2019年考研英语资料汇编(干货打印版)

Page42vacantD.J.['veikənt]K.K.['vekənt]adj.未被占用的, 空的There were many vacant seats in the theatre.剧院里有许多空座位。

Is the lavatory vacant?厕所里没人吧?(指职位)空缺的Are there any vacant positions in your firm?你们公司有空缺吗?The top post in the delegation was still vacant.代表团中的最高职位仍空着。

茫然的, 空虚的He stared into space with a vacant expression.他茫然地凝视着天空。

His mind seems completely vacant.他的头脑似乎空空如也。

vacationD.J.[və'keiʃən]K.K.[ve'keʃən, və-]n.假期The children wait impatiently for the vacation.孩子们焦急地等待着假期的来临。

vacuumD.J.['vækjuəm]K.K.['vækjuəm, -jum, -jəm]n.真空Sound waves cannot travel through a vacuum.声波不能在真空中传播。

〈口〉真空吸尘器I mean to buy a vacuum next month.下个月我打算买一台真空吸尘器。

空间; 空虚; 空白His resignation has left a power vacuum at the head of the party. 他的辞职使得该党的领导位置出现了权力真空。

His wife's death left a vacuum in his life.他妻子的去世使他的生活变得空虚。

2019考研英语5500词汇电子版1. a [ei] art.一(个);每一(个);(同类事物中)任一个2. abandon [?'b?nd?n] vt.离弃，丢弃;遗弃，抛弃;放弃3. abdomen [?b'd?umen] n.腹，下腹(胸部到腿部的部分)4. abatement [?'beitm?nt] n.减(免)税，打折扣，冲销5. abide [?'baid] vi.(abode，abided)(by)遵守;坚持;vt.忍受，容忍6. ability [?'biliti] n.能力;本领;才能，才干;专门技能，天资7. able ['eibl] a.有(能力、时间、知识等)做某事，有本事的8. abnormal [?b'n?:m?l] a.反常的，不正常的，不规则的9. aboard [?'b?:d] ad.&prep.在船(飞机、车)上;ad.上船(飞机、车)10. abolish [?'b?li?] vt.废除(法律、习惯等);取消11. abound [?'baund] vi.大量存在;(~in，~with)充满，富于12. about [?'baut] ad.在周围;大约prep.关于;在周围 a.准备13. above [?'b?v] a.上述的ad.在上面,在前文prep.在..之上，高于14. abroad [?'br?:d] ad.到国外，在国外;在传播，在流传15. abrupt [?'br?pt] a.突然的，出其不意的;(行为等)粗鲁无礼的16. absence ['?bs?ns] n.缺乏，不存在;缺席，不在场;缺席的时间17. absent ['?bs?nt, ?b'sent] a.缺席的;缺乏的,不存在的;心不在焉的18. absolute ['?bs?lju:t] a.绝对的，完全的;确实的，肯定的19. absorb [?b's?:b, -'z?:b] vt.吸收(水、光、蒸汽等);使全神贯注;吞并/兼并20. abstract ['?bstr?kt] a.抽象的n.摘要,文摘,梗概vt.提取;摘录要点21. absurd [?b's?:d] a.荒谬的，荒诞的，荒唐可笑的;不合理的22. abundance [?'b?nd?ns] n.丰富，充裕，大量23. abundant [?'b?nd?nt] a.大量(充足)的;(in)丰富(富裕)的24. abuse [?'bju:z, ?'bju:s] vt.滥用;虐待，辱骂;诋毁n.滥用;恶习;弊端25. academic [,?k?'demik] a.学院的，学术性的;大学的;理论的26. academy [?'k?d?mi] n.(高等)专科院校;学术社团，协会，研究院27. accelerate [?k'sel?reit] v.使加速，使增速，促进vi.加快，增加28. accent "['?ks?nt, ?k'sent]" "n.口音,腔调;重音(符号)vt.重读"29. accept [?k'sept] vt.接受，领受;认可，同意vi.同意，认可30. acceptable [?k'sept?bl] adj.可接受的, 合意的31. acceptance [?k'sept?ns] n.接受，接收，验收，接纳;承认，认可32. access ['?kses] n.进入;接入;到达;享用权;入口vi.存取33. accessory [?k'ses?ri] "n.附件,附属品;(为全套衣服增加美感的)服饰"34. accident ['?ksid?nt] "n.意外遭遇,事故;意外(因素)"35. accidental "[,?ksi'dent?l]" a.偶然的;意外的;无意中的36. acclaim [?'kleim] v.向…欢呼，公认n.欢呼，喝彩，称赞37. accommodate [?'k?m?deit] vt.向…提供住处;对...予以照顾性考虑38. accommodation "[?,k?m?'dei??n]" n.(accommodations)住宿，留宿;膳宿供应39. accompany [?'k?mp?ni] v.陪伴，陪同;伴随，和...一起发生，伴奏40. accomplish "[?'k?mpli?, ?'k?m-]" v.实现(计划等);达到(目的);完成(任务)41. accord [?'k?:d] vt.给予(欢迎、称颂等) vi.&n.符合，一致42. accordance [?'k?:d?ns] n.一致，和谐，符合43. according to [?'k?:di? tu] prep.据/照…(所说、所写);按…，视…44. accordingly [?'k?:di?li] ad.相应地，照着办，按照;于是，因此45. account [?'kaunt] a.叙述，说明;账目，账户vi.说明，解释46. accountant [?'kaunt?nt] n.会计人员，会计师47. accumulate [?'kju:mjuleit] vt.堆积，积累，积聚vi.累积，聚积48. accuracy ['?kjur?si] n.准确(性);精确;准确度49. accurate ['?kjur?t] a.正确无误的;准确的，精确的50. accuse [?'kju:z] vt.控告，指责vi.指控，指责51. accustomed [?'k?st?md] a.惯常的;习惯的，适应的(一般作表语)52. ache [eik] vi.痛;哀怜n.(指连续)疼痛、酸痛53. achieve [?'t?i:v] vt.实现，完成;达到，得到vi.达到预期目的54. acid ['?sid] "n.酸,酸性物质a.酸的,酸味的;尖刻的"55. acknowledge [?k'n?lid?] vt.承认;接受;告知(信件等的)收到;答谢56. acquaint [?'kweint] vt.(with)使认识，使了解，使熟悉57. acquaintance [?'kweint?ns] n.认识，相识，了解;相识的人，熟人58. acquire [?'kwai?] v.获得;学到(知识等);养成(习惯)59. acquisition "[,?kwi'zi??n]" n.取得，学到，养成(习惯);获得的东西60. acre ['eik?] n.英亩;田地;地产61. acrobat ['?kr?b?t] n.特技演员，杂技演员62. across "[?'kr?s, ?'kr?:s]" prep.横过，越过;在的对面ad.横过，穿过63. act [?kt] v.表演;举动;起作用n.行为，法令;一幕64. action ['?k??n] n.行动，动作;作用;运转;行为;战斗65. activate ['?ktiveit] vt.启动，激活;驱动，驱使;使开始起作用66. active ['?ktiv] adj.活跃的，敏捷的，积极的;在活动中的67. activity [?k'tiv?ti] n.活动;活力;能动性;68. actor ['?kt?] n.男演员;演员，行动者69. actress ['?ktris] n.女演员70. actual ['?kt?u?l] a.实际的;现实的，真实的，目前的71. acute [?'kju:t] a.剧烈的;敏锐的;成锐角的;尖的，高音的72. adapt [?'d?pt] vt.使适应，使适合;改编;改写vi.适应73. add [?d] vt.加;增加(进);进一步说/写vi.(to)增添74. addict [?'dikt] v.使沉溺;使上瘾n.沉溺于不良嗜好的人75. addition [?'di??n] n.加，加法;附加部分，增加(物)76. additional [?'di??n?l] a.额外的，附加的，另外的77. address [?'dres] n.住址;致词v.向...致词;在信封上写姓名78. adequate ['?dikwit] adj.充足的，足够的;适当的，胜任的79. adhere [?d'hi?] vi.(to)粘着;坚持，遵守;依附，追随80. adjacent [?'d?eis?nt] a.(to)(时间上)紧接着的;邻近的，毗邻的81. adjective ['?d?iktiv] n.形容词a.形容词的，用作形容词的82. adjoin [?'d??in] v.临近，靠近;贴近，毗连83. adjust [?'d??st] vt.调节;整顿，调整vi.适应(to);使调节84. administer [?d'minist?] v.施行，实施;掌管，料理...的事务;给予85. administration "[?d,mini'strei??n]" n.经营，管理;行政，行政机关，管理部门86. admire [?d'mai?] "vt.钦佩,赞赏,羡慕;称赞,夸奖"87. admission [?d'mi??n] n.允许进入;承认;入场费，入会费，入场券88. admit [?d'mit] vt.承认，供认;准许…进入，准许...加入89. adolescent "[,?d?u'les?nt]" n.青少年a.青春期的，青少年的90. adopt [?'d?pt] vt.采用，采取(态度等);选定;收养91. adore [?'d?:] "vt.崇拜,敬慕,爱慕;非常喜欢"92. adult "['?d?lt, ?'d?lt]" n.成年人a.成年的，充分长成的，成熟的93. advance "[?d'vɑ:ns, ?d'v?ns]" n.前进，预付vi.前进，进展vt.促进，推进94. advanced "[?d'vɑ:nst, -'v?nst]" a.超前的，先进的;高级的;开明的;前进的95. advantage [?d'vɑ:ntid?] n.优点，长处，有利条件;利益，好处96. advent ['?dv?nt] n.(重要事件等的)到来，来临97. adventure "[?d'vent??, ?d-]" n.冒险，冒险活动，奇遇vt.大胆进行98. adverb ['?dv?:b] n.副词 a.副词的99. adverse "['?dv?:s, ?d'v?:s]" a.逆的，相反的;敌对的;不利的;有害的100. advertise ['?dv?taiz] vt.公告，公布;为...做广告vi.登广告1. advice [?d'vais] n.劝告，忠告，(医生等的)意见2. advisable [?d'vaiz?bl] a.可取的，适当的，明智的3. advise [?d'vaiz] vt.忠告，劝告，建议;通知，告知4. advocate "['?dv?keit, '?dv?k?t]" n.辩护者，拥护者，鼓吹者vt.拥护，提倡5. aerial ['ε?ri?l] a.(在或来自)空中的，航空的n.天线6. aeroplane ['ε?r?plein] n.(airplane)(英)飞机7. aesthetic [i:s'θetik] a.