北京科技大学博士生入学考试英语题型结构

博士研究生英语考试题型及试卷2018博士研究生英语考试题型及试卷博士研究生入学考试英语初试内容一般包括听力、词汇、语法、完形填空、阅读理解、语言运用(配伍题)、翻译(英译汉/汉译英/英汉互译)、写作等几个部分，各部分出题方式及题量分值由各招生院校自行确定，以下yjbys店铺列举部分院校试题结构供各位考生参考。

首都师范大学2008年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷Section I Vocabulary Test(20%)Directions：In this part, there are 20 incomplete sentences.Below each sentence, there are 4 choices respectively marked by letters A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence. There is only ONE right answer. Mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET l with a single line through the centre.1. After the snow storm, the government plans to ______the run-down houses in the rural area as soon as possible.A. reviveB. replaceC. renovateD. remove2. The doctor assured her that the pain would _________in a few days.A. die offB. wear offC. get offD. go off3. The speeding woman’s _______________for some mercy could not change the policeman’s decision to giv e her a fine.A. pleaB. flatteryC. distressD. demonstration4. Owing to lack of money, these experiments must now be _______before the objective has been achieved.A. transferredB. transformedC. terminatedD. testified5. Quite unexpectedly, the young man __________ with success, the problem which had baffled his forerunner.A. tickledB. trickedC. trickledD. tackled6. The Space Age _____ in October l957when the first artificial satellite—was launched by the Soviet Union.A. embarkedB. initialedC. commencedD. originated7. Indoor or roof space antennae do not ___________give satisfactory performance even in strong signal areas.A. faithfulB. invariablyC. voluntarilyD. habitually8. These old houses are in good state of ________ except for the wooden floors.A. preservationB. observationC. compensationD.conservation9. She works bard at her task before she felt sure that the result would ______her long effort.A. verifyB. rectifyC. testifyD. justify10. The country is now undergoing an economic _________in which business activity is greatly reduced and the unemployment rate is high.A. sanctionB. accessionC. flourishD. recession11. The river is already ____its banks because of excessive rainfall and the town is threatened with a likely flood.A. level inB. flat onC. parallel toD. flush with12. Because of his outstanding achievements, the university _____ an honorary degree upon Mr. Adams.A. conferredB. dedicatedC. awardedD. presented13. It is one of the paradox of social intercourse that a ___________is much harder to respond to than an insult.A. complimentB. condemnationC. complementD. complaint14. The shop assistant was straight with his customers. If an article was of _______quality he’d tell them so.A. minerB. inferiorC. awkwardD. humble15. A terrible traffic accident happened;people were saddened when they watched the ______sight on TV.A. periodicB. panicC. patheticD. patriotic16. Even you were not in the mood, you should have known better than to refuse a lady this way. You could have _______her instead.A. deniedB. declinedC. denotedD. denounced17. As the nation attaches excessive importance to football, the triumph or frustration of the national team is most likely to drive many of her nationals ______________.A. overexcitedB. turbulentC. overwhelmedD. hysterical18. On Labor Day the workers will march in __________though the town.A. processB. procedureC. processionD. progress19. Although we had lord them not to keep US waiting, they made no _____to speed up deliveries.A. trialB. actionC. attemptD. progress20. Mr.Moore is one of the most prosperous persons in the town, yet he does take _____at questioning the way he makes money.A. offenceB. rageC. hostilityD. revengeSection II Reading Comprehension(40%)Directions：There are 5 passages ill this section. Each passage is followed by 4 questions. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Please choose the best one for each question and mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET l with a single line through the centre.Passage 1An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers Oil the subject have explored this distinction—indeed, contradiction—which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.An education that aims at getting student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone’s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we havea certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess now his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case. Before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age. It was widely accepted that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computer-education advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, pre-sumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many business-men, and so many accountants. . Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, all entirely different story. Basic computer skills take—at the very longest—a couple ofmonths to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.21. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is ________________.A. far-reaching B self-contradictoryC. dubiously orientedD. radically reformatory22. The belief that education is indispensable to all children ______________________.A. originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countriesB. is deeply rooted in the minds of computer education advocatesC. came into being along with the arrival of computersD. is indicative of a pessimism in disguise23. It could be inferred from the passage that in the author, s country the European model of professional training is __________________________.A. dependent upon the starting age of candidatesB. worth trying in various social sectionsC. attractive to every kind of professionalD. of little practical value24. According to the author, basic computer skill should be ______________________.A. highlighted I acquisition of professional qualification5B. included as an auxiliary course in schoolC. mastered through a lifelong courseD. equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwisePassage 2The prevention of illness through exercise and nutrition was a small step from movements like hydreopathy (which advocated the ‘‘natural" healing powers of water), to the idea that flesh air, healthy food, and exercise could be beneficial. The physical fitness movement in America followed the influx of a large number of German immigrants who fled their country due to the 1848 revolution. The movement began there with Fredrich Ludwig Jahn who unified exercise and sport with German history and tradition and saw a connection between mental and physical health. Charle Pollen, Jahn’s student, led the movement in America, organizing the Round Hill School at Harvard, which stressed rigorous mental and physical exercise. In the mid-west the Germans established their first gymnastic institution called the Turnverein in Cincinnati in l848. Later called the Turners, these groups developed nationally and organized outings of picnics, games, gymnastics, and celebrations of German culture.Catherine Beecher promoted physical fitness for women, and felt that corsets (束腹) not only made such exercise impossible, but actually deformed wo men’s bodies, and could even be passed on to future generations and degrade the race. She was also in advocate of improving nutrition and an early opponent of gluttony (暴食), believing condiments on food stimulated the appetite towards excess. Others championed vegetarianism, or saw lack of sunshine as a cause of stomach discomfort. Regardless of their particular inclination, all of the food reformers had a common philosophy: bad eating habits led to social disorder. Like physical fitness proponents, they saw a connection between reshaping the body and reshaping American society to improve the individual and the country.The physical fitness movement declined in the years preceding the Civil War, then revived, as Americans became city dwellers and took sedentary jobs. Advocates promoted "Muscular Christianity," a movement begun in England, which stressed that the best and most moral Christians were those with sound bodies. Indian clubs became a favorite exercise tool with entire books written for club exercises. Team sports became popular after l 865, reflecting America’s growing urbanization. The most popular was baseball, and in l 869 the Cincinnati Red Stockings became the country’s first professional team. By the l 900s, Luther Gulick transformed the Young Men’s Christian Association (VMCA) into the epitome of typical "Muscular Christianity.’’ It became the largest organization of urban gymnasiums and fitness centers in America.25. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that as to the physical fitness movement in the 19th century _____________________.A. hydropathy was popularB. not all groups had a German focus、C. Germans were fitter than AmericansD. Harvard became a leader in America26. It can be inferred from the passage that the Tumverein was ________________.A. successful in the mid-westB. 1imited to GermansC. 1ater named Turners because it was too difficult to pronounceD not popular with many non=Germans because they celebrated German culture27. Why did the physical fitness movement revive after theCivil War?A. Because people returned to their usual occupationsB. Because ‘‘Muscular Christianity" became popular.C. Because of urbanization.D. Because of physical injuries caused by the war.28. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The prevention of illness through exercise and nutrition.B. The German and Christian influences on nutrition and physical fitness.C. Development of the physical fitness movement.D. The nutrition and physical fitness movements.Passage 3An industrial society, especially one as centralized and concentrated as that of Britain, is heavily dependent on certain essential services, for instance, electricity supply, water, rail and road transport, the harbours. The area of dependency has widened to include removing rubbish, hospital and ambulance services, and, as the economy develops, central computer and information services as well. If any of these services ceases to operate, the whole economic system is in danger.It is this economic interdependency of the economic system that makes the power of trade unions such an important issue. Single trade unions have the ability to cut off many countries’ economic blood supply. This can happen more easily in Britain than in some other countries, in part because the labour force is highly organized. About 55 percent of British workers belong to unions, compared to under a quarter in the United States. For historical reasons, Britain’s unions have tended to develop along trade and occupational lines, rather than on an industry-by-industry basis, which makes a wages policy, democracy inindustry and the improvement of procedures for fixing wage levels difficult to achieve.There are considerable strains and tensions in the trade union movement, some of them arising from their outdated and inefficient structure. Some unions have lost many members because of their industrial changes. Others are involved in arguments about who should represent workers in new trades. Unions for skilled trades are separate from general unions, which means that different levels of wages for certain jobs are often a source of bad feeling between unions. In traditional trades which are being pushed out of existence by advancing technologies, unions can fight for their members’ disappointing jobs to the point where the jobs of other union members are threatened or destroyed. The printing of newspapers both in the United States and in Britain has frequently been halted by the efforts of printers to hold on to their traditional highly-paid jobs.Trade unions Nave problems of internal communication just as managers in companies do, problems which multiply in very large unions or in those which bring workers in very different industries together into a single general union Some trade union officials have to be reelected regularly; others are elected, or even appointed for life: Trade union officials have to work with a system of "shop stewards" in many unions, "shop stewards" being workers’ elected by other workers as their representatives at factory or works level.下载文档。

