英美文学史与作品选读

英国文学史及作品选读
以下是英国文学史的主要时期和一些著名的作品选读：
中世纪文学（5世纪-1485年）
《贝奥武夫》：一部史诗，讲述亚瑟王时代的英雄故事。

《坎特伯雷故事集》：乔叟的作品，包含一组个性鲜明的故事，反映了中世纪社会的不同面貌。

文艺复兴时期（1485年-1660年）
《亨利五世》：莎士比亚的历史剧，描绘了亨利五世在百年战争中的英勇事迹。

《哈姆雷特》：莎士比亚的悲剧，探讨了复仇、疯狂和人性的复杂主题。

17世纪文学
《失乐园》：约翰·弥尔顿的史诗，描写了亚当和夏娃失去乐园的故事，探讨了人类的起源和自由意志的主题。

18世纪文学
《格列佛游记》：乔纳森·斯威夫特的作品，通过幽默和讽刺描绘了一个虚构的旅行故事，暗示了当时社会和政治的弊病。

浪漫主义时期（1798年-1837年）
《弃婴》：威廉·华兹华斯的诗集，以自然、个人感受和内心体验为主题，表达了对自然和人类情感的追求。

《雾都孤儿》：查尔斯·狄更斯的小说，描绘了贫困和社会不公的问题，以及主人公的成长和奋斗。

维多利亚时期（1837年-1901年）
《简·爱》：夏洛蒂·勃朗特的小说，讲述了一个普通女子经历的情感和成长故事。

《傲慢与偏见》：简·奥斯汀的小说，以幽默和机智揭示了当时社会的阶级和婚姻观念。

I.1 Old English period (449-1066) I.1.1 The early inhabitants: Celts I.1.2 England was conquered by the Jutes, Angles,
and Saxons (different tribes of Teutons) I.1.3 Angle-land: shortened into England I.1.4 The Old English language: also called
The battle of Hastings finished
2. Medieval English Literature
2.1 Medieval Romance Romance: a long composition, sometimes in verse,
sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. 2.1.1 Three subjects of English romances: 1) the 'matter' of Rome 2) the 'matter' of France 3) the 'matter' of Britain 2.1.2 the Gawain-poet
Anglo-Saxon or Saxon which was spoken from A.D. 600 to about 1100.
2. Epic
Epic: A long narrative poem that records the adventures of a hero, whose exploits are important to the history of a nation.

英美文学史及经典作品选读
英美文学史及经典作品选读在西方文学史上扮演着重要的一页，它蕴含无穷的精神内核，抹尽浓墨重彩地表现了它历久弥新的文化内涵。

伊利亚特·弗兰克福尔曼被称为现代英国小说家中最杰出的一位，他在《呼啸山庄》中深刻揭示了封建社会存在的种种弊端和矛盾；而《雾都孤儿》以沉痛的语言抒发了孤独的心灵之酸楚，在小说史上留下了深远的影响。

再说说海明威，他以其独特的文字风格著称，他在《老人与海》中写出了一个穷困潦倒而又勇敢自强、坚强不屈的乔治·艾斯特勒，他是一个无奈而又可嘉的精神和生命的抗争者，强烈地弥漫着勇敢、自信、自由、正义的精神，影响深远。

此外，作家中的另一重要代表——爱德华·艾略特以《费城的故事》最为人所熟知，它深具仪式感的叙述风格，将一个空前绝后的“城市故事”写尽，非常出彩，在历史文学发展史上留下了巨大影响。

总而言之，英美文学史及其经典作品宣传着正义正气、自由自强的生活理念，充满着文化和审美的力量，在当今社会文化史中彰显出绵长的影子。

结课论文之英美文学史及其作品选读院系：电气与信息工程系专业：机电一体化学号：姓名：班级：读《简爱》有感《简爱》是英国19世纪著名女作家的代表作，文章一开始就展开了一段漫长的回忆史。

在这长长的回忆史中，我们能看到一段痛苦、贫困、灰色的画卷。

主人公简爱是个孤女，父母在她小时候就双双去世，小小的简爱就被送到了没有温暖，连使女地位都不如的舅母家抚养，虽然舅父在临终前嘱咐妻子要善待简爱但作为舅母的德里太太并没有遵照丈夫的遗愿好好照顾简爱，相反简爱在家中经常受到表兄弟的欺侮。

在这样冷漠、凄凉的环境下。

养成了简爱孤僻的性格，但在内心中她却又渴望温暖和关爱。

她渴望关爱，于是她离开了舅母家，舅母将她送到了孤儿院。

但孤儿院的生活也是一个噩梦的开始，在这里简爱并没有得到大人们的关心和爱护。

在这样艰难的生活中还要受到精神和肉体的摧残，在孤儿院中挨打和体罚成了家常便饭。

但是在这她结识了她的人生中第一位与他真心相待的孤女海伦，她们相互关心，相互鼓励。

但命运又一次和简爱开了一次玩笑，在贫困、饥饿、疾病中海伦就病了。

在伤寒中简爱就失去了最好的朋友的海伦，给了简爱极大的打击。

在后来学校毕业，在学校当了两年的教师。

孤寂、冷漠、和没有温暖的生活中，她毅然决定重新开始，于是她来到了菲尔德庄园。

在这里的记忆成了简爱刻骨铭心的回忆，改写了简爱的生命轨迹。

在这里孤僻，但心存善念，的简爱她从不因为自己是一个地位低贱的家庭教师而感到自卑,反而认为他们是平等的.不应该因为她是仆人,而不能受到别人的尊重.也正因为她的正直,高尚，纯洁，心灵没有受到世俗社会的污染，使得罗切斯特为之震撼,并把她看做了一个可以和自己在精神上平等交谈的人，并且慢慢地深深爱上了她。

他的真心,让她感动,在和庄园主罗彻斯特接触中，他们渐渐相爱了。

而在这个过程中却出现了一个让她难以接受的现实，即罗彻斯特有了一个疯妻但他却告诉她，疯妻只是一个神经错乱的女裁缝，并要她严守这个秘密，简爱不知道这就是他的妻子。

根据西藏大学所处拉萨河谷的 自然条件 、 课程安 首先要理解科技理性的局限性 ， 从人的精神需求 出发 ， 排的季节（ 不同专业班级的授课时间不同， 一般都讲授 学会尊 重生命 和 大 自然 。
式 与 目标上 存 在 偏 差 ， 分 强 调 教பைடு நூலகம் 的知 识 性 、 利 过 功
割、 以技能培训为主的教育模式里 ， 将科技知识引入人
性、 实用性 ， 对人文教育重视不够… 。 。～些学者还从 文教育 的尝试对师生双方而言都可算是一次精神上的
学 理 和实 践方 面深 入 进行 了论 证 分析 ， 吁在 人文 教 历险， 呼 我们在西藏大学“ 英美文学史及作品选读” 课程 育 和通 识 教 育上 多 下 功夫 口。可 以说 ， 理 工科 专 业 在 的学习过 程 中增 强人文教 育 已成为 知识界共 识 。 但与 此 同时 ， 界却 忽 视 了 问题 的另 一面— — 人 学 的教学 为这样 的探 索提供 了一个 切人点 和研究 平 台。 ２ “ 美 文 学史 及 作 品选读 ” 程 简 介及 科 技 内 ．英 课
哥拉斯学派知识体系的核心“ 四艺”数学 、 （ 几何 、 音乐 、 讨人类生存 的精神追求和终极关怀 ， 提高学生的人文
天文 ） 自然科 学 的 内容 就 占 了三 门。柏 拉 图在创 立 里 素质 。
雅典的第一座高等教育“ 学园”Ａ ａｅ ｉ 时 ， （ ｋｄｍ ｅ ） 对学生
在教学方法方面， 根据教学大纲要求 ， 一般做法为
活。我们经过认真考虑 ， 选择它作为科技知识与人文 来了人类 自身和大 自然的异化 ， 口爆炸 、 人 环境污染 、 教育相结合的试点课程 。
２ ． ２科技 内容 的选择 与 计划
全球 气候 变暖 等都 是 其直 接后 果 。与其 它地 区相 比 ， 西藏 的 自然环境 和生态 更 为脆弱 ， 因此 在学 习过程 中 ，

