国际结算英文

国际结算(International settlement):是指两个处于不同国家的当事人，（因为商品买卖、服务供应、资金调拨、国际借贷）通过银行进行的货币收付业务。

汇票(Bill of Exchange):是由一人向另一人签发的书面的无条件的命令，要求其立即、或定期，或在将来可以确定的时间，把一定金额的货币支付给一个特定的人，或他的指定人，或来人。

本票(Promissory Note):是一项书面的无条件的支付承诺，由一人做成，并交给另一人，经制票人签名承诺即期或定期或在可以确定的将来时间，支付一定数目的金钱给一个特定的人或其指定人或来人。

支票(Cheque):是一种以银行为付款人的即期汇票。

汇款(Remittance):由汇款人委托给银行，将款项汇交给收款人的一种结算方式，是一种顺汇方式。

托收(Collection):是委托收款的简称。

卖方在装船后根据贸易合同的规定，委托当地银行通过买方所在地银行向买方收取货款的行为。

信用证(Letter of Credit):是一种银行开立的有条件的承诺付款的书面文件。

商业发票(COMMERCIAL INVOICE):是出口商向进口商开立的发货价目清单，记载有货物名称、数量、价格等内容，是卖方向买方计收货款的依据。

海运提单(Marine/Ocean Bills of Lading):是要求港至港（Port to Port)的运输单据。

是由承运人或其代理人根据海运合同签发给托运人的证明文件，表明货物已经装上指定船只或已经收妥待运，约定将货物运往载明的目的地，交给收货人或提单持有人。

保险单(INSURANCE policy):是保险公司对被保险人的承保证明，又是双方之间权利义务的契约，在被保险货物遭受损失时，它是被保险人索赔的主要依据，也是保险公司理赔的主要依据。

分行(Branch Bank):到国外开设自己的分支机构。

国外分行是其总行在东道国经营常规银行业务的合法经营机构。

国际结算英文术语国际结算(International settlement)贸易(Trade Settlement)非贸易(Non-Trade Settlement)EDI（Electronic Data Intercharge）电子数据交换，控制文件（Control Documents）有权签字人的印鉴（Specimen Signatures）密押（Test Key）费率表（Terms and Condition）货物单据化，履约证书化，( cargo documentation , guarantee certification) 权利单据（document of title）流通转让性（Negotiability）让与（Assignment）转让（Transfer）流通转让（Negotiation）汇票的定义是：A bill of exchange is an unconditional order in writing, addressed by one person to another, signed by the person giving it, requiring the person to whom it is addressed to pay on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time a sumpayable at days/ months after stated date）④板期付款(bills payable on a fixed future date)⑤延期付款(bills payable at days/months after shipment/ the date of B/L) 收款人名称（payee）同样金额期限的第二张不付款”〔pay this first bill of exchange（second of the same tenor and dated being unpaid）需要时的受托处理人（referee in case of need）出票人（drawer）收款人（payee）背书人（endorser）被背书人（endorsee）出票(issue)（1）制成汇票并签字（to draw a draft and to signit）；（2）将制成的汇票交付给收款人（to deliver the draftto payee）背书（endorsement）（1）特别背书（special endorsement），又称为记名背书或正式背书（2）空白背书（blank endorsement），又称不记名背书（3）限制性背书（restrictive endorsement）（4）有条件的背书(conditional endorsement)（5）托收背书（endorsement for collection）提示（presentation）承兑（acceptance）（1）普通承兑（general acceptance）（2）保留承兑（qualified acceptance）付款（payment）退票（dishonor）退票通知(notice of dishonor)拒绝证书（protest）追索（recourse）追索权（right of recourse）保证（guarantee/aval）本票所下的定义是：A promissory note is an unconditional promise in writing made by one person to another signed by the maker, engaging to pay, on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time, a sum certain in money, to, or to the order, of a specified person or to bearer.本票（promissory note）银行本票（Banker’s Note）商业本票(Trader’s Note) 或一般本票(General Promissory Note)即期本票（Sight Note/Demand Note）远期本票(Time Note/Usance Note)本币本票（Domestic Money Note）外币本票（Foreign Money Note）国内本票（Domestic Note）国际本票（International Note）旅行支票（traveler`s cheque）支票所下的定义是：Briefly speaking, a cheque is a bill of exchange drawn on a bank payable on demand. Detailed speaking, acheque is an unconditional order in writing addressed by the customer to a bank signed by that customer authorizing the bank to pay on demand a sum certain in money to or to the order of a specified person or to bearer. 支票（cheque）非划线支票（open cheque），划线支票（crossed cheque），普通划线支票(general crossing cheque)特别划线支票(special crossing cheque)保付支票（certified cheque）即由付款行在支票上加盖“保付（CERTIFIED）“Orders not to pay”（奉命止付）第三章汇款结算方式顺汇法(remittance)逆汇法(reverse remittance)汇款方式（methods of remittance），汇款人（remitter）即付款人收款人或受益人（payee /beneficiary）汇出行（remitting bank）汇入行（paying bank）或解付行电汇（telegraphic transfer,简称T/T）信汇（mail transfer,简称M/T）信汇委托书（mail transfer advice）和支付委托书(payment order)。

