《过秦论》含逐字逐句翻译 1 ppt课件

《过秦论》优秀课件contents •逐字逐句翻译与解读•文章结构梳理与分析•历史背景与现实意义探讨•文学特色与艺术表现分析•经典语句欣赏与传承思考•知识拓展：相关文献推荐阅读目录逐字逐句翻译与解读文章背景及作者简介文章背景《过秦论》是中国古代一篇著名的政论文，被认为是具有较高文学价值和思想深度的作品之一。

文章通过对秦国历史的回顾和分析，总结了秦朝兴亡的原因和教训，对后世的政治家、历史学家和文学家都产生了深远的影响。

作者简介贾谊，西汉初期的政治家、文学家和思想家，被誉为“西汉鸿文”的代表人物之一。

他的政论文章以思想深刻、逻辑严密、文笔流畅而著称，对后世的文学创作和政治思想产生了重要的影响。

全文逐字逐句翻译原文翻译重点词句赏析与解读重点词句赏析解读文章主旨思想探讨文章主旨思想探讨文章结构梳理与分析整体结构框架概述引言简述《过秦论》的背景、作者及文章主旨。

论述部分分析秦朝的兴亡过程，探讨其原因及教训。

结论总结文章观点，提出对后世的启示。

关键段落剖析与解读01020304第一段第二段至第四段第五段第六段至第八段对比论证举例论证归纳论证030201论证方法及技巧探讨逻辑严密性体现历史背景与现实意义探讨秦朝统一六国历史背景回顾战国七雄格局形成与演变01秦朝统一六国的战争进程02秦朝政治制度与统治思想03《过秦论》在当时社会影响和意义社会政治影响文学价值文章通过深刻分析秦朝速亡的原因，为当时的社会政治提供了重要借鉴，对后世的政治家、学者也产生了深刻启示。

历史观与史论价值法治与德治相结合秦朝过于注重法治而忽视德治，导致社会矛盾激化，对当今社会治理提出了法治与德治相结合的重要原则。

以史为鉴通过秦朝速亡的教训，提醒当今社会治理者要居安思危，避免重蹈覆辙。

民生为本秦朝在统一过程中忽视了民生问题，导致民众反抗，对当今社会治理提出了关注民生、以人为本的重要理念。

对当今社会治理启示和价值跨学科视角下现实意义拓展政治学视角历史学视角文学与语言学视角社会学视角文学特色与艺术表现分析文章结构严谨，逻辑性强，善于运用对比、排比等手法增强表达效果。