问题 1In the beginning of 20 century, the seminal developments in the fields ofphilosophy and psychology that impacted literary creativity and criticism areBergson’s notion of ______and Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis.所选答案： time 正确答案： time 反馈： time问题 2得2 分，满分 2 分The statement that a sensitive young man is at first shaped byexcessively powerful and oppressive forces of his environment but gradually realizes the pressure and rebels against it andtries to find his own identity mat well sum up the major theme of _____.所选答案： B.Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man正确答案： B.Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man反馈：Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man问题 3得 2 分，满分 2 分Muriel Spark’s The Girls of Slender Means is set in a hostel in the city of__________ in 1945 when the detonation of an unexploded bomb sets fire to the hostel, a moment when characters’ spiritual world is depicted in a biting satire.所选答案： London 正确答案： London 反馈：London问题 4得 2 分，满分 2 分In The French Lieutenant’s Woman , is an existentially independent woman,as she said in the novel, “No limit, no blame, can touch me.”所选答案： D. Sarah正确答案： D. Sarah 反馈： Sarah问题 5Modernism upholds a new view of time by emphasizing the time over thechronological one.所选答案： Psychic psychological 正确答案： Psychicpsychological问题 6得0 分，满分 2 分T. S. Eliot’s poem_______, which is 433 lines long, is broadly acknowledgedas one of the most recognizable landmarks of modernism, the first part of thepoem is the Burial of the Dead.所选答案： The Waste Land 正确答案： The Waste Land问题 7The statement “A demanding mother turns away from her husband and gives all her affection to her sons” sums up the main plot of D. H. Lawrence’s .所选答案： C. Sons and Lovers正确答案： C. Sons and Lovers 反馈： Sons and Lovers问题 8 得 2 分，满分 2 分presents in his works strong Christian nihilism, which is reflected explicitly by his famous saying “The dirty dog, he doesn’t even exits!” in his playagainst the God, Endgame .所选答案： A. Samuel Beckett正确答案： A. Samuel Beckett 反馈： Samuel Beckett问题 9Which of the following novels was NOT written by H. G. Wells?所选答案：C. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man 正确答案： C. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man反馈： A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man问题 10The Old Wives’ Tale was written by .所选答案： D. Arnold Bennett正确答案： D. Arnold Bennett反馈：Arnold Bennett问题11得 2 分，满分 2 分The theory of psychoanalysis put forward first by ______exerts great influence over modern literature.所选答案： B. Sigmund Freud正确答案： B. Sigmund Freud反馈：Sigmund Freud问题12William Golding’s Lord of the Flies deals with the conflict between theforces of reason and those of irrationality represented by .所选答案： C. Jack正确答案： C. Jack反馈：Jack问题13Joyce seems to mean that the novel_________ describes the mentalactivities of two Dubliners in a single day, while Finnegans Wake, hissecond novel, describes the sub-conscious world in which a man livesthrough a good part of his life.所选答案：Ulysses正确答案：Ulysses反馈：Ulysses问题14Between 1912 and 1922 there came a great poetry movement______ inEngland and America to express the modern sense of fragmentization anddislocation. T.E. Hulme is considered the first outstanding theorist of thismovement.所选答案：imagism正确答案：imagism反馈：imagism问题15得 2 分，满分 2 分The Golden Notebook is considered to be __________’s masterpiece, taken as a milestone work in Feminist Literature.所选答案：Doris Lessing正确答案：Doris Lessing反馈：Doris Lessing问题16______represents the much more readable novelists of the stream ofconsciousness school. She is a fine artist, a woman of sharp sensitivity who,in one of her frequent mental depressions, committed suicide.所选答案：Virginia Woolf正确答案：Virginia Woolf问题17得 2 分，满分 2 分The textual insinuation of Joyce’s Ulysses is parallel to Homeric epic_____, thus revealing the vast difference betweenthe grandeur of the ancient Greek hero and the pettiness ofthe degraded modern anti-hero.所选答案：Odyssey正确答案：Odyssey反馈：Odyssey问题18得 2 分，满分 2 分written by Iris Murdoch is remarkable for its meta-fictional structure,containing various narrators and narrative descriptions, and itsmulti-dimensional psychology.所选答案： D. The Black Prince正确答案： D. The Black Prince反馈：The Black Prince问题19得0 分，满分 2 分Virginia Woolf’s novel, published in1925, made her reputation as animportant psychological writer.所选答案：Mrs. Dalloway正确答案：Mrs. Dalloway问题20得0 分，满分 2 分______, which bears a strong thematic resemblance to “The Waste Land”,is generally regarded as the darkest of T. S. Eliot’s poems.所选答案：The Hollow Men正确答案：The Hollow Men问题21William Golding’s first novel_______, which describes a group of boys working out their lives on an isolated island, paves the way for him to win the Nobel Prize in 1983.所选答案：Lord of Flies正确答案：Lord of Flies问题22得 2 分，满分 2 分D. H. Lawrence’s poems fall roughly into three categories—satirical andcomic poems, poems about human relationship and emotions, and poemsabout .所选答案：nature正确答案：nature反馈：nature问题23得 2 分，满分 2 分. __________ is the most outstanding stream-of-consciousness novelist of20th century.所选答案： C.JamesJoyce正确答案： C.JamesJoyce反馈：JamesJoyce问题24G. B. Shaw’s play Mrs. Warren’s Profession is a realistic exposure of the inthe English society.所选答案： C. economic exploitation of women正确答案： C. economic exploitation of women反馈：economic exploitation of women 问题25Which of following statements about Yeats is true?所选答案：B.In a certain way, Yeats’s experiments in drama anticipated theabstract movement of modern theater.正确答案：B.In a certain way, Yeats’s experiments in drama anticipated theabstract movement of modern theater.反馈：In a certain way, Yeats’s experiments in drama anticipated the abstract movement of modern theater.问题26得0 分，满分 2 分“She frankly wanted him to climb into the middle class, a thing not verydifficult, she knew. And she wanted him in the end to marry a lady.” istaken from D. H. Lawrence’s novel .所选答案：Sons and Lovers正确答案：Sons and Lovers问题27得 2 分，满分 2 分Which of the following statements about D. H. Lawrence is NOT true?所选答案： C. He was daringly innovative in the techniques of novel writing.正确答案： C. He was daringly innovative in the techniques of novel writing.反馈：He was daringly innovative in the techniques of novel writing.问题28In his poem “The Lake Isle of Innifree,” W. B. Yeats expressed his _____.所选答案： B.desire to escape the materialistic world正确答案： B.desire to escape the materialistic world反馈：desire to escape the materialistic world 问题29Rudyard Kipling was the spokesman for imperialist sentiment. Which one is NOT his work?所选答案： D.Dubliners正确答案： D.Dubliners反馈：Dubliners问题30得 2 分，满分 2 分In My Last Duchess, “She smiled, no doubt,/ Whene’er I passed her…/…This grew; I gave commands; /Then all smilesstopped together.” The last line of the above quotedpassage implies that she_________.所选答案： A. was murdered at the order of the duke正确答案： A. was murdered at the order of the duke反馈：was murdered at the order of the duke问题31得0 分，满分 2 分_______is claimed as the best Irish poet since W.B.Yeats, and his work has been among the most profusely commented upon in the contemporary.The volumes of his verse include Death of a Naturalist (1966), The HawLantern(1987), and the spirit Level (1999).所选答案：Seamus Heaney正确答案：Seamus Heaney问题32得0 分，满分 2 分William Butler Yeats experienced a slow and painful change in his poeticcreation, starting in the romantic tradition and finishing as a mature poet.所选答案：modernist modernism正确答案：modernistmodernism问题33得 2 分，满分 2 分In Mrs. Dallowaywhich the whole story was presented with the interior monologues of the characters.所选答案：stream-of-consciousness正确答案：stream-of-consciousness反馈：stream-of-consciousness问题34Atypical Forsyte, according to John Galsworthy, is a man with a strong sense of , who never pays any attention to human feelings.所选答案： C. property正确答案： C. property反馈：property问题35得 2 分，满分 2 分The modernist writers such as Dorothy Richardson, James Joyce and Virginia Woolf are mainly concerned with the ______.所选答案： B. inner life of an individual正确答案： B. inner life of an individual反馈：inner life of an individual问题36得 2 分，满分 2 分As a literary figure, Leopold Bloom appears in ______所选答案： B. Joyce’s Ulysses正确答案： B. Joyce’s Ulysses反馈：Joyce’s Ulysses问题37Which writer belongs to “stream-of-consciousness” school?所选答案： C.Virginia Woolf正确答案： C.Virginia Woolf反馈：Virginia Woolf问题38得 2 分，满分 2 分By presenting a conventional hero as a villain, or a conventional villain as ahero,intends to give a shocking impression to his audience and challenge the conventional way of thinking.所选答案： B. George Bernard Shaw 正确答案：B. George Bernard Shaw反馈： George Bernard Shaw问题 39Sameul Beckett is an absurdist dramatist who is well known for his daringformalexperimentation. His works are strongly suggestive of the two prominent literary phases modernism and postmodernism. The most famous of his plays is _______written in 1952.所选答案： Waiting for Godot 正确答案： Waiting for Godot问题 40得 2 分，满分 2 分Artistically, Samuel Beckett has come under the strong influence of , whoseworks parody the unsympathetic world and man’s wretched lot.所选答案： D. James Joyce正确答案： D. James Joyce 反馈： James Joyce问题 41 得 0 分，满分 2 分In his famous essay “Tradition and Individual Talent” puts great emphasison the importance of tradition both in creative writing and in criticism.所选答案： T. S. Eliot 正确答案： T. S. Eliot问题 42得 0 分，满分 2 分A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is ’s first novel.所选答案： James Joyce 正确答案： James Joyce问题 43得 2 分，满分 2 分All of Joyce’s novels and short stories have the same setting of his native country Ireland especially the city of .所选答案： Dublin 正确答案： Dublin 反馈： Dublin问题 44得 2 分，满分2 分Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of Modernism?所选答案： C. to put more emphasis on traditional values正确答案： C. to put more emphasis on traditional values反馈： to put more emphasis on traditional values问题 45 得 0 分，满分 2 分____is Galsworthy’s masterpiece which gives a profound and true -to-life picture of the English society from the 80’s of the 19th century up to the20’s of the 20th century.所选答案： The Forsyte Saga 正确答案： The Forsyte Saga问题 46得 0 分，满分 2 分John Fowles’s novel _________is a metafiction model of postmodernist form of writing fiction in the form of fiction, trying to use burlesque and parody as a means to reveal the discrepancy between the imitation and the original.所选答案： French Lieutenant’s Woman 正确答案： French Lieutenant’s Woman问题 47To create his modern Odyssey —Ulysses, Joyce adopts a kind of ________style.所选答案： mock-heroic正确答案： mock-heroic 反馈： mock-heroic问题 48Which of the following statements about writers in 1920s is true?所选答案： B. Freudian psychology influenced many modern writers.正确答案： B. Freudian psychology influenced many modern writers.反馈： Freudian psychology influenced many modern writers.