北京大学考博英语系统全程班使用说明北京大学考博英语试题结构如下：Part 1 听力 20%Part 2 词汇 20 %Part 3 阅读理解20%Part 4 完形 10%Part 5 改错 15%Part 6 写作 15%（250~300字）通过上述试题结构的简单介绍，大家可以看出北京大学的题型没有特别的侧重哪一个专项，而是要求考生全面培养自己的英语能力。

各位学员在拿到一大堆的学习资料时，往往有一种不知道该从何入手的感觉。

下面给学员详细的介绍一下，各个科目的学习计划。

具体听课顺序如下：一、词汇：词汇，是英语学习的基石。

词汇背得越多，考试时就越会有把握。

尤其针对考博英语考试而言更是如此。

博士研究生入学考试对词汇量的要求大致是在8000~10000。

所以大家学习的第一个课程就应是词汇。

1.基础词汇课程课程课时： 31课时课程内容：课程里面所讲解的词汇都是要求大家全面掌握的。

所谓的全面掌握就是指，要知道它的拼写、常用汉语释义、用法。

学习建议：（1）拿到词汇讲义后，先进行词汇学习的瘦身工作——删减词汇。

也就是从A 到Z浏览一下，把自己已经非常熟悉的单词删减出去。

这里所谓的“非常熟悉”是指：看到英语单词就能在脑海中直接反应出它的汉语意思。

这个工作完成以后，就可以开始词汇部分的学习了。

建议每天学习2个课时。

完成词汇专项突破课程的基础词汇部分需要15天的时间。

（2）遵循艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线进行及时有效的复习。

下附艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线，可根据个人的具体情况进行适当调整。

第一个记忆周期：5 分钟（注：5分钟即每隔五分钟检查前5 分钟的，以下时间的解释与此相同）第二个记忆周期：30 分第三个记忆周期：12 小时第四个记忆周期：1 天第五个记忆周期：2 天第六个记忆周期：4 天第七个记忆周期：7 天第八个记忆周期：15 天2.王沁老师词汇训练课程课程课时：26课时课程内容：针对词汇题型进行讲解。