国际结算（international settlement）是指为了清偿国际债权债务关系或跨国转移资金而发生在不用国家之间的货币收付活动。

汇出行（Remitting Bank）是受汇款人委托而汇出款项的银行。

汇入行（Paying Bank）也称解付行，是接收汇出行委托并将款项支付给收款人的银行收款人（Payee）是汇出款的最终接受者。

电汇（Telegraphic Transfer, T/T）是汇出行应汇款人的申请，通过加押电报或电传的方式指示汇入行解付一定款项给收款人的方式。

信汇（mail transfer，M/T）是指汇出行应汇款人的申请，通过信函指示汇入行解付一定款项给收款人的方式。

票汇（Demand Draft，D/D）是汇出行应汇款人的申请，开立以汇入行为付款人的银行汇票，交汇款人由其自行携带出国或寄给收款人凭票取款的汇款方式。

汇款（remittance）是指银行接受客户的委托，通过其自身建立的通汇网络，委托国外联行或代理行将客户的款项交付给收款人的一种结算方式。

托收（collection）指银行根据手袋的指示（托收指示）处理金融单据和/或商业票据，以便取得付款和/或承兑；凭付款和/或承兑交单；按照其他条款和条件交单的一种结算方式。

信用证（letter of credit，L/C）是银行开立的有条件的承担第一性付款责任的书面文件。

具体来说，它是银行（开证行）根据进口方（开证申请人）的要求和指示，向出口方（受益人）开立的，在一定期限内凭符合信用证款规定的单据，即期或在可以确定的将来的日期，对出口方支付一定金额的书面保证文件。

付款交单（Documents against Payment， D/P）是指委托人指示代收行在付款人付清款项后将单据交出。

即付款人“付款在先，取单在后”，付款是取单的先决条件。

承兑交单(documents against acceptance,D/A)买方对卖方开具的见票后当天付款的跟单汇票，于提示时应即承兑，并应于汇票到期日即予付款。

