23.英语语法 Nouns 集体名词、可数名词、不可数名词
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《英语语法大全》1.名词名词可以分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词(Common Nouns).专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。
普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等,普通名词又可分为下面四类:1)个体名词(Individual Nouns):表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。
2)集体名词(Collective Nouns):表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。
3)物质名词(Material Nouns):表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。
4)抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。
个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词(Countable Nouns)物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。
归纳一下,名词的分类可以下图表示:1.2其它名词复数的规则变化1)以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数:如:two Marys the Henrysmonkey---monkeysholiday---holidays比较:层楼:storey---storeys story---stories2)以o结尾的名词,变复数时:a.加s,如:photo---photospiano---pianosradio---radios zoo---zoos;b.加es,如:potato--potatoestomato--tomatoesc.均可,如:zero---zeros/zeroes3)以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时:a.加s,如:belief---beliefs roof---roofssafe---safes gulf---gulfs;b.去f,fe加ves,如:half---halvesknife---knives leaf---leaveswolf---wolveswife---wives life---livesthief---thieves;c.均可,如:handkerchief:handkerchiefs/handkerchieves1.3名词复数的不规则变化1)child---children foot---feettooth---teethmouse---mice man---menwoman---women注意:与man和woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men和-women。
初中所有英语语法知识英语语法知识总结一、名词(Noun)名词是指人、事物、地点、抽象概念等。
名词可以用来表示主语、宾语、表语等。
1.名词的分类:(1)可数名词(Countable Nouns):它们有复数形式,例如books、chairs。
(2)不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns):它们没有复数形式,例如water、information。
(3)集体名词(Collective Nouns):它们表示一组人或物,例如family、team。
2.名词的用法:(1)作主语:The cat is sleeping.(猫在睡觉。
)(2)作宾语:I like apples.(我喜欢苹果。
)(3)作表语:She is a teacher.(她是一位老师。
)(4)所有格形式:Tom's book(汤姆的书)二、动词(Verb)动词表示动作、状态、情感等。
动词可以根据时态、语态、情态等进行变化。
1.动词的时态:(1)一般现在时(Simple Present Tense):表示经常性动作或客观事实。
I go to school every day.(我每天去学校。
)(2)一般过去时(Simple Past Tense):表示过去发生的动作。
She visited her grandparents last week.(她上周去看望她的祖父母。
)(3)一般将来时(Simple Future Tense):表示将要发生的动作。
We will have a party tomorrow.(我们明天要开个派对。
)2.动词的语态:(1)主动语态(Active Voice):在主动语态中,主语执行动作。
The dog chased the cat.(狗追逐着猫。
)(2)被动语态(Passive Voice):在被动语态中,动作的执行者变为主语的接收者。
The cat was chased by the dog.(猫被狗追逐着。
名词可以分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词 (Common Nouns),专有名词是某个(些)⼈,地⽅,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。
普通名词是⼀类⼈或东西或是⼀个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。
普通名词⼜可分为下⾯四类: 1)个体名词(Individual Nouns):表⽰某类⼈或东西中的个体,如:gun。
2)集体名词(Collective Nouns):表⽰若⼲个个体组成的集合体,如:family。
3)物质名词(Material Nouns):表⽰⽆法分为个体的实物,如:air。
4)抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表⽰动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。
个体名词和集体名词可以⽤数⽬来计算,称为可数名词(Countable Nouns),物质名词和抽象名词⼀般⽆法⽤数⽬计算,称为不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。
