土建专业毕业设计外文翻译----地下水

Construction of rock or soil in the construction. It is a modern city of high-speed product development, the city will again ease the contradictions of the role to improve the living environment, but also opened up new human life. Rational development and utilization of human natural and artificial excavation of the underground space, not only help to ease the development of modern urban contradictions, to improve the living environment, but also to open up a new human life. Because of the large-scale development of underground construction, underground architecture is taking shape, its research includes the history of development of underground construction and development of underground space development and utilization of underground space in urban planning, various types of underground construction planning and design, as well as underground construction and related environmental, physiological, psychological and technical issues.Underground construction has a good protective performance, better thermal stability and confined, as well as an integrated economic, social and environmental benefits. Underground construction in a certain thickness of rock or soil, you can avoid or reduce nuclear weapons, conventional weapons, chemical and biological weapons of destruction, while at the same time more effectively to resist earthquakes, hurricanes and other natural disasters. Underground construction in and around the confined environment of relatively stable existence of the temperature field, temperature, or for creating ultra-clean manufacturing environment and at low temperatures or under high-temperature storage of materials, pollution prevention, especially for energy conservation as well. In the city planned the construction of underground construction, urban land use for savings, lower building density, to improve urban transportation, theexpansion of green space, reduce urban pollution and improve the quality of urban life, etc., can play an important role. Underground construction also has shortcomings, such as construction costs are high, the construction complicated.A Brief History of the development of underground ancient times, humans have been anti-years use of natural caves, and shelter to escape the beast. Zhoukoudian in China found that more than 50 million years ago, Peking Man lived in caves in the natural. According to Yangshao Culture and Longshan Culture found in archaeological sites, to prove that since 7000 ~ 5000 years ago, began living dug caves, from the simple bag-shaped to round or square semi-crypt, above the roof of a simple. Later, the beginning of the construction of housing on the ground, cave gradually ceased to be the main mode of living human beings. However, the ancient tombs on the ground in accordance with the construction method in underground construction. Some grain is also built in the ground, such as the Sui Dynasty in Luoyang warehouse containing Kerry. Northwest China, North China Loess Plateau region, as a result of excavation loess and climate-friendly dry cave tradition continues to this day. Estimated that there are still more than 35 million population live in the cave.After the industrial revolution, as a result of mining and the development of transport, mines, roadways, highways, tunnels, railway tunnels have been built. London, England in 1863 into a city of the world's first underground railway. During World War II, the protection of underground construction in the superiority of attention, some veterans of the important military installations and arms factories, warehouses, etc., built in the ground, and the construction of the air-raid shelter for the residents. Since the late 50s, as a result of economic development and scientific and technological progress, the rapid increase in urban population, the increasingly serious environmental pollution, energy crisisand the existence of the danger of war and other factors, underground construction in Japan, the United States, Sweden, the Federal Republic of Germany , France, Switzerland, Norway, Canada, China, the Soviet Union and many other countries, with high speed and large-scale development. Due to geographical, social development, economic development and strategic direction of the differences in thinking, the development of underground construction and the starting point to solve the different conflicts. At present, the world has more than 80 cities in the construction of an underground railway, as well as many cities are under construction. China, the Soviet Union, Switzerland, Sweden, Finland and other countries from the combat readiness requirements of the construction of a large number of underground civil air defense projects, some in peacetime for the use of various types of public buildings. Japan, the Federal Republic of Germany and France, land of smaller, highly concentrated in big cities, city highlights various contradictions, so the construction of the ground floor of a large number of high-speed transportation network and the Mass Transit Street, the underground commercial center. The United States from the mid-70s to the ground floor of the building as energy-saving measures, the development of a semi-underground soil building, with the exception of the need to stay out of the plane, Chaoyang, housing all the other parts of the soil with a certain thickness of buried or covered combined with the use of solar energy to obtain more than 50% of energy-saving effect. Lack of national energy use of a large number of underground storage of energy as a strategic reserve, such as Sweden, Finland and other countries blocked the construction of the groundwater oil (or gas) are a large-scale database, a single storage capacity has more than one million cubic meters. Sweden, Norway, Italy and other countries rich in water resources, many built in the ground station to increase the water gap.Canada's cold climate, so in large cities, the development of underground commercial center of the city of Montreal has a few underground commercial center even as a construction area of 810,000 square meters, forming an underground city. In addition, industrialized countries also paid attention to the protection of underground construction to play the traditional style of the city to improve the urban environment, urban space, etc. to expand the positive role played by. For example, the city of Nagoya, Japan in conjunction with urban roads alteration, in the ground layout of the commercial street and parking lot, stay out of the ground in addition to the necessary pedestrians, carriageway, in the central part of the park into a large-scale city center. Other factors, such as Tokyo, Osaka and other places are also provided with the underground business street. Another example is the University of the United States a number of historical buildings and structures in order to preserve the unity of style and ease tension in the land, the construction of a number of underground construction, such as library, gymnasium, teaching Museum (Figure 2), achieving good results. These facts reflect the tiefbau increasingly wide range of applications.Underground construction of the type of underground construction can be classified according to the functions of military, civil, air works, industry, transport and communications, storage and other buildings, and underground utilities. For example: in the construction of military fortifications can be used for shooting, observation of construction, shelter construction, etc.), in civil construction, including residential buildings, public buildings, a variety of civil air defense engineering, industrial construction, transportation and communication construction, warehouse construction, as well as the types of underground utilities, such as underground water plant, solid or liquid waste treatment plant, pipeline and other corridors. Several features of both large-scaleunderground construction known as the underground complex. Tiefbau classified according to construction method, there are two types of open excavation and mining. Open excavation completely backfilled after construction, the above did not build any buildings, known as single-built underground construction; above to build other buildings, known as the attached underground construction. Open excavation backfill the latter part of the construction, soil or bulldozers, and as bulldozers building construction or soil. Underground mining construction, usually in the deeper layers of rock or digging into the required space for more than a certain thickness at the top of the natural cover. In addition, China also has a habit of classification methods, into the underground tunnel type, tunnel-type (usually mining), opening ceremony (equivalent to a single open excavation built) and the basement air (that is attached open excavation) . Road tunnel and the main difference is that the relationship between inside and outside the ground elevation, internal than external, as the tunnel, which is lower than the outside as the authentic.Underground construction of the design requirements for the underground architectural design requirements: ①choose engineering geological and hydrogeological conditions of a good place. Underground construction of the planning and design, must be complete and accurate information based on Geological Survey, full use of the favorable geological conditions, to avoid unfavorable factors. Arrangement in the soil in the ground floor of buildings, should be chosen with a certain capacity, and relatively uniform thick soil layer, avoiding the backfill layer, layer of mud, sand and other streaming sites; in the rock should be chosen homogeneous lithology, structure simple, thick stone rock hard to avoid the fault fracture zone, seismic zone and instability, such as the slope. In the plain areas, should pay attention to changes in groundwater leveland its direct impact on the burial depth of underground construction, construction measures and construction methods; in the mountains, rock fissures should be based on the volume of water and gushing location, organization of the underground drainage system construction and attention to surface water flow and the excretion of mountain torrents. ②to ensure the necessary protection. Although the underground construction itself with varying degrees of protection against all kinds of weapons, but the air defense of the military construction and engineering, but also the protection levels in accordance with the provisions of the various effects of different weapons, to conduct a comprehensive protection of the design, layout of the various protection facilities, building structures and protection facilities, as well as a variety of holes, I have the appropriate protection, we should focus on building entrances and exits to ensure the security of the site. ③ the creation of an appropriate internal environment. Underground space in the internal environment, including air temperature, humidity, cleanliness, noise intensity, the illumination lights, interior colors and so on. Appropriate depends mainly on improving the quality of air in the ventilation design to ensure; sound insulation and sound absorption of the appropriate use of measures to control the noise level allowed. Building to deal with such as a complete portfolio of interior space and changes in the unity of the material texture and contrast the rich interior colors and harmonization, have helped to create a good internal environment, the elimination of the underground environment on people's poor physical and psychological effects. ④for structural design and construction to create favorable conditions. Underground construction of the main features of the structural design is a big load, so in the architectural design, from layout, column network options to determine the areas of story should be for the structural design of the economy, create conditionsreasonable. The construction of underground construction is rather complicated, the design should be to simplify the construction and shorten the duration and the use of advanced construction technology to create favorable conditions and minimize the ground during the construction period of the normal activities such as transportation and so on.As the underground construction of the building structure is different from the specificity of the upper part, involving the design, construction technology, environment and soil mechanics, such as technical progress in a series of problems in engineering applications engineers often encounter the following problems:(1) of the underground structures of conventional reinforced concrete structures are mainly ordinary reinforced concrete structural system used in the existence of large-scale underground structure of the high cost, even cross-section structure, and the impact of depth of underground structures, construction progressing at a slow pace, as well as the shortcomings of a waste of construction materials, should the new system, the introduction of construction materials and structural design of underground structures to meet the modern requirements of the development of underground space, with limited resources for better results.(2) as the cause of urban rail transit development, urban towel existing and new buildings and subway lines crisscrossing the upper part of structure is at the top of the subway tunnel, the conventional reinforced concrete structure of care for the larger cross-section of the underground architectural space also have a greater impact. Workers should be the actual situation in innovative technology, choose a reasonable form of structural transformation of the construction and related measures to ensure that the subway project and the safety of the upperstructure and to minimize the impact of the underground space.(3) as an urban development strategy of three-dimensional one, high-rise buildings will continue to challenge the next new height, and construction will continue to increase in the floor, vertical wall structure is not posit the lower part of the greater cross-section, located in Building the lower part of the basement of the building material the use of space caused by an enormous impact; another - aspects of underground construction is the future direction of space, large-span, the vertical component will be an inevitable increase in cross-section. Therefore, the vertical cross-section configuration to optimize materials and even to improve the underground construction of the space is designed to be taken into account.(4) as a result of large-scale development of underground space and underground construction and use of the water requirements of more demanding, long, extra-wide development of the underground construction joints or less, regardless of the trend is sub-slit, regardless of current underground construction joints maximum length of over 800m, long and spacious underground construction specification requirements higher than the conventional approach has solved the structure of super-long concrete shrinkage, temperature, deformation and so on, the ground floor of building large-scale crack the case more and more. On the other hand, in order to prevent occurrence of cracks to increase the floor, roof and side wall of the reinforcement, so that the sharp increase in the basement of steel, it is therefore necessary to seal a device able to reduce power consumption Ultra - contraction of a long side wall and bottom of the internal force and deformation temperature, effectively improve the problem of cracking of underground construction.(5) as a result of underground construction in the fire reached the bottom ofthe lift requirements for the high-level and ultra-high-rise building, fire pit at the end of the lift is often deeper than 2m, the largest reach 3m. Conventional reinforced concrete pile cap by inch: the requirements of anti-punching greater thickness, and then caused by the lift at the end of the partial concave pits and the requirement of the cap to meet the bending, shear, anti-punching conditions, go on local concave The site needs to be integrated with the cap around the basically the same thickness, such as the 3.0m-thick cap, in the partial concave 3.0, the caps into a partial thickness of 6m, the amount of concrete and reinforced caused a significant increase, while the base pit at the bottom of the second excavation deeper than 5m, the safety of the Foundation have been affected.Modern underground structure calculation and analysis of three major aspects: 1) the overall structure of underground construction, including both ground-level structures with basement soil - guitar and pure combination of overall analysis of the soil underground construction - combined with the overall analysis of colorectal; 2 ) underground construction structure steel - concrete composite structure components of the calculation of portfolio analysis; 3) against the practice of underground structure calculation and analysis of the simulation. No matter how kind of an underground structure, the system solve the overall analysis, component analysis and dug up the ground floor of the structure of the three aspects of the problem of the real simulation of underground structures of the structural optimization of a certain significance. Calculation methods and design come to the Conclusion, it can be used as the structural design of underground structures of reference.Most of the use of underground reinforced concrete structures or steel reinforced concrete structure, the current design specifications related to the probabilitytheory are based on limit state design method, the reliability of indicators to measure the reliability of structural components using the design of sub-expressions coefficient design. Limit state can be divided into the carrying capacity limit state and serviceability limit state, for the carrying capacity limit state should be met:Cracks in the ground floor of building structures to deal with prevention and treatment.Analysis:(1) Design factors: emphasis on the general design of underground construction works vertical wall panels of the reinforced structure and intensity, the level of neglect of horizontal reinforcement cracking strength. Cross-section of the wall structure due to the particle stress is non-uniform shrinkage stress and thermal stress of concrete efforts to achieve the ultimate tensile strength, caused by the plastic deformation and fracture;(2) improper selection of materials, such as contraction of cement, and stone size distribution of the poor, with a large quantity of mud; the diameter of fine sand; doped admixtures, such as poor quality. As a result of commodity high-strength grade concrete, cement, and water consumption, and hydration heat caused by high temperature, when the environmental temperature significantly decreased the role of the temperature difference, the new casting of the linear expansion coefficient of concrete! c = 10 × 10-6 / ℃, when the contraction in the cooling caused by tensile stress increases. Concrete wall surface area larger than the shrinkage stress generated internally binding, the formation of shrinkage, shrinkage, temperature difference between the integrated stress, ultimate tensile strength greater than concrete and cracks;(3) The regulations: First, the summer heat without cooling measuresconstruction: concrete mixture into the mold temperature is higher than 35 ℃, when the temperature dropped at night when the temperature both inside and outside the large and prone to fracture; Second, in winter there is no low-temperature thermal insulation during the construction of measures , that is, when the goods after the concrete into the mold, cement hydration heat and the environment significantly increased the temperature at 0 ℃ about, then the outer panel of contraction at low temperatures, resulting in cracks. Third, improper pouring methods, such as pumping to take concrete pouring is not hierarchical, but pouring from one part of the maximum, and then the mobile shop and then pouring a section of pipe; Concrete is a mixture of vertical joints, and pouring speed, vibration trace and uneven, resulting in the concrete wall is not homogeneous, the particle stress is not evenly, resulting in stress cracks Department. Fourth, non-standard installation of reinforced, such as uneven spacing, horizontal transfer has not been reinforced and joint relaxation banding, or the protection of strict control, resulting in a collision so that when pouring concrete reinforced skew, stress is not absorbed, prone to cracks. Especially the "underground engineering specification waterproof" GB50108-2001 of underground water surface reinforced concrete structure to protect the layer thickness is not less than 50 mm since the implementation of the mandatory requirements, long cracks in the basement of the issue of concrete structures have become more prominent.Treatment and prevention measures:(1) underground construction of the vertical cracks in the wall: the contraction is mainly concrete, shrinkage, shrinkage, etc. generated under stress cracks generally do not affect the carrying capacity that can be used to deal with chemical grouting method. The purpose of dealing with the gap closed to preventleakage of water, so that cracks in bonding to restore the original function of the wall and to prevent damage to steel because of cracks and corrosion of passive film role;(2) in the ground outside the building (that is, water surface), a comprehensive inspection of the quality of irrigation joints until cured slurry to eliminate the wall of the swelling on the skin surface, to paste the cracks Department of Polymer waterproofing membrane, a width of about 250 mm. Cracks formed along the first grinding, clean, brush the grass-roots level to deal with agents, chosen with the membrane of qualified matching binder will be a solid material paste;(3) do a good job back to the outskirts of underground construction fill, is the underground construction of the first line of defense against water;(4) the proposed design of the underground construction of the wall panels should be allocated by the hydration of cement can withstand the heat caused by the thermal stress, shrinkage stress, the level of crack control reinforcement, diameter of not less than Ф12, spaced not more than 150mm, joints should be the use of welding, and Cold Drawn Straightening, keep straight after installation, spacing and location of protective layer should be accurate. The addition of reinforced concrete beam and dark columns, enhancing the role of the wall cracking strength, super-long construction of "pouring after sewing" or mixed in concrete ways to UEA expansive agent is effective in reducing measures undertaken Crack. 60d of the late use of concrete strength, can reduce the amount of cement concrete;(5) the quality control of raw materials, timely grasp the construction environment, in strict accordance with the construction norms of construction;(6) the use of thin-layer approach for irrigation, to ensure that the uniformdensity of concrete, to take the conservation of heat storage method, in order to reduce the temperature difference between inside and outside elements, and strictly control the cooling rate of 1.5 ℃ / d, for the concrete conditions of the creation of stress relaxation, is to prevent shrinkage cracks in concrete structures, one of the main measures;(7) Construction of the summer heat must be cooled to control the concrete into the mold temperature shall not exceed 28 ℃; the construction site should be shade measures to reduce the construction of temperature;Winter construction with antifreeze to warm the specific measures, such as the concrete into the mold temperature above 5 ℃, the thermal component to do the work too fast to prevent thermal cracks resulting from shrinkage.Underground construction of the development trend of increasing: ① type and scale. In recent years, some new, emerging types of underground construction. For example, with the growth of use of nuclear energy, nuclear waste handling and storage become a serious problem; in the deep strata (a few hundred meters to 1000 meters) in the construction of an underground nuclear waste repository is to solve this problem a better way to be a wide range of importance. In another example, the primary purpose of energy saving in the underground construction has developed rapidly; At the same time, underground storage of heat, cold energy, mechanical energy (water, compressed air) and other aspects of the ongoing feasibility study and test. Again, in order to improve the urban environment, the ground floor of a large-scale sewage treatment plants have been built in a small number of developed countries, the construction of urban waste disposal in the ground plant also being investigated. ② design and construction and continuously improved. The type of new construction is often higher technical requirements, so that a new process development andimprovement of construction technology. For example, in order to build a database of underground nuclear waste, it is necessary to solve the deep excavation of the post-rock pressure and rock strata in the role of nuclear waste under the stress of high temperature change; order to speed up the construction schedule is necessary to design and manufacture of large-scale mining machinery; in order to reduce project cost, it is necessary to adopt the new structure, high efficiency equipment and high-strength materials. ③ multidisciplinary research. The rapid development of underground construction, so that more and more people in different ways of living in the underground environment, and therefore meet the basic requirements based on the use of underground construction continuously higher quality requirements. From medicine, physiology, psychology and other disciplines, different perspectives, many ways to improve the underground environment of the ways and measures, including some of the more complex issue. For example, the underground environment and its impact on the dose of radioactive elements has been started to conduct research. ④ from individuals to groups, from single to comprehensive development. Urban construction, to a certain stage of development, individual and scattered underground construction can not meet the various needs of urban life, is bound to gradually integrated to the groups and direction. For example, the Mass Transit Railway underground line to increase the formation of high-speed transportation network, the transfer line at different points on the formation of a relatively easy to change stations, car parks and shops, such as the underground complex, which may be expanded to become the underground mall or commercial center . Also, in order to make full use of urban underground space should be to change the city's own utility system and the status of direct-buried pipeline to make it to the layout and use of multi-function integrated pipelinecorridor direction. To this end, calls for unity under the guidance of the overall urban planning, the development of urban underground space development and utilization of comprehensive planning, and the same on the ground to unify urban development planning.地下建筑结构建造在岩层或土层中的建筑。