(esthetic)美学的，艺术的;审美的8. affair [?'fε?] n.[pl.]事务;事情(件);(个人的)事9. affect "[?'fekt, '?fekt]" vt.影响;(疾病)侵袭;感动n.情感，感情10. affection [?'fek??n] n.爱，喜爱;爱慕之情;感情;疾病，不适11. affiliate [?'filieit] v.使隶属(或附属)于n.附属机构，分公司12. affirm [?'f?:m] "vt.断言，坚持声称;肯定;证实,确认;"13. affluent ['?flu?nt] a.富裕的，富有的，丰富的，富饶的14. afford [?'f?:d] vt.担负得起(损失、费用、后果等)，买得起15. afraid [?'freid] adj.害怕的，恐惧的;犯愁的，不乐意的16. after "['ɑ:ft?, '?f-]" prep.在...以后;在...后面adv.以后，后来17. afternoon "[,ɑ:ft?:'nu:n]" n.下午，午后18. afterward "['ɑ:ft?w?d, '?f-]" ad.(afterwards)以后，后来19. again "[?'ɡen, -'ɡein]" ad.再次，另一次;重新;除此，再，更，还20. against "[?'ɡenst, ?'ɡeinst]" prep.对着，逆;反对;违反;紧靠着;对比21. age [eid?] n.年龄;时代;老年;长时间v.(使)变老22. agency ['eid??nsi] n.代理(处);代办处;[美](政府的)机关，厅23. agenda [?'d?end?] n.议事日程，记事册24. agent ['eid??nt] n.代理人;代理商;产生作用的人或事物25. aggravate ['?ɡr?veit] "vt.加重(剧),使恶化;激怒,使恼火"26. aggressive [?'ɡresiv] a.侵略的，好斗的，有进取心的，敢作敢为的27. agitate ['?d?iteit] v.摇动(液体);使焦虑不安;困扰;鼓动28. ago [?'ɡ?u] ad.(常和一般过去时的动词连用)以前，…前29. agony ['?ɡ?ni] n.(精神或肉体的)极大痛苦，创伤30. agree [?'ɡri:] vi.答应，赞同;适合，一致;商定，约定31. agreeable [?'ɡri:?bl] a.符合的;一致的;欣然同意的;令人愉快的32. agreement [?'ɡri:m?nt] n.协定;协议;契约;达成协议;同意，一致33. agriculture ['?ɡrik?lt??] n.农业，农艺，农耕34. ahead [?'hed] ad.在前面(头);向(朝)前;提前35. aid [eid] n.援助，救护;助手，辅助物vi.援助，救援36. aim [eim] n.目的;瞄准vi.(at)目的在于vt.把…瞄准37. air [ε?] n.空气;(复数)神气vt.(使)通风;晾干38. air-conditioning n.空调设备，空调系统39. aircraft ['ε?krɑ:ft] n.飞机，飞船，飞行器40. airline ['ε?lain] n.(飞机)航线a.(飞机)航线的41. airport ['ε?p?:t] n.机场，航空站，航空港42. aisle [ail] n.(教堂、教室、戏院等里的)过道，通道43. alarm [?'lɑ:m] n.惊恐;警报(器) vt.惊动，惊吓;向…报警44. album ['?lb?m] "n.(同一表演者的)集锦密纹唱片;集邮册,相册"45. alcohol ['?lk?h?l] n.酒精，乙醇;含酒精的饮料46. alert [?'l?:t] a.机警的，警觉的;机灵的vt.使…警觉47. alien ['eilj?n] n.外侨，外国人;外星人a.外国的;相异的48. alike [?'laik] a.同样的，相像的ad.一样地;同程度地49. alive [?'laiv] a.活着的;存在的;活跃的;(to)敏感的50. all [?:l] a.全部的;非常的ad.完全地，很pron.全部51. allege [?'led?] v.断言，宣称;指控52. alleviate [?'li:vieit] v.减轻，缓和，缓解(痛苦等)53. alliance [?'lai?ns] n.同盟，同盟国;结盟，联姻54. allocate ['?l?ukeit] v.分配，分派;拨给;划归55. allow [?'lau] vt.允许，准许;承认;给予;(for)考虑到56. allowance [?'lau?ns] n.补贴，津贴;零用钱;减价，折扣;允许57. alloy "['?l?i, ?'l?i]" n.合金vt.将…铸成合金58. ally "['?lai, ?'lai]" n.同盟者，同盟国，vt.使结盟;与…有关联59. almost ['?:lm?ust] adv.几乎，差不多60. alone [?'l?un] a.单独的，孤独的ad.单独地，独自地;仅仅61. along [?'l??] ad.向前;和...一起，一同prep.沿着，顺着62. alongside [?'l??'said] ad.在旁边prep.和...在一起;在...旁边63. aloud [?'laud] adv.出声地，大声地64. alphabet ['?lf?bit] n.字母表;初步，入门65. already [?:l'redi] ad.已，已经，早已66. also ['?:ls?u] ad.而且(也)，此外(还);同样地67. alter ['?:lt?] vt.改变，更改;改做(衣服) vi.改变，变化68. alternate ['?:lt?neit] a.交替的，轮流的v.(使)交替，(使)轮流69. alternative [?:l't?:n?tiv] n.二选一;供选择的东西;取舍 a.二选一的70. although [?:l'e?u] conj.尽管，虽然...但是71. altitude ['?ltitju:d] n.高度，海拔;[pl.]高处，高地72. altogether "[,?:lt?'ɡee?]" ad.完全，总之，全部地;总共;总而言之73. aluminum [?'lju:min?m] n.(aluminium)铝74. always "['?:lweiz, -wiz]" ad.总是，无例外地;永远，始终75. amateur "['?m?t?, ,?m?'t?:]" a.&n.业余(水平)的(运动员、艺术家等)76. amaze [?'meiz] vt.使惊奇，使惊愕;使困惑vi.表现出惊奇77. ambassador [?m'b?s?d?] n.大使;特使，(派驻国际组织的)代表78. ambiguous [?m'biɡju?s] a.引起歧义的，模棱两可的，含糊不清的79. ambition [?m'bi??n] n.对(成功、权力等)的强烈欲望，野心;雄心80. ambitious [?m'bi??s] a.有抱负的，雄心勃勃的;有野心的81. ambulance ['?mbjul?ns] n.救护车，救护船，救护飞机82. amend [?'mend] vt.修改，修订，改进83. amiable ['eimj?bl] a.和蔼可亲的，友善的，亲切的84. amid [?'mid] prep.在…中间，在…之中，被…围绕85. among [?'m??] prep.在…之中;在一群(组)之中;于…之间86. amount [?'maunt] "n.总数，数量;数额v.共计;等同,接近(to)"87. ample ['?mpl] a.充分的，富裕的;宽敞的，宽大的88. amplifier ['?mplifai?] n.放大器，扩大器89. amplify ['?mplifai] vt.放大，增强;详述，详加解说90. amuse [?'mju:z] vt.向…提供娱乐，使…消遣;引人发笑91. analogue ['?n?l?ɡ] n.类似物;相似体;模拟92. analogy [?'n?l?d?i] n.类似，相似，类比，类推93. analyse ['?n?laiz] vt.(analyze)分析，分解94. analysis [?'n?l?sis] n.(pl.analyses)分析;分解95. analytic "[,?n?'litik,-k?l]" a.(analytical)分析的;分解的96. ancestor ['?nsest?] n.祖宗，祖先;原型，先驱97. anchor ['??k?] n./v.锚;危难时可依靠的人或物;用锚泊船98. ancient ['ein??nt] a.古代的，古老的，古式的99. and "[强?nd, 弱?nd, ?n]" conj.和，与，而且;那么;接连，又100. anecdote ['?nikd?ut] n.轶事，趣闻，短故事1. angel ['eind??l] n.天使，安琪儿2. anger ['??ɡ?] n.愤怒，气愤vt.使发怒，激怒vi.发怒3. angle ['??ɡl] n.角，角度v.钓鱼;(采用各种方法)取得4. angry ['??ɡri] a.生气的，愤怒的;(天气)风雨交加的5. anguish ['??ɡwi?] n.(尤指心灵上的)极度痛苦，烦恼6. animal ['?nim?l] n.动物，野兽，牲畜a.动物的，野兽的7. ankle ['??kl] n.足踝，踝关节8. anniversary "[,?ni'v?:s?ri]" n.周年，周年纪念日9. announce [?'nauns] v.正式宣布;发表;通告;广播(电台节目)10. annoy [?'n?i] vt.使恼怒，使生气;打扰vi.招人讨厌11. annual ['?nju?l] a.每年的，一年生的n.年刊;一年生植物12. anonymous [?'n?nim?s] a.匿名的，无名的，姓氏不明的13. another [?'n?e?] a.另一个，又，再pron.另一个，类似的一个14. answer "['ɑ:ns?, '?n-]" vt.回答，答复，答案v.回答，答复，响应15. ant [?nt] n.蚁;蚂蚁16. antenna [?n'ten?] n.(无线电或电视的)天线17. anticipate [?n'tisipeit] vt.预料;期望;预先考虑;抢先;提前使用18. antique [?n'ti:k] a.古式的，过时的n.有价值的古物，古董19. anxiety [??'zai?ti] n.挂念，焦虑，焦急，忧虑;渴望，热望20. anxious ['?nk??s] a.焦虑的，担心的;急于(得到的)，渴望的21. any ['eni] "a.(用于否定句、疑问句等)什么,一些;任何的"22. anybody "['eni,b?di]" pron.(否定句)任何人;(肯定句)随便哪个人23. anyhow ['enihau] ad.不管怎么说，无论如何;不论用何种方法24. anyone ['eniw?n] pron.(用于疑问句，否定式)任何人25. anything ['eniθi?] pron.任何东西(事物);无论什么东西(事物)26. anyway ['eniwei] ad.不管怎么说，无论如何;不论以何种方式27. anywhere ['enihwε?] ad.无论哪里;(用于否定、疑问等)任何地方28. apart [?'pɑ:t] ad.分离，离开，隔开a.分离的，分隔的29. apartment [?'pɑ:tm?nt] n.[英]房间，套间;[美]公寓30. apologise [?'p?l?d?aiz] "v.(to,for)道歉，认错"31. apology [?'p?l?d?i] n.道歉，认错，辩解，辩护32. appal [?'p?:l] v.使惊骇，使恐怖33. apparatus "[,?p?'reit?s]" n.器械，器具，仪器;机构，组织34. apparent [?'p?r?nt] "a.表面上的,貌似真实的;显然的,明明白白的"35. appeal [?'pi:l] vi.呼吁，恳求;申诉n.呼吁;申诉;吸引力36. appear [?'pi?] vi.出现;出场;问世;仿佛;出版，发表37. appearance [?'pi?r?ns] n.出现，露面;外表;(在会议等)作短暂露面38. appendix [?'pendiks] n.附录，附属物;阑尾，盲肠39. appetite ['?pitait] n.食欲，胃口;欲望，性欲;爱好，趣味40. applaud [?'pl?:d] vt.鼓掌欢迎;赞同vi.鼓掌欢迎，欢呼41. applause [?'pl?:z] n.