学习建议：（1）听课之前，要求学员自己先完成讲义上的题目，通过自测可以自我了解哪里不会，为什么不会，带着问题去学习在线课程。

北京科技大学考博英语真题及其精解1.The studies show that the driver who has consumed an amount of alcohol within the limit is likely to have an automobile accident than the driver who does not take any alcohol.A.not soB.not muchC.no lessD.no more2.If someone is dying of cancer and begging to be put out of his or her misery,and someone gives that person a deadly dose of morphine, that seems merciful criminal.A.neverthelessB.otherwiseC.or elseD.rather than3.When we arrived,he found the aged and the sick at home.A.none butB.none other thanC.nothing butD.no other than4.I hope all the precautions against air pollution,are suggested by the local government,will be seriously considered here.A.asB.whileC.afterD.since5.Most of is on American television are programs designed to appeal to people who go into the supermarkets and buy the products that are advertised on TV.A.whichB.thatC.whateverD.what6.To understand the situation completely requires more thought than thus far.A.has givenB.was givenC.being givenD.has been given7.Of great significance the nation-wide movement is the Geng duoyuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi Kampuchean people in their heroic struggle against the aggression of the Vietnamese.A.to supportB.for supportingC.supportingD.of supporting8.Many farmers came to the city,jobs and for all the other legendary opportunities of life in the city.A.looking forB.to look forC.having looked forD.looked for9.It is requested that an applicant whose undergraduate work is done at another institution two copies of undergraduate transcripts and degrees directly to the dean of the graduate school.A.must sendB.sendC.are to sendD.need send10.You her in her office last Friday;she’s been out of town for two weeks.A.needn’t have seenB.might have seenC.must have seenD.can’t have seen答案解析：1.Dno more…than…“不比……更……”。