附件一外文翻译2008年印度世界隧道大会—更好的环境和安全的地下设施新的施吕希滕隧道衬砌隧道测量强调：现状与经验罗兰洛伊克STUVA -德国地下交通设施研究协会，科隆，德国马蒂亚斯布赖登施泰因数据库普扎克巴有限公司，法兰克福，德国克劳斯维尔茨豪赫蒂夫工程股份公司，德国埃森简介：施吕希滕隧道是以法兰克福之间的铁路线为主，在德国富尔达是最大的工程结构。

工作进度上，自2005年以来作为现有运营的，使老隧道第二条管道的新的服务可以通过2个单管运行轨道，以便将来能够符合最新的安全标准。

新施吕希滕隧道拥有总长度约4公里，并且是9米的内径。

由于批出的隧道掘进机（TBM）驱动器，客户签订的合同还委托了广泛的测量方案，以追踪在从该段开始分段建设环衬的压力。

这些测量的目的是设置任何期间强调，再就这也考虑到对各部分尺寸的外部效应的挖掘过程中进行，新的测量法用于进行德国研究协会的地下交通设施。

在设计阶段所采取的分析假设，测得的压力是直接发生在发掘过程中，并在随后的几个阶段也进行了比较。

隧道掘进机在挖掘和建设方面的土压力取决于达到的阶段所产生的负荷程度，尤其是在减少观察的时候。

1、项目介绍施吕希滕隧道是在法兰克福之间的铁路线为主，在德国富尔达是最大的工程结构。

它位于德国哈瑙和富尔达之间的中心（图1）。

该段铁路贯穿的“金齐希”河以北的低山区“施佩萨特”谷，然后经过三千五百七十五米长度传递到“迪斯特尔”，这是一个边界山脉的一部分“伦山”。

现有的隧道挖掘很节能，之前的预防从1909年至1914年，都是由砖包层的支持。

在第三部分是粘土隧道挖掘与已经在部分断面盾构的时间，隧道木支持失败，原因是隧道围岩的挤压。

电气化部分用于大约250至300的长途电话和每天区域交通列车以及货物列车。

在2007年3月30日为这条隧道的标题开始正式庆祝活动。

施吕希滕隧道整个项目进行了三个建设阶段（图2）：●开挖新的平行线隧道管道的现有的和正在实施的新的第双轨运行。

Influence of Groundwater to Engineering地下水工程影响The groundwater table (also known as the phreatic surface) is the top surface of underground water, and the location of which is often determined from piezometer, such as an open standpipe. A perched groundwater table refers to groundwater occurring in an upper zone separated from the main body of ground-water by underlying unsaturated rock or soil.地下水面，又称为浸润线，是地下水的最高层面，通常用测压计对其定位，如立管。

地下水面的高处位于潜在不饱和岩石或土壤的地下水主体之上。

Groundwater and moisture migration can affect all types of civil engineering projects. Probably more failures in geotechnical and foundation engineering are either directly or indirectly related to groundwater and moisture migration than any other factors. In the following parts, the discussion of groundwater and moisture migration including:地下水和水分迁移可以对所有类型的土建工程产生影响。

Underground waterOf all the earth's water, 97% is found in the oceans, 2% in glaciers and only 1% on land. Of this 1% almost all (97%) is found beneath the surface and called sub-surface or underground water. Most of this water eventually finds its way back to the sea either by underground movement, or by rising into surface streams and lakes.These vast underground water deposits provide much needed moisture for dry areas and irrigated districts. Underground water acts in similar ways to surface water, also performing geomorphic work as an agent of gradation.Even though man has been aware of sub-surface water sinceearliest times, its nature, occurrence, movement and geomorphic significance have remained obscure. Recently, however, some answers have been found to the perplexing questions about underground water's relationship to the hydrological cycle.1.Source of Underground WaterSince the days of Vitruvius at the time of Christ, many theories have been presented to explain the large volume of water underneath the earth's surface. One theory was that only the sea could provide such large quantities, the water moving underground from coastal areas. Vitruvius was the first to recognize that precipitation provided the main source of sub-surface water, although his explanations of the mechanics involved were not very scientific. His theory, now firmly established, is termed the infiltration theory, and states that underground water is the result of water seeping downwards from the surface, either directly from precipatation or indirectly from streams and lakes. This form of water is termed meteoric. A very small proportion of the total volume of sub-surface water is derived from other sources. Connate water is that which is trapped in sedimentary beds during their time of formation. Juvenile water is water added to the crust bydiastrophic causes at a considerable depth, an example being volcanicwater.2 Distribution of Sub-surface WaterDuring precipitation water infiltrates into the ground. Under the influence of gravity, this water travels downwards through the minute pore spaces between the mitparticles until it reaches a layer of impervious bedrock, through which it cannot penetrate. The excess moisture draining downwards then fills up all the pore spaces between the soil particles, displacing the soil air. During times of excessive rainfall such saturated soil may be found throughout the soil profile, while during periods of drought it may be non-existent Normally the upper limit of saturated mil, termed the water table, is a meter or so below the surface, the height depending on soil characteristics and rainfall supply.According to the degree of water-occupied pore space, sub- surface moisture is divided into two zones: the zone of aeration and the zone of saturation.(a) Zone of AerationThis area extends from the surface down to the upper level 0f saturation-the water table. With respect to the occurrence and circulation of the water contained in it, this zone can be further divided into three belts: the soil water belt, theintermediate bell and the capillary fringe.(1) Soil Water Belt Assuming that the soil is dry, initial rainfall allows water to infiltrate, the amount of infiltration depending on the soil structure. Soils composed mainly of large particles, with large pore spaces between each particle, normally experience a more rapid rate of infiltration than do soils composed of minute particles. No matter what the soil is composed of some water is held on the mil particles as a surface film by molecular attraction, resisting gravitational movement downwards. The water held in this manner is referred to as hygroscopic water. Even though it is not affected by gravity it can be evaporated, though not normally taken up by plants.(2) Intermediate Belt This belt occurs during dry periodswhen the water table is at a considerable depth below the surface. It is similar to the soil water belt in that the water is held on the soil particles by molecular attraction, but differs in that the films of moisture are not available for transpiration or for evaporation back to the atmosphere. In humid areas, with a fairly reliable rainfall, this belt may be non-existent or very shallow. Through it, gravitational or vadose water drips downwards to the zone of saturation.(3) Capillary Fringe Immediately above the water table is a very shallow zone of water which has been drawn upwards from the ground-water reservoir below by capillary force. The depth of this zone depends entirely on soil texture, soils with minute pore spaces being able to attract more water from below than soils with large pore spaces. In the latter types of soil the molecular forces are notabie to span the gaps between soil particles. Thus, sandy ~ils seldom exhibit an extensive capillary fringe, merging from soil water through to the zone of saturation.(b) Zone of SaturationThe zone of saturation is the area of soil and rock whose pore spaces are completely filled with water, and which is entirely devoid of soil air. This zone is technically termed ground water even thoughthe term broadly includes water in the zone of aeration. The upper limit of the zone of saturation is the water table or phreatic surface. It is difficult to know how deep the ground-water zone extends.Although most ground water is found in the upper three km of the crust, pore spaces capable of water retention extend to a depth of 16 km. This appears to be the upper limit Of the zone o{ rock flowage where pressures are so great that they close any interstitial spaces.The upper level of the saturated zone can be completely plotted by digging wells at various places. Studies suggest two quite interesting points.(i) The water table level is highest under the highest parts of the surface, and lowest under the lowest parts of the surface. Hills and mountains have a higher-level phreatie surface than valleys andlakes. The reason for this is that water continually percolating through the zone of aeration lifts the water table, while seepage from the ground-water zone into creeks and lakes lowers the level.(2) The depth of the "Water table Deiow the land surface is greatest in upland areas where the water moves quite freely downhill under gravity. Close to streams, lakes, lakes and swamps tlne water table is close to, if not at, the surface, as water from the higher areas builds it up.译文：地球上的总水量中，95％在海洋，’2％在冰川中，只有1％在陆地上。