鼓掌;喝彩;夸奖，赞扬42. apple ['?pl] n.苹果，苹果树43. appliance [?'plai?ns] n.电器;器械，装置;应用，适用44. applicable "['?plik?bl, ?'plik?-]" "a.可应用(实施)的;适当的,合适的"45. application "[,?pli'kei??n]" n.申请，请求，申请书;应用，实施，实用性46. apply [?'plai] vi.(以书面形式)申请;请求vt.应用;实施47. appoint [?'p?int] vt.任命，委派;指定，约定(时间、地点等)48. appointment [?'p?intm?nt] "n.约会,约定;任命,委派;委任的职位"49. appraisal [?'preiz?l] n.对...作出的评价;评价，鉴定，评估50. appreciate [?'pri:?ieit] vt.为...表示感激，感谢;欣赏，赏识，评价51. approach [?'pr?ut?] "v.靠近，接近n.接近;途径，入门;方式,方法"52. appropriate [?'pr?uprieit] "a.适当的,恰当的,特有的vt.拨给,挪用,盗用"53. approval [?'pru:v?l] n.批准，通过;赞成，同意54. approve [?'pru:v] v.(of)赞成，赞许，同意;批准，审议，通过55. approximate a.近似的vi.(to)接近56. April (名)四月57. apt [?pt] a.恰当的，适当的;易于…的，有…倾向的58. arbitrary ['ɑ:bitr?ri] a.任意的，任性的，主观的;专断的，武断的59. arch [ɑ:t?] n.拱门，桥拱洞v.拱起，(使)变成弓形60. architect ['ɑ:kitekt] n.建筑师;设计师;缔造者;创造者61. architecture ['ɑ:kitekt??] n.建筑，建筑学;建筑式样或风格，建筑物62. area ['ε?ri?] n.面积;地区，地域;领域，范围63. argue ['ɑɡju:] vi.辩论，争论vt.辩论，论证;说服，劝说64. argument ['ɑ:ɡjum?nt] n.争论(吵)，辩论;理由;论证65. arise [?'raiz] v.出现，发生;(from)由…引起，由…产生66. arithmetic [?'riθm?tik] n.算术，四则运算67. arm [ɑ:m] n.手臂，扶手，臂状物v.武装;配备n.武器68. army ['ɑ:mi] n.军队，陆军，军;大群，大批69. around [?'raund] ad.在...周围，到处prep.在..四周(或附近)70. arouse [?'r?uz] vt.唤醒，叫醒;唤起，激起71. arrange [?'reind?] v.安排，筹划;整理，使有条理，排列，布置72. array [?'rei] n.大量;排列;盛装v.列阵;装扮;排列73. arrest [?'rest] n.逮捕，扣留vt.逮捕，扣留;阻止;吸引74. arrival [?'raiv?l] n.到达，到来;到达者，到达物75. arrive [?'raiv] vi.到达;(时间、事件)到来，发生;达到76. arrogant ['?r?ɡ?nt] a.傲慢的，自大的77. arrow ['?r?u] n.箭，矢，箭状物;箭头符号78. art [ɑ:t] n.艺术，美术;技术，技艺;文科，人文科学79. artery ['ɑ:t?ri] n.动脉;干线，要道80. article ['ɑ:tik?l] n.文章，论文;条款，条文;物件;冠词81. articulate [ɑ:'tikjul?t] a.善于表达的;有关节相连的v.清楚地讲话82. artificial "[,ɑ:ti'fi??l]" a.人工的，人造的，人为的;虚伪的，做作的83. artist ['ɑ:tist] n.艺术家，美术家;(某方面的)能手84. artistic [ɑ:'tistik] a.艺术(家)的，美术(家)的;善于艺术创作的85. as ad.同样地conj.由于;像...一样prep.作为86. ascend [?'send] vi.渐渐上升，升高vt.攀登，登上87. ascertain [?'send] vt.确定，查明，弄清88. ash [??] n.灰，灰末;(pl.)骨灰;(pl.)废墟89. ashamed [?'?eimd] a.惭愧的，羞耻的，害臊的90. ashore [?'??:] ad.上岸;在岸上，向岸上91. aside [?'said] ad.在旁边，到一边n.旁白;离题的话92. ask "[ɑ:sk, ?sk]" vt.问，询问;请求，要求;邀请，约请93. asleep [?'sli:p] a.睡觉，睡着(用作表语)94. aspect ['?spekt] "n.样子, 外表, 面貌, (问题等的)方面"95. aspire [?'spai?] vi.(to，after)渴望，追求，有志于96. assassinate [?'s?sineit] vt.暗杀，行刺;中伤97. assault [?'s?:lt] v.猛烈地攻击，袭击n.突然而猛烈的攻击98. assemble [?'sembl] vt.集合，召集;装配;收集vi.集合，聚集99. assembly [?'sembli] n.集合;会议;装配;(美)洲议会的众议院100. assert [?'s?:t] "vt.断言,宣称;坚持;主张(权利、权威等)"1. assess [?'ses] vt.(为征税)评估(财产、收入);征税;评价2. asset ['?set] "n.(pl.)资产,财产;有价值的物品;天赋"3. assign [?'sain] vt.派给，分配;选定，指定(时间、地点等)4. assignment [?'sainm?nt] n.分配，指派;(指定的)作业，(分派的)任务5. assimilate [?'simileit] vt.吸收，消化;使同化vi.被吸收;被同化6. assist [?'sist] vt.协助，帮助，促进vi.帮忙，参加7. assistance [?'sist?ns] n.协作; 援助; 帮助8. assistant [?'sist?nt] a.帮助的，辅助的n.助手，助教;辅助物9. associate [?'s?u?ieit] vt.联想;交往;联合;n.伙伴;a.联合的10. association "[?,s?usi'ei??n]" n.联盟，协会，社团;交往，联合;联想11. assume "[?'sju:m, ?'su:m]" vt.假装;假定，设想;承担;呈现，采取12. assumption [?'s?mp??n] n.假定，设想;采取;承担;推测;假装13. assurance [?'?u?r?ns] "n.保证,担保;确信,断言;信心,信念"14. assure [?'?u?] vt.使确信，使放心(of);向…保证15. astonish [?'st?ni?] vt.使惊讶，使吃惊16. astronaut ['?str?n?:t] n.太空人，太空旅行者17. astronomy [?'str?n?mi] n.天文学18. at "[强?t, 弱?t]" prep.[表示价格、速度等]以，达;在..方面19. athlete ['?θli:t] n.运动员，体育家，身强力壮的人20. atmosphere "['?tm?,sfi?]" n.大气(层);空气;气氛，环境;大气压21. atom ['?t?m] n.原子;微粒，微量22. attach [?'t?t?] v.系，贴，装，连接;使成为一部分;使依恋23. attack [?'t?k] v./n.攻击，抨击;着手，开始n.(病)发作24. attain [?'tein] vt.达到;完成;获得vi.达到25. attempt [?'tempt] vt.企图，试图n.努力，尝试，企图26. attend [?'tend] vt.出席，参加;照顾，护理vi.注意;侍奉27. attendance [?'tend?ns] n.出席;出席人数;护理，照料28. attendant [?'tend?nt] n.陪从;出席人;服务员a.出席的;伴随的29. attention [?'ten??n] n.注意，注意力;立正;特别照顾;照料30. attitude "['?titju:d, -tu:d]" "n.态度，看法(to, toward, about);姿势"31. attorney [?'t?:ni] n.(业务或法律事务上的)代理人;辩护律师32. attract [?'tr?kt] "vt.引起的注意(或兴趣等),吸引;引起;激起"33. attractive [?'tr?ktiv] a.吸引人的，引人注意的;漂亮的，迷人的34. attribute "[?'tribju:t, '?tribju:t]" "v.(to)归因于,归属于n.属性,品质,特征"35. auction ['?:k??n] n./vt.拍卖36. audience ['?:di?ns] n.听众，观众，读者;见面，会见37. audio ['?:di?u] n./a.音频(响)(的);声音(的)，听觉(的)38. audit ['?:dit] v.审计;查帐;核对;旁听39. auditorium "[,?:di't?:ri?m]" n.观众席，听众席;会堂，礼堂40. augment "[?:ɡ'ment, '?:gm?nt]" vt.(使)增大，增加，增长，扩张41. August [?:'ɡ?st] n.8月42. aunt "[ɑ:nt, ?nt]" n.姨母，姑母，伯母，婶母，舅母，阿姨43. aural ['?:r?l] a.听觉的，听力的44. authentic [?:'θentik] a.真的，真正的;可靠的，可信的，有根据的45. author ['?:θ?] n.作者，作家，著作人;创始人，发起人46. authority [?:'θ?r?ti] n.权力，权威;权威人士;(pl.)官方，当局47. auto ['?:t?u] n.(automobile)(口语)汽车48. automatic "[,?:t?'m?tik]" a.自动(装置)的;无意识的;n.自动机械49. automation "[,?:t?'mei??n]" n.自动，自动化，自动操作50. autonomy [?:'t?n?mi] n.自治，自治权;51. autumn ['?:t?m] n.秋，秋季;成熟期，渐衰期52. auxiliary [?:ɡ'zilj?ri] a.辅助的，支援的n.辅助者，辅助设备53. avail [?'veil] "n.[一般用于否定句或疑问句中]效用,利益"54. available [?'veil?bl] a.(用于物)可利用的;可见到的，接受采访的55. avenue ['?v?nju:] n.林荫路，大街;(比喻)途径，渠道，方法56. average ['?v?rid?] "n.平均,平均数a.平均的;普通的v.平均"57. avert [?'v?:t] v.防止，避免;转移(目光、注意力等)58. aviation "[,eivi'ei??n]" n.航空，航空学;飞机制造业59. avoid [?'v?id] vt.防止，避免;逃避，避开60. await [?'weit] vt.等候，期待;(事情等)降临于61. awake [?'weik] a.醒着的vt.唤醒，使觉醒vi.醒来，醒悟到62. award [?'w?:d] "vt.授予,给予;判定n.奖,奖金;仲裁"63. aware [?'wε?] a.知道的，意识到的;64. away [?'wei] ad.在远处;离开;渐渐远去;一直;去掉65. awe [?:] n.敬畏，惊惧vt.使敬畏，使惊惧66. awful ['?:ful] a.极度的，极坏的;威严的，可怕的67. awkward ['?:kw?d] a.笨拙的;尴尬的;使用不便的;难处理的68. axe [?ks] n.(ax)斧子;削减vt.用斧砍69. axis ['?ksis] n.轴，轴线，中心线;坐标轴，基准线70. baby ['beibi] n.婴儿;年龄最小的人;小动物a.婴儿似的71. bachelor ['b?t??l?] n.单身汉;(亦作B-)学士(学位)72. back [b?k] a.后面的ad.向后v.倒退;支持n.背;后面73. background ['b?kɡraund] "n.背景,经历;幕后"74. backward ['b?kw?d] "a.向后的,倒行的;迟钝的ad.向后,朝反方向"75. bacon ['beik?n] "n.咸猪肉,熏猪肉"76. bacterium [b?k'ti?ri?m] n.