北京科技大学考博英语真题及其解析SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points) As former colonists of Great Britain,the Founding Fathers of the United States adopted much of the legal system of Great Britain.We have a“common law”,or law made by courts1a monarch or other central governmental2like a legislature.The jury,a3of ordinary citizens chosen to decide a case,is an4part of our common-law system.Use of juries to decide cases is a5feature of the American legal system.Few other countries in the world use juries as we do in the United States.6the centuries,many people have believed that juries in most cases reach a fairer and more just result7would be obtained using a judge8,as many countries do.9a jury decides cases after “10”，or discussions among a group of people,the jury’s decision is likely to have the11from many different people from different backgrounds,who must as a group decide what is right.Geng duo yuan xiao zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.Juries are used in both civil cases,which decide12among13 citizens,and criminal cases,which decide cases brought by the government14that individuals have committed crimes.Juries areselected from the U.S.citizens and15.Jurors,consisting of16 numbers,are called for each case requiring a jury.The judge17to the case18the selection of jurors to serve as the jury for that case.In some states,19jurors are questioned by the judge;in others,they are questioned by the lawyers representing the20under rules dictated by state law.1.[A]other than[B]rather than[C]more than[D]or rather2.[A]agency[B]organization[C]institution[D]authority3.[A]panel[B]crew[C]band[D]flock4.[A]innate[B]intact[C]integral[D]integrated5.[A]discriminating[B]distinguishing[C]determining[D]diminishing6.[A]In[B]By[C]After[D]Over7.[A]that[B]which[C]than[D]as8.[A]alike[B]alone[C]altogether[D]apart9.[A]Although[B]Because[C]If[D]While10.[A]deliberations[B]meditations[C]reflections[D]speculations11.[A]outline[B]outcome[C]input[D]intake12.[A]arguments[B]controversies[C]disputes[D]hostilities13.[A]fellow[B]individual[C]personal[D]private14.[A]asserting[B]alleging[C]maintaining[D]testifying15.[A]summoned[B]evoked[C]rallied[D]assembled16.[A]set[B]exact[C]given[D]placed17.[A]allocated[B]allotted[C]appointed[D]assigned18.[A]administers[B]manages[C]oversees[D]presides19.[A]inspective[B]irrespective[C]perspective[D]prospective20.[A]bodies[B]parties[C]sides[D]unitsSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40points)Text OneIt’s plain common sense—the more happiness you feel,the less unhappiness you experience.It’s plain common sense,but it’s not true.Recent research reveals that happiness and unhappiness are not really two sides of the same emotion.They are two distinct feelings that,coexisting,rise and fall independently.People might think that the higher a person’s level of unhappiness,the lower their level of happiness and vice versa.But when researchers measure people’s average levels of happiness and unhappiness,they often find little relationship between the two.The recognition that feelings of happiness and unhappiness can co-exist much like love and hate in a close relationship may offer valuable clues on how to lead a happier life.It suggests,for example, that changing or avoiding things that make you miserable may well make you less miserable,but probably won’t make you any happier.Thatadvice is backed up by an extraordinary series of studies which indicate that a genetic predisposition for unhappiness may run in certain families.On the other hand,researchers have found happiness doesn’t appear to be anyone’s heritage.The capacity for joy is a talent you develop largely for yourself.Psychologists have settled on a working definition of the feeling—happiness is a sense of subjective well-being.They have also begun to find out who’s happy,who isn’t and why.To date,the research hasn’t found a simple formula for a happy life,but it has discovered some of the actions and attitudes that seem to bring people closer to that most desired of feelings.Why is unhappiness less influenced by environment?When we are happy,we are more responsive to people and keep up connections better than when we are feeling sad.This doesn’t mean,however,that some people are born to be sad and that’s that.Genes may predispose one to unhappiness,but disposition can be influenced by personal choice. You can increase your happiness through your own actions.21.According to the text,it is true that[A]unhappiness is more inherited than affected by environment.[B]happiness and unhappiness are mutually conditional.[C]unhappiness is subject to external more than internal factors.[D]happiness is an uncontrollable subjective feeling.22.The author argues that one can achieve happiness by[A]maintaining it at an average level.[B]escaping miserable occurrences in life.[C]pursuing it with one’s painstaking effort.[D]realizing its coexistence with unhappiness.23.The phrase“To date”(Para.4)can be best replaced by[A]As a result.[B]In addition.[C]At present.[D]Until now.24.What do you think the author believes about happiness and unhappiness?[A]One feels unhappy owing to his miserable origin.[B]They are independent but existing concurrently[C]One feels happy by participating in more activities.[D]They are actions and attitudes taken by human beings.25.The sentence“That’s that”(Para.5)probably means:Some people are born to be sad[A]and the situation cannot be altered.[B]and happiness remains inaccessible.[C]but they don’t think much about it.[D]but they remain unconscious of it.Text TwoWhat are the characteristics of a mediator?Foremost,the mediator needs to be seen as a respected neutral,objective thirdparty who is capable of weighing out fairness in the resolution of a conflict.The mediator must be trusted by both parties to come up with a solution that will protect them from shame.While the central issue is justice,the outcome needs to be win-win,no losers.The abilities to listen impartially,suspend judgment,and accurately gather and assess information are other important characteristics. Finally,to function effectively the mediator must have power (financial,status,position),so that both parties will take seriously and abide by the mediator’s judgment.If one party refused to cooperate,he or she should fear the possibility of being shamed and losing face before the mediator and the whole community.If that real possibility does not enter the minds of both parties,the mediator will be ineffective.In several countries mediators are still used to find a bride for a ually this is a job for the parents,and they in turn employ the services of a mediator.Because this event takes much planning, the parents will try to identify the mediator well in advance.Since these services sometimes require reward,money must be saved.Or in some cases parents try to do a number of favors for the mediator so that he or she will feel indebtedness and perform the service as a kind of repayment.The parents will try to get the most influential mediator possible, to boost their chances of being approved by the potential bride’s parents.The young woman’s parents will not want to risk shame byturning down a request from such an important person—so the reasoning goes.Of course,the higher-ranked the mediator,the higher the cost of the services.Complicating the process is the fact that turning down the mediator is also a slight of the potential groom and his parents,which will likely generate conflict between the families.If the parties are not careful,the entire community can take sides.One way to alleviate this eventuality is for the young woman’s family to identify a flaw that would make her a less desirable prospect.They might say,“She is sickly.”or“She may not be able to bear children.”Although none of these statements may be true,and probably everyone knows they aren’t,they do provide a way for the young man’s parents to withdraw their request for a perfectly legitimate reason.Everyone saves face,at least at the surface,and peace is preserved.26.The characteristics of a mediator include all of the following except[A]unbiased judgment of arguments.[B]hard prudence in decision-making.[C]impartial treatment to a conflict.[D]remarkable insight into controversies.27.The author deems it important for a mediator[A]to be quite wealthy and considerate.[B]to be powerful to shame either party.[C]to justify the solution of a conflict.[D]to have high status to fear arguers.28.In some courtiers,young people’s marriage[A]is independent of their parents’will.[B]needs careful valuation in advance.[C]costs a small fortune of their family.[D]is usually facilitated by a mediator.29.The request of the groom’s parents may be turned down unless[A]they manage to hire a qualified mediator.[B]they make their best choice at all risks.[C]the young woman’s parents want to lose face.D]the bride’s parents dare to offend the mediator.30.It may be the best way to resolve a conflict for[A]the entire community to offer support.[B]a mediator to be identified by both sides.[C]the outcome of mediation to be acceptable.[D]a valid excuse to spare both sides’blushes.Text ThreeThe Internet,like its network predecessors,has turned out to be far more social than television,and in this respect,the impact of the Internet may be more like that of the telephone than of TV. Our research has shown that interpersonal communication is the dominant use of the Internet at home.That people use the Internet mainly for interpersonal communication,however,does not imply thattheir social interactions and relationships on the Internet are the same as their traditional social interactions and relationships,or that their social uses of the Internet will have effects comparable to traditional social activity.Whether social uses of the Internet have positive or negative effects may depend on how the Internet shapes the balance of strong and weak network ties that people maintain.Strong ties are relationships associated with frequent contact,deep feelings of affection and obligation,whereas weak ties are relationships with superficial and easily broken bonds,infrequent contact,and narrow focus.Strong and weak ties alike provide people with social support. Weak ties including weak online ties,are especially useful for linking people to information and social resources unavailable in people’s closest,local groups.Nonetheless,strong social ties are the relationships that generally buffer people from life’s stresses and that lead to better social and psychological outcomes.People receive most of their social support from people with whom they are in most frequent contact,and bigger favors come from those with stronger ties.Generally,strong personal ties are supported by physical proximity.The Internet potentially reduces the importance of physical proximity in creating and maintaining networks of strong social ties.Unlike face-to-face interaction or even the telephone, the Internet offers opportunities for social interactions that do notdepend on the distance between parties.People often use the Internet to keep up with those with whom they have preexisting relationships. But they also develop new relationships on-line.Most of these new relationships are weak.MUDs,newsgroups,and chat rooms put people in contact with a pool of new groups,but these on-line“mixers”are typically organized around specific topics,or activities,and rarely revolve around local community and close family and friends.Whether a typical relationship developed on-line becomes as strong as a typical traditional relationship and whether having on-line relationships changes the number or quality of a person’s total social involvements are open questions.Empirical evidence about the impact of the Internet on relationships and social involvement is sparse.Many authors have debated whether the Internet will promote community or undercut it.Much of this discussion has been speculative and anecdotal,or is based on cross-sectional data with small samples.31.The text is mainly about[A]the dominance of interpersonal communication.