水文地质与工程地质常见的专业英语词汇水文地质与工程地质常见的专业英语词汇（勘察报告类）水文地质类孔隙水：pore water裂隙水：crevice-water；fracture water抽水试验：pumping test压水试验：water pressure testHydraulic pressure test注水试验：water injection test渗透系数：coefficient of permeability包气带：zone of aeration上层滞水：perched water潜水：phreatic water承压水：confined water含水层：aquifer地下水侵蚀性：groundwater erosion降排水工程：dewatering and drainage engineering 多孔介质：porous medium水质标准：water quality standard地下水水质：quality of the groundwater流域：valley, basin地下水 groundwater地下水流域 groundwater catchment地下水条件；地下水情况 groundwater condition地下水连通实验groundwater connectivity test地下水量枯竭 groundwater depletion地下水流量；地下水溢流 groundwater discharge地下水分水岭 groundwater divide地下水排水工程 groundwater drainage works地下水流向 groundwater flow direction地下水位 groundwater level地下水监测 groundwater monitoring地下水污染 groundwater pollution地下水水压测试groundwater pressure measurement 地下水体系 groundwater regime地下水位 groundwater table地下水位变动groundwater table fluctuation工程地质类原位测试：in-situ tests岩土工程勘察报告：geotechnical investigation report 不良地质作用：adverse geologic action 岩土参数标准值：standard value ofgeotechnical parameter土工试验：soil engineering tests现场检验：in-situ inspection现场监测：in-situ monitoring工程地质测绘：engineering geological mapping地基土：foundation soil岩土层：layer，stratum (复strata)地基承载力特征值：characteristic value ofsubgrade bearing地基变形允许值：allowable subsoil deformation地基处理：ground treatment复合地基：composite foundation承载力：bearing capacity持力层：bearing stratum桩：pile承台：pilecap钻孔灌注桩：drilled concreting piles人工挖孔桩：hand-excavated hole piles(artificial hole piles)沉管灌注桩：driven cast-in-place pile深层搅拌桩: deep mixing method预制桩：pretesting piles静压桩：static-driving pile (Jack Up Pile)高压旋喷灌注：high-pressure rotary grouting桩基础：pile foundation桩—土—承台：pile-soil-pilecap动力触探：dynamic sounding标准贯入试验：SPT (standard penetration technique) 土钉：soil Nailing地质灾害：geological hazards地裂缝：ground fissure管涌：piping泥石流：mud-rock flow滑坡：landslide指标：index (复indexes或indices)地震烈度：seismic intensity; earthquake intensity地震基本烈度：basic seismic intensity场地卓越周期：site predominant period建筑场地类型：site classification for construction 剪切波速：equivalent velocity of shear wave 静力触探：static cone penetration test 剪切波速测试：measurement of sheer-wave velocity 液化：liquefaction 地震影响：earthquake effects 地下水对混凝土无侵蚀性：the groundwater has little erosion to reinforced concrete 边坡：slope 锚固：anchoring 阶地：terrace 岩溶区：karst area 淤泥：sludge (muck) 风化：weather 冲积：alluvial (.adj.) 残积土：residual soil 填土：fill 人工杂填土：artificialmixed fills 粉土：silt. 粉砂：silty sand 细砂：fine sand 粗砂：coarse sand 砾石：gravel 卵石：cobble 漂石：block 海相粘土：marine clay 颗粒级配：grain size distribution 湿度：soil moisture 塑限：plastic limit 粘聚力：cohesion 塑性指数：plasticity index 物理力学指标：physical and mechanical indices 抗剪强度：shear strength 岩石抗压强度：comprehensive strength of rock 地基加固：ground stabilization 土壤加固：soil stabilization 挡土墙：retaining wall 胀－缩：swell-shrink 敏感性：susceptibility 膨胀灵敏度：swell sensitivity 超固结土：overconsolidated clay 翻译常用英语单词阐述：is presented; statement; be discussed 阐明：expound 涉及：deal with揭示：discover; show; exhibit 得出结论：draw a conclusion from; （或）：come to a conclusion 认为：firmly believe 建议：suggest 值：value 性质：properties, characteristics 厚度：thickness 在论文最后：at the end of the thesis 断定：conclude that--- 数量：quantity 确定：determine 拟建：a structure planning to build 证实：confirm 住宅楼：dwelling 综合办公楼：composite office building 小区：district 达到标准：come up to the standards 选择为：be chosen for 核实：make sure 统计：statistics (n) 统计数字：statistical figure 防治对策：prevention strategic measure 水量丰富：rich in water resources 组分：constituent 结果：as a consequence 引起：give rise to 地质类词汇岩浆岩：igneous rock 变质岩：metamorphic rock 沉积岩：sedimentary 白云岩：dolomite 白云质灰岩：dolomitic limestone 凝灰岩：tuff 安山岩：andesite 花岗岩：granite 玄武岩：basalt 泥岩：mudstone 硅质页岩：siliceous shale板岩：slate（岩层）走向：strike（岩层）倾角：dip angle（岩层）产状：strike-dip（区域）地质构造：tectogenesis tectonic movement 构造活动性：tectonic activity张节理：tension joint活断层：active fault地裂缝：ground fissure粘土矿物：clay mineral 路桥基勘察：墩：pier桥墩：reinforced concrete bridge piers高速公路：express highway，expressway 国道：national way 路基：roadbed路线：route路段：a section of a highway中华人民共和国国家标准GB/T 14157—93水文地质术语 Hydrogeologic terminology水文地质学 hydrogeology水文地质学原理(普通水文地质学)principles of hydrogeology(general hydrogeology) 地下水动力学 groundwater dynamics水文地球化学 hydrogeochemistry专门水文地质学applied hydrogeology供水水文地质学water supply hydrogeology矿床水文地质学 mine hydrogeology土壤改良水文地质学 reclamation hydrogeology环境水文地质学 environmental hydrogeology同位素水文地质学 isotopic hydrogeology区域水文地质学 regional hydrogeology古水文地质学 pa1eohydrogeology水循环 water cycle水圈 hydrosphere岩石圈 lithosphere包气带 aeration zone毛细带 capillary zone饱水带 saturated zone地下水动力垂直分带dynamical vertical zoning of groundwater 大气降水 atmospheric precipitation地表水 surface water土壤水 soil water空隙 void。

