｉｎａｔｉｏｎ　ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ　ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇ　ｕｓｉｎｇ　ＬａＦｅＯ３　ｏｘｉｄｅ　ａｓ　ｏｘｙｇｅｎ　ｄｏｎｏｒ　ｉｎ　ｔｈｅ　ａｂｓｅｎｃｅ　ｏｆ　ｇａｓｅｏｕｓ　ｏｘｙｇｅｎ．ＣＯ　ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ　ｒｅｍａｉｎｅｄ　ａｔ　ａ　ｈｉｇｈ　ｌｅｖｅｌ　ｓｕｃｈ　ａｓ　ａｂｏｖｅ　９２％，ａｎｄ　ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ　ｓｌｉｇｈｔｌｙ　ａｓ　ｔｈｅ　ｃａｌｃｉｎａｔｉｏｎ　ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ　ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ．Ｅｘｐｏｓｕｒｅ　ｏｆ　ＬａＦｌｅＯ　ｏｘｉｄｅｓ　ｔｏ　ｍｅｔｈａｎｅ　ａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｅ　ｅｎｈａｎｃｅｄ　ｔｈｅ　ｏｘｙ－　ｇｅｎｍｉｇｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｉｎｔｈｅｂｕｌｋｗｉｔｈｔｉｍｅ　ｏｎｌｉｎｅ　ｏｗｉｎｇｔｏｔｈｅｌｏｓｓ　ｏｆｌａｔｔｉｃｅ　ｏｘｙｇｅｎａｎｄ　ｒｅｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅ　ｏｘｉｄａｔｉｖｅ　ｓｔａｔｅｄＦｅｉｏｎ　ｓｉｍｕｌｔａｎｅｏｕｓｌｙ．　１］ｈｅｈｉｇｈ　ｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｗａｓｆａｖｏｒａｂｌｅｔｏｔｈｅｍｉｇｒａｔｉｏｎ　ｏｆｏｘｙｇｅｎ　ｓｐｅｃｉｅｓｆｒｏｍｔｈｅ　ｂｕｌｋｔｏｗａｒｄｔｈｅ　ｓｕｒｆａｃｅｆｏｒｔｈｅ　ｓｙｎｔｈｅｓｉｓ　ｇａｓｐｒｏ—　ｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ　ｗｉｔｈ　ｈｉｇｈ　ＣＯ　ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ．Ｔｈｅ　ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔ　ｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎ　ａｎｄ　ｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ　ｆｏｒ　ＰＯＭ　ｂｖ　ｓｅｑｕｅｎｔｉａｌ　ｒｅｄｏｘ　ｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎ　ｗａｓ　ｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅｄ　ｂｙ　ａｍｏｕｎｔｓ　ｏｆ　ｒｅｐｌｅｎｉｓｈｅｄ　ｌａｔｔｉｃｅ　ｏｘｙｇｅｎ　ｗｉｔｈ　ｇａｓｅｏｕｓ　ｏｘｙｇｅｎ．１１１ｅ　ｏｐｔｉｍａｌ　ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ　ｓｈｏｕｌｄ　ｄｅｃｌｉｎｅ　ｔｈｅ　ｔｏｔａｌ　ｏｘｉｄａｔｉｏｎ　ｏｆ　ｍｅｔｈａｎｅ．ａｎｄ　ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅ　ｔｈｅ　ｓｅｌｅｃ－　ｔｉｖｉｔｙ　ｏｆｐａｒｔｉａｌ　ｏｘｉｄａｔｉｏｎ　ｏｆｍｅｔｈａｎｅ．　

温度与麦克斯韦速率分布的关系分析

麦克斯韦速率与温度的关系

一、什么是麦克斯韦速率

麦克斯韦速率是由美国化学家劳伦斯·威尔士·麦克斯韦在1893年提出

的一种化学反应速率的概念，它是衡量物质发生变化的量度。麦克斯

韦速率的取值与反应的温度充分挂钩，因此，它可以用来衡量随着温

度变化对物质有多大影响。

二、麦克斯韦速率与温度的关系

In general, temperature is one of the most important variables that has an

effect on the rate of a chemical reaction. With the increase of temperature,

the speed of a reaction generally increases at a constant rate. This

relationship between temperature and reaction rate follows Arrhenius'

equation. It states that the reaction rate doubles with an increase of 10℃. 在

一般情况下，温度是影响化学反应速率最重要的变量之一。随着温度

的升高，反应的速度通常以恒定的速率增加。温度与反应速率之间的

关系遵循阿伦尼乌斯方程。它指出，随着10℃的升高，反应速率翻倍。

From the Arrhenius equation, it is possible to describe the effect of

temperature on reaction rates. Generally speaking, when temperature

increases, the velocity of the reaction increases. This is because when