《过秦论》(含逐字逐句翻译)《过秦论》（注：以下为《过秦论》的逐字逐句翻译文本，供参考使用。

）先秦时期，中国历史上出现了一系列重要的政治、军事和文化变革。

《过秦论》是中国古代思想家著名的韩非所著，通过对这些变革的分析和评价，提出了一些重要的观点和见解。

第一章灭亡的国家在这一章中，韩非通过分析历史上一些国家的灭亡原因，主张了务实的外交政策和强大的军事力量对于一个国家的重要性。

第二章势力的竞争该章节讨论了势力之间的竞争，并提出了合纵连横的策略，即通过建立联盟来共同对抗强大的敌人。

第三章统一的国家这一章主要讲述了如何建立一个统一的国家，并提出了一些惩罚措施和奖励制度来维持社会秩序和稳定。

第四章贤能之材在这一章中，韩非强调了选拔和任用贤能之材的重要性，认为只有通过选拔和任用人才，才能使国家强大。

第五章田制守则该章节详细介绍了田制的守则，包括如何分配土地、税收和劳动力等方面的问题。

第六章刑罚之繁在这一章中，韩非探讨了刑罚的繁琐和复杂性，并提出了简化刑法、加强执行力度的建议。

第七章兵制之要该章节阐述了兵制的重要性，包括组织结构、训练和装备等方面的问题。

第八章纪律的重要性在这一章中，韩非强调了军队纪律的重要性，并提出了一些措施来确保纪律的执行。

第九章士民之治该章节探讨了士民之间的关系，倡导了以法治国和尊重士民的观念。

（注：本文档涉及的附件包括相关政策文件、历史资料和研究报告等，供读者参考。

）法律名词及注释：1.外交政策：指一个国家在对外事务中所采取的政策和策略，包括对外关系、对外经济、外交手段等方面的决策和实施。

2.强大的军事力量：指一个国家拥有强大、先进的军事力量，包括军队的数量、装备水平、战斗力等方面的优势。

3.合纵连横：古代战争中一种战略策略，即通过建立联盟来共同对抗强大的敌人，达到共同发展、互利互惠的目的。

4.社会秩序和稳定：指社会生活的规范和秩序，以及社会的稳定状态。

包括法律的尊重、人民的安居乐业等方面。

过秦论贾谊创作背景 公西汉文帝时代，是汉代所谓的“太平盛世”，即“文景之治”的前期。

贾谊以他敏锐的洞察力，透过表象，看到了西汉王朝潜伏的危机。

当时，权贵豪门大量侵吞农民土地，逼使农民破产流亡，苛重的压迫剥削和酷虐的刑罚，也使阶级矛盾日渐激化。

国内封建割据与中央集权的矛盾、统治阶级与劳动人民的矛盾以及民族之间的矛盾都日益加剧，统治者的地位有动摇的危险。

为了调和各种矛盾，使西汉王朝长治久安，贾谊在《陈政事疏》《论积贮疏》以及《过秦论》等著名的政论文中向汉室提出了不少改革时弊的政治主张本文就是以劝诫的口气，从总结历史经验教训的角度出发，分析了秦王朝政治的成败得失，为汉文帝改革政治提供借鉴。

在谈到写作目的时，贾谊说过他之所以要“观之上古，验之当世，参以人事，察盛衰之理，审权势之宜”，主张“去就有序，变化因时”，其目的是求得“旷日长久，而社稷安矣(下篇)《过秦论》一文总结秦朝兴亡的教训，实为昭汉之过。

秦始皇于公元前230年灭韩;公元前228年，攻邯郸，6年后灭赵;公元前225年，决河水灌大梁城，灭魏;公元前223年，派王翦率军60万灭楚:公元前222年，灭燕;公元前221年，灭齐。

秦王朝推行暴政推行郡县制，横征暴敛大行封禅之典、大兴土木，营造阿房宫和陵墓文化实行专制，焚书坑儒缴获民间兵器，铸成12铜人北筑万里长城，广修驰道，南开灵渠大动干戈，北抵匈奴，南击闽越动辄征夫百万，杀人如麻图图《过秦论》作者简介《过秦论》为其政治思想的代表作，文学与历史相结合。

历史背景《过秦论》为其代表作，论述了秦朝兴亡之原因。

创作于西汉初期，针对当时政治社会问题发表观点。

贾谊(前200-前168)西汉洛阳人，西汉初期杰出的政论家、文学家。

18岁时以文才显名，20岁被汉文帝刘恒召为博士，不久迁太中大夫，参与政事，颇受器重。

后因提议改革政治，遭权贵嫉妒、毁谤，贬为长沙王太傅。

转任梁怀王太傅。

梁怀王坠马而死，他“自伤为傅一年后也忧郁而死，年仅33岁。

《过秦论》(含逐字逐句翻译)On the Faults of Qin by Jia YiOriginal Text and TranslationPart One秦孝公据崤函之固，拥雍州之地，君臣固守以窥周室，有席卷天下，包举宇内，囊括四海之意，并吞八荒之心。

