完成时语法专项
一实际意义
现在完成时表示的是在过去某个时间开始并持续到现在的_____/______,或者过去的动作或状态对现在造成的______或_________。
1）现在完成时的"完成用法"
现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.
He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。(动作结束于过去，但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。)
I have spent all of my money.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)
Jane has laid the table.(含义是:现在桌子已经摆好了.)
2）现在完成时的"未完成用法"
指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。
★这里主句的动词要用持续性动词。常与for（+时间段）,since（+时间点）since+ 一般过去时的句子连用. for（+时间段）= since（+时间点）
★如果主句的动词不是持续性动词，要转化为持续性动词，才能和表示一段时间的状语”连用。Mary has been ill for three days. (我病了，还可能要病几天.) =Mary has been ill since three days ago.
二、现在完成时的结构
1）肯定式：主语+ have / has + 过去分词
2）否定式: 主语+ have / has + not + 过去分词
3）一般疑问式Have / Has + 主语+ 过去分词
4）特殊疑问式特殊疑问词+have/has+主语+过去分词
三、现在完成时的时间状语
现在完成时的标志词
1.already（已经）
2.just（刚刚，正好）
3.ever（曾经）
4.never（从来，也不；从不）
5.yet（仍然）等连用。
6.for +时间段
7.since +过去时间点”
since+一般过去时的句子
“It is + 一段时间＋since一般过去时从句
8. recently（近来）
9.so far（到目前为止），
10.in the past/“last + 一段时间”
11. once（一次）
12.twice（两次）
13.three times（三次
14.several times（几次）
★练习：用since和for填空
1) ______ two years 2) _______ two years ago 3) _______ last month
4) ______ 1999 5) _______ yesterday 6) _______ 4 o’clock
7) ______ 4 hours 8) _______ an hour ago
9) _______ we were children 10) _____ lunch time 11) ____ she left here
1. He has lived in Nanjing ________ the year before last.
2. I’ve known him __________ we were children.
3. Our teacher has studied Japanese _________ three years.
4. She has been away from the city ___________ about ten years.
5. It’s about ten years __________ she left the city.
四、现在完成时态中already, yet, just, never, ever用法区别
1、already意思是“已经”
①通常用于陈述句中（放在have和has的后面）
②也可用于疑问句，表示期望得到肯定的回答或表示惊异，此时already常放在句末。
She has already found her bike.
Has she found her bike already？她已经找到自行车了？
2、yet用法
①yet可用于否定句，此时译为“还”；
I haven’t found my ruler yet.
②也可以用于疑问句，译为“已经”（放在have和has的后面也可放在句末）
Have you found your ruler yet？你已经找到尺子了吗？
3、just只用于陈述句意思是“刚才”（放在have和has的后面）
I have just received a letter.
4、never用于否定句译为“从不”（放在have和has的后面）
I’ve never been to Beijing.
5、ever用于疑问句译为“曾经”（放在have和has的后面）
Have you ever been to Beijing?
★五、英语的行为动词有持续性动词和瞬间性动词之分，使用中应注意两者的区别。
1、持续性动词: 表示一个动作可以持续一段时间或更长时间。常见的study, play, do, read, learn, drive, write, clean , sleep, speak, talk, wait, fly, stay, sit, stand, lie, keep等。
2、瞬间性动词: 表示一个动作发生在一瞬间，非常短暂。亦称终止性动词。
常见的--begin, start, finish, go, come, leave, find, get up, arrive, reach, get to, enter, hear, stop, open, close, become, buy, borrow, lend, happen, join, lose, renew, die, take away, put up, set out, put on, get on/off等
瞬间性动词在完成时中如要与表示持续一段时间的状语连用，通常有两种方法：（1）用意思相当的持续性动词来替换
He has been in the army/a soldier for three years. （他参军已有3年了。）不用has joined
She has been up for quite some time.（她起床已有好久了。）不用has got up
Has your brother been away from home for a long time?
（离家已有好久了吗？）不用has left
常用瞬间动词相应持续性动词关系：
1、go—be away
2、come—be here
3、come back—be back
4、leave—be away（be not here）
5、buy—have
6、borrow—keep
7、die——be dead
8、begin——be on
9、finish—be over 10、open——be open 11、close——be closed 12、lose——be lost 13、get to know—know 14、turn on—be on 15、get up——be up 16、sit down—sit/be seated
17、join—be in（…）或be a…member 18、become—be
【练习】：延续性动词和瞬间性动词之间的转化
1. He died 10 years ago.
--- He ____ ____ ____ for 10 years / since 10 years ago.
2. He borrowed the book 2 weeks ago. --- He ____ ____ the book for 2 weeks.
3. He bought the motorbike a month ago.
---He ____ ____ the motorbike for a month.
4. He arrived here three days ago.
--- He ____ ____ here since three days ago.
5. They turned off the light 2 hours ago.
--- The light ____ ____ ____ for 2 hours.
6. He left here 2 years ago. --- He ____ ____ ____ from here for 2 years.
7. The film began 30 minutes ago.
--- The film ____ ____ ____ for 30 minutes.
8. They opened the door an hour ago.
--- The door ____ ____ ____ for an hour.
9. They closed the door an hour ago.
--- The door ____ ____ ____ for an hour.