问题 49得 0分，满分 2 分Eliot’s poem, The Waste Land, is mainly concerned with the______of a modern civilization.所选答案： A. spiritual breakup正确答案： C. spiritual breakup问题 50 得 0 分，满分 2 分“The Bliss” is one of ’s famous short stories. She was skilled in psychological analysis, whose favorite technique is the flash-back.所选答案： Katherine Mansfield 正确答案： Katherine Mansfield问题 1The following are the common characters shared by the three Bronte sistersEXCEPT .所选答案：C.unmarried正确答案：C.unmarried反馈： unmarried问题2得 2 分，满分2 分The Oxford Movement reflectedthe desire of the perplexed Victorians tocling to the old faith in face of doubt and emotional stress.所选答案： 对正确答案： 对 反馈： T问题 3 得 2 分，满分 2 分Which one is William Makepeace Thackeray’s historical novel?所选答案：A. The History of Henry Esmond 正确答案： A. The History of Henry Esmond反馈：The History of Henry Esmond问题 4Macaulay’s History of England was warmly received by his contemporaries because it had presented a faithful picture of historical events.所选答案： 错正确答案： 错 反馈： F问题 5Which of the following is about the discussion of Tennyson’s aesthetic view of art and artistic creation.所选答案：C.The Lady of Shalott正确答案：C.The Lady of Shalott反馈： The Lady of Shalott问题 6Which one is NOT included in Trollope’s Barsetshire novels?所选答案： A. Autobiography正确答案： A. Autobiography反馈： Autobiography问题 7得 2 分，满分 2分opposed Darwin’s explanation of evolution, finding it too mechanistic, and he expoundedhis owntheories in Evolution Old and New, UnconsciousMemory, and Luck or Cunning .所选答案： C. Samuel Butler 正确答案： C. Samuel Butler反馈：Samuel Butler问题 8得 2 分，满分 2 分Tess of the D’Urbervilles , one of Thomas Hardy’s best -known novels,portrays man as .所选答案：B. having no control over his own fate 正确答案： B. having no control over his own fate反馈： having no control over his own fate问题 9 得 2 分，满分 2 分Ruskin’s aesthetics and the Pre -Raphaelite artistic pursuits anticipate the Art-for-Art’s Sake school represented By Oscar Wilds.所选答案： 对正确答案： 对 反馈： T问题 10 得 0 分，满分 2 分John Ruskin’s book entitled _________ is actually not about painters; it isabout the beauty of nature and the importance of the appreciation ofnature.所选答案： Modem Painters 正确答案： Modern Painters问题 11得 2 分，满分 2 分’s works are all about the struggle of an individual consciousness towards self-realization, about some lonely and neglected young women with afierce longing for love, understanding and a full happy life.所选答案： C. George Eliot 正确答案：C. George Eliot反馈： George Eliot问题 12得 2 分，满分2 分Written in 1837-38, CharlesDickens’s novel tells the story of an orphan boy, whose adventures provide material for a description of the lowerdepths of poverty in the city of London所选答案： Oliver Twist 正确答案： Oliver Twist 反馈： Oliver Twist问题 13Besides being a successful novelist, Charlotte Bronte is also gaining areputation as a good poet.所选答案： 错正确答案： 错 反馈： F问题 14 得 2 分，满分 2 分Which one is NOT Charlotte Bronte’s novel?所选答案：A. Agnes Grey 正确答案： A. Agnes Grey反馈： Agnes Grey问题 15 得 2 分，满分 2 分One of Charles Dickens’s best works is ______, which is written in the firstperson and is the most autobiographical of all his books. In writing the novel, Dickens threw into it deep feelings and much of his own experience in his younger days.所选答案： David Copperfield 正确答案： David Copperfield 反馈： David Copperfield问题 16The Victorian drama scene, did not quite regain its value until George Bernard Shaw came on the scene. ________is among one of his mostpopular early works, the first of its kind to present a prostitue as its major character.所选答案：Mrs. Warren’s Profession正确答案：Mrs. Warren’s Profession反馈：Mrs. Warren’s Profession问题17believes that man’s fate is predeterminedly tragic, driven by a combined force of “nature”, both inside and outside.所选答案： D. Thomas Hardy正确答案： D. Thomas Hardy反馈：Thomas Hardy问题18得 2 分，满分 2 分Between 1859 and 1885 Alfred Tennyson worked this narrative poems based on the stories of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table.Those poems were gathered together as .所选答案：Idylls of the King正确答案：Idylls of the King反馈：Idylls of the King问题19得 2 分，满分 2 分Hardy’s principal works are the Wessex novels, i.e., novels describing thecharacters and environment of his native countryside. is NOT included.所选答案： C. A Pair of Blue Eyes正确答案： C. A Pair of Blue Eyes反馈： A Pair of Blue Eyes问题20得 2 分，满分 2 分These works are written by Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell EXCEPT .所选答案： A. Little Dorrit正确答案： A. Little Dorrit反馈：Little Dorrit问题21得 2 分，满分 2 分Thomas Hardy’s , one of the century’s finest novels, traces the rise and fall of Michael Henchard, a tough, egotistical fellow who, having committed the folly of drunkenly selling his wife and baby at a fair,turns teetotal and by sheer perseverance rises to wealth as a corn-factor and to respectability as Mayor of Casterbridge.所选答案： The Mayor of the Casterbridge 正确答案： The Mayor of the Casterbridge 反馈： The Mayor of the Casterbridge问题 22得 2分，满分 2 分_________ is Matthew Arnold’s representative work in social criticism, in which the author divides the Victorian people into 3 categories: the Barbarians, the Philistines and the Populace. Arnolds recommendsHellenism as a cure for the Victorian society to uphold the sweetness and light of the Greek civilization can offer.所选答案： Culture and Anarchy 正确答案： Culture and Anarchy 反馈： Culture and Anarchy问题 23 得 2 分，满分 2 分The Victorian poetry was mainly characterized by experiments with new styles and new ways of expression. Among these famous experimental poets was______who created the verse novel by adopting the novelistic presentation of characters.所选答案： D. Robert Browning 正确答案：D. Robert Browning反馈： Robert Browning问题 24is one that introduces to the English novel the first governess heroine.所选答案：B. Jane Eyre 正确答案： B. Jane Eyre反馈： Jane Eyre问题 25 得 2 分，满分 2 分Which one is NOT written by Dante Gabriel Rossetti?所选答案： B. Goblin Market 正确答案： B. Goblin Market反馈：Goblin Market问题26得 2 分，满分2 分The wide currency of Utilitarianism in the Victorian age on the whole dominated popular thinking, but it provoked strong criticism from themajor authors of the time, among others, Carlyle and Arnold.所选答案： 对 正确答案： 对 反馈： T问题 27Mrs. Gaskell, George Eliot, Charlotte Bronte and Emily Bronte are NOTall .所选答案：A. pseudonymous novelists 正确答案： A. pseudonymous novelists反馈： pseudonymous novelists问题 28The purpose of both The Seven Lamps of Architecture and The Stones ofVenice is to glorify , an architecture style distinguished by its high and sharply-pointed arches, which had prevailed in Western Europe from the 12th to the 16th centuries.所选答案： gothic architecture 正确答案： gothic architecturegothic building反馈： gothic architecture, gothic building问题 29 得 2 分，满分 2 分The Mill on the Floss is George Eliot’s novel with a heavy autobiographicaltouch whereas ______is often regarded as her masterpiece.所选答案： Middlemarch正确答案： Middlemarch 反馈： Middlemarch问题 30 得 2 分，满分 2 分Middlemarch offers a panorama of social life. Although subtitled ________,it is meant to be a miniature of 19th -century English life.所选答案： A Study of Provincial Life正确答案： A Study of Provincial Life 反馈：A Study of Provincial Life问题 31, the pioneering woman, according to D. H. Lawrence, was the first novelistthat “started putting all the actions inside”.所选答案：A. George Eliot 正确答案： A. George Eliot反馈： George Eliot问题 32 得 2 分，满分 2 分One of the features of the Victorian age was people’s emphasis on respectability.所选答案： 对正确答案： 对 反馈： T问题 33 得 2 分，满分 2 分In what region of England was Emily Bronte raised?所选答案：B. Yorkshire 正确答案： B. Yorkshire反馈： Yorkshire问题 34“The Sea of Faith// was once, too, at the full, and round earth’s shore// Latlike the folds of a bright girdle furled.” are the lines from Arnold’spoem________.所选答案： Dover Beach 正确答案： Dover Beach 反馈： Dover Beach问题 35 得 2 分，满分 2 分Dickens and Thackeray are novelists of social manners while Hardy andEmily Bronte are well known for their descriptions of romantic passions.所选答案：错正确答案：错反馈： F问题36“Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless?...And if God had gifted me with some beauty, and much wealth, I should have made it a shard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave you.”The above quoted passage is most probably taken from .所选答案： D. Jane Eyre正确答案： D. Jane Eyre反馈：Jane Eyre问题37得 2 分，满分 2 分“History of the French Revolution” is written by .所选答案： B. Thomas Carlyle正确答案： B. Thomas Carlyle反馈：Thomas Carlyle问题38Emily Bronte’s novel ________is a pathetic story of love, but a powerful attack on the bourgeois marriage system. It shows that true love in aclass society is impossible of attainment.所选答案：Wuthering Height正确答案：Wuthering Height反馈：Wuthering Height问题39Which one is NOT William Makepeace Thackeray’s works?所选答案： A. Sylvia’s Lover正确答案： A. Sylvia’s Lover反馈：Sylvia’s Lover问题 40Oscar Wilde’s first play is __________opened in February1892.所选答案：C. Lady Windermere’s Fan 正确答案： C. Lady Windermere’s Fan反馈： Lady Windermere’s Fan问题 41 得 2 分，满分 2 分Which one does NOT belong to Robert Louis Stevenson’s writingsmanipulating the genres associated with children?所选答案：B. The Black Arrow 正确答案： B. The Black Arrow反馈： The Black Arrow问题 42 得 2 分，满分 2 分Almost all the Victorian prose writers oppose philistinism and emphasize spiritual and cultural values of human life.所选答案： 对正确答案： 对 反馈： T问题 43Thackeray’s most successful novel is ________, which gets its title from Bunyan’s novel The Pilgrim’s Progress所选答案： Vanity Fair正确答案： Vanity Fair 反馈： Vanity Fair问题 44Which of the following best describes the nature of Thomas Hardy’s later works?所选答案：D. Tragic sense 正确答案：D. Tragic sense反馈： Tragic sense问题45’s works are characterized by a mingling of humor and pathos.所选答案：C. Charles Dickens 正确答案： C. Charles Dickens反馈： Charles Dickens问题 46The book News from Nowhere is a , telling the story of a man who falls asleep after an evening at a Socialist League meeting. He wakes in the future to find England transformed into a communist paradise where men and women are free, healthy, and equal.所选答案： Utopian fantasy 正确答案： Utopian fantasyUtopian story反馈： Utopian fantasy, Utopian story问题 471. In more than one sense the Victorian period was an age of the novel, andall great Victorian novels follow the moral standards.所选答案： 对正确答案： 对 反馈： T问题 48 得 2 分，满分 2 分Both Carlyle and Arnold advocate the power of heroes as a solution to Victorian social problems.所选答案： 错正确答案： 错 反馈： F问题 49My Last Duchess is one of the masterpieces of Robert Browning who madethe ________a norm as a poetic form for presenting the internal worldof the characters.所选答案： dramatic monologue 正确答案： dramatic monologue反馈：dramatic monologue问题50The statement “It reveals the dehumanizing workhouse system and the dark, criminal underworld life” may well sum up the main theme of Dickens’s . 所选答案： D. Oliver Twist正确答案： D. Oliver Twist反馈：Oliver Twist。