水文学与水文地质学英文术语河流阶地：river terrace面源：area source线源：line source点源：point source 非点源：non-point source groundwater 潜水groundwater artery 地下水干道groundwater barrier 地下水堡坝groundwater basin 地下水盆地groundwater capture 地下水袭夺groundwater cascade 地下水小瀑布groundwater cement 潜水泥groundwater dam 地下水坝groundwater discharge 地下水排泄groundwater divide 地下分水界groundwater flow 地下径流groundwater inventory 地下水总量目录groundwater level 地下水位groundwater mound 地下水土丘groundwater province 地下水区groundwater recession 地下水后退groundwater recession curve 地下水后退曲线groundwater reservoir 地下水储集groundwater runoff 地下径流groundwater simulation 地下模拟groundwater spring 潜水泉groundwater table 地下水位group 群exploitable groundwater 地下水可开采量groundwater depression cone 地下水下降漏斗字段名英文名站码station code 站名station name流域名称basin name 水系名称hydrometric net code河流名称river name 施测项目码item code of obervation行政区划码administration division code水资源分区码code of water resources regionalization设站年份year of station establishment 设站月份month of station establishment撤站年份year of withdrawal of station 撤站月份month of withdrawal of station集水面积drainage area 流入何处flowing-to至河口距离distance to river mouth 基准基面名称name of fiducial datum领导机关leading agency (administration agency) 管理单位administration站址station location 东经longitude北纬latitude 测站等级grade of hydrometric station报汛等级grade of Flood-Reporting Station 备注note站点码station point code 站点名station point name测流方法observation method 控水目的purpose of control water project控水工程类型control water project type 控水工程代码code of control water project控水工程运行规则operation regulation of control water project推流参数parameter of discharge computation 引水点名Location name of pumping排水点名Location name of surface drainage实际最大灌溉面积maximum area of practical irrigation上界站站码station code of upper boundary station至上界站河段长length of reach to upper bound station下界站站码code of lower bound station至下界站河段长length of reach to lower bound station高差基数base of difference in elevation流域水系码codes of hydrographic net of a basin区码code of zone 区名zone name区类zone type 水体总容量total capacity of water bodies 灌溉水田面积area of rice paddy irrigated 灌溉面积irrigation area城市人口urban population 工业总产值gross industrial output value 调查资料来源单位office recording investigation data水库和水闸控制面积drainage area of reservoir or weir or sluice调查面积investigation area 量算地图比例尺scale of measured map连通试验可靠等级reliability rank of connectivity pair test旁证资料可靠等级reliability level of data witness面积成果合理性等级reliability rank of area data直接上级区名zone name of prime at first 调查报告编号investigation report number 地理包含关系geography contain relation 站点类别station point category相关站码correlative station code 关系标识relationship ID关系说明relationship illustration 主断面迁移号migration numbers of main cross section 断面名称cross section name 断面位置location of cross section变动年份changed Year 变动月份changed month变动日changed day 同系列标志series marker变动情况changed conditions 水尺名称gage name水尺型式gage type 水尺质料material of gage自记台类型type of stage recorder 水尺位置location of gage使用情况use condition 河段情况river reach circumstance图类型graph type 图标题graph title图graph MIME类型MIME type水准点编号benchmark number 水准点类型benchmark type变动日期date of Setup or change 采用基面名称adoption datum name冻结或测站基面以上高程elevation above stationary datum绝对或假定基面以上高程elevation above absolute or arbitrary datum绝对基面名称name of absolute or arbitrary datum水准点型式benchmark style 水准点位置benchmark location引据水准点编号number of benchmark from which elevation is measured变动原因cause of change 工程名称engineering name工程名称代码engineering name code 开始蓄水年份begin storing water year开始蓄水月份begining month of storing water 校核洪水位check flood stage校核库容check storage capacity of reservoir 设计洪水位design flood stage设计库容reservoir capacity corresponding to DSFLZ正常高水位normal high water level 正常库容Normal reservoir storage死水位dead pool level 死库容dead reservoir capacity溢洪道号spillway number 竣工年份completion year竣工月份completion month 溢洪道长度spillway length溢洪道堰顶高程elevation of spillway crest 溢洪道堰顶宽width of spillway crest溢洪道设计最大流量maximum designed discharge of spillway闸组号gate group number 孔型type of sluice or hole孔数count of sluice or hole 孔高sluice or hole height孔宽sluice or hole width设计最大流量maximum designed discharge of sluice or tunnel翼墙型式wing wall type 墩头型式type of pier head of sluice or tunnel 堰顶闸底形状shape of weir crest or sluice bed 工程地址location of engineering设计灌溉面积design irrigated area due to sluice or tunnel控制面积control area 总库容total reservoir capacity最大实灌面积actually irrigated area due to sluice or tunnel最大实引排水量maximum volume of actual diversion or drainage仪器口径mouth diameter of rain gauge 仪器精度precision of rain gauge记录模式recording mode 获值模式sensing mode绝对高程elevation above absolute datum器口离地面高度instrument height above ground非汛期观测段制observation regime in nonflood season汛期观测段制observation regime in flood season蒸发场位置特征character of location of evaporation-gauging仪器型式type of instrument(equipment) 附近地势nearby topography四周障碍物obstacles around station 起时间beginning time止时间end time起始日期beginning date 旬起始日期beginning date of a period of ten days 日期date 降水量precipitation降水量注解码remark code of precipitation 降水日数number of precipitation days降水日数注解码remark code of number of precipitation days最大降水量maximum precipitation 最大降水量时段长maximum precipitation duration 最大日降水量maximum daily precipitation最大日降水量注解码remark code of maximum daily precipitation最大日降水量出现日期occurring date of maximum daily precipitation终霜日期date of frost disappearance 初霜日期date of frost appearance终雪日期date of snow disappearance 初雪日期date of snow appearance终冰日期date of ice disappearance 初冰日期date of ice appearance蒸发器型式type of evaporation equipment 水面蒸发量surface evaporation水面蒸发量注解码remark code of evaporation最大日水面蒸发量maximum daily evaporation最大日水面蒸发量注解码remark code of maximum daily evaporation最大日水面蒸发量出现日期occurring date of maximum daily evaporation最小日水面蒸发量minimum daily surface evaporation最小日水面蒸发量注解码remark code of minimum daily surface evaporation最小日水面蒸发量出现日期occurring date of minimum daily surface evaporation观测高度observation height 气温air temperature气温注解码remark code air temperature 平均气温average air temperature平均气温注解码remark code of average air temperature最高气温注解码remark code of maximum air temperature最高气温日期date of maximum air temperature 最高气温maximum air temperature最低气温minimum air temperature最低气温注解码remark code of minimum air temperature最低气温日期date of minimum air temperature水汽压vapour pressure 水汽压注解码remark code of vapour pressure 平均水汽压average vapor pressure平均水汽压注解码remark code of average vapor pressure水汽压力差difference of vapour pressure 风速wind velocity水汽压力差注解码remark code of difference of vapour pressure平均水汽压力差average vapor pressure difference平均水汽压力差注解码remark code of average vapor pressure difference风速注解码remark code of wind velocity 平均风速average wind velocity平均风速注解码remark code of average wind velocity闸上水位stage in Sluice Upstream 闸上水位注解码remark code of upsluice stage 闸下水位down sluice stage 闸下水位注解码remark code of downsluice stage 坝上水位stage behind dam 坝上水位注解码remark code of the stage behind dam 水位stage 水位注解码remark code of stage平均水位average stage 平均水位注解码remark code of average stage最高水位maximum stage 最高水位注解码remark code of maximum stage 最高水位日期occurring date of maximum stage最低水位minimum stage 最低水位注解码remark code of date of minimum stage 最低水位日期date of minimum stage 保证率reliability of stage保证率水位reliability stage 流量discharge保证率水位注解码remark code of reliability stage平均流量注解码remark code of average discharge最大流量maximum discharge 平均流量average discharge最大流量注解码remark code of maximum discharge最大流量日期date of maximum discharge最小流量minimum discharge 最小流量日期date of minimum discharge最小流量注解码remark code of minimum discharge蓄水量Reservoir Storage 径流量runoff径流量注解码remark code of runoff 径流模数runoff modulus径流深runoff in depth 最大洪量maximum flood volume最大洪量时段长duration of maximum flood volume泥沙类型sediment type 含沙量sediment concentration平均含沙量average sediment concentration平均含沙量注解码remark code of average sediment concentration最大含沙量maximum sediment concentration最大含沙量注解码remark code of maximum sediment concentration最大含沙量日期date of maximum sediment concentration最小含沙量minimum sediment concentration最小含沙量注解码remark code of minimum sediment concentration最小含沙量日期date of minimum sediment concentration平均输沙率average sediment discharge平均输沙率注解码remark code of average sediment discharge最大日平均输沙率maximum average of daily sediment discharge最大日平均输沙率注解码remark code of maximum average of daily sediment discharge最大日平均输沙率出现日期occurring date of maximum average of daily sediment discharge输沙量sediment runoff 输沙量注解码remark code of sediment runoff输沙模数sediment runoff modulus 上限粒径upper limit particle size采样仪器型号model number of sampling instrument采样效率系数efficiency coefficient of sampling平均沙重百分数average percent of sediment weight中数粒径median particle diameter 平均粒径average particle diameter最大粒径maximum particle diameter 水温water temperature水温注解码remark code of water temperature平均水温注解码remark code of average water temperature最高水温maximum water temperature 平均水温average water temperature最高水温注解码remark code of maximum water temperature最高水温日期occurring date of maximum water temperature最低水温minimum water temperature 冰情注解码remark code of ice condition最低水温注解码remark code of minimum water temperature最低水温日期date of minimum water temperature河心冰厚ice thickness at river center 岸边冰厚Thickness of Border Ice冰上雪深snow depth on ice 岸上气温air temperature on bank解冻日期date of ice break up 封冻日期ice freeze up date上半年封冻天数number of actual freeze up days in first half of year下半年封冻天数number of actual freeze up days in second half of year终止流冰日期end date of ice run 开始流冰日期beginning date of ice run河心最大冰厚maximum ice thickness at river center河心最大冰厚出现日期occurring date of the maximum ice thickness at river center岸边最大冰厚Maximum thickness of border Ice岸边最大冰厚出现日期occurring date of maximum thickness of border ice最大流冰块长度maximum length of ice floe 最大流冰块宽度maximum width of ice floe 最大流冰块冰速maximum velocity of ice floe断面平均冰速average ice flow velocity at cross section最大冰上雪深maximum snow depth on ice最大冰上雪深出现日期occurring date of maximum snow depth on ice春季最大冰流量maximum ice discharge in spring春季最大冰流量注解码remark code of maximum ice discharge in spring春季最大冰流量日期occurring date of ice discharge in spring冬季最大冰流量maximum ice discharge in winter冬季最大冰流量注解码remark code of occurring data of maximum ice discharge in winter冬季最大冰流量日期occurring data of maximum ice discharge in winter春季总冰流量gross ice discharge in spring春季总冰流量注解码remark code of gross ice discharge in spring冬季总冰流量注解码remark code of ice discharge in winter年总冰流量yearly total ice discharge 冬季总冰流量gross ice discharge in winter年总冰流量注解码remark code yearly total ice discharge平均冰流量注解码remark code of average ice discharge总冰流量total of ice discharge 平均冰流量average ice discharge总冰流量注解码remark code of total of ice discharge 最大冰流量maximum ice discharge 最大冰流量注解码remark code of maximum ice discharge最大冰流量日期date of maximum ice discharge潮别tidal type 潮位tidal level潮位注解码remark code of tidal level 潮差tidal range历时duration 潮流量tidal discharge潮量tidal volume 潮输沙率tidal sediment discharge潮输沙量tidal sediment runoff 平均高潮潮位average high tidal level平均高潮潮位注解码remark of average high tidal level stage最高高潮位Maximum high tidal stage最高高潮位注解码remark code of Maximum high tidal stage最高高潮位出现时间occurring time of Maximum high tidal stage最低高潮位minimum high tidal stage最低高潮位注解码remark code of minimum high water level最低高潮位出现时间occurring time of minimum high tidal stage平均低潮潮位average low tidal level平均低潮潮位注解码remark of average low tidal level最高低潮位maximum low tidal stage最高低潮位注解码remark code of maxiumm low tidal stage最高低潮位出现时间occurring time of maximum low tidal stage最低低潮位minimum low tidal stage最低低潮位注解码remark code of minimum low tidal stage最低低潮位出现时间occurring time of minimum low tidal stage平均涨潮潮差average of flood tide range平均涨潮潮差注解码remark code of average of flood tide range最大涨潮潮差maximum flood tidal range最大涨潮潮差注解码remark code of maximum flood tidal range最大涨潮潮差(高潮)时间time of maximum flood tidal range最小涨潮潮差minimum flood tidal range最小涨潮潮差注解码remark code of minimum flood tidal range最小涨潮潮差(高潮)时间high tidal time of minimum flood tidal range平均落潮潮差average ebb tide range平均落潮潮差注解码remark code of average of ebb tidal range最大落潮潮差maximum ebb tidal range最大落潮潮差注解码remark code of maximum ebb tidal range最大落潮潮差(高潮)时间high water occurring time of maximum ebb tidal range最小落潮潮差minimum ebb tidal range最小落潮潮差注解码remark code of minimum ebb tidal range最小落潮潮差(高潮)时间high water occurring time of minimum ebb tidal range平均涨潮历时average flood tidal duration平均涨潮历时注解码remark code of average of flood tidal range最长涨潮历时maximum flood tidal duration最长涨潮历时注解码remark code of maximum flood tide duration最长涨潮历时(高潮)时间high water occurring time of maximum flood tidal duration最短涨潮历时minimum flood tidal duration最短涨潮历时注解码remark code of minimum flood tidal duration最短涨潮历时(高潮)时间high tidal time of minimum flood tidal duration平均落潮历时mean ebb tide duration平均落潮历时注解码remark code of mean ebb tide duration最长落潮历时maximum ebb tidal duration最长落潮历时注解码remark code of maximum ebb tidal duration最长落潮历时(高潮)时间high water occurring time of maximum ebb tidal duration最短落潮历时minimum ebb tidal duration最短落潮历时注解码remark code of minimum ebb tidal duration最短落潮历时(高潮)时间high tidal time of Minimum ebb tidal duration逐时平均潮位hourly average tidal stage逐时平均潮位注解码remark code of hourly average tidal stage平均潮差average tide range平均潮差注解码remark code of yearly average tide range平均历时average tidal duration平均历时注解码remark code of average tidal duration施测日期beginning date of measurement 测次号observation number垂线号numbers