当是时也，商君佐之，内立法度，务耕织，修守战之具；外连衡而斗诸侯。

于是秦人拱手而取西河之外。

孝公既没，惠文、武、昭襄蒙故业，因遗策，南取汉中，西举巴、蜀，东割膏腴之地，北收要害之郡。

诸侯恐惧，会盟而谋弱秦，不爱珍器重宝肥饶之地，以致天下之士，合从缔交，相与为一。

当此之时，齐有孟尝，赵有平原，楚有春申，魏有信陵。

此四君者，皆明智而忠信，宽厚而爱人，尊贤而重士，约从离衡，兼韩、魏、燕、楚、齐、赵、宋、卫、中山之众。

于是六国之士，有甯越、徐尚、苏秦、杜赫之属为之谋，齐明、周最、陈轸、召滑、楼缓、翟景、苏厉、乐毅之徒通其意，吴起、孙膑、带佗、倪良、王廖、田忌、廉颇、赵奢之伦制其兵。

尝以十倍之地，百万之众，叩关而攻秦。

秦人开关延敌，九国之师，逡巡而不敢进。

秦无亡矢遗镞之费，而天下诸侯已困矣。

于是从散约败，争割地而赂秦。

秦有余力而制其弊，追亡逐北，伏尸百万，流血漂橹。

因利乘便，宰割天下，分裂山河。

强国请服，弱国入朝。

延及孝文王、庄襄王，享国之日浅，国家无事。

及至始皇，奋六世之余烈，振长策而御宇内，吞二周而亡诸侯，履至尊而制六合，执敲扑而鞭笞天下，威振四海。

南取百越之地，以为桂林、象郡；百越之君俯首系颈委命下吏。

乃使蒙恬北筑长城而守藩篱却匈奴七百余里胡人不敢南下而牧马士不敢弯弓而报怨于是废先王之道焚百家之言以愚黔首隳名城杀豪杰收天下之兵聚之咸阳销锋镝铸以为金人十二以弱天下之民然后践华为城因河为池据亿丈之城临不测之渊以为固良将劲弩守要害之处信臣精卒陈利兵而谁何天下已定始皇之心自以为关中之固金城千里子孙帝王万世之业也始皇既没余威震于殊俗然陈涉瓮牖绳枢之子氓隶之人而迁徙之徒也才能不及中人非有仲尼墨翟之贤陶朱猗顿之富蹑足行伍之间而倔起阡陌之中率疲弊之卒将数百之众转而攻秦斩木为兵揭竿为旗天下云集响应赢粮而景从山东豪俊遂并起而亡秦族矣且夫天下非小弱也雍州之地崤函之固自若也陈涉之位非尊于齐楚燕赵韩魏宋卫中山之君也锄櫌棘矜非铦于钩戟长铩也谪戍之众非抗于九国之师也深谋远虑行军用兵之道非及乡时之士也然而成败异变功业相反何也试使山东之国与陈涉度长絜大比权量力则不可同年而语矣然秦以区区之地致万乘之势序八州而朝同列百有余年矣然后以六合为家崤函为宫一夫作难而七庙隳身死人手为天下笑者何也仁义不施而攻守之势异也Qin Xiaogong occupied the stronghold of Yao and Han, possessed the land of Yongzhou, and his lord and ministers guarded it firmly to spy on the Zhou dynasty. He had the intention of sweeping the world, encompassing the universe, contning the four seas, and swallowing the eight wildernesses. At that time, Shang Jun assisted him, established laws and regulations internally, promoted farming and weaving, and prepared for defense and war. He allied with other states externally and fought agnst the feudal lords. Thus, the Qin people easily took the land beyond the west river. After Xiaogong died, Huiwen, Wu, and Zhaoxiang inherited his legacy and followed his plans. They took Hanzhong to the south, conquered Ba and Shu to the west, cut off the fertile land to the east, and seized the key regions to the north. The feudal lords were afrd, and formedalliances to weaken Qin. They did not care about their precious treasures, rich lands, or fat territories, but only wanted to gather the men of the world, unite in friendship, and join as one. At that time, Qi had Mengchang, Zhao had Pingyuan, Chu had Chunshen, and Wei had Xinling. These fourlords were all wise and loyal, generous and benevolent, respectful of talents and courteous to scholars. They made agreements with each other and balanced the powers. They combined the forces of Han, Wei, Yan, Chu, Qi, Zhao, Song, Wei, and Zhongshan. Thus, the men of the six states had Ningyue, Xushang, Suqin, Duhe and others as their strategists; Qiming, Zhouzui, Chenzhen, Zhaohua, Louhuan, Dijing, Suli, Leyi and others as their communicators; Wuqi, Sunbin, Dtuo, Niliang, Wangliao, Tianji, Lianpo, Zhaoshe and others as their generals. They once attacked Qin with ten times its land and a million troops. The Qin people opened their gates and lured the enemy in. The army of the nine states hesitated and did not dare to enter. Qin did not lose a single arrow or a spearhead, but the feudal lords were already exhausted. Thus they dispersed and broke their alliance. They competed to cede land and bribe Qin. Qin had surplus strength and exploited their weakness. They pursued and chased them northward. TheyPart Twopiled up corpses by the millions, and blood flowed like rafts. They took advantage of the situation and carved up the world, dividing the mountns and rivers. The strong states surrendered, and the weak states pd tribute. Until Xiaowen and Zhuangxiang, they enjoyed their kingdom for a short time, and the state had no troubles. When Shihuang