归纳⼀下,名词的分类可以下图表⽰: _______________________________________ | |专有名词 | | | 名 | | 个体名词 | | | | | | 可数名词 | | | | 集体名词 | | | |普通名词 | | | | 词 | | 物质名词 | | | | | | 不可数名词| | | | 抽象名词 | |1.1 名词复数的规则变化___________________________________________________ 情况 构成⽅法 读⾳ 例词__________________________________________________⼀般情况 加 -s 1.清辅⾳后读/s/; map-maps 2.浊辅⾳和元⾳后 bag-bags 读 /z/; car-cars___________________________________________________ 以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词 加 -es 读 /iz/ bus-buses watch-watches___________________________________________________以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词 加 -s 读 /iz/ license-licenses___________________________________________________以辅⾳字母+y 变y 为i结尾的词 再加es 读 /z/ baby---babies___________________________________________________其它名词复数的规则变化1) 以y结尾的专有名词,或元⾳字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数: 如: two Marys the Henrys monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays ⽐较:层楼:storey ---storeys story---stories2) 以o 结尾的名词,变复数时: a. 加s,如: photo---photos piano---pianos radio---radios zoo---zoos; b. 加es,如:potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes c. 均可,如:zero---zeros / zeroes 3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时: a. 加s,如: belief---beliefs roof---roofs safe---safes gulf---gulfs; b. 去f,fe 加ves,如:half---halves knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves; c. 均可,如: handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves名词复数的不规则变化1)child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth mouse---mice man---men woman---women 注意:与 man 和 woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。
英语名词的种类一、按意义分类1.专有名词表示具体的人,事物,地点,团体或机构的专有名称(第一个字母要大写)。
例:China(中国)、Asia(亚洲)、Beijing(北京)。
2.普通名词表示某些人,某类事物,某种物质或抽象概念的名称。
例如:teacher老师、tea茶、reform改革。
普通名词又可进一步分为五类:(1)个体名词(Individual Nouns):表示单个的人和事物。
如car (汽车)、room(房间)、fan(风扇)、photo(照片)(2)集体名词(Collective Nouns):表示一群人或一些事物的名称。
如people(人们)、family(家庭)、army(军队)、government (政府)、group(集团)(3)复合名词(Compound Nouns):两个或两个以上名词连在一起构成的名词。
如passerby(过路人)、brother-in-law(内兄)(4)物质名词(Material Nouns):表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质。
如fire(火)、steel(钢)、air (空气)、water (水)、milk(牛奶)(5)抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表示动作,状态,品质或其他抽象概念。
如labor(劳动)、health(健康)、life (生活)、friendship(友情)、patience(耐力)二、按是否可数分类1. 不可数名词不可数名词是指不能以数目来计算,不可以分成个体的概念、状态、品质、感情或表示物质材料的东西;它一般没有复数形式,只有单数形式,它的前面不能用不定冠词a / an。
抽象名词,物质名词和专有名词一般是不可数名词。
如milk(牛奶),bread(面包),coffee (咖啡)等。
2. 可数名词可数名词是指能以数目来计算,可以分成个体的人或东西,因此它有复数形式。
如cup(杯子),cat(猫)等。
一. 词类1). 名词专有名词Proper Nouns普通名词Common Nouns: 可数名词Countable Nouns:个体名词Individual Nouns集体名词Collective Nouns不可数名词Uncountable Nouns:物质名词Mass Nouns or Material Nouns抽象名词Abstract Nouns单数Singular Form 复数Plural Form奇数Odd Number 偶数Even Number名词的所有格the Possessive Case2) 冠词定冠词Definite Article 不定冠词Indefinite Article3) 代词人称代词Personal Pronoun: 第一人称First Person第二人称Second Person第三人称Third Person物主代词Possessive Pronoun 形容词性物主代词Adjectival Possessive Pronoun名词性物主代词Nominal Possessive Pronoun反身代词Reflexive Pronoun 连接代词Conjunctive Pronoun 相互代词Reciprocal Pronoun 不定代词Indefinite Pronoun指示代词Demonstrative Pronoun 疑问代词Interrogative Pronoun 关系代词Relative Pronoun4)形容词品质形容词Qualitative Adjectives 类属形容词Classifying Adjectives 颜色形容词Colour Adjectives 强调形容词Emphasizing Adjectives -ing形容词–ing Adjectives -ed形容词–ed Adjectives合成形容词Compound Adjectives比较级The Comparative Degree 最高级The Superlative Degree5) 数次和量词基数词Cardinal Numbers/Numeral 序数词Ordinal Numbers分数词Fractional Numerals 倍数词Multiplicative Numeral概数Approximate Number 量词Measure Word6)动词及物动词Transitive Verbs 不及物动词Intransitive Verbs双宾动词Ditransitive Verbs 成语动词Phrasal Verbs系动词Link