[B]strong and weak personal ties over the Internet.[C]the difference between old and modern relationships.[D]an empirical research on the Internet and its impact.32.It is implied in the text that[A]the Internet interactions can rival traditional ones.[B]television is inferior to telephone in social effect.[C]strong links are far more valid than weak ones.[D]the Internet features every home and community.33.The word“buffer”(Para.2)can probably be replaced by[A]deviate.[B]alleviate.[C]shield.[D]distract.34.According to the author,the Internet can[A]eliminate the hindrance of the distance.[B]weaken the intimate feelings among people.[C]provide people with close physical contacts.[D]enhance our ability to remove social stresses.35.From the text we can infer that[A]the evidence for the effect of the Internet seems abundant.[B]the social impact of the Internet has been barely studied enough.[C]some discussions are conclusive about the function of the Internet.[D]random samples have witnessed the positive influence of the Internet.Text FourLeadership is hardly a new area of research,of course.For years, academics have debated whether leaders are born or made,whether a person who lacks charisma(capacity to inspire devotion and enthusiasm)can become a leader,and what makes leaders fail.Warren G.Bennis,possibly the possibly the world’s foremost expert on leading,has,together with his co-author,written two best-sellerson the topic.Generally,researchers have found that you can’t explain leadership by way of intelligence,birth order,family wealth or stability,level of education,race,or sex.From one leader to the next,there’s enormous variance in every one of those factors.The authors’research led to a new and telling discovery:that every leader,regardless of age,had undergone at least one intense, transformational experience—what the authors call a“crucible”(severe test).These events can either make you or break you.For emerging leaders,they do more making than breaking,providing key lessons to help a person move ahead confidently.If a crucible helps a person to become leader,there are four essential qualities that allow someone to remain one,according to the authors.They are:an“adaptive capacity”that lets people not only survive inevitable setbacks,heartbreaks,and difficulties but also learn from them;an ability to engage others through shared meaning or a common vision;a distinctive and compelling voice that communicates one’s conviction and desire to do the right thing;and a sense of integrity that allows a leader to distinguish between good and evil.That sounds obvious enough to be commonplace,until you look at some recent failures that show how valid these dictums(formal statements of opinion)are.The authors believe that former Coca-Cola Co.Chairman M.Douglas Ivester lasted just28months because“his grasp of context was sorrowful.”Among other things,Ivesterdegraded Coke’s highest-ranking African-American even as the company was losing a$200million class action brought by black employees.Procter&Gamble Co.ex-CEO Durk Jager lost his job because he failed to communicate the urgent need for the sweeping changes he was making.It’s striking,too,that the authors found their geezers(whose formative period,as the authors define them,was1945to1954,and who were shaped by World War II)sharing what they believed to be a critical trait—the sense of possibility and wonder more often associated with childhood.“Unlike those defeated by time and age,our geezers have remained much like our geeks (who came of age between1991and2000,and grew up“virtual,visual, and digital”)—open,willing to take risks,hungry for knowledge and experience,courageous,and eager to see what the new day brings”, the authors write.36.The text indicates that leadership research[A]has been a controversial study for years.[B]predicts how a leader comes to be.[C]defines the likelihood to be a leader.[D]probes the mysteries of leadership.37.According to Bennis,the trait shared by leaders consists of[A]top levels of intelligence and education and devotion.[B]remarkable ability to encourage people with loyalty and hope.[C]striking qualities of going through serious trials andsufferings.[D]strong personalities that arouse admiration and confidence.38.The favorable effect of a crucible depends on whether a leader[A]proves himself/herself to be a newly emergent one.[B]accepts it as a useful experience for progress.[C]shrinks back from tiring and trying experiences.[D]draws important lessons for his/her followers.39.A leader can hardly maintain his/her position unless he/she[A]fulfils all necessary quality requirements.[B]helps people to prevent defeats and sorrows.[C]fails to attract people with common concerns.[D]lacks appealing and strength of character.40.The authors’dictums can be justified by the fact that[A]Douglas Ivester defeated a highest-ranking black employee in a suit.[B]Durk Jager was dismissed owing to his poor communicating ability.[C]Geezers couldn’t erase the brands stamped in childhood.[D]Geeks are sensible enough to meet dangers and challenges.Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph(41-45).The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered.There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points)[A]Physical Changes[B]Low Self-Esteem[C]Emerging Independence and Search for Identity[D]Emotional Turbulence[E]Interest in the Opposite Sex[F]Peer Pressure and ConformityThe transition to adulthood is difficult.Rapid physical growth begins in early adolescence—typically between the ages of9and 13—and thought processes start to take on adult characteristics. Many youngsters find these changes distressing because they do not fully understand what is happening to them.Fears and anxieties can be put to rest by simply keeping an open line of communication and preparing for change before it occurs.The main issues that arise during adolescence are:(41)__________A child’s self worth is particularly fragile during adolescence. Teenagers often struggle with an overwhelming sense that nobody likes them,that they’re not as good as other people,that they are failures, losers,ugly or unintelligent.(42)__________Some form of bodily dissatisfaction is common among pre-teens. If dissatisfaction is great,it may cause them to become shy or very easily embarrassed.In other cases,teens may act the opposite—loudand angry—in an effort to compensate for feelings ofself-consciousness and inferiority.As alarming as these bodily changes can be,adolescents may find it equally distressing to not experience the changes at the same time as their te maturation can cause feelings of inferiority and awkwardness.(43)__________Young people feel more strongly about everything during adolescence.Fears become more frightening,pleasures become more exciting,irritations become more distressing and frustrations become more intolerable.Every experience appears king-sized during adolescence.Youngsters having a difficult adolescence may become seriously depressed and/or engage in self-destructive behavior. Often,the first clue that a teenager needs professional help is a deep-rooted shift in attitude and behavior.Parents should be alert to the warning signs of personality change indicating that a teenager needs help.They include repeated school absences,slumping grades, use of alcohol or illegal substances,hostile or dangerous behavior and extreme withdrawal and reclusiveness.(44)__________There is tremendous pressure on adolescents to conform to the standards of their peers.This pressure toward conformity can be dangerous in that it applies not only to clothing and hairstyles;it may lead them to do things that they know are wrong.(45)__________Adolescence marks a period of increasing independence that often leads to conflict between teenagers and parents.This tension is a normal part of growing up—and for parents,a normal part of the letting-go process.Another normal part of adolescence is confusion over values and beliefs.This time of questioning is important as young people examine the values they have been taught and begin to embrace their own beliefs.Though they may adopt the same beliefs as their parents,discovering them on their own enables the young person to develop a sense of integrity.Although adolescence will present challenges for young people and their parents,awareness and communication can help pave the way for a smooth transition into this exciting phase of life.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10points)Culture shock might be called an occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad.Like most ailments,it has its own symptoms and cure.Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse.Those signs or cues include the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situation of daily life:when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people,when and how to give tips,how to makepurchases,when to accept and when to refuse invitations,when to take statements seriously and when not.46)These cues,which may be words, gestures,facial expressions,customs,or norms,are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept.47)All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, most of which we do not carry on the level of conscious awareness.Now when an individual enters a strange culture,all or most of these familiar cues are removed.He or she is like a fish out of water.48)No matter how broad-minded or full of goodwill you may be,a series of props(支柱)have been knocked from under you,followed by a feeling of frustration and anxiety.People react to the frustration in much the same way.First they reject the environment which causes the discomfort.“The ways of the host country are bad because they make us feel bad.”49)When foreigners in a strange land get together to grouse about the host country and its people,you can be sure they are suffering from culture shock.Another phase of culture shock is regression.The home environment suddenly assumes a tremendous importance.To the foreigner everything becomes irrationally glorified.All the difficulties and problems are forgotten and only the good things back home are remembered.It usually takes trip home to bring one back to reality.Individuals differ greatly in the degree in which culture shock affects them.Although not common,there are individuals who cannotlive in foreign countries.Those who have seen people go through a serious case of culture shock and on to a satisfactory adjustment can discern steps in the process.During the first few weeks most individuals are fascinated by the new.They stay in hotels and associate with nationals who speak their language and are polite and gracious to foreigners.This honeymoon stage may last from a few days or weeks to six months depending on circumstances.50)If one is a very important person he or she will be taken to the show places,will be pampered and petted,and in a press interview will speak glowingly about progress,goodwill,and international friendship.If he returns home may well write a book about his pleasant if superficial experience abroad.SectionⅢWriting51.Directions:Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay to1)describe the drawing,2)deduce the purpose of the painter of the drawing,and3)suggest counter-measures.You should write about160—200words neatly ANSWER SHEET2.(20 points)答案详解：Section I答案及解析答案详解1.【解析】[B]逻辑衔接题。