(pl.)bacteria 细菌77. bad [b?d] a.坏的;低劣的;不舒服的;腐败的;严重的78. badge ['b?d?] "n.徽章,像章;标记;象征;记号"79. badly ['b?dli] ad.非常，严重地;坏地，差地，拙劣地80. badminton ['b?dmint?n] n.羽毛球81. bag [b?ɡ] n.袋，提包v.把…装入袋中;猎杀;占有82. baggage ['b?ɡid?] n.行李83. bait [beit] n.饵，引诱物vt.用饵引诱;折磨，奚落84. bake [beik] "v.烤,烘,焙;烧硬,焙干"85. balance ['b?l?ns] "v.称,(使)平衡n.天平;平衡,均衡;差额,余款"86. balcony ['b?lk?ni] n.阳台;(电影院等的)楼厅，楼座87. bald [b?:ld] "a.秃的,秃头的"88. ball [b?:l] n.球(状物);(正式的)舞会vt.把…捏成球状89. ballet "['b?lei, b?'lei]" n.芭蕾舞，芭蕾舞剧;芭蕾舞团90. balloon [b?'lu:n] "n.气球,飞船;a.气球状的v.乘坐气球;膨胀"91. ballot ['b?l?t] n.(不记名)投票;投票总数;投票权vi.投票92. ban [b?n] "v.取缔,查禁;(from)禁止n.禁止,禁令"93. banana "[b?'nɑ:n?, -'n?-]" n.香蕉94. band [b?nd] "n.条,带;乐队;波段;一群,一伙v.缚,绑扎"95. bandage ['b?ndid?] n.绷带v.用绷带扎缚96. bang [b??] "n.砰砰的声音;猛击v.砰地关上,猛撞,猛击"97. bank [b??k] "n.银行;岸,堤;vi.存入(经营)银行;信赖"98. bankrupt ['b??kr?pt] a.破产的;彻底缺乏的vt.使破产n.破产者99. banner ['b?n?] n.旗(帜)100. banquet ['b??kwit] n.(正式的)宴会vi.参加宴会vt.宴情1. bar [bɑ:] "n.条,杆,闩;酒吧;栅,障碍(物) v.闩上,阻拦"2. barbecue ['bɑ:bikju:] n.烤肉;烤肉用的台架vt.炙烤(肉等)3. barber ['bɑ:b?] n.理发师vt.为…理发修整vi.当理发师4. bare [bε?] "a.赤裸的,空的;稀少的,仅有的v.露出,暴露"5. barely ['bε?li] "ad.赤裸裸地,无遮蔽地;仅仅,勉强,几乎没有"6. bargain ['bɑ:ɡin] "n.廉价货;交易,契约,合同v.议价,成交"7. bark [bɑ:k] vi.(狗等)吠，叫n.吠声，叫声;树皮8. barn [bɑ:n] "n.谷仓,仓库vt.把…贮存入仓"9. barrel ['b?r?l] "n.桶;枪管,炮管"10. barren ['b?r?n] a.贫瘠的;不育的;(植物)不结果的;无用的11. barrier ['b?ri?] "n.栅栏,屏障;障碍(物) vt.把…关入栅栏"12. base [beis] "n.基础,底部;根据地v.(on)把…基于"13. baseball ['beisb?:l] n.棒球14. basement ['beism?nt] "n.建筑物的底部,地下室,地窖"15. basic ['beisik] "a.基本的,基础的"16. basin ['beis?n] "n.盆,脸盆;内海,盆地"17. basis ['beisis] "n.基础,根据"18. basket "['bɑ:skit, 'b?s-]" n.筐，篮，篓19. basketball "['bɑ:skitb?:l, 'b?s-]" n.篮球，篮球运动20. bat [b?t] "n.球拍,球棒,短棒;蝙蝠"21. batch [b?t?] "n.一批,一组,一群"22. bath [bɑ:θ/b?θ] "n.沐浴,洗澡;浴室(池,盆) v.(给…)洗澡"23. bathe [beie] "v.游泳,洗澡,浸,弄湿"24. bathroom ['bɑ:θrum] "n.浴室;盥洗室,卫生间"25. battery ['b?t?ri] n.电池(组);(器具等的)一组，一套;炮兵连26. battle ['b?tl] "n.战役,战斗;斗争v.战斗,斗争,搏斗"27. bay [bei] "n.海湾,(港)湾"28. be "[强bi:, 弱bi]" v.(就)是，等于;(存)在;到达，来到，发生29. beach [bi:t?] "n.海滩,湖滩,河滩"30. beam [bi:m] "n.(横)梁,桁条;(光线的)束,柱v.微笑"31. bean [bi:n] "n.豆;菜豆,蚕豆"32. bear [bε?] "n.熊v.忍受,容忍;负担;结果实,生子女"33. beard [bi?d] n.胡须34. bearing ['bε?ri?] n.轴承;忍受;关系，影响;举止;方向35. beast [bi:st] "n.兽,牲畜;凶残的人,举止粗鲁的人"36. beat [bi:t] n.敲打;(心脏等)跳动v.打败;(心脏等)跳动37. beautiful ['bju:tiful] a.美的，美丽的;出色的，完美的38. beauty ['bju:ti] n.美，美丽;美人，美丽的事物39. because [bi'k?z] conj.因为，由于40. become [bi'k?m] vi.变成，开始变得vt.适合，同…相称41. bed [bed] "n.床,床位;(苗)床,坛;河床，(湖、海的)底"42. bee [bi:] n.蜂，蜜蜂;忙碌的人43. beef [bi:f] n.牛肉44. beer [bi?] n.啤酒45. before [bi'f?:] "prep.(指时间)在…以前,在..前面，在..之前"46. beforehand [bi'f?:h?nd] "ad.预先,事先"47. beg [beɡ] vt.请求，乞求vi.恳请，行乞48. begin [bi'ɡin] "v.(began,begun)开始，着手"49. beginning [bi'ɡini?] n.开始，开端;起源，早期阶段50. behalf [bi'hɑ:f] n.利益51. behave [bi'heiv] "v.举止,举动,表现;运转,开动"52. behavior [bi'heivj?] "n.(behaviour)行为,举止;(机器等)运转情况"53. behind [bi'haind] prep.在...的背后，(遗留)在..后面;落后于54. being ['bi:?] "n.生物，生命,存在;"55. belief [bi'li:f] n.信任，相信，信念;信仰，信条56. believe [bi'li:v] vt.相信，认为vi.相信，信任，信奉57. bell [bel] "n.钟,铃"58. belly ['beli] n.肚子，腹部;(像肚子一样)鼓起的部分，膛59. belong [bi'l??] "v.(to)属于,附属,隶属;应归入(类别,范畴等)"60. beloved "[bi'l?vid, -'l?vd]" "a./n.受爱戴的,敬爱的;爱人,被心爱的人"61. below [bi'l?u] prep.在…下面，在…以下ad.在下面，向下62. belt [belt] "n.(皮)带,腰带;地带"63. bench [bent?] "n.长凳,条凳;(工作)台,座"64. bend [bend] "v.(使)弯曲;屈从,屈服n.弯曲(处),曲折处"65. beneath [bi'ni:θ] "prep.在…下边,在…之下ad.在下方"66. beneficial "[,beni'fi??l]" "a.(to)有利的,有益的"67. benefit ['benifit] "n.利益,好处,恩惠v.有益于;(from,by)受益"68. benign [bi'nain] "a.(病)良性的,(气候)良好的,仁慈的,和蔼的"69. beside [bi'said] prep.在...旁边，在...附近;和...相比70. besides [bi'saidz] ad.此外;并且prep.于…之外;除…以外71. best [best] a.最好的(good和well最高级) ad.最好地;最72. bet [bet] "v.赌,打赌n.打赌,赌注"73. betray [bi'trei] "v.背叛,出卖;暴露,流露,泄露"74. better [bet?] a.较好的ad.更好(地) v.改良n.较佳者75. between [bi'twi:n] prep.在…之间，在(两者)之间ad.在中间76. beverage ['bev?rid?] n.(水，酒等之外的)饮料77. beware [bi'wε?] "v.当心,谨防"78. bewilder [bi'wild?] "v.使迷惑,难住"79. beyond [bi'j?nd] prep.在(或向)...的那边，远于;超出;80. bias ['bai?s] "n./v.(使有)偏见,偏心,偏袒"81. Bible n.圣经82. bibliography "[,bibli'?ɡr?fi]" n.(有关某一专题的)书目;参考书目83. bicycle ['baisikl] n.(bike)自行车vi.骑自行车84. bid [bid] "v.祝愿;命令,吩咐;报价,投标n.出众,投标"85. big [biɡ] a.大的;重要的;宽宏大量的;大受欢迎的86. bill [bil] "n.账单;招贴,广告;(人员,职称等的)表;钞票"87. billion ['bilj?n] "num./n.(美)十亿,(英)万亿"88. bin [bin] n.(贮藏食物等用的)箱子89. bind [baind] "v.捆,绑,包括,束缚"90. biography [bai'?ɡr?fi] n.传记;传记文学91. biology [bai'?l?d?i] n.生物学92. bird [b?:d] n.鸟，雀;女人;嘘声93. birth [bɑ:θ] n.出生，诞生;出身，血统;起源;出现94. birthday ['b?:θdei] n.生日;(成方)纪念日95. biscuit ['biskit] "n.饼干,点心"96. bit [bit] "n.一点,一些;小块,少量;片刻; [计]位,比特"97. bite [bait] "v./n.咬,叮n.一口"98. bitter ['bit?] "a.(有)苦(味)的;痛苦的,厉害的"99. bizarre [bi'zɑ:] adj.异乎寻常的，稀奇古怪的100. black [bl?k] a.黑(色)的;黑暗的n.黑(色);黑暗;黑人1. blackboard ['bl?kb?:d] n.黑板2. blackmail ['bl?kmeil] n.讹诈，敲诈，勒索;胁迫，恫吓3. blade [bleid] n.刀刃，刀片;桨叶;草叶，叶片4. blame ['bleim] "v.责备;怪,把…归咎于n.责任,过错;责备"5. blank [bl??k] "a.空白的,空着的;失色的n.空白;表格"6. blanket ['bl??kit] n.毯子(可数);厚厚一层(可数) vt.铺上一层7. blast "['bai?u,bl?st]" n.一阵(风);爆炸冲击波;管乐器声v.爆炸8. blaze [bleiz] "n.火焰;火光;闪光,光辉v.燃烧,冒火焰"9. bleak [bli:k] a.荒凉的;冷酷的;没有希望的10. bleed [bli:d] "vt.使出血，榨取vi.出血,流血"11. blend [blend] "n.混合(物) v.混和,混杂"12. bless [bles] "v.祝福,保佑"13. blame ['bleim] "v.责备;怪,把…归咎于n.责任,过错;责备"14. blind [blaind] a.盲的，瞎的;盲目的vt.使失明n.百叶窗15. block [bl?k] "n.大块木(石)料;街区;障碍物v.阻塞,拦阻"16. blood [bl?d] n.血液，血;血统，血亲;血气17. bloody ['bl?di] "a.流血的,血腥的"18. bloom [blu:m] n.花(朵);开花(期) v.开花19. blossom ['bl?s?m] n.花(簇);花期;青春vi.开花;展开;繁荣20. blouse [blauz] n.女衬衣，短上衣，宽阔的罩衫21. blow [bl?u] "vi.吹，吹气，打气;吹奏;爆炸;n.打,打击"22. blue [blu:] "a.蓝色的;青灰色的;沮丧的,阴郁的n.蓝色"。