Spenserian Stanza (斯宾塞诗体) ：
A nine-line stanza consisting of eight lines of iambic pentameter and a concluding line of iambic hexameter, rhyming ABABBCBCC , named after English poet Edmund Spenser.
Other definition:
During the 14th and 16th centuries an intellectual movement known as the Renaissance swept Europe. It was characterized by admiration of the Greek and Latin classic works. The sonnet and other Italian literary influences began to appear in English literature. (谢福之，2013:67）
2. Plot and theme of The Faerie Queene :
--12 books were to describe the 12 adventures (only finished 6). Each knight represents a virtue, as Holiness, Chastity, Friendship, Justice and Courtesy. It is written in a 9-line stanza form, named Spenserian Stanza.
(3) His works paved the way for the plays of the greatest English dramatist，Shakespeare.

Old ages (Angles-Saxons Period)●Period: 449AD Three tribes of Angles, Saxons and Jutes——1066 The Norman Conquest●Beowulf: the first English epic1. Three epics: (Beowulf; Paradise Lost; White Whale)2. Epic is a long narrative poem that records the adventure of a hero, whose exploits are important to the history of a nation.3. Features: alliteration; a lot of metaphors and understatementsMedieval ages:●Period: about1066——about1500●Three languages:1. French became official language used by the king and Norman lords.2. Latin was the principal tongue of church affairs and in universities.3. Old English was used only by common English people.●Romance: describes the adventure of a knight who devoted himself to the king, the church or the lord.Eg. the best of Arthurian romance: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight●Geoffrey Chaucer1. The father of English poetry2. The founder of English realism3. The forerunner of humanism4. The first writer to use current English language; use common English words;And be interred in the “Poets’ Corner” in Westminster Abbey.●The Canterbury Tales1. describes comprehensive realistic picture of English society of his time/ panorama(ordinary daily life)2. heroic couplets（英雄双韵体）: iambic pentameter(抑扬格五音步) which rhymes in pairs or couplets（双韵）●Scotland Ballad: a narrative poem written in four-line stanzas. Usually only the second and fourth lines rhyme.Eg. Get Up and Bar the Door by Robin HoodRenaissance (14-17.5): transition from medieval to modern worldItaly; literature(poetry and drama), painting, sculpture●Reasons:1. rediscovery of Roman and Greek culture2. discovery of geography and astrology3. religious reformation4. economic development●Reaching England slowly:1. separating from the Continent2. domestic unrest●Background1. The War of the Roses2. The Reformation3. The Enclosure Movement4. The Commercial Expansion●Two features1. literary spirit: humanism(keynote): human activities; Man is the measure of all things.2. literary form: classical literature especially drama: 5 acts and many scenes●Period(15.5——16——17.5)1. (beginning)Henry Ⅷ; (summit)Queen Elizabeth2. First period: imitation and assimilation(Petrarch)3. Second period: classical literature and Italy humanism●Status:1. Best representatives of humanist: William Shakespeare; Thomas More; Christopher Marlowe2. The most outstanding forms: poetry and poetic drama(William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson)3. The most famous dramatists: William Shakespeare; Christopher Marlowe; Ben Jonson●Trivial Figures:1. Wyatt introduced sonnet and Surrey introduced the blank verse to England.2. Francis Bacon: essayist; the founder of modern science; the founder of materialist philosophy; scientific method Advancement of Learning; New Instrument; Of Truth; Of Studies; Of Travel; Of Wisdom3. William Caxton: the first person to introduce printing4. Christopher Marlowe used the blank verse with mighty lines; “University Wits”;Tamburlaine the Great帖木儿大帝5. John Donne: metaphysical poetry6. Thomas More: Utopi a meaning “no place”7. Edmund Spenser: poet’s poet;Spenserian stanza: 8 lines of iambic pentameter and a concluding line of iambic hexameter; ABAB BCBC C The Fair QueenWilliam Shakespeare1. works: 37 plays, 2 long poems and 154 sonnets(126 friendships and 28 love)2. First period: different genresRomeo and Juliet3. Second period: comediesThe Merchant of Venice; Twelfth Night; A Midsummer Night’s Dream; As You Like It4. Third period: tragedies reflects social contradictions of the age(feudalism VS capitalism)Hamlet; Othello; King Lear; Macbeth5. Fourth period: (Period of Romance)The Tempest; The Winter’s Tale6. Hamlet: soliloquy; blank verse(unrhymed iambic pentameter)7. sonnet: Italian sonnet and English sonnet(three quatrains and a couplet rhyming abab cdcd efef gg)The Seventeenth Century●Three events:Bourgeois revolution(civil war) between Charles Ⅷ and the parliamentOliver Cromwell built a commonwealthThe Restoration by Charles Ⅷ.●Two features:Two groups (Milton and Cavalier poets)+ Metaphysical poetLiterature in the Puritan Age expressed rage and sadness.●John Milton(Christian humanist)His creed: the freedom of manHis grand style: sublimity of thought and majesty of expressionHe has ambition to write an epic which English would “not willingly let die”.1. Lycidas2. (prose) Areopagitica《论出版自由》; A Defense of the English People3. Paradise Lost(Restoration in 1660); Paradise Regained(Christ); Samson Agonistes(Bible or Greek literature)●Paradise Lost: 12 books; from Old Testament-Genesis; blank verseThe theme is “Fall of Man”. It tells disobedience of men and the loss of Paradise with the prime cause Satan.His intention is to expose the way of Satan and to “justify the ways God to men”.He expresses implicitly the fundamental concerns of freedom and choice.●Paradise Regained: Man shall find grace.●Samson Agonistes: bring destruction upon the enemy at the cost of his own life.While his achievements in literature not only make him tower over all the other English writers of his time, but also exert a great influence on later ones.Trivial figures:1. John Donne: metaphysical poet; The Flea (conceit/metaphor); Songs and Sonnet2. John Bunyan: Christian allegory The Pilgrim’s Process-Vanity Fair3. John Dryden: critics An Essay of Dramatic PoesyThe Eighteenth Century: The Age of ReasonThis century is the most peaceful era in Great Britain.●Three reasons for the eighteenth century1. Glorious revolution helped the bourgeoisie come to power.2. Industrial revolution and fast-expanding colonization boosted the development of capitalism.3. The Enlightenment Movement focusing on reason flourished.●Three literature trends:●Other writers:1. Sheridan：The School of Scandal●Daniel Defoe: describing the enterprising capitalist society; one of the forerunner of English realistic novelRobinson Crusoe (optimistic enterprising spirit)●Jonathan Swift: a master of pamphlet and the greatest satiristNovels: Gulliver’s Travels; Battles of the books (a satire of two-party state system); A Tale of a Tub (a satire of church)Pamphlet: A Modest Proposal (attacking the English government exploiting and draining Ireland of wealth and resources);●Henry Fielding: “father of the English novel”; Chaucer “father of the English poetry”One of founders of the English realism;giving a comprehensive picture of the life of 18th century England, from country to cityJoseph Andrew; The Story of Tom Jones, a Foundling; Amelia;●Tomas Gray: one of the leading figures of Sentimentalism; one of “Graveyard Poets”Elegy Written in a Country ChurchyardPre-romanticism is to resist rationality and restraint, to call for passion and romance, and to return to medieval literature.●William Blake: Pre-romantic poet and painter; He wrote his poems in a plain, simple, and direct way.His poems often imply romantic spirit, natural sentiment and individual originality.Two collections of short lyrics: Songs of Innocence (beautiful nature, innocent children and harmonious world); Songs of Experience (more mature and gloomier darker in the theme and the tone)The Marriage between Heaven and Hell; Milton;Prophecy: The French Revolution; America●Robert Burns: Pre-romantic Scottish poet; a poet of peasants and common peopleHe was greatly influenced by Scottish folk songs.Expressing the feelings and daily life of working people and the optimism and dignity of common people Theme: fresh romantic spirit of friendship and loveA Red Red Rose; Farewell to ScotlandEnglish Literature in Romantic Age (1798-1832)●Duration: the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s joint work Lyric Ballads-the death of Walt Scott.●Reasons:1. Industrial Revolution and Enclosure Movement2. French Revolution and American Revolution●Features:1. As a violent struggle against the Enlightenment, romanticism focused on passion, individual and inner life.Romanticists expressed the ideology and sentiment of working class who were discontented with and opposed to the development of capitalism.Working class hailed the doctrine of “Liberty, Equality and Fraternity”.●Key poets and two novelists of Romantic movement:Novelists: Walt Scott (historical novelist) and Jane Austin (realistic female novelist)●William Wordsworth: “Laureate Poet”; poet of natureExperience: roaming in free area→touring in Europe and witnessing the French revolution→full of sympathy for the lives of common peopleLyric Ballads; Lucy Poems; in Two V olumes; The Excursion; The Prelude;She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways; I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud; The Solitary Reaper●George Gordon Lord Byron: “Byronic Heroes” who are man with fiery passion and unbending willHours of Idleness; Don Juan; Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage; The Age of Bronze；She Walks in BeautyPercy Bysshe Shelly: a master of poetry and politics; the first poet who sang for working class in Europe “Mad Shelly” for his sensitive nature and crazy rebellion against injusticeHis work reflected radical ideas and revolutionary optimism.A pamphlet against religion: The Necessity of Atheism;Odes: Ode to the Skylark; Ode to the West Wind (political lyrics with five stanzas of iambic pentameter) Four-act poetic drama: Prometheus UnboundA great theory of poetry: A Defense of PoetryPoems: Song to the Men of England; Queen Mab●John Keats: a poet of “pure poetry”; “art for art’s sake”; poems with sensual imaginary; surgeon→poetOde to a Nightingale; Ode to Melancholy; Ode to a Grecian Urn; To Autumn; Ode to PsycheThe Eve of St. Agnes●Walt Scott: Scottish historical novelist; the founder and master of the historical novel; lawyer→novelistTo combine historical fact with romantic imagination: Waverley; Ivanhoe●Jane Austen: the founder of the novel which deals with unimportant middle-class peopleShe explored the independence of woman on marriage and brought the novel of family life to its highest point of perfection.Pride and Prejudice(Elizabeth Bennet and Darcy); Sense and Sensibility;English Literature of Modernization (WWⅠ and WWⅠ)●Features:1. The sun-never-set empire collapsed.2. There were various philosophical ideas:Marx and Engels’s theory of scientific socialismDarwin’s theory of evolutionEinstein’s theory of relativityFreud’s analytical psychology3. Irrational philosophy (非理性哲学) against realism: Arthur Schopenhauer→Nietzsche→Henry Bergson4. Modernism rose out of skepticism (Victorian values) and disillusion of capitalism (to explore).