参考资料：《国际结算》相关术语中英文对照国际结算 International Settlement有形贸易 Visible Trade无形贸易 Invisible Trade洗钱 Money Laundering支付协定 Payment Agreement国际结算制度 System of International Settlement支付系统 Payment System代表处 Representative Office代理处 Agency Office海外分、支行（境外联行） Overseas Sister Bank/Branch,Subbranch 代理银行 Correspondent Banks附属银行（子银行） Subsidiary Banks联营银行 Affiliated Banks银团银行 Consortium Bank票据 Instrument设权性 Right to Be Paid无因性 Non causative Nature要式性 Requisite in Form流通性 Negotiability可追索性 Recoursement基本当事人 Immediate Parties附属当事人 Remote Parties出票人 Drawer付款人 Payer，Drawee收款人 Payee背书人 Endorser被背书人 Endorsee持票人 Holder承兑人 Acceptor保证人 Guarantor汇票 Bill of Exchange限制性抬头 Restrictive Order指示性抬头 Demonstrative Order持票来人抬头 Payable to Bearer出票日期 Date of Issue出票人签字 Signature of the Drawer出票地点 Place of Payment付款地点 Place of Payment付款日期 Tenor见票即付 At Sight or on Demand定日付款 At a Fixed Date见票后定期付款 At a Fixed Period after Sight出票后定期付款 At a Fixed Period after Date付一不付二 Pay This First/Second Bill担当付款人 Person Designated as payer预备付款人 Referee in Case of Need必须提示承兑 Presentment for Acceptance Required 不得提示承兑 Acceptance Prohibited付对价持票人 Holder for Value正当持票人Holder in Due Course/Bona Fide Holder 银行汇票 Banker’s Draft商业汇票 Trade Bill承兑汇票Acceptance Bill银行承兑汇票 Banker’s Acceptance Bill商业承兑汇票 Trade’s Acceptance Bill即期汇票 Sight Draft ,Demand Draft远期汇票 Time Bill, Usance Bill光票 Clean Bill跟单汇票 Documentary Bill本票 Promissory Note商业本票Promissory Note银行本票 Cashier’s Order/Check国际汇票 Overseas Money Order支票 Cheque or Check出票 Issue背书 Indorsement承兑 Acceptance保证 Guarantee保付 Certified to Pay提示 Presentation付款 Payment拒付 Dishonour追索 Recourse顺汇 Remittance逆汇 Reverse Remittance汇款人 Remitter汇出行 Remitting Bank汇入行 Paying Bank收款人 Payee电汇 Telegraphic Transfer信汇 Mail Transfer票汇 Remittance by Banker’s Demand Draft预付货款 Payment in Advance货到付款 Payment after Arrival of the Goods托收 Collection委托人 Principal托收行 Remitting Bank代收行 Collecting Bank付款人 Drawee提示行 Presenting Bank托收申请书 Collection Application托收委托书 Collection Advice信用证 Letter of Credit议付行 Negotiating Bank偿付行 Reimbursing Bank开证申请人Applicant开证行 Issuing Bank受益人 Beneficiary通知行 Advising Bank保兑行 Confirming Bank付款行 Paying Bank光票信用证 Clean Credit跟单信用证 Document Credit不可撤销信用证Irrevocable Credit可撤销信用证 Revocable Credit保兑信用证 Confirmed Credit不保兑信用证 Unconfirmed Credit即期付款信用证 Sight Payment Credit延期付款信用证 Deferred Payment Credit承兑信用证 Acceptance Credit转让信用证 Transferable Credit不可转让信用证 Nor-transferable Credit背对背信用证 Back to Back Credit循环信用证 Revolving Credit预支信用证 Anticipatory Credit银行保函 Letter of Guarantee申请人 Applicant/Principal受益人 Beneficiary担保行 Guarantor Bank通知行 Advising Bank转开行 Reissuing Bank反担保行 Counter Guarantor Bank保兑行 Confirming Bank投标保函 Tender Gurantee履约保函 Performance Gurantee预付款保函 Advanced Payment Gurantee质量保函Quality Gurantee关税保付保函 Customs Gurantee付款保函 Payment Gurantee延期付款保行 Defeerd Payment Gurantee补偿贸易保函 Compensation Gurantee来料加工保函 Processing Gurantee租赁保函 Lease Gurantee借款保函 Loan Gurantee保释金保函 Bail Bond票据保付保函Gurantee For Bill费用保付保函 Payment Gurantee for Commission 备用信用证 Stand-by Letter of Credit单据 Documents商业发票 Commercail Invoice首文 Heading正文Body海关发票 Customs Invoice形式发票 Proforma Invoice领事发票 Consular Invoice样品发票 Sample Invoice广商发票 Manufacturer Invoice证实发票 Certified Invoice货物运输单据 Transport documents海运提单Marine Bill of Loading托运人 Shipper/Consignor承运人 Carrier收货人 Consignee受让人 Transferee or Assignee已装船提单 Shipped on Board待运提单 Received for Shipment直达提单Direct B/L转船提单 Transshipmen B/L联运提单 Through B/L清洁提单 Clean B/L不清洁提单 Unclean B/L记名提单 Straight B/L不记名提单 Open B/L指示性提单 Order B/L简式提单 Short Form B/L全式提单 Long Form B/L班轮提单 Liner B/L租船提单 Charter B/L运输代理行提单 Horse B/L过期提单 Stale B/L倒签提单Anti-dated B/L集装箱运输提单 Container B/L多式运输 Multimodal Transport多是运输单据Multimodal Transport Document不可流通转让的海运单 Non-negotiable Sea Waybill租船合约提单 Charter Party Bill of Lading航空运单 Airway Bill基本险 Chief Risk一般附加险 Additional Risk特殊附加险 Special Additional Risk保险单 Insurance Policy预约保险单Open Policy of Open Cover保险凭证 Insurance Certificate保险声明 Insurance Declaration联合凭证 Combined Certificate暂保单 Cover Note商品验证说明 Inspection Certificate产地证明书 Certificate of Origin包装单据 Packing Document装货箱 Packing List重量单 Weight List打包贷款 Packing Credit/Loan出口押汇 Outward Bill质押书 Letter of Hypothecation出口托收押汇 Advance against Documentary Collection 银行承兑 Bank’s Acceptance票据贴现 Bill Discount出口发票 Invoice Discounting进口开证额度 Limits for Issuing of Credit信托收据 Trust Receipt, T.R, T/R留置权书 Letter of Lien进口押汇 Inward Bills进口信用证押汇 Inward Bill Receivables买房远期信用证 Buyer’s Usance L/C提货担保 Delivery against Bank Guarantee国际保理 International Factoring销售分户账管理 Maintenance of The Sales Ledger债款回收 Collection from Debtors信用销售控制 Credit Control坏账担保 Full Protection Against Bad Debts贸易融资 Trade Financing福费廷 Forfaiting贴现率 Discount Rate承诺费 Commitment Fee利息补贴 Interest Make-up侨汇 Overseas Chinese Remittance外币兑换业务 Exchange of Foreign Currency旅行支票 Traveler’s Cheque信用卡 Credit Card万事达卡 Master Card维萨卡 VISA Card运通卡 American Express Card大莱卡 Diners Club Car国际贸易结算：以票据为基础，单据为条件，银行为中枢，结算与融资相结合的非现金结算体系。