北京科技大学考博英语真题复习备考方法今天我们主要谈三点：一是要求解读，咱这次课解读英语一;二是谈谈大家对考博完形填空的感受;第三是重点，讲解考博完形填空的做题步骤及技巧。

需要各大院校历年考博英语真题及其解析请加扣扣七七二六七八五三七或二八九零零六四三五一，也可以拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八享受考博辅导体验。

先看2013年的考博要求对完形填空部分的要求,俗语说：有的放矢，我们先要明白靶子在哪里。

该部分考查考生的语言要素的掌握程度，还考查对语段特征的辨识能力。

出题形式是在240-280词的文章留出20个空，这个大家都很熟悉了，从学英语的初期时咱就开始接触。

虽然接触了那么久，要是问大家对考博完形填空的感受，或者问考博的那个部分最难，完形填空也会是大家的一个重要选择。

有的同学说，老师，阅读真看不懂，我还可以带着选项去文章中找，写作我还可以提前准备一下，可是完形填空我本来对文章就看不懂，还有那么多空要填。

一个字：难。

还有人说我不如掷个色子或者投个纸团。

我问他原因，他说，老师，我自己做的还不如掷筛子或投纸团对的题目多。

难道完形填空就真得这么难么?答案当然是否定的。

下面咱们从技术角度分析下：万变不离其宗。

完形填空再怎么变化，也要根据要求的考查要求来出题。

咱再看一次要求：重点考查两个方面：一是语言要素，说到底就是词;二是语段特征，说到底就是文章结构。

从词汇方面来看，词多么?一篇考博完形填空总词量在240-280词之间。

这十年来，除了2004年286个词，2011年293个词，2013年292个词以外，其余都在这个范围内。

这个总词量是远远小于后面的大阅读的。

词难么?大家可以看下考博完形填空的文章，几乎没有偏词难词，再看下选项，从94年到13年，这二十年1600个选项，也几乎都在考博要求的基础词汇10000个以内。

如果再说文章看不懂，那只能说明单词量不过关，这10000个单词是出题前写出来的最基本的词汇，是要求参加考博英语的同学们背诵的，因此说考博完形填空难得同学们还要把词汇再攻克一下。

博士研究生入学考试英语阅读理解题型及答题技巧考博网编辑整理考博论坛一、事实细节题1．命题规律1）列举处指的是first…,second,…third…等并列关系词出现的部分2）举例和打比方的地方常考3）指示代词出现处常考4）引用人物论断处常考5）特殊标点符号后的内容常考。