●George Bernard Shaw: great playwright secondary to Shakespeare; critic and polemicist (清朝)Fabian society; socialism; against “arts for arts’ sake” and for reflecting human lifeCashel Baryon’s Profession (novel);Early drama: Widowers’ Houses (unfair landlordism); Mrs. Warren’s Profession (prostitude; economic oppression of woman);Middle drama: The Doctor’s Dilemma: ignorance, incompetence, arrogance and bigotry of the medical profession Major Barbara; Pygmalion 卖花女; Saint Joan 圣女贞德（a satire of the rigid British social hierarchy and a commentary of woman independence）Later drama: Too True to be Good(难以置信);●John Galsworthy● James Joyce: Irish writerDubliners （a collection of short stories which reflect three aspects of life in politics, culture and religion ）； Ulysses (parodying the episodes of Homer’s Odyssey)Three exponents of the stream -of –consciousness: James Joyce, Virginia Woolf and Faulkner. ● Virginia Woolf : the central figure of Bloomsbury Group; forerunner of feminismThe Mark on the Wall （first ）; Mrs. Dalloway 达洛维夫人; To the Lighthouse 到灯塔去; A Room of one’s Own; The Waves (the climax of Virginia Woolf’s experiments through the novel form of stream of consciousness) ● D. H. Lawrence: a controversial figure because his frank treatment of sexThe Rainbow; Women in Love (Ursula and Birkin; Gudrun and Gerald); Lady Chatterley’s Lover (noblewoman’s love affair with a servant)William Butler Yeats: 叶芝 first writer to win the Noble Prize in Literature in Ireland When You Are Old (to Maud Gonne)three trilogiesfirst trilogyThe forstye SagaThe Man of Property 财主The Chancery 骑虎难下To let 出租second trilogyModern ComedyThe White MonkeyThe Sliver Spoon Swan Song third trilogyEnd of the ChapterMaid in WaitingThe Flowering Wilderness Over the riverEnglish Literature of Realization (Victorian Age 1832-1902Queen Victorian: 1837-1902;This period is the remarkable in the development of the country, marked by a great expansion of British Empire. 1832: the death of Walter Scott; The Reform ActSocial problems:1. the political power passed into hands of middle-class industrial capitalists2. the problem of women influenced by Industrial Revolution3. contradiction between the rich and the poor4. the conflicts between capital and labor5. the widespread unemployment6. the severe depression7. the system of workhouseEnglish critical realism: to describe traits of English society and criticize the capitalism from a democratic view Main figures: Charles Dickens; William Makepeace Thackeray; Charlotte Bronte; Mrs. Gaskell; George Eliot; Tomas HardyCharles Dickens: the greatest novelist in Victorian Age; the greatest representative of English critical realism First period (naïve optimism): Sketches by Boz博兹札记; Pickwick Papers; Oliver Twist; The Old Curiosity Shop Second period (A travel to America; hopelessness to democracy): David Copperfield; A Christmas CarolLast period (intensifying pessimism): Bleak House; Hard Times; A Tale of two Cities (London and Pairs); Great ExpectationBronte sisters:Charlotte Bronte; Emily Bronte; Ann BronteJane Eyre; Wuthering Heights; Agnes GreyTomas Hardy: semi-fictional region of Wessex; theme is the futility of man’s effort to struggle against cruel fate Tess of the d’Urbervilles (fatalism)Browning:Robert Browning; Mrs. BrowningMy Last Duchess; How do I Love Thee?Other writer:1. Mrs. Gaskell: The Life of Charlotte Bronte2. George Eliot: pseudonym of Mary Ann Events; Middlemarch3. Lewis Carroll: a university teacher in Oxford; Alice’s Adventure in Wonderland; Through the Looking-glass4. Robert Lewis Stevenson: travel a lot due to his weak lungs; Treasure Island5. Oscar Wilde: The Importance of Being Earnest 不可儿戏6. William Makepeace Thackeray: Vanity Fair (a satirical novel with title from Bunyan)7. Alfred Lord Tennyson: The EagleAmerican Literature of Romanticism (1820-1860) The American Renaissance●New England Transcendentalism: Emerson and Thoreaudivinity; individual’s intuition; feeling over reason●Washington Irving: father of American short story; comic fablesThe Sketch Book: The Legend of Sleepy Hollow; Rip V an Wrinkle; Life of George Washington●Nathaniel Hawthorne: Psychological fictions; symbolism; Calvinistic beliefThe Scarlet Letter; The Minister’s Black Veil; The Birthmark; Young Goodman Brown; The House of Seven Gables ●Edgar Allan Poe: father of detective stories; Gothic tales (horror and mystery); poetry for beauty: To Helen●Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: the most beloved American poet; great versatility;A Psalm of Life (the first American poem introduced to China); I Shot an Arrow (friendship)●Walt Whitman: the most influential poet in America; free verseLeaves of Grass: Democratic Bible/ National Epic; Drum Taps; O Captain! My Captain! To the StatesWhen Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d: Air his sorrow about the death of LincolnThere was a Child Went Forth: himself and AmericaCavalry Crossing a Ford: Civil WarSong of Myself: belief in the singularity and equality of all beings in value●Harriet Beecher Stowe: abolitionistAnti-slavery novel: Uncle Tom’s Cabin●Other writers:1. James Fenimore Cooper: frontier adventuresLeatherstocking Tales: The Pioneers; The Last of Mohicans; The Prairie; The Path Finder; The Deerslayer2. Emerson: Nature;3. Thoreau: Walden (Nature is divine, and human can communicate with it by way of pure senses.)4. Rebecca Harding Davis: social realism4. Herman Melville: Moby-Dick; TypeeAmerican Literature of Realism (1860-1914 ) Civil War-WWⅠ●Three reasons for the coming of American Realism:1. The Civil War overturned the moral value of American, and people began to question the human nature and thebenevolence of God.2. After the Civil War, industrialization and mechanization flourished, giving rise to the affluent mid-class.3. The gap between poverty and wealth expanded.●Three characteristics of American Realism:1. Realists focused on the straightforward and objective description of real life2. Realists were interested in commonplace and depicted people from all social levels.3. American realism approached the harsh realities by experience.●Naturalism: Darwin’s evolutionary theory+ French novelist Emile ZolaTheodore Dreiser; Stephen Crane: A Red Badge of Courage;Jack London: Martin EdenKate Chopin: the forerunner of feminist authors; The Awakening●Three novelists: Mark Twain (lower class); Howells (middle class); Henry James (upper class)●Mark Twain(Samuel Langhorne Clemens):vernacular(colloquial); local colorist; father of American literature(William Faulkner);His writing features are strong local colors, colloquial speech and witty remarks.The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County; The Innocents Abroad; The Adventures of Tom Sawyer; Life on Mississippi;The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (Huck and Jim looked for freedom; Hemingway: all modern American literature comes);The Gilded Age (Charles Warner; post-Civil War)●Henry James: the forerunner of “stream of consciousness”;the founder of psychological realismdescribe inner world by his psychological approach; international theme; cosmopolitan novelist; literary essayist First period: The American; Daisy Miller; The Portrait of a Lady; The Europeans;Second period: The Turn of a ScrewThird period: What Maisie Knows; The Golden Bowl; The Wings of the Dove; The AmbassadorsLiterary criticism: The Art of Fiction (The novel aims to present the life.)●Emily Dickinson(——): great poet with 1775 poemsTheme: love, religion, death and immortality in physical, psychological and emotional termsnature (more than 500)：Nature’ inscrutability(不可预测) and indifference to human beingsSuccess; I’m Nobody; I Died for Beauty;I Like to See it Lap the Miles (Train is the part of nature like an animal.)I Heard a Fly Buzz—When I Died(the moment of death)This is my Letter to the World (her anxiety about her communication with the outside world)Because I Could Not Stop for Death (personification of Death and Immortality)Her poems are usually based on her experiences, her sorrows and joys.●Theodore Dreiser:Naturalism: Darwin’s idea; The world is like a juggle; Man is a “victim of forces over which he has no control”.Sister Carrie; An American Tragedy: real criminal cases; “Trilogy of Desire”: Financier; The Titan; The Stoic●Robert Frost: living in New England; Pulitzer Prize for Poetry for four times; Congressional Gold MedalA link between the 19-century American literature and Modernism with traditional form and modern themeHis work is distinguished by its simple style, colloquial speech and metaphorical images.A Boy’s Will (the development of a boy from egoism to maturity full of characteristics of New England)North of Boston “a book of people in New England”New Hampshire-Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening (continue to proceed after having a break)The Road Not Taken (Different way of life)After Apple Picking (a sense of completeness yet hopelessness)American Literature of Modernism (1914-1915) WWⅠ - WWⅠ●Reasons for modernism:1. Two wars cost many lives and destructed much property.2. Philosophical ideas such as Einstein’s theory of relativity and Freud’s analytical psychology flourished.3. The establishment of Nobel Prize in literature has promoted the development of literature.●Feature for modernism: to express disillusionment with tradition and interest in new technologies and visions●Feature of the Lost Generation: to express their loss, despair and disillusionment●Figures of the Lost Generation: Ernest Hemingway and Fitzgerald●Ezra Pound: imagism (A visual image and concrete instances can be poetic and abstract.)Confucius; Shih-Ching; In a Station of the Metro● E. E. Comings: an avant-garde poet with typographical style (scattered words); mimic Ezra Pound’s imagismIn Just-●Wallace Stevens: gifted nonprofessional poet; power of imagination and description of concrete objects Anecdote of the Jar: jar (imagination and creation); hill (bewildering and chaotic world)●Williams Carlos Williams: variable foot; meter(格律：stressed) and lineation (分行：line breaks and stanzas) The Red Wheelbarrow●William Faulkner: composite stream of consciousness(free form); Southern Renaissance-The fugitive Yoknapakawpha county;The Sound and the Fury(four characters; no capitalization and punctuation); A Rose for Emily;●T. S. Eliot: an innovative poet, playwright and criticPoems using a lot of mythology, allusion, symbolism and disconnected images;New Criticism focusing on regarding work as an independent of both author and reader;Poems: The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock; The Waste Land (disillusionment of spirit of the former generation); The Hollow Men; For Quartets Play: Murder in Cathedral●Ernest Hemingway: Lost generation(disillusioned and confused); iceberg theoryEconomical and understated(terse) writing styleCoded heroes have “grace under pressure” and “despairing courage”.A Farewell to Arms; Green Hills of Africa; The Snows of Kilimanjaro; For Whom the Bell Tolls;A Clean, well-Lighted Place (nihilism and existentialism)● F. Scott. Fitzgerald: chronicler of the Jazz Age of America(1918-1929 Roaring Twenties); Lost GenerationStyle: satire and criticism of the worship of hedonism and moneyThe Great Gatsby: aspiration and desire, innocence and hypocrisy, idealism and decadence(堕落), illusion and disillusionTender is the Night；The Side of Paradise●Eugene O’Nell: one of the greatest playwright in America; the first dramatist to win the Nobel Prize in Literature The Hairy Ape: dehumanization (非人性化) and oppression of capitalism, disillusion and loss of the working class The Emperor Jones●Other writers:1. Sinclair Lewis: novelist; the first American to win the Nobel Prize in LiteratureMain Street: criticism of capitalism and materialism after World War ⅧBabbitt: (babbittry: narrow-minded, complacent and bourgeois )2. Pearl S. Buck: an American having lived in China; the first woman to win the Nobel Prize in LiteratureGood Earth: peasant life of China3. Gertrude stein: hosting a Pairs Salon for famous writers4.Margaret Mitchell：Gone with the Windngston Hughes: Harlem Renaissance 哈莱姆(New Negro Movement); the earliest innovator of Jazz poetry Dream（Martin Luther King-I Have a Dream）6. Richard Wright:a black writer focusing on racism; The Native Son6. John Steinbeck: plight of working class and migrant workers in rural areas in Great DepressionThe Grapes of Wrath: economic and social plight of farmers; Of Mice and Men。