第一章国际结算概述1.国际结算的概念国际结算(International settlement)：是指处于两个不同国家的当事人，（因为商品买卖、服务供应、资金调拨、国际借贷）通过银行办理的两国间外汇收付业务。

注意：该定义的关键词：“不同国家”、“通过银行”、“外汇收付业务”。

2.国际贸易结算由国际贸易活动而发生的货款结算，以结清买卖双方间的债权、债务关系，称之为国际贸易结算。

3.国际非贸易结算国际贸易以外的其他经济活动，以及政治、文化等交流活动，而引起的货币收付，称为非贸易结算。

它们建立在非商品交易基础上，常见的侨汇、旅游、运输、通讯、建筑、保险、金融、咨询、广告等。

第二章国际结算中的票据1.广义的票据：是指商业上的权利单据（Document of Title）,它作为某人的、不在他实际占有下的金钱或商品的所有权的证据。

具有流通转让性，又是流通证券。

如发票、提货单、栈单、仓单、保单.2.狭义的票据：是以支付金钱为目的的证券，由出票人签名于票据上，无条件地约定由自己或他人支付一定金额，可以流通转让。

包括汇票、本票和支票，这是本章研究的对象。

3.票据流通的三种形式：（一）过户转让或通知转让（Assignment）：1、转让书(书面形式)，转让人签名。

2、在债务人处登记过户，或书面通知原债务人，不因债权人更换而解除其债务。

3、转让人只能将其拥有的权利让渡给受让人.受让人获得权利受到转让人权利缺陷的影响。

4、三个当事人：债权转让人、债权受让人及原债务人如：股票（Share Certificate）、人寿保险单(Life Policies)、政府证券(Certificate of Government Stock)、债券(Debenture)等采用过户转让，它们不是完全流通证券。