破折号，括号，冒号，引号2答题技巧1）针对例子、引言、特殊符号，要对号入座2）针对某一段的内容提问3）选项中照抄原文的一般不是答案，而同义词替换的一般是答案4）选项中较具体和肤浅地表达了字面意思地一般不是答案，而概括性地、抽象、含义深刻地是答案项5）选项内容与其他三项有较大差别的，可能为答案6）答案项中有绝对语气词的一般不是正确答案7）选项中符合一般常识，意义深刻富有哲理，属于普遍现象的往往是答案8）细节干扰项特点：与原句内容相反与原文内容一般相同一半不同与原句内容相似但过于绝对化原文没有提到二、判断词汇和短语的意义题1命题规律1）含有指示代词的句中常有被考察词汇2）具体环境中具有指代上下文语义功能的词汇3）一词多义的常见词4）对比处常考5）复杂句常考2应试技巧1）看所考词汇与全篇文章主题的关系，关系相近符合主题的是答案2）通过连接词关系判断被考词汇含义–And表接近和递进–Or表示相反或进一步解释和说明3）选项含义与被考单词在含义上肤浅相近的一般不是答案4）利用被考词的修饰、限定成分判断其含义5）定冠词the+被考词汇，前句有解6）选项内容全面、概括性强的一般是答案三、推理判断题1命题规律1）综合性推论和判断题常会围绕文章出题，归纳篇首、篇尾及段落中的主题句2）合性推论和判断题还可围绕文章若干段落进行，要求推论和判断段落间的关系3）对支持主题思想的细节部分进行判断推理4）文章和段落的开头处，尤其是文章结尾总结处常被考5）语义转折处常考2应试技巧1）若要求对某段内容进行判断、推论，那么就只看提干要求做答的那一段2）选项措辞过于绝对化的，一般不是答案项3）合乎常理的选项一般是答案项，照抄原文和对文中做字面解释的则不是答案4）弄清主题思想5）逻辑推理题干扰项特点不是在文章事实基础上进行推理推理过头，概括过度四、主旨大意题1命题规律1）段首、段尾句常考2）特殊标点符号，尤其段首的特殊符号的内容往往表达了作者的论点3）语义转折处，尤其在段首的语义转折处常是考点4）因果句常考2应试技巧1）答案很可能在首尾段2）出现频率高的词可能是蕴涵中心思想的关键词3）判断选项内容，片面、单一的内容应排除4）主旨大意题干扰项特点只是局部信息，或是一句没有展开的化，或是某一段的内容概括范围太宽无关信息五、观点态度题1命题规律1）涉及文章中心思想处易考2）作者提出观点处易考3）语义转折和强对比处易考4）文章中有复杂句、特殊句型处易考2应试技巧1）辨别文体议论文中心句说明文中立描述性文找暗示性短语和词汇2）分析段落大意，分析文章走向3）区分不同的观点注意直接引语和间接引语In my view,in my opinion,personally,I think,I hold4)分清选项中的褒义词、中性词和贬义词褒义词positive,supporting,praising,optimistic,admiring,interesting,humorous,serious,enthusiastic,pleasant,polite,concerned,sober贬义词Disgusted,critical,negative,suspicious, tolerant,worried,pessimistic,depressed, disappointed,ironic,sarcastic,bitter, cynical,sentimental,emotional,angry中性词Indifferent,impassive,uninterested, ambivalent,neutral,impersonal,subjective, objective,informative,impartial,apathetic 文体鉴别词Formal,informal,casual。

考博英语一般考什么？有什么题型和参考书？考博英语考试各学校自主命题，另外医学博士有全国统一考试，各考试的考查重点略有差别，但总体来说考博英语考试作为选拔高水平知识人员的测试科目，重点考查考生对英语的阅读和应用。

具体来说从题型上讲有如下重点：1、阅读考博英语的成败取决于英语，考博英语的成败取决于阅读。

考博英语特别注重对考生阅读能力的考查。

而试卷中至少有50-70分与阅读有关系阅读理解题本身就占整套试题很大的比例，一般为30分，4-6篇文章。

完形填空和翻译等题型也离不开阅读能力。

完形填空题需要跳过空格阅读文章，通过自己的语感和英语知识，把握通篇段落和每个句子，从而选出空格处所缺的词，这也需要很好的阅读能力。

翻译，在考研里阅读理解b项，翻译源自于阅读，高于阅读，先要看懂理解是表达的前提，不能确切地理解就谈不上确切地表达这样算下来，考阅读的分数要占到一半甚至更高。

2、翻译英语翻译题是考博英语的另一个重点，占试卷分值的20%-40%左右，分为英译汉和汉译英，涉及各方面知识。

联系我们：扣扣四九三三七一六二六3、写作写作是考博英语的第三大重点，在试卷中所占分数也是相当的高，一般在15-20分，考查考生用英语分析事物和表达自己观点的能力或概括事物的能力。

以上重点是大部分高校的考查重点。

但有部分高校的考查重点与上不同：例如北大：注重英语基础能力应用，考题中把英语的六大题型全包括在内，听力，词汇，语法，阅读理解，完形，改错，写作，每一部分都涉及到的语法知识很重，所以北大考题的重点就是英语基础应用，并词汇量在7000-8000左右。

而北师大，它考听力阅读翻译和写作，这几个题型更可看出北师大重点强调考生在平时对英语的应用能力。

考博英语中的难点考博英语选拔的是更高层次的人才，当然要比大学六级考试和研究生考试有更大的难点和不同。

主要体现在：1、词汇量要求更高相对于人大，天津大学等高校，六级和研究生考试5000-6000左右的词汇量应该够用。

240英语（单独考试）一、考试目的英语（单独）考试主要科学、公平、有效地测试考生达到大学英语考试四级（CET-4）以上的英语综合能力，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平，并有利于各高等学校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。

二、考试性质与范围标准参照性考试。

考试范围包括语法、词汇、阅读、写作、翻译等方面。

三、考试内容试题由四个部分组成：词汇与语法、阅读理解、翻译和写作。

各部分详细说明如下：（一）词汇与语法(Vocabulary)(20分，共20题)1.测试要求认知并且能正确、熟练地运用常用单词和短语的意义和基本用法。

2.测试目的测试考生掌握词汇和短语的熟练程度。

（二）阅读理解(Reading Comprehension)(30分，3篇短文共15道题)1.测试要求（1）能理解所读材料的主旨大意，分辨出其中的事实和细节。

（2）能理解字面意义和隐含意义。

（3）能根据所读材料进行判断和推理。

（4）能分析所读材料的思想观点、语篇结构、语言特点和修辞手法。

2.测试目的阅读理解部分测试考生通过阅读获取有关信息的能力，考核考生掌握相关阅读策略和技巧的程度。

既要求准确性，也要求一定的速度。

（三）翻译（Translation）（20分，英汉原文各一段）Section A:英译汉(English to Chinese Translation)1.测试要求考察考生对英语到汉语的基本翻译能力和技巧。