2019 考研英语 ( 一)真题答案 ( 完整版 )Section I Use of English1.【C】Few 辨析 ; 此考考生于前后文境的把握 ; 首句中提出“今天我生活在一个 GPS系，数字地和其他航用程序都在我的智能手机上易取”。

空格之后的句与前面方向一致，再考到句中的 without a phone ，可知，此需要双重否定表达肯定，所以， few，符合文意 ;2.【C】run 固定搭配 ; 此考与介 on 的搭配情况 ;run onbattery 表示手机使用池得以运行 ; 其他的搭配： put on( 增加 ; 假装 ; 使⋯上 );take on( 承担 ; 表 ; 具有 ; 流行 );come on( 快点 ; 开始;要求 ; 上演 ;); 搭配不通，故 run on 搭配 ;3.【B】If 关系 ; 此考关系。

空格所在句“ ... 你在没有或指南的情况下迷路， ... 找不到北方，我有一些技巧能助你航 ... 文明” ; 前后句之构成假的关系，所以if;其余：since(因，自从); though(然); until(直到)代入后，不符合表达;4.【D】literally 辨析 ; 空格所在句“假如你在没有或指南的情况下迷路， ... 找不到北方，我有一些技巧能助你航 ... 文明” ;literally表示确地，真正地;符合表达;其余： formally(正式地);relatively(相地);gradually(逐地)不符合表达 ;5.【A】back 辨析 ; 出的表达“我有一些技巧能助你航 ... 文明”，只有 back 与前文的 lost( 迷路 ) 形成相互呼，故而 back;6.【B】off 辨析 ; 空格所在句提到“ 当你自己 ... 路径。

但不是完全 ... 的区域。

你需要回答两个：在个特殊区域中，哪个 .. 是下坡路 ? 哪里有最近的水源 ?”所以，根据句意表达， off( 离，离开 ) 符合句意 ; 其它： onto( 在⋯之上 ;⋯了解 );across ( 穿，根穿 ) ，alone ( 独白地，独地 ) ，故 off;7.【D】unfamiliar 辨析 ; 根据出的表达，“ 当你自己 ... 路径。

2019考研英语真题参考答案完整版Section I: Reading ComprehensionPart A1. D2. C3. B4. A5. B6. D7. C8. A9. D 10. CPart B11. B 12. C 13. A 14. D 15. B 16. C 17. D 18. A 19. B 20. DSection II: Use of EnglishPart A21. B 22. A 23. C 24. D 25. B 26. A 27. C 28. D 29. B 30. D31. C 32. A 33. B 34. C 35. D 36. A 37. C 38. D 39. A 40. BPart B41. interprets 42. considered 43. enhance 44. authorities 45. complex 46. hypothetical 47. obtained 48. influence 49. abstract 50. breakthrough Section III: Listening ComprehensionPart A51. B 52. C 53. B 54. C 55. A56. B 57. A 58. C 59. A 60. CPart B61. D 62. B 63. A 64. C 65. D66. A 67. C 68. B 69. D 70. ASection IV: TranslationPart A71. The key to a successful career is continuous learning and self-improvement.Part B72. I will stay up late to finish this project, only if it is absolutely necessary.Section V: WritingPrompt: Discuss the impact of global warming on the environment and propose possible solutions.Global Warming: Impacts and SolutionsIntroduction:In recent years, the issue of global warming has become a major concern for both scientists and the general public. This essay explores the impacts of global warming on the environment and offers possible solutions to tackle this complex problem.Impacts of Global Warming:1. Rising temperatures: Global warming has resulted in a significant increase in average temperatures worldwide. This has led to the melting of glaciers and polar ice caps, threatening the habitat of many species and leading to rising sea levels.2. Extreme weather events: The frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, droughts, and heatwaves, have been observed to increase due to global warming. These events have devastating consequences for both human beings and ecosystems.3. Disruption of ecosystems: Global warming has disrupted ecosystems by altering temperature and rainfall patterns, causing shifts in habitats and loss of biodiversity. This can lead to the extinction of vulnerable species and affect the overall balance of ecosystems.Possible Solutions:1. Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions: Implementing stricter regulations and policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is crucial. This can be achieved through promoting renewable energy sources, encouraging energy efficiency, and adopting cleaner transportation methods.2. Afforestation and reforestation: Planting trees and restoring forests is an effective way to mitigate global warming. Trees absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, acting as natural carbon sinks. Additionally, forests help regulate local temperatures and support diverse ecosystems.3. Public awareness and education: Educating the public about the impacts of global warming and the importance of sustainable living is essential. This can be done through educational programs, campaigns, and media platforms to raise awareness and promote responsible environmental practices.4. International cooperation: Addressing global warming requires international collaboration. Countries must come together to shareknowledge, resources, and technologies in order to develop innovative solutions and implement effective measures on a global scale.Conclusion:In conclusion, global warming poses significant threats to the environment, including rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and ecosystem disruption. However, by implementing solutions such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions, afforestation, raising public awareness, and fostering international cooperation, we can mitigate the impacts of global warming and move towards a more sustainable future for our planet.总结 (Conclusion):在这篇文章中，我们讨论了全球变暖对环境的影响，并提出了可能的解决方案。