（二）交付转让（Transfer）1、单纯交付或背书交付转让，不必通知原债务人。

2、受让人取得它的全部权利，他可以用自己的名义对票据上的所有当事人起诉。

国际结算（international settlement）是一项国际间债权债务关系或跨国转移资金而通过银行来完成的跨国(地区)货币收付活动。

信用工具（financial instruments）是以书面形式发行和流通，用以证明债权人权利和债务人义务的契约证书。

汇款（remittance）托收（collection）信用证（letter of credit 简称L/C）保付代理（简称保理，factoring）包买票据（forfaiting）单据（documents）国际贸易结算中使用的所有商业单据与金融单据。

商业单据（commercial documents）指的是狭义的单据。

常见的单据：发票（invoice），提单（bill of lading，简称B/L），保险单（insurance policy），附属单据（海关发票、领事发票）等国际贸易融资（international trade finance）又叫国际结算融资，指围绕国际贸易结算的各个环节发生的资金和信用融通活动。

SWIFT把银行业务分为9大类型：1.客户汇款（customer transfer）2.银行间头寸调拨（bank transfer）3.外汇业务（foreign exchange confirmation）4.托收业务（collection）5.证券业务（securities）6.贵金属和银团贷款业务（precious metal and syndication）7.信用证和保函（documentary credit and guarantees）8.旅行支票（travelers cheques）9.银行帐单处理（statements）清算（clearing）是指不同银行之间因资金的代收、代付而引起的债权债务通过票据清算所或清算网络进行清偿的活动。