of typical verticals 起点距distance from initial point河底高程river bed elevation 河底高程注解码remark code of river bed elevation 测时水位stage during observation测时水位注解码remark code of stage during observation垂线方位vertical azimuth断面名称及位置cross section name and location 测次说明note引用施测日期date of quoted observation 引用测次号number of quoted observation 引用起始起点距beginning distance from initial point引用终止起点距end distance from initial point岸别符号bank symbol 痕迹类型trace type点编号point code 点详细位置point detailed location点东经point east longitude 点北纬point north latitude点高程point elevation 点参数point parameter指认人及印象witness man's impression目击和旁证可靠等级reliability rank of witness痕迹和标志物可靠等级reliability level of trace or flag估计误差范围estimation error range 调查日期investigation date起始年beginning year 起始月beginning month起始日beginning day 起始时beginning hour起始分beginning minute 终止年end year终止月end month 终止日end day终止时end hour 终止分end minute雨情描述description of rainfall information 重现期Recurrence Interval重现期统计截止年cut-off year of statistics of recurrence interval目击和水痕可靠等级reliability rank of witness or trace承雨器障碍物可靠等级reliability level of rain collector barrier before rainfall承雨器雨前可靠等级reliability level of rain collector before rainfall承雨器漫溢渗漏可靠等级reliability level of loss quantity of rain collector seepage or overflow 水位可靠等级reliability level of stage 水流边界flow boundary推算流量方法method of discharge computation推算流量资料可靠等级reliability level of data used in discharge computation推算流量方法可靠等级reliability level of method of discharge computation推算流量成果合理性等级reliability level of discharge computation次水量water volume of one flood 水情描述description of hydrological information 流量施测号数number of discharge observation测流起时间beginning time of flow measurment测流止时间end time of flow measurement测流方法Method of flow measurement 基本水尺水位base gage stage流量注解码remark code of discharge 断面总面积total of cross section area断面过水面积wetted cross-section area 断面面积注解码remark code of cross section area 断面平均流速average flow velocity at a cross-section断面最大流速maximum flow velocity at a cross-section水面宽top width断面平均水深Average water depth at cross section断面最大水深maximum water depth水浸冰冰底宽ice bottom width 水浸冰冰底平均水深ice bottom average depth水浸冰冰底最大水深ice bottom maximum depth水面比降surface slope 糙率roughness时段类别category of interval 水量类别category of water quantity水量water quantity 水量测算方法estimation method of water quantity 年实测水量占比percent of observation water-quantity in total水量计算方法可靠等级reliability level of estimation method of water quantity水量成果合理性等级fitness rank of water quantity data起时间闸(坝)上水位upstream stage of beginning time起时间闸(坝)上水位注解码remark code of upstream stage at beginning time起时间闸(坝)下水位downstream stage at beginning time起时间闸(坝)下水位注解码remark code of downstream stage of beginning time最大流量出现时间Occurring Time of Maxmum Discharge实测蓄水变量observed water storage 调查蓄水变量investigation storage实测灌溉还原水量observed restoring water quantity in irrigation调查灌溉还原水量restoring water quantity of investigation in irrigation水平梯田拦蓄地面径流量surface water runoff catched by level terraced field工业生活还原水量restoring water quantity of industrial water or domestic water实测工业生活还原水量observed water quantity of industrial water or domestic water区内除涝排水量water quantity of waterlogging control in zone实测区内除涝排水量observed water quantity of waterlogging control in zone跨流域引水量water quantity of interbasin transfer实测跨流域引水量observed water quantity of interbasin transfer跨区回归水量return flow in cross zone实测跨区回归水量observed return flow in cross zone跨区回归水量测算方法estimation method of return flow in cross zone跨区溃坝水量water quantity of cross zone dam-break实测跨区溃坝水量observed water quantity of cross zone dam-break跨区溃坝水量测算方法estimation method of water quantity of cross zone dam-break溃坝还原水量restoring water quantity in dam-break跨区分洪水量water quantity of cross zone flood diversion实测跨区分洪水量observed water quantity of cross zone flood diversion跨区分洪水量测算方法estimation method of water quantity of cross zone flood diversion分洪还原水量restoring water quantity of flood diversion跨区决口水量water quantity of cross zone branching实测跨区决口水量observed water quantity of cross zone branching跨区决口水量测算方法estimation method of water quantity of cross zone branching决口还原水量restoring water quantity of bursting暗河交换水量exchanged water volume between underground rivers暗河交换水量估算方法method of estimating exchanged water volume between underground rivers暗河交换水量参证站相似程度similar level of bench-mark station of exchanged water volume between underground rivers暗河交换水量平衡程度balance level of exchange water between underground rivers跨区渗漏水量water quantity of cross zone seepage浅层地下水还原水量restoring water quantity of shallow groundwater实测浅层地下水还原水量observed restoring water quantity of shallow underground water浅层地下水还原水量测算方法estimation method of restoring water quantity of shallow groundwater深层地下水还原水量restoring water quantity of deep-layer groundwater实测深层地下水还原水量observed restoring water quantity of deep layer underground water深层地下水还原水量测算方法restoring water quantity of deep-layer groundwater泉水出露量capacity of spring 总进水量total inflow runoff总出水量total outflow runoff 降水总量precipitation蒸散发总量total evapotranspiration蓄水水面蒸发增损水量water quantity extracted by evaporation on water surface出口水体起时间水位stage of overflow water body at beginning time出口水体起时间蓄水量storage of overflow water body at beginning time输沙率施测号数number of sediment discharge observation测沙起时间beginning time of sediment concentration measurement测沙止时间end time of sediment concentration measurement测沙断面位置location of cross section for sediment concentration measurement取样方法sampling method断面平均含沙量average sediment concentration at cross-section断面平均含沙量注解码remark code of average sediment concentration at cross section单样含沙量index sediment concentration单样含沙量测验方法observational method of index sediment concentration悬移质输沙率suspended sediment discharge悬移质输沙率注解码remark code of suspended sediment discharge推移质输沙率bed load sediment discharge推移质输沙率注解码remark code of bed load sediment discharge单样推移质输沙率index bed load sediment discharge推移质平均底速average velocity of bed load推移带宽度width of bed load sediment discharge断面平均单宽输沙率average sediment discharge in unit width at cross section垂线最大输沙率maximum vertical sediment discharge垂线最大输沙率相应起点距distance of maximum vertical sediment discharge from initial point 单断沙码code of index or cross sectional sediment起始施测号begin observation number 终止施测号end observation number取样起时间beginning time of sampling 取样止时间end time of sampling沙重百分数sediment weight percent 最大颗粒重量sediment maximum particle weight 最大颗粒起点距distance from initial point where measuring the maximum particle平均沉速mean settling velocity 施测水温water temperature at measurement粒径分析方法analysis method of particle side 注解码remark code沙量类别category of silt-quantity 沙量silt-quantity沙量测算方法estimation method of silt-quantity年实测沙量占比percent of observation silt-quantity in total沙量测算方法可靠等级reliability level of estimation method of silt-quantity沙量成果合理性等级reliability level of silt-quantity data水量资料可靠等级reliability level of water quantity source冲淤量sediment quantity of scour-silt实测冲淤量observed sediment quantity of scour-silt灌溉挟沙量silt-quantity taked through irrigation实测灌溉挟沙量observed sediment discharge of irrigation工业生活挟沙量sediment discharge of industrial water or domestic water实测工业生活挟沙量observed sediment discharge of industrial water or domestic water跨流域引水挟沙量silt-quantity taked through interbasin transfer实测跨流域引水挟沙量observed sediment quantity taked by interbasin transfer溃坝冲淤量sediment quantity of scour-silt in dam-break实测溃坝冲淤量observed silt-quantity of scour-silt in dam-break分洪冲淤量sediment quantity of scour-silt in flood diversion实测分洪冲淤量observed silt-quantity of scour or sedimentation in flood diversion决口冲淤量degradation or sedimentation in bursting实测决口冲淤量observed sediment quantity of scour-silt in branching总进沙量total inflow silt-quantity 总出沙量total outflow silt-quantity测次起时间beginning time of observation测次止时间end time of observation 测验断面位置location of cross section冰流量ice discharge 冰流量注解码remark code of ice discharge 断面平均疏密度average ice compaction at cross section断面平均冰厚或冰花厚average depth of ice or frazil slush at cross section敞露水面宽open water width断面平均冰花密度density of frazil slush at cross section冰花折算系数adjustment factor of frazil slush测流断面位置location of cross section代表垂线平均流速average velocity on typical vertical潮流量注解码remark code of tidal discharge代表垂线号number of typical velocity vertical代表垂线流速velocity of typical vertical潮流期编号number of duration of tidal current潮流期起时间beginning time of duration of tidal current潮流期止时间end time of duration of tidal current测流前低潮潮位low tidal level before flow measurement测流前低潮潮位出现时间Occuring time of the low tidal level before flow measurement高潮潮位high tidal level高潮潮位出现时间occurring time of high tidal level低潮潮位low tidal level低潮潮位出现时间occurring time of low tidal level开始落憩潮位tidal level at beginning of ebb slack tide涨潮憩流潮位flood slack tidal stage涨潮憩流潮位出现时间occurring time of flood slack tide终止落憩潮位tidal stage at end of ebb slack tide涨潮潮差flood tidal range 涨潮最大流速maximum velocity of flood tide 涨潮潮量flood tidal volume 涨潮潮量注解码remark code of flood tidal volume 涨潮潮流历时flood tidal current duration涨潮平均流量average discharge of flood tide涨潮平均流量注解码remark code of average discharge of flood tide落潮潮差ebb tide range 落潮潮量ebb tidal volume落潮最大流速maximum velocity of ebb tide落潮潮量注解码remark code of ebb tidal volume落潮潮流历时ebb tidal current duration 落潮平均流量average discharge of ebb tide 落潮平均流量注解码remark code of average discharge of ebb tide净泄量net outflow volume 开闸时间opening gate time关闸时间closing gate time 开闸前稳定水位stable stage before sluicing 闸上最高水位Maximum stage in Sluice Upstream闸上最低水位Minimum stage in Sluice Upstream闸下水位Stage in Sluice Downstream 水位差stage difference有效潮差effective tidal range 一潮总水量total water volume of single tide 一潮总水量注解码remark code of total water volume of single tide一潮历时duration of single tide一潮平均流量average discharge of single tide一潮平均流量注解码remark code of average discharge of single tide一潮最大流量maximum discharge of single tide一潮最大流量注解码remark code of maximum discharge of single tide自变量名name of independent variable 自变量值value of independent variable调查报告标题investigation report title 调查项目investigation item调查年份investigation year 编写年份redaction year调查单位investigation office 主编单位Chief editorial unit调查报告内容investigation report contents 调查报告格式investigation report format 表标识table ID时间残缺记录编号number of time deformity record字段标识field identifier 取值value率定次序号serial number of rating 闸上水头head in Sluice Upstream闸下水头Head in Sluice Downstream闸门开启平均高度operation height of gate opening闸门开启平均高度注解码remark code of operation height of gate opening闸门开启孔数count of operation gate opening 闸门开启总宽total width of gate-openings 平均堰宽average width of weir闸孔过水面积area of wetted cross section of gate openings实测流量observed discharge实测流量注解码remark code of observed discharge流态flow regime流量计算公式编号formula number of discharge calculation流量系数discharge coefficient流量系数注解码remark code of discharge coefficient水闸型式weir and sluice type 翼墙形式wing wall type平均引水角average driving angle 闸上河宽upsluice river width闸下河宽river width in sluice downstream 闸门型式weir gate type闸底高程elevation of sluice bottom 堰顶高程elevation of weir crest堰顶形状shape of weir crest 总孔数total number of gate openings单孔宽single gate opening width of weir gate单孔宽注解码remark code of gate opening width of weir gate平均孔宽average of gate opening width 总孔宽total width of gate opening闸门高度gate height 平均开度average gate opening height闸墩厚thickness of pier 机组号group number of machines站上水位upstation stage 站下水位downstation stage站上水头upstation head 开机功率electric power generated or consumed 开机台数count of machines in operation开机叶片角度vane angle of machines in operation叶轮直径impeller diameter 实际转速practical speed of revolution出水阀过水面积wetted area of outlet valve效率计算公式编号formula number of efficiency calculation效率值efficiency value 效率值注解码remark code of efficiency value 机型machine type 装机台数count of machine出水管路断面面积wetted area of pipe line cross section标定转速rated speed of revolution 单机额定功率single rated power单机设计流量single design discharge 设计扬程design lift驼峰底高hump bottom elevation 起排水位begining pumping stage关系线类别relation curve category 线号curve number因变量名dependent variable定线数据起时间beginning time of the data for determining a relation curve定线数据止时间end time of routing location data定线数据下限自变量值routing location lower limit independent variable定线数据上限自变量值routing location upper limit independent variable线参数表达式curve parameter expression 关系图名chart name适用期起时间beginning time of application 适用期止时间end time of application定线点据总数amount of points for determining a relation curve定线方法method of determining a relation curve 系统误差systematic error随机不确定度random error 线上采样点编号curve sample point number 采样点自变量值curve sample point independent variable采样点因变量值curve sample point dependent variable计量单位unit name 记录定位标识record location identifier原值original value 改正值corrected value处理日期date of correction 处理情况说明correction explanation入库标识identifier of reservoir inflow 注解符号remark symbolASCII值numeric ASCII Code 注解符号类型remark symbol type注解含义meaning of remark 表号table number表中文名table name in Chinese 表英文名table name in English字段中文名field name in Chinese 字段英文名field name in English字段类型及长度field type and field length 空值属性attribute of "null"计量单位unit name 取值范围value range主键属性attribute of primary key 农历年lunar year农历月lunar month 农历日lunar day农历年名name of lunar year 农历月名name of lunar month农历日名name of lunar day 行政区划名administration division name。