came to power, he exerted the remning strength of six generations, wielded his long strategy and ruled the universe, swallowed the two Zhou dynasties and destroyed the feudal lords, stepped on the supreme position and controlled the six directions, held the whip and rod and whipped the world, and his might shook the four seas. He took the land of Byue to the south, and made it Guilin and Xiangjun; the kings of Byue bowed their heads,tied their necks, and submitted to his officials. He sent Mengtian to build the Great Wall to the north and guard the fence to keep out the Xiongnu for more than seven hundred li. The barbarians did not dare to come south and graze their horses, and the soldiers did not dare to bend their bows and compln. He abolished the ways of the former kings, burned the books of a hundred schools, and made the people ignorant. Hedemolished the famous cities, killed the heroes, collected the weapons of the world, and gathered them in Xianyang. He melted them into golden statues of twelve men to weaken the people of the world. Then he built a city on Mount Hua, and made a pool by the river. He occupied a city of a hundred zhang high, and faced an unfathomable abyss as his defense. He had good generals and strong crossbows guarding the key points. He had loyal ministers and elite soldiers displaying their powerful weapons. Who could challenge him? The world was already settled. Shihuang's heart thought that he had a secure place in Guanzhong, a golden city of a thousand li, a dynasty of ten thousand generations for his descendants. After Shihuang died, his awe still remned in different customs. But Chen She, a son of a wicker basket and a wooden door, a man of lowly status and a migrant worker, had no talent beyond ordinary people, nor was he as wise as Confucius or Mozi, or as rich as Tao Zhu or Yi Dun. He sneaked among the ranks of soldiers with his feet bare, and rose up among the fields with his hoe handle. He led a few hundred exhausted troops, turned around and attacked Qin. Hechopped wood for weapons, and rsed poles for flags. The people of the world gathered and responded to him. They plundered food and followed him. The heroes of Shandong rose up together and exterminated the Qin clan. Now, the world is not small or weak. The land of Yongzhou and the stronghold of Yao and Han are still there. Chen She's position was not more honorable than the kings of Qi, Chu, Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Song, Wei, or Zhongshan. His hoe handle was not sharper than hooks or spears or long swords. His exiled troops were not stronger than the armies of the nine states. His deep planning and far-sightedness, his way of marching and using soldiers were not better than those of his contemporaries. Yet he succeeded in changing things around and reversing his fortunes. Why? If you try to compare the states of Shandong with Chen She in terms of length or size, weight or strength, they cannot be mentioned in the same year. Yet Qin used its small territory to achieve a power of ten thousand chariots, ranked eight states and made them pay homage to it for more than a hundred years. Then it madePart Threethe six directions its home and Yao and Han its palace. One man rebelled and the seven temples collapsed. He died by human hands and became the laughingstock of the world. Why? Because he did not practice benevolence and righteousness, and his offensive and defensive positions were different.是故明主虑之，良将修之，鉴于前事，戒于后人。