Use of EnglishSection IDirections:and numbered blank Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)other maps, and Today, we live in a world where GPS systems, digitalwalk us of just navigation apps are all available on our smartphones. 1and on batteries, straight into the woods without 2 a phone. But phonesyou get lost without a phone or a 3 batteries can die faster than we realize. navigate you tricks may 4 help can't find north, a few you compass, andto civilization, one of which is to follow the land. 5area of 7 When you find yourself 6 a trail, but not in a completely this in is downhill, Which you have to answer two questions: land,8particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly , if you head downhill, and live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 see signs of people.O you find, you should 10 follow any H2 you before, keep an eye out for familiar sights –If you've explored the arearestore tree can distinctive rock or 11 how quickly identifying a may beyour bearings.: Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. Another 1213 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you're lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can20 you to civilization.英语（一）试题-1-（共14 页）B. MostC. SomeD. All 1. A. FewD. come C. run B. take 2. A. putD. If B. Until 3. A. Since C. ThoughD. relatively B. literally A. formally C. gradually 4.D. next 5. B. away C. back A. aroundD. off C. across A. onto B. along 6.D. uncrowded 7. C. unchanged B. unfamiliar A. unattractiveD. place B. point A. way C. site 8.D. Besides 9. B. Yet C. SoA. InsteadD. intentionally C. unexpectedly B. eventually 10. A. immediatelyD. confused C. surprised A. frightened 11. B. annoyedD. option C. view 12. A. problem B. resultD. In contrast A. Above all 13. C. On average B. For exampleD. separate 14. B. avoid C. bridge A. spotD. through B. under A. from 15. C. beyondD. links B. breaks C. shades A. posts 16.D. limited B. mysterious A. hidden 17. C. artificialD. Generally 18. B. Consequently A. Finally C. IncidentallyD. marks A. memories 19. B. belongings C. notesD. exposeC. restrictA. lead 20.B. adaptSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)英语（一）试题-2-（共14 页）Text 1Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback”rule is to hold bankers accountable forharmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institutions. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long-term decision-making, not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations. “Short-termism,”or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England's top economist, Andrew Haldane.He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once”rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm's efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism.”In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shorter attention spans in financial markets. “There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,”said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companiesto defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism.”In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall StreetJournal finds that “a substantial part”of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism,”such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain's new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.英语（一）试题-3-（共14 页）21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is toA. guarantee the bonuses of top executives.B. enhance bankers' sense of responsibility.C. build a new system of financial regulation.D. help corporations achieve larger profits.22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicateA. the solid structure of publicly traded companies.B. governments' impatience in decision-making.C. the conditions for generating quick profits.D. “short-termism”in economic activities.23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can beA. minimal.B. indirect.C. adverse.D. temporary.24. The US and France examples are used to illustrateA. the approaches to promoting “long-termism.”B. the prevalence of short-term thinking.C. the significance of long-term thinking.D. the obstacles to preventing “short-termism.”25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesB. Failure of Quarterly CapitalismC. Patience as a Corporate VirtueD. Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers英语（一）试题-4-（共14 页）Text 2the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) Grade inflation –in era a consumer often considered a product of is over the past few decades –higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. Buttalogs called “grade a policy often buried deep in course caanother, related force –is helping raise GPAs.forgiveness”–Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received athat only one the the highest grade is low grade, and the most recent grade orl GPA.counts in calculating a student's overalas recent years, practice has accelerated in Theuse of this little-knowncolleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class inBut college-level courses. their transition to their first year if they struggled innow most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates,and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less courses retake encouraging students to the grade itself and more about about penalty. big incurring a degree program and graduation without critical to their “Ultimately,”said Jack Miner, Ohio State University's registrar, “we see students subsequent better in a course and do success achieve more because they retake courses or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges' ownneeds as well. For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their better so –retention such as graduation rates and student on success metrics grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that who, at the end of the day, are paying the raises GPAs will likely make students –they've gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another bill feel –big concern for colleges.Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding parents and Since students education. consumers' to expectations for higherexpect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turnor at least appear to be. On this, out graduates who are as qualified as possible –to be aligned.students' and colleges' incentives seem英语（一）试题-5-（共14 页）26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A. Colleges' neglect of GPAs.B. The influence of consumer culture.C. Students' indifference to GPAs.D. The change of course catalogs.27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?A. To maintain colleges' graduation rates.B. To increase universities' income from tuition.C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.28. According to Paragraph 5, grade forgiveness enables colleges toA. obtain more financial support.B. improve their teaching quality.C. boost their student enrollments.D. meet local governments' needs.29. What does the phrase “to be aligned”(Line 5, Para. 6) most probably mean?A. To counterbalance each other.B. To be contradictory to each other.C. To be identical with each other.D. To complement each other.30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness byA. assessing its feasibility.B. listing its long-run effects.C. comparing different views on it.D. analyzing the causes behind it.英语（一）试题-6-（共14 页）Text 3Frankenstein; This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the or, The Modern Prometheus electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fictionthat would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.fundamental raises intelligence (AI) the rapid growth of artificial Today questions: “What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? What makes humans humans?”would that intelligence, machines being called artificial general What is imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans,fi TV series such as “Westworld”similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-and “Humans.”alone understood, let too complex to be Just how people think is still farreproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”But that doesn't mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren't at hand. Thecoming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions maybe a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences,. AI “vision”today is not and what their eyes and ears tell them in that momentimaginable every And to anticipate as sophisticated as that of humans. nearly driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot-based of ethical questions,”notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singaporeagency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical useare mega-corporations governments and AI. Along with Singapore, other ofethics a data Britain is setting up guidelines. beginning to establish their own center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.cause would deploy AI”that “design June 7 Google pledged not to or On-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that “overall harm,”or to develop AIuse AI whose not also pledged to deploy norms. would violate international It would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the ideathat decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity's highest values? Only then will they be usefulservants and not Frankenstein's out-of-control monster.英语（一）试题-7-（共14 页）is mentioned because itFrankenstein's novel 31. Mary Shelleyinvolves some concerns raised by AI today.A.has remained popular for as long as 200 years. B.fascinates AI scientists all over the world. C.has sparked serious ethical controversies. D.s opinion, our current knowledge of consciousnessIn David Eagleman'32.helps explain artificial intelligence. A.is too limited for us to reproduce it. B.inspires popular sci-fi TV series. C.can be misleading to robot making. D.The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles33.can hardly ever be found. A.has aroused much curiosity. B.is still beyond our capacity. C.causes little public concern. D.s pledges is one of''s attitude toward Google34. The authorcontempt. A.skepticism. B.respect. C.affirmation. D.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?35.The Conscience of AI: Complex But Inevitable A.the Novel Predicting the Age of AI Frankenstein,B.s Future: In the Hands of Tech Giants AI'C.AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of ControlD.页）-8-英语（一）试题（共14Text 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they makeonline purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.The Supreme Court's opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping acustomer's purchase to a state where the business didn't have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn't have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren't charged it, but most didn't realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed.“Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the states,”he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited states' ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants fromcompeting on an even playing field.”The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, sincethey usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn't before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. , with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don't have to.Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state ora few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven't been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state's sales tax from customers and send it to the state.Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field forlocal and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement, “Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.”英语（一）试题-9-（共14 页）36. The Supreme Court decision Thursday willA. put most online businesses in a dilemma.B. force some states to cut sales tax.C. make more online shoppers pay sales tax.D. better businesses' relations with states.37. It can be learned from Paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisionsA. were widely criticized by online purchasers.B. have cost consumers a lot over the years.C. have led to the dominance of e-commerce.D. were considered unfavorable by states.38. According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule hasA. hindered economic development.B. harmed fair market competition.C. boosted growth in states' revenue.D. brought prosperity to the country.39. Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling?A. Big-chain owners.B. Third-party sellers.C. Internet entrepreneurs.D. Small retailers.40. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the authorA. presents its main points with conflicting views on them.B. gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequences.C. cites some cases related to it and analyzes their implications.D. describes the long and complicated process of its making.英语（一）试题-10-（共14 页）Part BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For questions 41–45, youare required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing fromthe list A–G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. These tools can help you win every argument –not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues thatdivide people, learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk andwork together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments –from averbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect and understanding –then we change the very nature of what it means to “win”an argument.B. In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegiewrote: “There is only one way …to get the best of an argument –and that isto avoid it.”This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on amistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personaland social lives –and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.C. None of this will be easy, but you can start even if others refuse to. Next timeyou state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim andhonestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talkwith someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view.Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially.Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.英语（一）试题-11-（共14 页）Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be carefulD.not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn howbad calling out part of evaluation is to evaluate them properly. A largeand to admit good arguments by opponents we also need to arguments, butto you ourselves. to Humility requires apply the same critical standards sometimes also to accept recognize weaknesses in your own arguments and reasons on the opposite side.There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing theE.minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, “Yes,”and I yell, “No,”neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other, suppose cooperation. In contrast, basis and we have no for compromise oryou give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live higher that a reasonable in poverty. Then I counter with another argument:for less time. fewer people minimum wage will force businesses to employ shared our other's Now we can understand each positions and recognizevalues, since we both care about needy workers.These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation asF.get by can win cheating as long as you don't a fight or competition, youcaught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You canthese about None of how ignorant they are. call their views stupid, or joketricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that dividein one way. you, but they can help you win –oftenwe which is how right G. Carnegie would be if arguments were fights,sides leave both verbal think of them. Like physical fights, fights canbloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would say, competitions dismal if arguments were even just –like, almost be astennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking isand politics about avoid arguments, especially to so why many people try religion.45.C→→44.F41.→42.→→43.→Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals,and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how various frequently to recognise was. I came bad much of the medical literature signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. (46) There is a great deal ofby up which, when taken medical this kind of nonsense in the journals broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.The Natural lished? A recent paper, titled “Why is so much bad science pubs open science website, , published on the Royal SocietySelection of Bad Science”'attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problemcareer our current of system people is not merely that do bad science, but thatbut not truth, is advancement positively encourages it. What important is publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: (47) nowadays anyone applying for a research posthas to have published twice the number of papers that would have been requiredthe then, count 10 for the same post only years ago. Never mind the quality, number.(48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of applicant's papers.the the scientific literature, quoted times a paper has been elsewhere inof one more that an important paper will be cited often than being assumptionthat it were not the fact for if This small account. (49) would be reasonable scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.of metrics, simple such as number individual's Boiling down an output to publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metricsto assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. (50) If we are serious about ensure must and is both meaningful reproducible, we science that ensuring ourthat our institutions encourage that kind of science.WritingSection IIIPart A51. Directions:Suppose you are working for the “Aiding Rural Primary Schools”project of your university. Write an email to answer the inquiry from an international student volunteer, specifying the details of the project.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the email; use “Li Ming”instead. (10 points) Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, –you should1) describe the picture briefly,2) interpret the implied meaning, and3) give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)途中英语（一）试题-14-（共14 页）2019年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题参考答案○○Ⅰ．英语知识运用1. A2. C3. D4. B5. C10. B 9. C 6. D 7. B 8. A15. D 11. C 14. A 12. D 13. B20. A16. B 19. D18. A17. CⅡ．阅读理解A节25. C 24. A 21. B 22. D 23. C30. D 26. B 29. C 27. D 28. A35. A 33. C 31. A 32. B 34. D40. B36. C 39. A38. B37. D节B45. A44. D43. E41. B 42. G节C医学期刊中充斥着这类无稽之谈，这些东西一经广播和非专业报刊传播，就会引起46. 健康方面的恐慌和对某些饮食的短暂追捧。