地下水；潜水ground water地下水；潜水underground water(ground water) 地下水坝ground-water dam地下水分水岭ground-water divide地下水迳流ground-water runoff地下水流ground-water flow地下水流；潜流under flow地下水流出decrement;ground-water地下水流量ground-water discharge地下水面ground-water level地下水面ground-water surface地下水面ground-water table地下水面water table地下水瀑布；地下水溢流ground-water cascase 地下水系lithic drainage地下水蓄水层ground-water reservoir地下水溢流ground-water decrement地下瓦斯储存库gas storage underground地心的geocentric地心图centrosphere地心纬度geocentric latitude地形；地貌land form地形不配合topographic unconformity地形测量topographic surveying地形尺度topographic scale地形倒置；地形倒转inversion of relief地形的geomorphic地形等高线topographic contour地形等高线topographic contour地形低区topographic low地形发生史morphogenesis地形发生学genetical geomorphology地形发生学；地形成固学geomorphogeny地形发育循环cycle of topographical development 地形分析；地形判断terrain analysis地形高区topographic high地形壕topographic trench地形结构topographic texture地形刻蚀sculpture地形稜线topographic crest地形模型relief model地形剖面topographic profile地形起伏比relief ratio地形青年期topographic adolescence地形区morphogenetic region地形顺应topographic adjustment地形图topographic map地形校正terrain correction地形叙述学geomorphography地形学geomorphology地形学；地形topography地形循环；地形轮迥geomorphic cycle地压ground pressure地曳流telluric current地震earthquake(seism)地震seism地震shock地震波不连续面seismic discontinuity地震带seismic belt地震的seismic地震断层earthquake fault地震规模earthquake magnitude地震海啸；海啸seismic sea wave地震纪录earthquake record地震计seismometer地震强度earthquake intensity地震区seismic area地震学seimology地震学家seimologist地震仪seismograph地震仪学seismography地质调查geological survey地质构造geologic structure地质力学geomechanics地质年代geochron地质年代学geochronology地质年代学；地质编年学geological chronology地质年龄；地质年代geological age地质剖面geological section地质区geologic province地质时代geological period地质时间geological time地质时间单位geochronologic unit地质时间单位geologic time unit地质时间的；地质年代的geochronic地质时序；地质年代顺序geochronologic sequence 地质水文学；地下水学geohydrology地质同时geological simultaneity地质图geological map地质温度计geological thermometer地质玄武岩whield basalt地质学geology地质学家geologist地质指南针；地质罗盘geological compass地质柱状剖面geologic column地中海岩群Mediterranean suite地中海岩统；岩区域岩套Mediterranean series;province;or suite 地轴转动nutation地转偏力的；地转的geostrophic帝汶珊瑚Timorphyllum帝翁戎螺；皇翁戎螺Mikadotrichus第二触角；大触角antenna第二方正柱diametral prism第二方正锥diametral pyramid第二光轴secondary optic axis第二菱面体rhombohedron of the second order第二六方柱hexagonal prism of the second order第二六方锥hexagonal pyramid of the second order第二三方柱trigonal of the second order第二三方锥trigonal pyramid of the second order第二正方柱tetragonal base of the second order第二正方锥tetragonal pyramid of the second order第二柱deuteroprism第二柱diagonal prism第二锥deuteropyramid第二锥diagonal pyramid第三〔纪〕〔系〕Tertiary第三方双榍bisphenoid of the third order第三纪前火山岩Preteritary volcanic rocks第三菱面体rhombohedron of the third order第三六方柱hexagonal prism of the third order第三六方锥hexagoanl pyramid of the third order第三正方柱tetragonal base of the third order第三正方锥tetragonal pyramid of the thrid order第三柱third order prism第三柱tritoprism第三锥tritopyramid第四纪〔系〕Quaternary第一触角；小触角antennule第一光轴primary optic axis第一菱面体rhombohedron of the first order第一六方单位柱hexagonal unit prism of the first order第一六方单位柱unit prism of the first order;hexagonal第一六方柱hexagonal prism of the first order第一六方锥hexagonal pyramid of the first order第一三方锥；第一三方柱trigonal pyramid of the first order 第一正方柱tetragonal base of the first order第一正方锥tetragonal pyramid of the first order碲铋华montanite碲赤铁矿basanomelan碲汞矿coloradoite碲化物telluride碲金矿calaverite碲金银矿petzite碲矿物tellurium minerals碲硫镍钴矿siegenite碲镍矿melonite碲镍矿tellurnickel碲铅华dunhamite碲铅矿altaite碲酸盐类tellurates碲铁矿durdenite碲铁石frohbergite碲铜矾teineite碲赭石telluric ocher缔结组织connective tissue颠倒河道upside-down channel典型观念type concept碘钙石lautarite碘铬钙石dietzeite碘化物iodide碘溶剂iodid flux碘酸盐类iodates碘铜矿mar*e碘溴银矿iodobromite碘银矿iodargyrite碘银矿iodyrite碘银矿式iodyrite type点滴试验spot test点圈dot ohart点图point diagram点图scatter diagram点最密集区point maximum店子湖层Tientzhu formation电测录井electric survey电测录井electrical well logging电测图electric log电磁分离electromagnetic separation电磁分离器electromagnetic separator电磁探勘electromagnetic prospecting电极electrode电极反应half reaction电解electrolysis电解质；电解液electrolyte电离层ionosphere电流电极current electrode电流计galvanometer电流计记录galvanometric registration电流交换板compositing panel电气刚玉岩tourmaline-corundum rock电气花岗岩luxullianite电气花岗岩tourmaline-granite电气片岩tourmaline-schist电气石carvoeila电气石；壁；璧玺tourmaline电气石化〔作用〕tourmalinization电气石铗tourmaline pincette电气石钳tourmaline tong电气石岩hyalotourmalite电气石岩tourmaline rock电气石英岩mesosilixite电气云英岩tourmaline-greisen电容capacitance电位；电势electric potential电位计potentiometer电异极矿electric calamine电英岩tourmalite电子层electron shell电子伏特electron volt电子袭夺electron capture电阻；阻力resistance电阻系数specific resistance雕笔石Glyptograptus雕正形蜿Glyptorthis调查；测量survey(ing)调查；调查所survey调整肌；茎肌adjustor muscle (pedical muscle) 调整肌痕adjustor scar调准视线；使平行collimate蝶形双晶butterfly twin鲽plaice叠层构造stromatolith叠堑构造curvette叠扇构造telescope structure叠瓦构造schuppen structure叠岩床multiple sill叠岩盖multiple laccolith叠岩干multiple stock叠岩基multiple batholith叠岩基；复岩脉multiple dike叠岩脉multiple dyke叠置滨线contraposed shoreline叠置河superimposed stream叠置河superinduced stream叠置河；积载河superposed stream叠置水系；积载水系superimposed drainage 叠锥phragmocone叠锥构造cone-in-cone structure丁菲蕨Thinnefeldia丁氏厥；丁氏贝Tingia钉头石；钉状方解石nail-head spar钉头状冰擦痕nail-head straition顶top [of fold]顶；山顶summit顶板apical plate顶包珊瑚Lophamplexus顶壁；上盘；脊顶roof顶层topset顶层topset bed顶层水top water顶垂roof pendant顶骨parietal(parietal bone)顶孔贝Acrotreta顶砾岩top conglomerate顶落作用roof foundering顶面facing顶面superface顶面top surface顶面way-up顶蚀作用overhand stoping顶蚀作用stoping顶系；极系apical system顶线apical line顶岩流superfluent lava flow顶枝caulody顶枝caulosome顶枝telome顶枝系统telome system顶枝学说telome theory顶枝叶telomic leaves顶柱珊瑚Lophophyllidium定波；驻波standing wave定波；驻波stationary wave定点样本point sample定镜水准化dumpy level定居底栖生物sedentary(sessile) benthos定居多毛亚纲Polychaeta sedentaria定量分类法classification of the quantitative system 定量分类系quantitative system定年学geochronometry定期喷发火山volcano of periodical eruption定式地面patterned ground定体steady mass定位；定向orient定位；定向；方位orientation定温stenothermal定向构造directional structure定向压力direct(directed)pressure定向岩组；易向生长的belteroporic定向演化orthogenesis定向钻井direction drilling定形fixed form定性分类法classification of the qualitative system 定盐度stenohaline定止体stationary mass碇泊所roadstead冬碛winter moraine东方洞正形贝Eosotrematorthis东方玛瑙oriental agate东非猿人(曾建古猿) Zinjanthropus东坑层Tungkeng formation东太平洋脊East Pacific Rise东吴运动Tungwu movement东洋区oriental region董蓝英电岩sondalite洞顶河道ceiling channel洞顶裂穴ceiling cavity洞脊贝Porambonites洞廊；走廊gallery洞泉vauclusian spring洞人；穴居人cave man洞穴冰cave ice洞穴充填cavern filling洞穴次生矿床speliothem洞穴大理石；洞华cave marble洞穴的spelean洞穴角砾cave breccia洞穴玛瑙cave onyx洞穴泉cavern spring洞穴入口cave inlet洞穴珊瑚cave coral洞穴沉积cave deposit洞穴水cavern water洞穴学speleology洞穴状cavernous冻疤frost scar冻地土流congelifluction冻点测定仪cryscopesafety appliance 保险装置safety factor 安全系数safety joint 安全接头safety valve 安全阀safety zone 安全地带safflorite 斜方砷钴矿sag 凹陷sag pond 断陷湖sagenite 网金红石sagvandite 菱镁古铜岩sahlinite 黄砷氯铅矿sahlite 次透辉石sakmarian 萨克马林阶salammonite 卤砂salband 近围岩岩脉salcrete 煮盐的沉渣saleite 镁磷铀云母salesite 碘铜矿salic mineral 硅铝质矿物salicylaldoxime 水杨醛肟salicylic acid 水杨酸salient 扇形地背斜轴saliferous rock leaching 含盐岩淋滤salification 成盐酌salina 盐碱滩saline lake deposit 盐湖矿床saline meadow 盐化草原saline soil 盐土saline solution mud fluid 盐水泥浆saline spring 盐泉saline water 咸水salinity 盐度salinity of lake water 湖水盐度salinity stratification 盐水成层salinization 盐化酌salinometer 盐液密度计salite 次透辉石salmonsite 黄磷锰铁矿salse 泥火山salt 盐salt balance 盐分平衡salt content of lake water 湖水含盐量salt crust 盐结皮salt dome 盐丘salt dome reservoir 盐丘油藏salt lake 盐湖salt marsh 咸沼;盐沼salt resistance 抗盐性salt secretion 盐分泌salt steppe 盐土草原salt tectonic 盐构造salt water 盐水salt water lake 盐湖salt water plankton 咸水浮游生物saltation 跳跃搬运;突变saltation load 跳跃搬运物saltiness 含盐性samarium 钐samarium neodymium method 钐钕法samarskite 铌钇矿samiresite 铌钛铀铅矿sample 样品sample for reference 检查样品sample man 采样工sample mean and variance 样本平均值与方差sample preparation 样品加工sample splitting 样品缩分sampleite 氯磷钠铜矿sampler 取样器sampling 取样sampling area 取样区sampling method 采样法sampling point 取样点samsonite 硫锑锰银矿sanbornite 硅钡石sand 砂sand bank 沙滩sand bar 沙滩sand calcite 沙方解石sand dune plants 沙丘植物sand hill 砂丘sand line 钢丝绳sand model 砂模式sand pit 砂坑sand pump 抽砂泵sand separator 砂分离器sandbergerite 锌铜矿sandflow 沙流sandglass structure 沙钟构造sandr 冰碛平原sandstone 砂岩sandstone soil 砂岩土sandstorm 沙暴sandy 砂屑的sandy soil 砂土sanidine 透长石sanidinite 透长岩sanmartinite 钨锌矿sanpaltonite 上八洞石sanson flamsteed projection 散生投影sanson projection 散生投影;散生投映santonian stage 桑托阶santorinite 钠长苏安岩sanukite 赞岐岩saponite 皂石sapphire 蓝宝石sapphirine 假蓝宝石saprocol 硬腐泥saprocollite 灰质腐泥煤岩saprogenic 腐败的saprolite 腐泥土sapropel 腐殖泥sapropelic coal 腐泥煤sapropelic groundmass 腐泥基质sapropelite 腐泥岩sapropelites 腐泥岩sapropelitic group 腐泥化组saprophages 腐生物saprophytes 腐生物sapropsammite 砂质腐泥sarcolite 肉色柱石sarcoplasm 肌质sarcopsid 磷钙铁锰矿sarcopsite 磷钙铁锰矿sarcostyle 囊胞体sard 肉红玉髓sardonyx 缠丝玛瑙sarkinite 红砷锰矿sarmientite 砷铁矾sartorite 脆硫砷铅矿sassolite 天然硼酸satellite geodesy 卫星大地测量学satellite remote sensing 卫星遥感satellite spot 卫星斑点saturated adiabatic lapse rate 饱和绝热递减率saturated air 饱和空气saturated flow 饱和怜saturated rock 饱和岩saturated solution 饱和溶液saturation 饱和saturation deficiency 饱和差saturation deficit 饱和差saturation distribution 饱和分布saturation magnetization 饱和磁化saturation point 饱和点saturation pressure 饱和压力saturation regime 饱和情况sauconite 锌蒙脱石sauropsida 蜥形类sausage structure 香肠构造saussurit 糟化石saussuritization 钠帘化酌saussuritize 钠帘石化savanna 稀噬草原savodinskite 铈银矿saxonian 萨克森阶scacchite 氯锰矿scaffold 脚手架scale 度盘scale factor 标度因数scale model 比例模型scalenohedron 偏三角面体scaler 定标器计数器scaling factor 换算系数scaling law 比例法则scaling ratio 换算系数scaly 有鳞的scaly structure 鳞片状结构scan 扫描scandium 钪scanner 扫描设备scanning 扫描scanning angle 扫描角scanning area 扫描面积scanning beam 扫描射束scanning electron microscope 扫描电子显微镜scanning speed 扫描速度scape 羽轴scaphopods 掘足类scapolite 方柱石scapular 肩羽scarp 悬崖scattered boulder 散布漂石scattered radiation 散射辐射scattering 散射scattering angle 散射角scattering coefficient 散射系数scattering cross section 散射截面scattering power 散射本领scavenging machine 再选浮选机scawtite 碳硅钙石schafarzikite 正方磷铁矿schairerite 硫酸齿钠石schalenblende 块闪锌矿schallerite 砷硅锰矿schank 褶皱翼scheelite 白钨矿schefferite 锰钙辉石schillerization 闪光现象schirmerite 块辉铅铋银矿schist 片岩schistosity 片理schizolite 斜锰针钠钙石schlieren 条纹schneebergite 铁锑钙石schoenite 软钾镁矾schoepite 柱铀矿schorenbergite 白霓霞斑岩schorl 黑电气石schorlite 黑电气石schorlomite 钛榴石schroeckingerite 硫铀钠钙石schrotterite 蛋白铝英石schuilingite 铜铅霰石schulzenite 铜钙矿schwartzembergite 氯碘铅矿schwatzite 黑铜矿scientific name 学名scintillating medium 闪烁体scintillation 闪烁scintillation counter 闪烁计数管scintillator 闪烁体scintillometer 闪烁计数管sciophyte 阴地植物sclerenchyma 厚壁组织sclerometer 硬度计sclerophyte 硬叶植物scleroscope 硬度计sclerotinite 菌核体scolecite 钙沸石scoria 火山渣scoria cone 火山渣锥scoria flow 火山渣流scoria tuff 火山渣凝灰岩scoriaceous 渣状的scorodite 臭葱石scorzalite 多铁天蓝石scour 淘刷scovillite 磷铈钇矿screen 筛子screen grid 帘栅极screen mesh 筛眼screen pipe 滤管screen size 筛号screen sizing 筛分screening 筛分screening plant 筛分装置screw axis 螺旋轴screw dislocation 螺旋变位scrub 灌木丛sculpture 纹饰scyelite 闪云橄家scyphomedusa 钵水母scythian 斯基甫阶scythic stage 斯基甫阶sea beach placer 海滨砂矿sea cave 海蚀洞sea cliff 海崖sea floor 海底sea floor deposit 海底矿床sea floor spreading theory 海底扩张说sea gravimeter 海重力仪sea level 海平面sea level fluctuation 海面升降sea lilies 海百合类sea mile 涅sea urehins 海胆类sea water 海水sea water intrusion 海水浸入sea water temperature 海水温度seabeach 海岸seaice 海冰sealing trap 密封圈闭seam 层seam floor 底盘seam roof 顶盖岩seam thickness 层厚seamless pipe 无缝管seamount 海山seapeak 海峰seaquake 海震searlesite 硅硼钠石seasonal migration 季节性迁移seasonal periodicity 季节周期性seasonal variation 季节变化seastars 海星类seaweeds 海藻sebastianite 黑云钙长岩seclusion 闭塞second boiling point 第二沸点secondaries 次波secondary cleavage 次生劈理secondary community 次生群落secondary concretion 次生结核secondary cycle 次旋回secondary deposit 次生矿床secondary depression 副低压secondary enrichment 次生富集secondary enrichment zone 次生富集带secondary fault 小断层secondary fold 小褶曲secondary fossil 次生化石secondary fumarole 次生喷气孔secondary hydrothermal deposit 次生热液矿床secondary interstice 次生裂隙secondary joint 小节理secondary mineral 次生矿物secondary ore 次生矿secondary oxidized ore 次生氧化矿secondary porosity 次生孔隙率secondary recovery 二次开采secondary recrystallization 次生重结晶secondary rocks 二次岩层secondary salt effect 副盐效应secondary structural elements 再次构造secondary structure 次生构造secondary succession 次生演替secondary wave 次波secondary xylem 次生木质部secretion 分泌secretion theory 分泌说secretion vein 