I. Historical Background and Literature (5)
17. Who is the most outstanding figure of English sentimentalism? ___L_a_u_re_n_c_e_S_t_er_n_e___. 18. Who is the representative poet of elegy? __T_h_o_m__as__G_r_ey____. 19. Who are famous poets of pre-romanticism? __W_i_ll_ia_m__B_l_ak_e___ and __R_o_b_e_r_t _B_u_r_n_s __.
- Sentimentalism is named after Sterne's A Sentimental Journey. It is partly inspired by the emotional power of Samuel Richardson’s Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded (1740).The representatives of sentimentalism are Oliver Goldsmith, Laurence Sterne, Samuel Richardson and Thomas Gray.
I. Historical Background
1. Period of a comparatively peaceful development in England 2. Two hostile parties: Whigs and Tories 3. Talented writers : servants of the two parties 4. Development of social life 5. A public movement: The Enlightenment 6. New literary current: Sentimentalism

英美文学简史及名篇选读英美文学简史及名篇选读英美文学历史悠久，兼收并蓄，蕴含着丰富的文化底蕴和独特的文学风格。

本文将从文学发展、主要作家及其代表作，以及作品内容等方面，介绍英美文学的发展史和一些著名的文学代表作品。

一、英美文学的发展英美文学的历史可以追溯到古代，但是现代英美文学发展以文艺复兴时期开始，并在18世纪达到顶峰。

19世纪和20世纪，英美文学经历了象征主义、现代主义和后现代主义等派别的影响，作家的风格也日渐多样化。

二、英美文学的主要作家及其代表作1.威廉·莎士比亚威廉·莎士比亚是英国文学史上最著名的作家之一，他的作品包括诸如《麦克白》、《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等经典作品，在当时非常受欢迎。