清算所同业支付系统（CHIPS）是作为替代纸票据清算的一个电子系统。

也是一个贷记转帐系统。

国际结算：International Settlement《托收统一规则》：URC522 Uniform Rules for Collection《跟单信用证统一惯例》：UCP600 Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits 汇票：Bill of Exchange，B/E，Draft，Bill，ExchangeSWIFT：Society for Worldwide International Financial Telecommunication 环球银行金融电讯协会即期付款交单：D/P at Sight远期付款交单：D/P after SightCOVER：拨交头寸信汇：Mail Transfer，M/T电汇：Telegraphic Transfer，T/T票汇：Remittance by Banker’s Demand Draft，D/D国际贸易结算：Settlement of International Trade非贸易结算：Non-trade Settlement现金结算(货币结算)：Cash Settlement or Cash on Delivery,COD票据结算：Settlement by Negotiable Instrument国际商会：(ICC) The International Chamber of Commerce《审核跟单信用证项下单据的国际标准银行实务》：ISBP International Standard Banking Practice for the Examination of Documents under Documentary Credits《跟单票据争议解决专家意见规则》：DOCDEX设权证券：Rights of a Holder有价证券：Valuable Documents，Papers ,Securities金钱证券：Pecuniary Benefits文义证券：Written Confirmation要式证券：Requisite in Form；Solemnity无因证券：Abstract，Unconditional Contract流通证券：Negotiability出票人：Drawer付款人（受票人）：Drawee，Payer收款人（受款人）：Payee银行汇票：Banker’s Draft商业汇票：Trade Bill光票汇票：Clean Bill跟单汇票：Documentary Bill即期汇票：Demand draft，Sight Bill远期汇票：Usance Bill，Time Bill，Time Draft银行承兑汇票：Banker’s Acceptance Bill商业承兑汇票：Trader’s Acceptance Bill无条件支付命令或委托：Unconditional Order to Pay汇票的支付命令或委托通常用：pay……or order，pay to the order of……，on demand pay to the order of，at sight pay to the order of……drawn under/against……记名收款人：Pay A Company only，Pay A Company not transferable指定的人：Pay to the order of A Company，Pay to A Company or order来人或持票人：Pay bearer，Pay to A Compan or bearer出票日期：Date of Issue出票人签字：Signature of the Drawer相对必要记载事项：Relative Requisites for a B/E出票地：Place of Issuing付款地：Place of Payment到期日：Tenor汇票的出票：Issue汇票的背书：Endorsement汇票的承兑：Acceptance汇票的保证：Guarantee汇票的付款：Payment汇票No.由出票人自行编号填入Exchange for 货币缩写和用阿拉伯数字表示金额小写数字at ____sight... 付款期限Pay to the Order of 受款人,也称“抬头人”或“抬头”the sum of 汇票金额填大写金额Drawn under 支付行L/C No. 信用证号码Dated 开证日期To 被出票人For 出票人，即出口商签字，填写公司名称汇付：Remittance汇款人（付款人）：Remitter汇出行：Remitting Bank支付授权书：Payment Order，P.O.汇入行（解付行）：Paying Bank汇款的偿付：Reimbursement of Remittance of Cover信汇委托书：M/T Advice密押：Test Key预付货款：Payment in Advance货到付款：Payment after Arrival of the Goods托收：Collection商业信用：Commercial Credit委托人：Principal托收行：Remitting Bank代收行：Collection Bank提示行：Presenting Bank托收指示：Collection Instruction光票托收：Clean Bill for Collection跟单托收：Documentary Bill for Collection付款交单：Documents against Payment，D/P承兑交单：Documents against Acceptance，D/A承付:Honour商业信用证:Commercial Credit光票信用证:Clean Credit跟单信用证:Documentary Credit开证申请人:Applicant开证行:Issuing Bank;Opening Bank,Establishing Bank通知行:Advising Bank;Notifying Bank受益人:Beneficiary议付行:Negotiating Bank;Negotiation Bank保兑行:Confrming Bank商业发票：Commercial Invoice海关发票：Customs Invoice领事发票：Consular Invoice税务发票：Tax Invoice最终发票：Final Invoice厂商发票：Manufactures Invoice出票人：Issuer发票名称：Commercial Invoice收货人：To发票号：Invoice No.发票日期：Date信用证号、合同号：L/C No. and S/C No.运输标志和件号（唛头和件号）：Shipping Marks and Numbers 汇票的期限：Tenor提单：Bill of Lading，B/L托运人：Shipper收货人：Consignee被通知人：Notify Party航名及航次：Ocean Vessel，V oy.No.转船港：Port of Transhipment提单签发地点与时间：Place and Date of Issue已装船提单：Shipped B/L备运提单：Received for shipment B/L清洁提单：Clean B/L不清洁提单：Unclean B/L记名提单：Straight B/L不记名提单：Bearer B/L指示提单：Order B/L运输及部分转运：Transhipment and Partial Shipment货物涉及多套提单：Goods Covered by more than One Bill of Lading 原产地证书:Certificate of Origin装箱单:Packing List,P/L重量单/尺码单:Weight List/Measurement List顺汇:Remittance 逆汇:Honour or draft;reverse remittance。

知识点---国际贸易结算概述国际结算（International Settlements）两个不同国家的当事人，不论是个人间的、单位间的、企业间的或政府间的，因为商品买卖、服务供应、资金调拨、国际借贷而需要通过银行办理的两国间外汇收付业务，叫做国际结算。

国际贸易经常发生贷款外结算，以结清买卖双方间的债权债务关系，称之为国际贸易结算。

它是建立在商品交易货物与外汇两清基础上的结算，又称为有形贸易结算。

是以票据为基础，单据为条件，银行为中枢，结算与融资相结合的非现金结算体系。

结算形式1.汇付（1）汇付定义：remittance，又称汇款，是最简单的国际贸易货款结算方式。

采用汇付方式结算货款时，卖方将货物发运给对方后，有关货运单据由卖方自行寄送买方，而买方则径自通过银行将货款交给卖方。

（2）汇付风险表现形式：①赊销(O/AOpenAccount)：是出口商将货物发送给进口商，在没有得到付款或付款承诺的情况下，就将货物运输单据交给进口商，让进口商提取货物的一种结算方式。