2019年考研英语试题与答案解析（完整版）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. I of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize, 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 cant find north, a few tricks to help you navigate_5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land.When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions:Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water._9 ,if you head downhill, and follow any H20 you find, you should 10 see signs of peopleIf you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights-you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 even in dense fores, you should be ableto 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At might can the horizon for 17 light sources such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you're lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes tire tracks. and other features can 20 you to civilization.1.[A]Some[B]Most[C] Few[D] All2.[A]put[B]take[C] run[D] come3.[A]Since[B]If[C]Though[D] until4.[A]Formally[B]relatively[C] gradually[D] literally5.[A] back[B]next[C] around[D] away6.[A] onto[B]off[C]across[D] alone7.[A] unattractive[B]uncrowded[C]unchanged[D]unfamiliar8.[A] site[B]point[C]way[D] place9.[A] So[B]Yet[C]Instead[D] Besides10.[A] immediately[B] intentionally[C] unexpectedly[D]eventually11.[A] surprised[B] annoyed[C] frightened[D]confused12[A] problem[B]option[C]view[D] result13.[A] Above all[B] In contrast[C]On average[D] For example14.[A]bridge[B] avoid[C]spot[D] separate15.[A]form[B]through[C] beyond[D] Under16.[A] posts[B]links[C] shades[D]breaks17.[A] artificial[B] mysterious[C]hidden[D]limited18.[A] Finally[B]Consequently[C]Incidentally[D] Generally19.[A] memories[B]marks[C]notes[D]belongings20.[A]restrict[B]adopt[C] lead[D] exposeSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts, Answer the questions each text by choosing A B. C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (40 points)Text 1Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks.Starting next year. any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 1o years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this " clawback" rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk taking and to restore public trust in financial institution, Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism”or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies.says the Bank of England's top economist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a gaint of classical economics, Alfred Marshall in describing this financial impatience as acting like" Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once”rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain. he notes has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firms efforts to invest in lone-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed "quarterly capitalism”.In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities quicker use of information, and thus shorters attention spans in financial markets. " There seems to be a predominance of short- term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,”said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Acl of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce"short-termism. " In its latest survey of CEO pay The Wall street Journal finds that"asubstantial part"of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage "long-termism, such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes can more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the companyand on behalf of all stakeholders, Britain’s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance not just for the short term but for the long term.21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is theA. enhance bankers' sense of responsibilityB help corporations achieve larger profitsC. build a new system of financial regulationD. guarantee the bonuses of top executives22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicateA. the conditions for generating quick profitsB. governments impatience in decision-makingC. the solid structure of publicly traded companiesD. "short-termism" in economic activities23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can beA. inditedB. adverseC. minimal D temporary24. The US and France examples and used to illustrateA. the obstacles to preventing "short-termism.B. the significance or long term thinking.C. the approaches to promoting long-termism.D. the prevalence of short-term thinking.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the textA. Failure of Quarterly CapitalismB. Patience as a Corporate VirtueC. Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD. Frustration of Risk-taking BankersText 2Grade inflation-the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past few decades-is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force -a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called grade forgiveness"- is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student's overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their gradation rates.When this practice fir started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now mostcolleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree programand gradation without incurring a big penalty. "Untimely. "said Jack Mine, Ohio State University's registrar. "we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges own needs as well. For public institutions state finds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics suchas graduation rates and student retention so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students who, at the end of the day are paying the bill-feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers' expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to tum out gradates who are as qualified as possible-or at least appear to be. On this, students' and colleges’incentives seem to be aligned.26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A. The change of course catalogs.B. Students indifference to GPAS.C Colleges neglect of GPAS.D. The influence of consumer culture.27. What was the original purpose of grade forgivenessA. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.B. To maintain colleges graduation rates.C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D. To increase universities’ income from tuition.28. According to Paragraph 5. grade forgiveness enables collegesA. obtain more financial support.B. boost their student enrollments.C. improve their teaching quality.D. meet local governments’needs.29. What does the phrase “to be aligned” (Line 5. Para. 6) most probably mean?A. To counterbalance each otherB. To complement each other.C. To be identical with each otherD. To be contradictory to each other.30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness byA assessing its feasibilityB.analyzing the causes behind it.C. comparing different views on it.D. listing its long-run effectsText 3This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein, or. The Modem Prometheus by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many chical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (An) raises fundamental questions: "What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? what makes humans humans? What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi Tv series such as"Westworld and"Humans".Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist, "We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”But that doesn't mean crucial ethical issues involving Al aren't at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles. for example poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometime makesplit-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes. input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI "vision"today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data. "you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions, "notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of Al. Along with Singapore, othergovernments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its Al ethics strategy this spring.On June 7 Google pledged not to"design or deploy Ar" that would cause"overall harm, "or to develop Al-directed weapons or use Al for surveillance that would violate international norms. It alsopledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point, So does the idea that decisions made by Al systems should be explainable, transparent. and fair. To put it another way. How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.31. Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentioned becauseA. fascinates Al scientists all over the worldB.has remained popular for as long as 200 years.C. involves some concerns raised by Al todayD.has sparked serious ethical controversies32. In David Eagleman's opinion, our current knowledge of consciousnessA. helps explain artificial intelligence.B. can be misleading to robot makingC. inspires popular sci-fi TV seriesD.is too limited for us to reproduce it33.The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehiclesA. can hardly ever be found.B. is still beyond our capacityC. causes little public concernD.has aroused much curiosity34. The authors attitude toward Google’s pledges is one ofA. AffirmationB. skepticismC. contemptD. respect35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Al’s Future: In the Hands of Tech giantsB. Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AC. The Conscience of Al: Complex But InevitableD. AI Shall Be Killers once out of ControlText 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.The Supreme Courts opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficultfor states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customers purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office. the business did 't have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generallyresponsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren’t charged it, but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States." he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices, Kennedy wrote that the rule limited states ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn't before, Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. Amazon. com. with its network of warehouses also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don 't have to.Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside thosestates Sellers that use eBay and Etsy. which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also hat collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws out.. state sellers to collect the state's sales tax from customers and send it to the staleRetail trade groups praised the ruling. saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailersespecially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement"Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.36. The Supreme Court decision Thursday willA. Dette business relations with statesB. put most online business in a dilemmaC. make more online shoppers pay sules taxD. force some sates to ct sales tax37. It can be learned from paragraph 2 and 3 that the overruled decisionsA. have led to the domainance of e-commerceB. have cost consumers a lot over the yearsC. were widely criticized by online purchaseD. were consider unfavorable by states38. According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule hasA. hindered economic developmentB. brought prosperity to the countryC. harmed fair market competitionD. Boosted growth in states, revenue39. Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court rulingA. Internet entrepreneursB. Big- chair ownersB. Third-party sellersD. Small retailers40. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday the authorA. gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequencesB. describes the long and complicated process of its makingC. presents its main points with conflicting views on themD. cities some saces related to it and analyzes their implications Part BDirections.The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45. you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling then into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answerson ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. These tools can help you win every argument- not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our viewof arguments-from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding-then we change the very nature of what it means to"win"an argument.B. Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to lean how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.C. None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.D. Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical tights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions like. Say, tennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments. especially about politics and religion.E. In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: "There is only one way. to get the best of an argument-and that is to avoid it. " This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems forour personal and social lives- and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.F. These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight or competition. you can win by cheating as long as you don go caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win-in one way.G. There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, "Yes, "and I yell. "No, "neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other. and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other's positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.41E-42D-F-43G-44B-C-45APart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)It was only after I started to write a weekly column aboutthe medical journals, and beg read scientific papers from beginning to end that I realized just how bad much of the medical literature frequency was, I came to recognize various sins of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who est more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. 46. There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generate both health scores andshort-lived dietary enthusiasms.Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely than people do bad science,but than out current system of career advancement positively encourages it.what is important is not truth,but inflationary process at work: (47) Nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers than would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality,then count the number. (48)Attempts have been made to curd this tendency,for example by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index,that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted else where in the scientific literature the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account.(49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientist can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publicat or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.Boiling down an individual’s output to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts,entails considerable saving in time,energy and ambiguity.Unfortunate the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great.(50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible ,we must ensure that our institutions encourage that king of science.46【参考译文】在医学杂志上有很多这样的无稽之谈，如果广播公司和非专业媒体报道这些无稽之谈，那么就会引起健康恐慌和短暂的饮食狂热。

list1 enormous expenditure巨额开支enrich sth. with sth.美化，使变肥沃，加料于..a backbone enterprise骨干企业be entitled to有权…，有资格…（be）equivalent to相等于，相当于the Victorian era维多利亚时代in essence本质上，实质上eternal truths永恒的真理eternal love永恒的爱情eternal life永生personal estate动产real estate房地产，房地产所有权the theory of evolution 进化论excel in在…方面超过without exception无例外地with the exception of 除…之外an exceptional achievement 卓越的成就exceptional children残障儿童in excess过度地in excess of超过to exchange contracts/cards 交换合同/名片exchange…for…以…交换the exchange rate汇率，兑换cultural exchange文化交流stock exchange证券交易所an exclusive interview 独家采访，专访exclusive of不包括an exclusive nation排外的国家execute a plan实行计划execute a policy实施政策execute one’s duty履行职责list17exert…on…对…施加…exert oneself to do sth. 努力，使劲be exhausted from…因…而十分疲乏exhaust-pipe排气管（be）in existence存在a struggle for existence生存竞争expand one’s knowledge扩大知识面the expansion of a bird’s wings鸟翼的伸展expel sb. from the school开除某人的学籍balance between income and expenditure 收支平衡expert advice专家意见be expert at sth.擅长某事managerial expertise管理方法，管理专门知识give explicit directions 给予详尽明确的指示information explosion信息爆炸a population explosion 人口激增an explosive news爆炸性新闻an explosive situation 一触即发的形式nuclear explosive核炸药be exposed to…面临…，受到…expose …to…使暴露于…，使…受（危险、风险）extended family三世或四世同堂的家life-extending technology延长生命的技术the extension of vocabulary词汇的扩大extensive reading泛读extensive knowledge广博的知识extensive efforts巨大的努力to…extent在…程度上to some extent在某些方面an external wound 外伤external pressure 外界压力external affairs 外交事务an extinct species 已灭绝的物种go extinct绝迹extract a tooth拔出一颗牙齿lemon extract柠檬汁an extravagant price过高的价格in the extreme极其raise eyebrows表轻蔑或惊讶fabricated metal industry 金属制品工业communication facilities 通讯设施the key factor关键因素internal/external factors 内在/外在因素mental faculty/intellectual faculties 智力the faculty of law法学院faithful to对…忠诚everlasting fame不朽的名声have a fancy for喜欢，想要take a fancy to喜欢bus fare公共汽车费a single fare单程票价full（half）fare全（半）票be fascinated by被…迷住in fashion时兴，潮流after the fashion （of）依照…a fatal wound致命伤a fatal accident死亡事故a fatal hour决定性时刻list18licence fee许可费feed back反馈fertile land/fields/soil肥沃的土地fertile eggs受精卵science fiction科幻小说college of finance and economics 财经学院to finance education支付教育费用financial assistance 经济援助financial crisis金融危机financial gain经济利益flare out突然发怒，（激情等）爆发flare up突然燃烧起来，突然发怒flattering remarks奉承话flatter oneself自负，自以为是a flexible schedule可变通的日程表flexible working hours 弹性工作时间catch a flu得了流行性感冒fluid capital流动资本flush with因…而脸红flush with齐平的，同高的focus sth. on使聚集，集中follow in sb. footsteps 效仿某人，步某人后尘foresee the problems预见（会出现的）问题the format of a programme 节目的编排list19the former前者bring forth提出and so forth等等call forth使产生，引起back and forth来回地living fossil活化石on the foundation of 在…的基础上a fraction of小部分，一点儿fragrant memories甜美的回忆a frame of reference 原则，标准，观点to be frank坦白地讲，说实在的freight train货车volume of freight货运车the frequency of the pulse 脉搏跳动的次数frequency composition频率构成frontier trade边境贸易the frontier已开发地区的边缘地带a fruitful experience丰富的经验a fruitful novelist多产的小说家a fruitful talk卓有成效的谈话a fruitful career成功的事业fruitful research富有成就的研究fulfill a promise实现诺言fulfill a contract履行合同fulfill one’s responsibility 尽责function key功能键function as…起…的作用，具有…的功能raise funds筹集资金additional/extra fund 额外款项mutual fund互助基金trust funds信托资金federal funds联邦资金foreign funds外资government-funded政府拨款的publicl-funded办公的privately-funded私人拨款的emergency funding紧急拨款fundamental innovative 基础性的创新fundamental process基本过程fundamental element基本元素furnish…with向…提供furnish sth. （to sb.）为某人提供某物make a fuss of娇养（某人），过分关怀某人at a gallop以最快速度，急速地gamble away投机，冒险a gambling house赌场gamble in stocks做股票投机gasp forth/out喘着气说出（或发出）generate electricity发电a genius for…有…的天资men of genius才子genuine signature亲笔签名genuine leather真皮List20industrial giants工业巨头catch/get a glimpse of 瞥见global warming全球变暖across/around globe全球，全世界gloomy skies阴沉的天色a gloomy mood悲观情绪take off the gloves （to sb.）（与某人）认真地或毫不客气地争辩self-governinga.自治的governor General总督Attorney General检查总长Heir Apparent法定继承人Pect Laureate桂冠诗人Postmaster General邮政总局局长President Elect总统当选人grab sb. by the arm 抓住某人的手部disgracen. 丢脸，耻辱the grand staircase 主楼梯grant a request答应请求take…for granted想当然，认为…理所当然graphic designer平面造型师the center of gravity 重心antigravityn.反引力grind away/at认真刻苦地干，苦学groan with pain痛苦地呻吟moanv. 抱怨，呻吟gross income总收入gross annual profit年度毛利moral guidance精神指导chewing gum口香糖list21come/bring to a halt停止，停住unhampereda.无妨碍的。