分泌脉secretory 分泌的section 薄片secular equilibrium 久期平衡secular subsidence 缓慢沉陷secular upheaval 缓慢隆起secular variation 世纪变化sedentary soil 原地土壤sediment 沉积sediment tube 取粉管sedimentary complex 沉积杂层sedimentary cover 沉积盖层sedimentary cycle 沉积旋回sedimentary deposit 沉积矿床sedimentary formation 沉积建造sedimentary gneiss 沉积片麻岩sedimentary mantle 沉积盖层sedimentary model of coal 煤沉积模式sedimentary nappe 沉积推复体sedimentary petrography 沉积岩石学sedimentary petrology 沉积岩石学sedimentary rock 沉积岩sedimentary structure 沉积构造sedimentary system 沉积体系sedimentation 沉积酌sedimentation basin 沉积盆地sedimentation rate 沉淀速度sedimentogenesis 沉积成因sedimentology 沉积学sedimentometer 沉积计sedimentometry 沉积测量法seebachite 碱菱沸石seed plants 种子植物seepage 渗透seepage spring 渗出泉seepage surface 渗出面seepage velocity 达钨度seet erosion 表面侵蚀seger cone 标准锥segregated vein 分凝脉segregation 分凝segregation banding 分结条带seiches 湖面波动seism 地震seismic detector 地震检波器seismic filtering 地震滤波seismic hazard 地震灾害seismic intensity 地震强度seismic interface 地震界面seismic intesity scale 地震强度计seismic marker horizon 地震标准层seismic moment 地震矩seismic oscillation 地震动seismic profile 地震剖面seismic prospecting 地震勘探seismic ray 震线seismic reflection 地震波反射seismic refraction 地震波折射seismic seawave 海震seismic stratigraphy 地震地层学seismic structural map 地震构造图seismic waves 震波seismic zone 地震带seismicity 地震活动seismogeology 地震地质学seismogram 震波图seismograph 地震仪seismology 地震学seismometer 地震计seismoscope 地震示波仪seismotectonics 地震构造学seladonite 绿鳞石seladonote 绿鳞石selagite 黑云粗面岩selbergite 白霓霞岩selection 选择selective absorption 选择吸收selective body 选择体selective erosion 选择侵蚀selective gamma gamma log 选择伽马伽马测井selective metamorphism 选择变质selective metasomatism 分别变代selective replacement 选择置换selective weathering 选择风化selectivity 选择性selenite 透石膏selenium 硒selenolite 透石膏岩selenology 月球学self elevating drilling platform 桩脚式钻探平台self potential 自然电位sellait 氟镁石selvage clay 断层泥selwynite 黄舣semeline 榍石semi diurnal wave 半日波semianthracite 半无烟煤semiautomatic 半自动的semibituminous coal 半沥青煤semibright coal 半亮煤semidesert 半荒漠semidull coal 半暗煤semifossil 半化石semifusinite 半丝质体semigelatinous maceral 半凝胶化组分semimetal 半金属semiopal 普通蛋白石semipolar bond 半极性键semiprecious stone 次等宝石semireservoir 半储热层semischist 半片岩semisubmersible drilling platform 半潜式钻探平台semseyite 单斜铅锑矿senaite 铅钛铁矿senarmontite 方锑矿sender 发射机sengierite 水钒铀铜矿senility 老年期senonian 巫阶sensibility 灵敏度sensible heat 可感热sensing device 传感器感受设备sensitivity 灵敏度sensitometry 感光度测定学separation 分选separation energy 分离能量separator 分选机sepiolite 海泡石septa 隔壁septaria 龟甲石septum 隔壁sequence 次序sequence of crystallization 结晶顺序sequential form 后成地形serendibite 蓝硅硼钙石sericite 绢云母sericite schist 绢云片岩sericitization 绢云母化series 统series connection 串联连接serpentine 蛇纹石serpentite 蛇纹石serpierite 锌铜矾serrate 锯齿状的serrate suture 锯状缝service shaft 辅助竖井sessile animals 固着动物sessile leaf 无柄叶seta 刚毛setting 浓缩setting accelerator 速凝剂setting of cement 胶结物凝固setting time 胆时间settlement 沉陷settling 沉陷settling basin 沉淀池settling pond 沉积池settling velocity 下沉速度sewage 阴沟水sewage treatment 污水处理sextant 六分仪sexual generation 有性世代shadow 影shadow effect 阴影效应shadow photometer 影像光度计shaft 轴;竖井shale 页岩shale line 泥岩基线shale soil 页岩土shallow focus earthquake 浅震shallow sea 浅海shallow sea deposit 浅海沉积shallow well 浅水井shaly sand 页岩状沙shank 钎尾shape function 形态函数sharp tuning 锐党sharpite 七水碳铀矿shastaite 中长英安岩shastalite 安山玻璃shattered fault zone 碎裂断层带shattered zone 碎裂带shattering 震动;破碎shattuckite 单斜硅铜矿shear breccia 扭性构造岩shear cleavage 剪劈理shear deep fracture 剪性深断裂shear failure 剪破裂shear folding 剪褶皱shear joint 剪节理shear modulus 抗剪弹性模量shear plane 剪切面shear strain 剪切变形shear stress 剪应力shear structural system 扭动构造体系shear sturctural plane 扭性结构面shear zone 剪碎带shearing 剪断shearing compressive plane 扭压面shearing force 剪应力shearing stress 切应力sheath 鞘sheave 绳爽轮sheet 岩席sheet erosion 片林蚀sheet flow 片流漫流;席状喷出sheeted deposit 席状矿床sheeted structure 重膜状构造sheeted vein 重膜矿脉sheeted zone 重膜矿带shell 贝壳;甲shell layer 壳质层shell mound 贝冢shell structure 贝壳构造shell zone 介壳带sheridanite 无色绿泥石shield 地盾shield volcano 循形火山shield volcano of the hawaiian type 夏威夷式盾形火山shielding 屏蔽shift 变位shift zone 移动带shinbone 胫骨shingle 扁砾石shingle structure 叠瓦构造shiver 页岩shoal 浅滩shock 冲击冲突shock metamorphism 冲讳质酌shock wave 冲花shoestring sandstone 鞋带沙堆shooting 放炮shore 岸shoreline 海岸线shoreline of emergence 上升滨线shoreline of submergence 下沉滨线short flame coal 短焰煤short range order 短程序shortite 碳酸钠钙石shoshonite 正边粗玄岩shot drilling 钻粒钻井shot effect 散粒效应shot noise 散粒效应shot point 爆炸点shothole 爆破井shrinkage limit 收缩限度shrinkage of clay 粘土的收缩酌shrinkage stoping 留矿回采shrinkage water 收缩水shunt ratio 分路系数sial 硅铝带siallitization 粘土矿物化sialma 硅铝镁带siberite 紫电气石sicklerite 磷锂锰矿side elevation 侧视图side pressure 侧压力side view 侧视图side wall 侧壁side wall coring gun 射入式取心器井壁取心枪side wall cutting sampler 切割式取心器siderazote 氮铁矿siderazotite 氮铁矿siderite 菱铁矿siderolite 陨铁石sideronatrite 纤钠铁矾sideronitic texture 海绵陨铁结构siderophile elements 亲铁元素siderophyllite 铁叶云母siderophyre 古铜鳞英铁镍陨石sideroplesite 镁菱铁矿siderosphere 铁圈siderotil 铁矾siegenite 碲硫镍钴矿sierozem 灰钙土sieve 筛子sieve analysis 筛分分析sieve opening 筛孔sieving 筛分signal level 信号电平significance level 显著性水平silaonite 多铋硒铅矿silexite 硅石岩silfbergite 锰磁铁矿silica 硅土silica alumina ratio 硅铝比silica brick 硅砖silica geothermometer 二氧化硅地热温标silica sand 硅砂silica sesquioxide ratio 硅三氧二某化合物比silicastone deposit 硅石矿床silicate 硅酸盐silicate melt 硅酸盐熔体silicate minerals 硅酸盐矿物silicate rock 硅酸盐岩石siliceous 硅质的siliceous sediments 硅质沉积siliceous sinter 硅华siliceous soil 硅质土壤siliceous sponges 六轴海绵类siliceous wood 硅化木silicic acid 硅酸silicic acid anhydride 无水硅酸silicification 硅化silicified wood 硅化木silicon 硅silky lustre 绢丝光泽sill 底盘sillenite 软铋矿sillimanite 硅线石silt 粉砂silting 淤积siltstone 粉砂岩silurian 志留纪silver 银silver ore 银矿sima 硅镁带similar fold 相似褶皱similigley 假潜育simple conic projection 筒单圆锥投影simple eye 单眼simple folding 筒单褶皱simple leaf 单叶simple pendulum 单摆simple shear 单剪simple tone 单音simple vein 单矿脉simple volcano 单火山simplex 单纯形simpsonite 六方钽铝石simulation 模拟simulator 模拟装置simultaneity 同时性sinemurian 矽缪尔阶singing 鸣震singing point 鸣震点single bond 单键single crystal 单晶体single crystal diffractometer 单晶衍射计single crystal growing 单结晶生长single grain structure 单粒结构sinhalite 硼铝镁石sinian system 震旦系sinian trend 震旦方向sink hole 灰岩坑sink lake 落水洞湖sinking 下沉sino korean massif 中朝地块sinter 泉华sinter cone 泉华丘sintering 烧结sintering coal 粘结性煤sintering temperature 烧结温度sinuosity 曲折度sinusoidal projection 正弦投影sinusoidal structure 正弦状构造siphon 水管siphonostele 管状中柱sismondinite 镁硬绿泥片岩sitaparite 方锰铁矿site 地点sizing 分级sizing analysis 粒度分析sjogrenite 水镁铁石skarn 夕卡岩skarn mineral 夕卡岩矿物skeletal soil 粗骨土skeleton 骨skeleton crystal 骸晶skeleton soil 粗骨土skeleton texture 骸晶构造skewness 非对称性skin 表皮skin effect 琼效应skip hoisting 箕斗提升skip winding 箕斗提升skip zone 跳越区sklodowskite 硅镁铀矿skomerite 橄辉钠长斑岩slag 炉渣slag brick 矿渣砖slaggy 渣状的slaking 消化slate 板岩slaty 板状的slaty clay 片状粘土slaty cleavage 板劈理slaty soil 板岩土壤slavikite 菱镁铁矾slicer 双向限制器slickenside 滑面slide 滑动slide fault 滑动断裂slide mark 滑痕sliding 滑动sliding structure 滑动构造sliding surface 滑面slime 淤泥slime layer 粘液层slime molds 粘菌类slime water 泥浆水slimy gley soil 淤泥潜育土slip 滑动slip band 滑动带slip block 滑块slip cleavage 滑劈理slip fault 滑断层slip folding 剪褶皱slip mass 滑体slip off slope 滑走坡slip plane 滑动面slip sheet 滑片slips 下瓦slope 坡度slotted pipe 割缝管子sludge pump 泥浆泵slump 滑移slump fold 滑动褶皱slump structure 滑移构造slumping 海底滑动slurry 粘土悬浮液slush 雪泥slush pit 泥浆坑small circle gridle 小圆环带small diameter hole drilling 小口径钻进small earthquake 微地震small leaved 小叶的small ore 细矿small plate 小板块smaltine 砷钴矿smaragd 祖母绿smaragdite 绿闪石smectite 蒙脱石smithite 单斜硫砷银矿smithsonite 菱锌矿smoke 灰云smoky quartz 烟晶smooth fracture 平坦断口snow 雪snow density 雪密度snow melt 融雪soaked 潜育土soaked soil 潜育土sobralite 铁锰辉石sod 草被sod formation 腐殖层形成酌soda rhyolite 钠疗岩sodalite 方钠石sodalitite 方钠石岩sodalumite 钠茂soddite 硅铀矿soddy podzolic soil 草生灰化土sodic metasomatism 钠质交代酌sodic soil 碱土sodium 钠sodium uranospinite 钠砷钙铀矿soft coal 软煤soft ground 弱土质soft rime 雾淞soft rocks 软岩石soft water 软水soggendalite 多辉粗玄岩soil 潜育土soil color 土色soil constituent 土壤成分soil covering 土壤被复soil creep 土壤蠕动soil density 土壤紧实度soil dressing 撒布肥土soil genesis 成土过程soil geochemistry 土壤地球化学soil geography 土壤地理学soil horizon 土层soil in situ 原地土壤soil layer 土层soil mechanics 土力学soil microbiology 土壤微生物学soil microorganism 土壤微生物soil mineral 土壤矿物soil science 土壤学soil stratification 土壤层序soil stratum 土层soil structure 土壤结构soil survey 土壤甸soil swamping 沼泽化soil swelling 土壤膨胀soil thermometer 土壤温度表soil type 土类soil water 土壤水soilcover 土壤覆盖层soilwater zone 土壤水带solar climate 天文气候solar halo 日晕solar radiation 太阳辐射solar salt 天然蒸馏盐solfatara 硫气孔solfataric alteration 硫气蚀变solid angle 立体角solid colloid 固体胶体solid combustible mineral 固体可燃矿产solid displacement 固态位移solid rainfall 固体降水solid solution 固溶体solidification 凝固solidification point 凝固点solidus 固液相曲线solifluction 泥流solod 脱碱土solonchak 盐土solonetz 碱土solonetzic soil 碱性土solubility 溶度solubility product 溶度积soluble 可溶的solum 土层solute 溶质solution chemistry 溶液化学solution heat 溶解热solution mining 溶液采矿solution principle 溶解原理solvent 溶媒solvent effect 溶剂效应solvolysis 溶剂分解solvsbergite 细碱辉正长岩solvus 固溶体分解曲线somma 外轮山sonar 声纳sonde 探头songrim tectonic disturbance 松林构造运动sordawalite 玄武玻璃sorosilicate 俦硅酸盐sorption 吸着sorus 孢子群sound 海峡sound logging 声波测井sound navigation and ranging 声纳sound velocity 音速sounding 测深sounding balloon 探测气球sounding machine 测深器sour humus 粗腐殖质source 泉source rock 源岩source rock of petroleum 生油岩souzalite 基性磷铝铁石space correction 空间校正space geology 天体地质学space group 空间群space groupoid 空间亚群space lattice 空间点阵space remote sensing 空间遥感space survey 宇宙甸space velocity 空间速度spacegeology 宇宙地质学spacing 间隔spadaite 红硅镁石spallation product 核散裂碎片spallation reaction 核裂反应spalling 脱落spandite 锰钙铁榴石spangolite 氯铜矾spar 晶石sparagmite 破片砂岩spare 备件spate 洪水spatter 火山喷出物speciation 种别形成species 种specific capacity 单位出水量specific charge 比电荷specific density 比密度specific discharge 达钨度specific drawdown 比液面下降specific electrical conductance 比电导率specific gravity 比重specific heat 比热specific ionization 比电离specific reaction 特殊反应specific retention 持水能specific surface 表面系数specific volume 比容specific yield 单位廉量specimen 标本spectral line 光谱线spectral line width 光谱线宽度spectral series 光谱系spectrochemical analysis 光谱化学分析spectrogram 光谱图spectrograph 摄谱仪spectrographic analysis 光谱分析spectrography 摄谱术spectrometry 光谱测定spectrophotometer 分光光度计spectrophotometry 分光光度测定spectropolarimeter 分光偏振计spectroscope 谱线分析器分光镜spectrum 光谱spectrum analyzer 谱线分析器spectrum of sparks 闪光光谱specularite 镜铁矿speed control 速度控制speed of propagation 传播速度speise 黄渣speiss 黄渣spelebiology 洞穴生物学speleochronology 洞穴年代学speleology 洞穴学spencerite 单斜磷锌矿spencite 硅硼钙钇矿spermatophytes 种子植物sperrylite 砷铂矿spessartine 锰铝榴石;闪斜煌斑岩spessartite 闪斜煌斑岩sphaerite 菱磷铝石sphagnum bog 水藓沼泽sphagnum peat 水藓泥炭sphalerite 闪锌矿sphene 榍石sphenoid 楔状sphenoidal class 轴双面晶类sphenolith 岩楔sphere ore 环状矿石spherical crystal 球状晶体spherical surface 球面spherical symmetry 球状对称spherocobaltite 菱钴矿spheroid 椭球体spheroidal 球状的spheroidal joint 球状节理spheroidal jointing 球状节理spheroidal structure 球状构造spheroidal weathering 球状风化spherolitic 球粒状的spherosiderite 球菱铁矿spherulite 球粒spherulitic 球粒状的spiauterite 纤维锌矿spicule 骨针spiculite 锤雏晶spike 示踪物spiking 添加同位素示踪剂spilite 细碧岩spilosite 绿点板岩spinal cord 脊髓spindle 纺锤体spindle shaped bomb 纺锤形火山弹spindle type drill 立轴式钻机spine 火山碑spinell 尖晶石spiny 具刺的spiral growth 螺旋生长spiral wall 螺旋壁spire 螺线spiroffite 碲锌锰矿spit 沙嘴splay structure 分支构造split 裂口splitting 裂距spodiophyllite 叶石spodiosite 氟磷钙石spodumene 锂辉石spoil 废石sponges 海绵动物spongin 海绵硬朊sponginess 孔隙度spongy parenchyma 海绵组织spongy spicule 海绵骨针spongy structure 海绵构造spontaneous combustion of coal 煤自燃发火spontaneous fission 自然分裂spontaneous generation 自然发生spontaneous magnetization 自动磁化spontaneous polarization 自发极化spontaneous polarization method 自然极化法spontaneous potential 自然电位spontaneous potential logging 自然电位测井sporangiophore 孢囊柄sporangium 孢子囊spore 孢子spore bearing plants 孢子植物spore coal 孢子煤spore coat 孢壁sporinite 孢子体sporinitic liptobiolith 孢子残殖煤sporocarp 孢子果sporogon 孢子体sporophyll 孢子叶sporophyte 孢子体sporozoa 孢子虫类spot 地点spot analysis 点滴分析spotted 有斑点的spotted ore 斑点矿spotted slate 斑点板岩spotted structure 斑点状构造spread 散布spreading 扩张spring 泉spring tide 大潮spring water 泉水spudder 铲凿spur 支脉spurrite 灰硅钙石squall 飑squall line 飑线square cylindrical projection 方格投影squeeze up 溶岩挤出部squeezing 挤出酌stability of magnets 磁稳定性stabilized grain structure 稳定粒状结构stable continental margin 大陆稳定边缘stable element 稳定元素stable humus 稳定腐植质stable isotope 稳定同位素stable stratification 稳定层结。