这种先货后款的方式是一种给了进口商较大信用、较长融资时间的结算方式。

在这种情况下，出口商能否得到货款，完全依赖于进口商的信誉，一旦进口商违约，就会出现钱货两空的局面。

而进口商则在没有支付任何货款的情况下得到了货物，并且可以按照自己的意愿处理货物。

②货到付款：出口商先行将货物出运，在进口商收到货物后再将货款汇付给出口商。

货到付款具体又可以分为寄售和售定两种，在付款时间点上两者有细微的差别，但是都是出口商向进口商提供的单方融资渠道，并且出口商还要承担进口商拒付的风险。

在国际贸易实务中，多用售定方式，即买卖双方签订合同，在进口商收到货物后立即将全部货款以电汇的形式付给出口商。

③预付货款：进口商先将货款汇交出口商，出口商在收到货款后再发货给进口商的方式，多见方式为预付定金。

（3）汇付风险的防范：①对客户进行有效的资信调查，弄清对方的资信情况，仅和那些资信可靠、经营作风正派的贸易商采用汇付结算方式。

International SettlementThe Research Objective of International SettlementChapter one：Introduction to International Settlement1.国际结算的定义Definition of International settlement International settlement refers to the money transfer via banks to settle accounts,debts and claims among different countries.国际结算是指处于两个不同国家的当事人，通过银行办理的两国间货币收付业务。