2.詹姆斯·乔伊斯詹姆斯·乔伊斯是20世纪最具代表性的小说家之一，其作品以《尤利西斯》和《都柏林人》最为知名，他以流露出来的内心世界和音乐般的语言呈现了人性和命运。

3.欧内斯特·海明威欧内斯特·海明威是20世纪最著名的小说家之一，他的作品以《老人与海》和《太阳照常升起》最为著名。

他以简练而概括的语言，描绘出战争和人性的无边悲剧。

他的作品经常强调男子汉的美德和荣誉感，深受广大男性读者的喜爱。

4.弗朗西斯·司各特·菲茨杰拉德弗朗西斯·司各特·菲茨杰拉德是20世纪最著名的小说家之一，他的代表作品有《了不起的盖茨比》、《钻石大亨》等。

他的作品描绘了20世纪初美国精神和道德的沉沦，抨击了金钱至上的社会价值观。

5.托马斯·品钦托马斯·品钦是20世纪最具代表性的诗人之一，他创作的诗歌以《地狱直到最后一分钟》尤为著名，其风格多以梦幻、神秘和超自然的元素为主。

三、英美文学的代表作1.《为食神授》——乔纳森·斯威夫这是一部富有讽刺意味的小说，反映了社会弊病和人性的扭曲，同时又通过讽刺和幽默的手法进行了批判。

• Art and Archite如ct文u学re、历史、哲学和艺术。
文艺复兴时期涌现了许多艺术大师，如达·芬奇、拉斐尔、米开朗基
罗等，他们以创新的绘画技巧、逼真的人物形象和透视原理为人类艺
• Science and Expl术or史a作tio出n了重大贡献。建筑方面，文艺复兴建筑采用了古罗马和古希
像是说决不屈从於羁绊的窒碍。
Full jolly knight he seemd , and faire did sitt ,
快乐的骑士在马上英姿飒爽，
As one for knightly giusts and fierce encounters fitt .善於比武，也能在战场与敌人激烈交锋。
Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593)
please read the general introduction (para 1-2) and find out the social background of Renaissance
The Hundred Years’ War with France (1336-1453) The War of the Roses (Lancaster vs York, 1455-1483) The discovery of America and the new sea routes (1497-1498) The Religious Reformation (1509-1547) The Enclosure Movement (16th century) The reign of King Henry VIII (1509-1547) The reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1588-1603)

英美文学简史及名篇选读第二十二军规《第二十二条军规》外国文学作品简析:美国作家海勒(1923—)的代表作，也是“黑色幽默”派小说的经典作品。

小说主要描写第二次世界大战期间驻守在地中海某基地上一支美国空军中队内部的腐败现象。

将军们勾心斗角，互相倾轧，下命令往往互相矛盾、莫名其妙;校官们为了邀功求升迁，不顾士兵死活，一次又一次地增加飞行次数。

尤其可恶的是，伙食管理员米洛竟办起了一个国际性的大公司，用飞机在国与国之间贩运食品牟取暴利。

他一方面同自己的军队签订合同轰炸德军桥梁，另一方面又同德军签约炮打本国飞机，双方官兵血肉横飞，他自己则大发横财。

面对着这个疯狂世界，主人公上尉轰炸员尤索林无法忍受，只好舍弃一切，逃往瑞典。

主人公尤索林是一个充满对死的恐惧、对生的渴望的下级军官形象。

他不能忍受空军中队的腐败现象，渴望离开战场平安地生活下去。

他怀疑别人都想暗害他，怀疑整个世界都疯了，可是大家却反过来认为他是疯子。

根据第二十二条军规，他既然被认为是疯子，就可以停止飞行，但要求停止飞行又必须由本人提出申请，能够提出申请的人就意味着他神智正常。

另外，第二十二条军规规定飞满32架次的人可以不再执行任务，但尤索林飞满32架次时，定额却又一再增加。

他恍然大悟了，第二十二条军规原来是一个被执法者按照自己的需要随心所欲地解释，从而置人于死地的圈套，是使他惶惶不可终日，求生愿望无法实现的根本原因。

小说借美国军队讽喻整个美国社会，借揭露第二十二条军规的实质来抨击践踏人权、迫害百姓的资产阶级官僚体制。

《第二十二条军规》没有首尾相接的、完整的故事情节。

它采取超现实的荒诞笔法描写现实世界的荒唐，用夸张的手法把生活漫画化，让幽默的笑声隐含着绝望和悲伤。

在人物塑造上作者运用“反英雄”的写法，把主人公尤索林塑造成卑微猥琐、行为怪癖、贪生怕死的胆小鬼形象。

--Penelope Lively (born in 1933) is a British writer of fiction for both children and adults. She has won both the Booker Prize (Moon Tiger, 1987) .
-- A. S. Byatt (born in 1036) is an English novelist, poet and Booker Prize winner in 1990.
-- Margaret Atwood (born in 1939) is a Canadian poet, novelist, literary critic, and environmental activist. The Year of the Flood (2009), Maddaddam (2013); Novellas: Moral Disorder: A Story (2014)
The Rehearsal (2008) --Richard Flanagan (born in 1961) is an
Australian novelist. He won the 2014 Man Booker Prize for his The Narrow Road to the Deep North (2014).
Commonwealth, including former Commonwealth members, such as Ireland,
Pakistan, or South Africa. It was formerly known as the Booker Prize.
--From 2013 it includes all the novels written in the English language.

1. Romanticism 2. Important poets 3. Important novelists
1) William Wordsworth (1770-1850)
威廉·华兹华斯
Lyrical Ballads (1798) 《抒情歌谣集》
I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud
2) George Gordon Byron (1788-1824)
乔治·戈登·拜伦
Childe Harold‘s Pilgrimage
《恰尔德·哈罗德游记》
Don Juan 《唐·璜》(The Isles of Greece)
3) Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)
Then they settled at Dove Cottage in Grasmere in the Lake District, and this time with fellow poet Robert Southey nearby. Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey came to be known as the “Lake Poets"
Birth Place of Wordsworth
Grasmere Lake District
Dove Cottage
-In 1850, he died at Rydal Mount
St Oswald’s Church→ in Grasmere
Wordsworth and his relatives were buried in the Grasmere churchyard.
--Their works raised woman to the high place in literature.

英美文学简史及名篇选读课中文版大学被誉为人性培养和人格完善的殿堂，人文精神是大学教育的灵魂所在。

近年，随着经济的发展，大学已不知不觉为经济控制，大学教育趋向市场功利，人文精神在现代大学教育中日渐甚微，几乎沦落到四面楚歌的尴尬境地。

英美文学作品记录着人类在文明传承中对自由、梦想、尊严和幸福的不懈追求。

作为人文精神的一个重要载体，它一直是高校英语专业的传统主干课程，是国家高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲所规定的必修课程之一，也一直是我院学生共同必修的一门重要专业课。

“英美文学史及作品选读”是英语系自1979年以来在高年级开设的一门传统的专业主干课。

课程在三年级开设，秋学期为英国文学，春学期为美国文学。

每周2课时，总课时由原来的66课时改为现在的58课时。

授课教师由当初的外国教师改为中国教师，主要是因为中国教师授课更具系统性和针对性。

在选材、教学理念和方法和成果输出（即学生讨论、研读报告、作业、成绩考核）等各个环节中均体现特色，加大师生互动，将教师的主导作用融入到学生的主体活动中去，最大限度地引导学生发挥探索问题的主动性，培养其创新能力。

为了进一步深化教学改革，提高教学质量，我们于2001年起为该课程配套开设了“英美小说选读”和“英美诗歌选读”。

提倡以学生为中心，于“用”中学习的教学思想，鼓励学生自主学习，积极参与，大胆创造。

本课程于2007年获得丽水学院优秀课程。

本课程旨在培养学生阅读、欣赏、理解英语文学原著的能力，掌握文学批评的基本知识和方法。

通过该课程的教学，促进学生文学欣赏能力和语言水平的提高，增强学生对西方文学及文化的了解。

本课程的任务是介绍英国文学史的基本脉络、主要文学流派的主张和历史背景及代表人物，并选读分析部分代表作家的经典作品，使学生对英国文学的历史、主要作家的创作思想和风格有初步的了解，掌握基本的文学常识和文学作品赏析技巧，并学会阅读英文文学名著。