水利水电工程专业〔水文与水资源篇〕中英文对照翻译水利水电工程专业〔水文与水资源篇〕中英文对照翻译1. Hydrological Cycle and BudgetHydrology is an earth science. It encompasses the occurrence, distribution, movement, and properties of the waters of the earth and theirenvironmental relations. Closely allied fields include geology, climatology, meteorology and oceanography.水文学是一门地球科学。

它包含地球水资源的发生、分布、运动和特质，以及其环境关系。

与之密切相关领域包括地质学，气候学，气象学和海洋学。

The hydrologic cycle is a continuous process by which water is transported from the oceans to the atmosphere to the land and back to the sea. Manysub-cycles exist. The evaporation of inland water and its subsequent precipitation over land before returning to the ocean is one example. The driving force for the global water transport system is provided by the sun, which furnishes the energy required for evaporation. Note that the water quality also changes during passage through the cycle; for example, sea water is converted to fresh water through evaporation.水文循环是一个连续的过程，在这个过程中水从海洋被运输到大气中，降落到陆地，然后回到海洋。

隧道设计考虑应力释放的影响摘要：在隧道设计中，支护时间的确定和刚性的支护体系对于维持隧道稳定是非常重要的，该研究所采用的收敛—约束法来确定的隧道的应力和位移，同时考虑到了地基承载力反压力曲线的位移、应力释放的影响以及隧道衬砌和岩石隧道周边洞室的相互作用，这个结论可以确定支护的时间和支护结构的强度和刚度。

这种方法曾适用于in the Ban Ve Hydroelectric Power Plant．in Nghe An Province．Vietnam 引水隧道。

结果表明，当位移u0在0.0865米到0.0919米之间时取一个合适的位移值，我们就可以通过架设支护结构来满足隧道的稳定性和经济的要求。

关键词：隧道支撑结构稳定性反压力曲线应力释放的影响1、引言岩石在自然环境中，特别是在深部地层当中，常常受到上部地层和重力的影响，由于这些因素的影响在岩体当中二次应力的发展是非常复杂，难以界定的。

隧道开挖过程中，一部分的岩石通常会受到来自隧道洞顶岩石的去除而产生的力—拉应力，有时拉应力会相当高，都会在隧道围岩的周边产生，由于岩石开挖洞周应力的释放会导致周边围岩的变形，从三向应力状态转变为双向应力状态。

在隧道施工过程中，架设支护结构的目的是为了提高和维持岩体的自承能力，以最大程度的发挥岩体的承载能力，并且在岩体内产生有利于发展的内应力场。

1938年，芬纳进行了上部地层和水力结构相互作用方面的研究，并发现了基础的特殊变化曲线和弹塑性介质的解决方案。

1963年，Pacher进行了同样的研究，并取得了同样的结果。

当隧道设计考虑上部地层和水工结构之间的相互作用时，其结果采用新奥法（NATM）施工和实际结构是比较适合的。

此外，在隧道设计中，隧道衬砌和洞室周围地层之间的相互作用，以及相应的地基反压力曲线，通常被考虑在内（Panet和Guenot1982; Panet1995年）。

在隧道设计中收敛—约束法通常被认为是有效的。