Verbs 助动词Auxiliary Verbs情态动词Model Verbs动词的基本形式现在式Present Tense 过去式Past Tense过去分词Past Participle 现在分词Present Participle限定形式Finite Forms非限定形式Non-Finite Forms: 不定式The Infinitive动名词The Gerund分词The Participle7)副词时间副词Adverbs of Time 方式副词Adverbs of Manner强调副词Emphasizing Adverbs 评论副词Commentary Adverbs 关系副词Relative Adverbs 地点副词Adverbs of Place程度副词Adverbs of Degree 疑问副词Interrrogative Adverbs 连接副词Conjunctive Adverbs 句子副词Sentence Adverbs 8)连词并列连词Coordinating Conjunction从属连词Subordinating Conjunction二. 句子句子成分主语Subject逻辑主语Logical Subject主语补足语Subject Complement宾语Object直接宾语Direct Object间接宾语Indirect Object宾语补足语The Objective Complement状语Adverbial伴随状语Adverbial of Circumstance目的状语A dverbial of Purpose原因状语Adverbial of Cause/Reason结果状语Adverbial of Result时间状语Adverbial of Time条件状语Adverbial of Condition表语Predicative 定语Attribute同位语Appositive 谓语Predicate插入语Parenthesis 呼语V ocative独立主格结构Absolute Construction句子种类1. 说话目的陈述句Declarative Sentence问句Question 一般疑问句General Question特殊疑问句Special Question选择疑问句Alternative Question反意疑问句Disjunctive Question or Tag Question 祈使句Imperative感叹句Exclamation2.结构简单句Simple Sentence并列句Compound Sentence复合句Complex Sentence并列复合句Compound Complex Sentence三.单词,短语和从句1.短语动词短语Verbal Phrases 不定式短语Infinitive Phrases 动名词短语Gerundial Phrases 分词短语Participial Phrases介词短语Prepositional Phrases 名词短语Noun Phrases2.从句主语从句Subject Clause 宾语从句Object Clause表语从句Predicative Clause 同位语从句Appositive Clause 直接引语Direct Speech间接引语Indirect Speech定语从句Attributive Clause关系代词R elative Pronoun关系副词Relative adverb限制性定语从句The Restrictive Attributive Clause非限制性定语从句The Nonrestrictive Attributive Clause 状语从句Adverbial Clause时间状语从句Adverbial Clause of Time地点状语从句Adverbial Clause of Place原因状语从句Adverbial Clause of Cause/Reason目的转语从句Adverbial Clause of Purpose条件状语从句Adverbial Clause of Condition结果状语从句Adverbial Clause of Result让步状语从句Adverbial Clause of Concession比较状语从句Adverbial Cause of Comparison方式状语从句Adverbial Clause of Manner四.构词法转化Conversion 反转构词法Backformation 派生Derivation: 前缀Prefix 后缀Suffix合成Compounding 缩写Abbreviation混合Blending四.时态一般现在时The Simple Present Tense现在进行时The Present Continuous Tense一般将来时The Simple Future Tense一般将来进行时The Simple Future Continuous Tense将来完成时The Future Perfect Tense将来完成进行时The Future Perfect Continuous Tense过去将来时The Past Future Tense过去将来完成时The Past Future Perfect Tense过去将来进行时Past Future Continuous Tense一般过去时The Simple Past Tense过去进行时Past Continuous Tense现在完成时The Present Perfect Tense现在完成进行时The Present Perfect Continuous Tense过去完成时The Past Perfect Tense过去完成进行时The Past Perfect Continuous Tense五.非谓语动词动词不定式the Infinitive动名词Gerund现在分词Present Participle过去分词past participle六.语态,语序被动语态The Passive V oice主动语态The active voice七.特殊句式倒装Inversion完全倒装Complete Inversion部分倒装Partial Inversion省略Ellipsis强调Emphasis插入Parenthesis八.语气(Mood)陈述语气Indicative Mood 疑问语气Interrogative Mood 祈使语气Imperative Mood 虚拟语气Subjunctive Mood 九.标点符号句号Full Stop or Period 感叹号Exclamation Mark分号Semicolon 破折号Dash问号Interrogation Mark Or Question Mark 撇号/单引号Apostrophe引号Quotation Marks 逗号Comma冒号Colon 连字号Hyphen括号Brackets or Marks of Parentheses。
Some nouns can be used with either “singular” or plural “verbs,” depending on whether the speaker is referring to them as a one group or individually. Examples of collective nouns are: group f amily c ommittee t eam management
Be careful when using collective nouns with pronouns.