原文长度150个单词左右；译文必须忠实原意，语言通顺、流畅。

2.测试目的测试考生英译汉基本翻译能力。

Section B:汉译英（Chinese to English Translation）1.测试要求考察考生对汉语到英语的基本翻译能力和技巧。

原文长度100字左右；译文必须忠实原意，语言通顺、流畅。

2.测试目的测试考生汉译英基本翻译能力。

（四）写作(Writing)(30分)1.测试要求能根据所给题目及要求撰写各类体裁的文章，文章长度约150个单词；能做到内容充实，层次分明，语言通顺，用词恰当，表达得体。

北京大学考博英语试题结构分析及考核要点北京大学考博英语的测试时间为3个小时，试卷分为听力（outline和spot dictation）、词汇、阅读、完型（有时无选项）、改错（无选项）、作文六个部分。

华慧老师根据近几年来的真题进行了分析，并列表如下：考核要求：除医学考博英语外，其他专业的考博英语由全国各大院校自主命题，而且各院校的考核要求水平也有差异，其中北京大学的考博英语对考生的具体要求如下：词汇方面，需要考生掌握8000~10000单词，900常用动词短语。

当然，一般掌握了六级及硕士研究生入学考试的词汇，通过考博英语也没有多大问题，只是词汇题可能失去少数分数。

长期关注和研究考博英语试题，反对有些所谓考博英语词汇书所讲的考博需要掌握1万甚至1万以上词汇的观点。

事实上，背诵那么多词汇是没有多大意义的，考博英语考查的重点不是考生掌握了多少词汇，而是阅读、翻译、写作能力。

所以，词汇够用即可，建议复习自己当年很熟悉的考研词汇、六级词汇，然后略加拓展，如可看看公共英语等级考试五级词汇、新托福词汇、部分GRE词汇。

有些院校公布了词汇表或参考词汇表，但实际出题人并不怎么按大纲出题。

英语说到底还是个水平问题。

语法方面，北京大学考博英语试题都不直接考查语法，但语法有必要全面复习一下。

这也不怎么花费时间。

阅读方面，能读懂一般英美报刊杂志上的社论，比如经济人网；能分析上蔟体裁文章的思想观点。

能在6分钟内速度600字左右的文章，并掌握文章的主旨和大意，理解事实和细节。

写作方面，一般都是命题作文，即给定题目写一篇300词左右的议论文。

但北京大学也出现过主观提纲作文，这类命题形式可能还会采用。

作文应当认真准备。

这是容易得分也容易失分的项目。

要求考生写作速度为50分钟300个单词，思路清晰、内容充实、语言通顺。

北京大学考博辅导班简介：北大考博英语在所有考博院校试题中最难，如何一次顺利通过考试呢？☆北大考博英语难度六级以上，没有固定的大纲，如何进行突破呢？☆北大考博英语词汇量八千到一万，甚至更多，怎样在短时间内完全掌握?☆北大考博英语阅读量大，长难句较多，做题错误较多，如何才能提高阅读速度、提高正确率？☆工作较忙，每天只能抽2-3个小时的学习时间，怎样才能提高学习效率?☆英语基础不好，四级过了很多年，工作学习中接触英语的机会又不多?大部分都忘了？☆复习了一段时间，把握不了重难点。

北科大考博辅导班：2019北京科技大学数理学院考博难度解析及经验分享2019年我校拟招收攻读博士学位研究生560人左右(含各类专项计划），其中定向就业考生占10%左右。

最终招生人数以教育部下达的规模数为准。

招生制度将本着公平、公正、公开的原则，通过导师推荐、学院审核和基本能力测试，择优选拔优秀博士生。

下面是启道考博辅导班整理的关于北京科技大学数理学院考博相关内容。

一、院系简介北京科技大学数理学院前身是北京钢铁学院建校伊始的基础部，1984年数力系、物理系成立，1996年应用科学学院成立，2010年学校调整拆分后建立数理学院。

数理学院是综合实力较强的教学研究型学院。

由4个系、2个研究所、2个中心组成，分别是应用数学系、信息与计算科学系、应用力学系、物理系、应用物理研究所、应用数学研究所、现代物理技术研究中心、实验教学中心。

学院还设有陈难先院士领导的国家科技部新材料模拟设计实验室、国家工科物理基础课程教学基地、北京市实验教学示范中心。

教学基地和实验教学示范中心的教学改革成果已在全国三十所高校推广应用。

学院设有物理一级学科博士学位授权点，固体力学、一般力学与力学基础2个二级学科博士学位授权点，有数学、统计学2个一级学科硕士学位授权点，物理电子学、固体力学2个二级学科硕士学位授权点；有数学与应用数学、信息与计算科学、应用物理学3个本科生专业。

学院承担了全校200多门次课程的教学任务，承担了国家和北京市的教育教学改革项目，承担了国家重点基础研究发展规划项目（“973”项目）、“863”项目、国家自然科学基金重点项目、国家自然科学基金项目、北京市自然科学基金项目、北京市教委共建项目、中关村风险投资项目等研究任务。

2011年学院承担的科研项目经费达到1337万元，在国内外学术期刊上发表学术论文234篇。

学院建成了具有国内一流的力学实验室、数学实验室、基础物理实验室、现代物理实验室、大学物理演示实验室，为培养学生实验技能和科学研究能力提供了必要的条件。