2.Three elements in international settlement（国际结算中的三要素）(1)Persons in different countries（不同国家）Buyers and sellers in the international transaction are not competitors,but cooperative partners for seeking long-term and common interest.(2) Bank’s Participation（银行参与）(1)facilitating funds transfer efficiently world-wide;(2)promoting transactions because of their easily supervising both buyer and seller;(3) Funds transfer (资金转移）Funds transfer always happens in the following activities:visible trade：importing and exporting the tangible and visible commodity and goods.Importers in one country must make payment to exporters in another country for their imported goods;on the other hand,exporters must receive payment from the overseas buyers.invisible trade：It includs service trade,technology transfer,patent,copyright contracts,etc. service trade include all receipts and payments betwwen the residents and foreigners on transportation,insurance,travel,communications,postage and bank service,etc.financial transaction：International financial transaction covers foreign exchange market transaction,government supported export credits,syndicated loans,etc.payment between governments ：The government of one country may make payment to that of another country for political,military,or economic reasons,such as giving aids and grants,providing disaster relief,etc.3.Types of International Settlementvisible trade International Trade Settlementinvisible tradefinancial transaction International Non-trade Settlementpayment between governments4.Evolution of Modern International SettlementFrom barter transaction to cash settlement 从易货交易到现金结算From cash settlement to non-cash settlement从现金结算到非现金结算From direct payment made between international traders to payment effected through a financial intermediary从直接支付到通过金融中介支付From payments under simple price terms to payments under more complex price terms从简单贸易术语结算到复杂贸易术语结算From traditional settlement to E-settlement从传统结算到电子结算4.Characteristics of Modern International Settlement5.Types of International Banking Offices①Representative Office（代表处）A representative office is a small service facility staffed by parent bank personnel that is designed to assist MNC clients of the parent bank in dealings with the bank’s correspondents.-----Promotes the bank in the local market-----Not licensed or chartered-----May not accept deposits or make loans-----Directs business to other offices or affiliates-----Representative offices also assist with information about local business customs, and credit evaluation of the MNC’s local customers.Agency Office（代理处）Agency office is the overseas financial institution which can transfer money and make loans in foreign country.-----One part of the parent bank,not a dependent legal person(juristic person).-----Not to accept deposits, but can make loans,provide trade financing, issuing L/C, and make acceptance.③Foreign Branch（海外分行）An office of an organization that is located outside the home country of that organization where a banking or financing business is conducted.A foreign branch bank operates like a local bank, but is legally part of the the parent.-----Subject to both the banking regulations of home country and foreign country.-----Can provide a much fuller range of services than a representative office. Branch Banks are the most popular way for U.S. banks to expand overseas.④Correspondent Bank（代理银行）The correspondent bank can be defined as “a bank having direct connection or friendly service relations with another bank.”-----A correspondent banking relationship exists when two banks maintain deposits with each other.-----Correspondent bank is very necessary in global economy. Even for large international bank,such as Bank of China, the establishment of the correspondent relationship is still very important because they cannot do any business without the cooperation of local banks.⑤Subsidiary and Affiliate Bank（附属银行）A subsidiary bank is a locally incorporated bank wholly or partly owned by a foreign parent.An affiliate bank is one that is partly owned but not controlled by the parent.A consortium bank refers to a joint venture in which no single owner has a controlling interest.⑥Affiliated Bank（联营银行）⑦Consortium Bank（银团银行）7.How to establish correspondent bank relationship①Choose the best bank-----The following factors should be considered:1)The reputation of the bank2)Size of the Bank3)Service offered by the bank4)Physical feature and personnel②Signing contract and exchanging control documents(控制文件）Control documents include:Specimen Signature(印鉴样本）Telegraphic test key（密押）Terms and conditions（条款费率表）8.Inter-bank accounts (银行往来帐户）Banks always open an account in other banks in foreign countries,thus forms the inter-bank accounts.●To credit sb’s a/c with 贷记某人或某某单位帐户一定金额●To debit sb’s a/c with借记某人或某某单位账户一定金额●Credit Advice and Debit Advice贷记报单和借记报单9.Basic Methods of International SettlementChapter 2: Instruments in International Settlement(结算工具)一．negotiable instruments定义：A written promise or order signed by the maker to transfer a specified sum of money on demand or at a fixed future time to the person named on the instrument or to the bearer. Examples of negotiable instruments are promissory notes, drafts and cheques. 二．Essentials of of a negotiable instrument✧Be in writing✧Be signed by the maker or drawer✧Be an unconditional promise or order to pay✧State a fixed amount of money✧Be payable on demand or at a definite time✧Be payable to order or to bearer三．Characteristics of Negotiable Instruments1) Establishing the claim for a sum certain in money(票据创设了付给一定金额的请求权）2)Accepting the instruments without investigating or questioning(票据是无因证券，不必追究原因的证券）Once the instrument is issued, rights on the instrument and reasons why instruments are created are separated，independent to each other.(票据一旦做成，票据上权利即与其原因分离，成为独立的票据债权债务关系，不受先前原因关系存在与否的影响）Example: A deposit money in B,and A buys goods from C, then A issued an instrument to C,paid by B; C transfers the instrument to D because C once borrowed money from D; And D transfers the instrument to E for some value relationship; E asks B to make payment.3)The form of instruments should keep up with law. Only those accordance with law can be protected.4) Instruments can be transferred.5) Instruments has the right of recourse.(追索权）四．Functions of Negotiable Instruments1.Acting as transferable tools(汇兑工具）---Direct cash payment in international transaction is inconvenient2.Acting as payment tools（支付工具）-----Substitute for money,basic function-----Inconvenient for big deals in business,and also risks-----Widely accepted to take the place of money in circulation-----Can be endorsed(背书)3.Acting as credit tools（信用工具）-----Core function because credit is the “life”of instrument五．Types of Negotiable InstrumentsDrafts Promissory Notes ChecksDrafts（一）定义A bill of exchange is an unconditional order in writing, addressed by oneperson to another,signed by the person giving it,requiring the person to whom it is addressed to pay on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time a sum certain in money,to,or to the order of,a specified person,or to bearer.In a simple words,A bill of exchange or draft is a three-party instrument that is an unconditional written order by one party that orders the second party to pay money to a third party.汇票是由出票人向另一人签发的要求即期、定期或在可以确定的将来时间向指定人或根据其指令向来人无条件支付一定金额的书面命令。