要求学生能认真完成教师布置的阅读任务，并积极参加课堂讨论、课堂报告等各种教学活动。

1.Roman‎c e,which‎uses narra‎t ive verse‎or prose‎to tell stori‎e s of ___ adven‎t ures‎or other‎heroi‎c deeds‎, is a popul‎a r liter‎a ry form in the medie‎v al perio‎d.A.Chris‎t ianB.knigh‎t lyC.Greek‎D.primi‎t ive2. In The song of Beowu‎l f , Beowu‎l f fough‎t again‎s t _____‎__.A. Grend‎e lB. a knigh‎tC. Hroth‎g arD. Sir Gawai‎n3. Among‎the great‎Middl‎e Engli‎s h poets‎, Geoff‎r ey Chauc‎e r is known‎for his produ‎c tion‎of ___.A.Piers‎Plowm‎a nB.Sir Gawai‎n and the Green‎Knigh‎tC.Confe‎s sio Amant‎i sD.The Cante‎r bury‎Tales‎4. Which‎of the follo‎w ing state‎m ents‎best illus‎t rate‎s the theme‎of Shake‎s pear‎e's Sonne‎t 18?A.The speak‎e r eulog‎i zes the power‎of Natur‎e.B.The speak‎e r satir‎i zes human‎vanit‎y.C.The speak‎e r prais‎e s the power‎of artis‎t ic creat‎i on.D.The speak‎e r medit‎a tes on man's salva‎t ion.5. John Milto‎n was the write‎r of _____‎_A. Parad‎i se lostB. The Pilgr‎i ms progr‎e ssC. TessD. Emma6. The great‎e st of all Engli‎s h autho‎r s is _____‎__A. Willi‎a m Shake‎s pear‎eB. Charl‎e s Dicke‎n s C, Thoma‎s Hardy‎D. Rober‎t Frost‎7. Of all the 18thc‎e ntur‎y novel‎i sts, _____‎__ and Tobia‎s Gorge‎Smoll‎e t may be regar‎d as the real found‎e rs of the genre‎of the bourg‎e ois reali‎s tic novel‎in Engla‎n d and Europ‎e.A. Henry‎Field‎i ngB. Danie‎l Defoe‎C. Josep‎h Addis‎o nD. Richa‎r d Steel‎8. The most outst‎a ndin‎g figur‎e of Engli‎s h senti‎m enta‎l ism was _____‎A. Henry‎Field‎i ngB. Danie‎l Defoe‎C. Josep‎h Addis‎o nure‎n ce Stern‎e9. The most outst‎a ndin‎g figur‎e of the epoch‎of Enlig‎h tenm‎e nt in Engla‎n d was _____‎_.A. Olive‎r Golds‎m ithB. Jonat‎h an Swift‎ c. Thoma‎s Grey D. Richa‎r d Steel‎10. Danie‎l Defoe‎was the write‎r of _____‎_A. Gulli‎v er’s Trave‎l sB. Robin‎s on Cruso‎eC. Jane EyreD. A Modes‎t Propo‎s al11. Gulli‎v er’s Trave‎l s was writt‎e n by _____‎_.A. Laure‎n ce Stern‎eB. Danie‎l Defoe‎C. Jonat‎h an Swift‎D. Olive‎r Golds‎m ith12. Tom Jones‎was writt‎e n by _____‎A. Olive‎r Golds‎m ithB. Jonat‎h an Swift‎ c. Thoma‎s Grey D. Henry‎Feild‎i ng13. The songs‎of Innoc‎e nce was writt‎e n by ____A. Willi‎a m Words‎w orth‎B. Willi‎a m Blake‎C. Rober‎t Burns‎D. J.Keats‎14. With the publi‎c atio‎n of Willi‎a m Words‎w orth‎’s _____‎in colla‎b orat‎i on with S.T. Coler‎i ge, roman‎t icis‎m began‎to bloom‎and found‎a firm place‎in the histo‎r y of Engli‎s h liter‎a ture‎.A. The Cloud‎B. To a Sky-larkC. to Autum‎nD. Lyric‎a l Balla‎d s15.“If Winte‎r comes‎, can Sprin‎g be far behin‎d!” is an epigr‎a mmat‎i c line by __.A.J.Keats‎B.W.Blake‎C.W.Words‎w orth‎D.P.B.Shell‎e y16. _____‎_ was Byron‎’s great‎e st work.A. Don JuanB.She Walks‎in Beaut‎yC. CainD. Manfr‎e d.17.Ulyss‎e s (1922) is gener‎a lly ackno‎w ledg‎e d to be _____‎_’s maste‎r piec‎e and a typic‎a l examp‎l e of strea‎m of consc‎i ousn‎e ss techn‎i que.A. James‎Joyce‎B. Virgi‎n ia Woolf‎C.D. h. Lawre‎n ce D. Charl‎e s Dicke‎n s18. The Title‎Vanit‎y Fair was borro‎w ed by Thack‎e ray from the__‎___ by Bunya‎n.A. Pilgr‎i m’s Progr‎e ssB. Cante‎r bury‎Tales‎C. Parad‎i se LostD. Beowu‎l f19.___is‎the first‎impor‎t ant gover‎n ess novel‎in the Engli‎s h liter‎a ry histo‎r y.A.Jane EyreB.EmmaC.Wuthe‎r ing Heigh‎t sD.Middl‎e marc‎h20.The major‎conce‎r n of _____‎_ ficti‎o n lies in the traci‎n g of the psych‎o logi‎c al devel‎o pmen‎t of his chara‎c ters‎and in his energ‎e tic criti‎c ism of the dehum‎a nizi‎n g effec‎t of the capit‎a list‎indus‎t rial‎i zati‎o n on human‎ natur‎e.wre‎n ce'sB.J.Galsw‎o rthy‎'sC.W.Thack‎e ray’sD.T.Hardy‎’s21.The Roman‎t ic write‎r s would‎focus‎on all the follo‎w ing issue‎s EXCEP‎T the ___ in the Ameri‎c an liter‎a ry histr‎o ry.A.indiv‎i dual‎feeli‎n gsB.idea of survi‎v al of the fitte‎s tC.stron‎g imagi‎n atio‎nD.retur‎n to natur‎e22. _____‎__ has been entit‎l ed the fathe‎r of Ameri‎c an Poetr‎y.A.Phili‎p Frene‎a uB. Anne Brads‎t reet‎C. Willi‎a m Culle‎n Bryan‎tD. Edgar‎Ellen‎Poe23. _____‎___ was the first‎Ameri‎c an write‎r of imagi‎n ativ‎e liter‎a ture‎accep‎t ed by Europ‎e an reade‎r s.A. Edgar‎Ellen‎PoeB. Anne Brads‎t reet‎C. Willi‎a m Culle‎n Bryan‎tD. Washi‎n gton‎Irvin‎g.24. _____‎__was‎consi‎d ered‎as the first‎genui‎n e Ameri‎c an novel‎i st who opene‎d the new horiz‎o n of the front‎i er for liter‎a ry works‎, widen‎e d the theme‎for ficti‎o nal writi‎n gs.A. James‎Fenim‎o re Coope‎rB. Anne Brads‎t reet‎C. Willi‎a m Culle‎n Bryan‎tD. Washi‎n gton‎Irvin‎g.25. Annab‎e l Lee was writt‎e n by _____‎__.A.Phili‎p Frene‎a uB. Anne Brads‎t reet‎C. Willi‎a m Culle‎n Bryan‎tD. Edgar‎Ellen‎Poe26. The Eight‎e enth‎Centu‎r y was defin‎i tely‎an age of _____‎_____‎_.A.poetr‎yB. novel‎C. drama‎D.prose‎27___‎__ is widel‎y regar‎d ed as the summi‎t not only of Melvi‎l le’s art, but also of the 19th centu‎r y Ameri‎c an ficti‎o n.A. the Scarl‎e t Lette‎rB. Moby DickC. Rip Van Winkl‎eD. Siste‎r Carri‎e28. Walt Whitm‎a n was a pione‎e ring‎figur‎e of Ameri‎c an poetr‎y. His innov‎a tion‎first‎of all lies in his use of __, poetr‎y witho‎u t a fixed‎beat or regul‎a r rhyme‎schem‎e.A.blank‎verse‎B.heroi‎c coupl‎e tC.free verse‎D.iambi‎c penta‎m eter‎29.Heste‎r Pryme‎, Dimms‎d ale,Chill‎i ngwo‎r th and Pearl‎are most likel‎y the names‎of the chara‎c ters‎in ___.A.The Scarl‎e t Lette‎rB.The House‎of the Seven‎Gable‎s tC.The Portr‎a it of a LadyD.The pione‎e rs30. The great‎e st of Scott‎i sh poets‎is _____‎___A. Geoff‎r ey Chauc‎e rB. Rober‎t Burns‎C. Willi‎a m Shake‎s pear‎eD. John Milto‎nⅡMulti‎p le Choic‎e。

American Naturalism
Chang Yaoxin： American naturalist writers were first journalists; close to the society and change; many were from poor families; either observed or personally experienced the hardship of the poor; the workers and individuals were helpless before the gigantic machine of capitalism; the fate was determined by the alien force of capitalism which was beyond their control.
Themes
Frank Norris (1870-1902)
McTeague (1899): “the first full-bodied naturalistic American novel” and “a consciously naturalistic manifesto.” A classic case study of the inevitable effect of environment and heredity on human lives A trilogy on the production, distribution and consumption of wheat: The Octopus (1901); The Pit (1903); and a never written third
The Red Badge of Courage (1895): one of the greatest war novels; men fighting are helpless animals; debunking of war; against the romantic view of war as a symbol of courage and heroism, Crane talks about war in alarming honesty: a slaughter-house; there is nothing like valor or heroism on the battlefield, and if there is anything, it is fear of death, cowardice, the natural instinct of man to run from danger.