The Jones family is having a reunion this Sunday. It meets every summer. The Jones family are going home on Monday. They all live in different states.
Count nouns have two forms: singular and plural . They can be used with numbers and quantifying expressions such as many, several , and few .
When used as subjects in present tense sentences, count nouns require the
–s form of the verb in the singular and the base form of the verb in the plural.
Non-count nouns have only one form. When used as subjects in present tense sentences, non-count nouns require the –s form of the verb.
Some nouns can be either count or non-count.
Both count and non-count nouns can be quantified. That is, they can be used with expressions which divide them into parts or groups which can be counted. For example,
Sometimes a non-count noun is used to indicate a “group” of items, whereas individual items within the group are countable. For example,
English nouns can be classified as count (singular and plural) and non-count.
The singular form is used when considering the noun as a single item (count) or entity (non-count).
The plural form is used when considering more than one of the same item. Non-count nouns do not have a plural form.
Things to be aware of: Regular plurals
Most plurals are formed by adding –s or –es to the singular noun:
In some cases, there are special spelling rules that need to be considered when forming the plural.
knives hobbies q uizzes
Irregular plurals 不规则复数
Some nouns take on a different form in the plural:
women t eeth mice children p eople
Non-count nouns 不可数名词
Non-count nouns do not have a plural form; however, some nouns can be used in both the count and non-count sense:
I have a lot of experience. I have a lot of experiences.
Third-person singular –s
Singular and non-count nouns (in the third person) require the –s form of the verb in the present tense.
The girl loves painting.
My dog likes to eat meat.
Johnny lives next door to Jenny.
Milk contains nutrients.
Tommy has two hobbies.
Jerry is from Colorado.
Singular count nouns require an article (the, a, an) unless they are “proper” nouns Mr. Jones went to Arizona . they are preceded by a possessive My mother
loves my father .
they are preceded by this, that, each, every, either, neither, or one . Each man contributed one dollar .
(Wrong: Apple is on table .—articles are required) The/An apple is on the table . (right)
Plural nouns and singular non-count nouns do not require an article in the “generic” sense:
Water is important for plants .
However, they require articles (the, some) in most other cases. Please put some wine in the glasses
.
Why do we say but we say It’s mostly phonetic. That is, it depends on the final sound of the word. Words ending in
-an, -ian, -er, -i
Words ending in
-ese, -ish, -iss, -ch
require an –s in the plural do not change
Languages (no article)
Generalizations**
*If you are talking about a specific group (of Russians, etc.), the article the must be used.
Most of the Italians (in this class) are female.
Most of the Japanese (in the restaurant) are from Kyoto.
**If you are talking generally, no article or preposition is needed.
With 's' Most Americans speak English. Not: Most of Americans
No 's' Most Vietnamese live in Asia. Not: Most of Vietnamese。