10. He joined the army last year. --- He ____ ____ a ____ for a year.
--- He ____ ____ ____ the army for a year.
六、1. have/has gone to 、have/has been to 和have/has been in的区别。have/ has gone to 去了，在去某地的路上或在某地，人还未回来
have/ has been to 曾经去过，人已经回来了
have/ has been in 已经在，常与一段时间连用
He has been to Shenyang before. 他以前曾去过沈阳。
He has been in Shenyang for ten years. 他在沈阳10年了。
Has he gone to Shenyang? 他去沈阳了吗？
练习：认真琢磨，细心选择(体会现在完成时和一般过去时的区别)。
1. Where _____ you _____, John? I’m looking for you everywhere.
A. have; been
B. have ;been to
C. have; gone
D. did; go to
2. How long _____ your father _____ Shanghai?
A. did; come
B. has; go to
C. has; been to
D. has; been in
3. I _____ my watch in my bedroom yesterday.
A. left
B. forgot
C. have forgotten
D. have left
4. She has worked in the factory _____.
A. since three years ago
B. for 1999
C. since in 1999
D.since three years
8、过去完成时
过去完成时的动作须在过去某一时间之前发生，即发生在“过去的过去”。过去完成时是由“had+过去分词”构成的。与现在完成的用法相同，只不过作为衡量基准点的时间点不同，现在完成时以现在作为衡量的基准点，而过去完成时则以过去某个时刻作为基准点。
（1）表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”，常by, before等介词短语或一个时间按状语从句来表示；或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。如：
By the time he was ten, Edison had built a lab for himself.
到爱迪生10岁时，他已给自己建了一个实验室。
He had measured me before I could get in a word.我还没说话，他已把衣服量完了。We had scarcely reached the school before it began to rain.
我们刚到学校天就下雨了。
（2）表示由过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。常与for和since引导的时间状语相连用。
She said she had worked in that hospital for 20 years.她说她已在那所医院工作20年了。
He said he had taught in the university since 1957.他说自从1957年他就在这所大学任教。
（3）叙述过去发生的事情后，反过来又追叙或补述更早以前发生的动作时，常用过去完成时。
I knew nothing about this matter, for I had been away for six month.
对于此事我一无所知，因为我已离开6个月了。
Some people ran into the street. They had heard a loud noise.
有些人跑上了街，他们听到很响的嘈杂声。
(4)动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时，表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。例如：
I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I was n’t able to get away.
单项选择
１．We ＿＿＿＿four thousand new words by the end of last
year．
A．had learned B．have learned C．learned D．will have learned 2．Helen ＿＿＿＿her keys in the office so she had to wait
until her husband ＿＿＿＿＿home．（NMET’96）
A．has left；comes B．left；had come
C．had left；came D．had left；would come
3．—Did you meet Tom at the airport？
—No，he ＿＿＿by the time I ＿＿＿there．
A．has left；got B．had left；arrived
C．left；arrived D．left；had got
4．—Why didn’t Tom attend the meeting yesterday？
—He ＿＿＿＿Beijing．
A．has gone to B．had gone to C．went to D．had been to 5．—I ＿＿＿＿to come to help you．
—But you didn’t come．
A．have meant B．had meant C．meant D．will mean 6．Finally Mary was admitted by Beijing University，for which she ＿＿＿five times．
A．had tried B．was trying C．has tried D．tried
7. By the time he was ten years old, he _________.
A. has completed university
B. has completed the university
B. had completed an university D. had completed university
9、将来完成时
将来完成时表示在将来某一时刻将完成或在另一个未来的动作发生之前已经完成的动作；也可以用来表示一种猜测。常与将来完成时连用的时间状语有：by (the time / the end of ) +表示将来时间的短语和句子；before (the end of ) +表示将来时间的词语或句子；when, after等加上表示将来动作的句子等。例如：
1)By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai.
2)I shall have finished this composition before 9 o’clock.
3)When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left.
1．将来完成时的构成
将来完成时的构成是由“shall/ will + have +过去分词”构成的。
Before long he will have forgotten all about the matter.
不久他就会全然忘记这件事的。
He is somebody now. He will not have remembered his old classmates.
他现在是一个有身份的人了，他可能不会记得老同学了。
Will you have known Kevin for 10 years next month? 到下个月你认识凯文该有10年了吧？
2. 将来完成时的用法
①表示在将来某一时间之前已完成的动作，并往往对将来某一时间产生影
响。
We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term.
到这个学期末，我们将学完12个单元。
By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.
你到家之前我将把房子彻底打扫一遍。
Will you soon have finished laying the table?
你会很快摆放好餐桌吗？
1. By the end of this year ,I ____enough money for a holiday
A will save
B will be saving
C will have saved D. have saved
2.When I have done that, I (______) all I was supposed to do.(do)
3. I hope her health _______greatly by the time we come back next year.
A improves
B improved
C will be improved
D will have improve
4 . “Are you going to lilei”s birthday party?‘
“Yes.By then I ______my homework..” ( )
A had finished
B will have finished
C would have finished
D finished
5. I suppose by the time I c ome back in ten years’ time all these old house______ down.( )
A will have been pulled
B will be pulling
C will have pulled
D will be pulled
? A
? 6. I hope that they ______the road by the time we come back.
? A will have repaired B would have repaired C have repaired
D had repaired
? A
?