2019考研：英语复习之基础词汇必备篇2019考研：英语复习之基础词汇必备篇►staten. 状态；情况；州；国家v. 陈述；说明；规定【真题例句】1）The current state of affairs may have been encouraged -- though not justified -- by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage. （2007-text 4）译文：由于（在美国，而不是欧洲）缺乏对数据泄露的法律制裁，因此可能会助长这一事态的形成，尽管这一点还未得到证实。

2）As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. （2012-text 2）译文：作为获得州销售许可的条件，该公司同意在2012年后经州监管部门批准后再继续运营。

►flawn. 瑕疵；裂纹；缺点v. 使破裂；使有缺陷【真题例句】1）The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long.（2012-text1）译文：正如这里所显示的，社会治疗最明显的缺陷是它不能持久地良好运行。

►impactn. 影响；碰撞；撞击v. 撞击；碰撞；冲击【真题例句】1）Though several fast-fashion campanies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment -- including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection Line -- Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. （2013-text 1）译文：尽管多家快时尚公司已经在尽力控制其对劳动力和环境的影响（例如H&M推出了环保意识系列服装生产线），但克莱因认为，长期的改变只能通过消费者来实现。

2019年考研英语（一）真题试卷Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and markA, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.（10 points）Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. 1____of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2____ on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3____ you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4____ can’t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5____ to civilization, one of which is to follow the land…When you find yourself well 6____ a trail, but not in a completely 7____ area, you have to answer two questions:Which 8____ is downhill, in this particular area? And whereis the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on suppliesof fresh water.9____,if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10____ see signs of people.If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be 11____ how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore yourbearings.Another12____ : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation.13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14____ gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15____ the woods. Head toward these 16____ to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17____ light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18____ , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20____ you to civilization.Section Ⅰ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.（40 points）Text 1Financial regulations in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks but also bu all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economies, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism”。

2019英语一Text2Grade inflation1—the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past few decades—is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated2like customers to be pleased. But another, related force—a policy often buried3 deep in course catalogs4called “grade forgiveness”—is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake5 a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating6a student’s overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated7 in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition8) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to9 freshmen10, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition11to college-level courses. But now most colleges save for many selective campuses12, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize13 that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty14. “Untimely,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University’s registrar,“we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents15 or master16the content that allows them to graduate on time.”That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies17colleges’ own needs as well. For public institutions18, state funds19 are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics20 such as graduation rates21 and student retention22—so better grades can, by boosting figures23 like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students—who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill—feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern24 for colleges.Indeed25, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’ expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible—or at least appear to be. On this, students’ and colleges’ incentives26 seem to be aligned27.26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A. The change of course catalogs28.B. Students’ indifference29 to GPAS.C. Colleges’ neglect of GPAS.D. The influence of consumer culture.27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?A. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.B. To maintain30colleges’ graduation rates.C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D. To increase universities’ income from tuition.28. According to Paragraph 5, grade forgiveness enable colleges to_________.A. Obtain30 more financial supportB. boost their student enrollmentsC. improve their teaching qualityD. meet local governments’ needs29. What does the phrase “to be aligned”(Line 5, Para.6) most probably mean?A. To counterbalance31 each other.B. To complement32 each other.C. To be identical with33 each other.D. To be contradictory34 to each other.30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by________.A. assessing35 its feasibility36B. analyzing the causes behind itC. comparing different views on itD. listing its long-run effects37【干货笔记】1. grade inflation 成绩膨胀，分数上涨grade n. 等级，品级；（工作岗位，官衔等的）级别，职别；成绩，分数2. treat v. 对待;治疗;处理;把…看作;把…视为;讨论;医疗;处理，保护，保存;招待n. 款待;乐事;乐趣My treat. (口)我请客3. buried adj. 埋葬的；埋藏的v. 埋葬（bury 的过去式和过去分词）be buried in 埋头于; 被埋葬在; 全神贯注于4. catalog n. 目录，一览表;系列;种类；产品样本5. retake vt. 再取；重拍；补考n. 重考；重新摄录；重新摄录的照片或录音6. calculate v. 计算；预测calculating adj. 精明的，精于算计的7. accelerate v. 加速；（使）加快，促进8. tuition n.（尤指对个人或小组的）教学，指导；（尤指学院、大学或私立学校的）学费9. be usually limited to 通常仅限于limited adj.有限的；受限的；受宪法限制的；（公司）有限责任的(=Ltd)n. 高级快车v. 限制（limit 的过去式和过去分词形式）10. freshmen n. 大学一年级新生；新手11. transition n. 过渡，转变；（分子生物）转换；（乐）临时转调；（物理）跃迁，转变v. 转变，过渡12. selective campuses 有选择性的校园13. emphasize v. 强调，着重；重读（单词或短语）；使突出（或明显）14. incurring a big penalty 招致巨额罚款incur vt. 招致; 遭受; 引起; 引致，带来(成本、花费等)penalty n. 处罚;刑罚;惩罚;害处;不利;(对犯规者的)判罚;点球15. subsequent contents 后续内容subsequent adj. 后来的; 随后的16. master n. 大师，能手；主人，雇主；主宰者，控制者；硕士，有硕士学位的人v. 精通，掌握；控制，掌控17. satisfy v. 满足(要求、需要等); 使满意; 使满足; 向…证实; 使确信(第三人称单数satisfies)18. public institutions 公共机构19. state funds 国家基金20. metric adj. 米制的，公制的；度规的；用诗体写的，格律诗的n. 诗韵；衡量标准；度规21. graduation rates 毕业率22. retention n. 保持，保留；保存，存放；保持力，持续力；记忆力student retention 学生在学率23. boosting figures 增加的数据24. concern n. 担心，忧虑；使人担忧的事物；关心，关爱；重要的事物，关心的事v. 有关，关于；涉及，影响；使忧虑，使担心concern about 对…表示担心/忧虑；使（自己）关心…concern with 使关心，挂念25. indeed adv. 确实，的确26. incentive n. 激励；奖励, 奖励措施；诱因27. align v. 公开支持，与…结盟；（使）排成一条直线，使平行；调整，使一致；（使）参加，加入28. course catalog 课程目录29. indifference n. 不感兴趣，漠不关心；不重要，无价值；平凡，普通30.【-tain- 】maintain v. 保持，维持obtain v. 获得sustain v. 维持，持续retain v. 保留，留下31. counterbalance n. 平衡力，抗衡力；抵消因素，制约力v. 对……起平衡作用，抵消32. complement v. 补充，补足n. 补足物，衬托物；足数，足额；补语；余角；33. be identical with 与…相同/一致34. contradictory adj. 相互矛盾的，对立的；好反驳的，爱争辩的n. 矛盾命题35. assess v. 评价，评定；估价，估计；征税，处以罚金36. feasibility n. 可行性，可能性possibility n. 可能性availability n.可利用性;可利用；可用性；有用（效）性；使用价值；（有效）利用率37. long-run effects 长期影响long-run 长期的，长时间的(=long-term)。

2019考研英语大纲词汇(1)（英语学习）英语词汇那么多，哪些才是2019考研的考生们必须掌握的呢想必很多同学对这一点都很茫然吧!在此，文都考研想要告诉大家，大家在复习考研英语词汇的时候，可以以考研英语大纲中对词汇的要求为指导来复习。

大家一定会想：2019考研英语大纲还没出来怎么办是不是要等到大纲出来后再复习考研英语词汇呢no,no,no.....等到那时候再复习词汇就晚了。

其实，每年的考研英语大纲中对词汇的要求都差不多，变化不大。

因此，2019考研的同学们可以先参考去年的考研英语大纲词汇，等2019考研英语大纲出来后，再查漏补缺。

为了帮助大家复习好2019考研英语大纲词汇，爱语吧考研网特整理了《2019考研英语大纲词汇》，请同学们熟记。

a art.一(个)；每一(个)；(同类事物中)任一个abandon vt.离弃，丢弃；遗弃，抛弃；放弃abdomen n.腹，下腹(胸部到腿部的部分)abide vi.(abode，abided)(by)遵守；坚持ability n.能力；本领；才能，才干；专门技能，天资able a.有(能力、时间、知识等)做某事，有本事的abnormal a.反常的，不正常的，不规则的aboard ad.&prep.在船(飞机、车)上；ad.上船(飞机)abolish vt.废除(法律、习惯等)；取消abound v i.大量存在；(in，with)充满，富于about ad.在周围；大约prep.关于；在周围a.准备above a.上述的ad.在上面prep.在..之上，高于abroad ad.到国外，在国外；在传播，在流传abrupt a.突然的，出其不意的；(行为等)粗鲁无礼的absence n.缺乏，不存在；缺席，不在；缺席的时间absent a.缺席的；缺乏的,不存在的;心不在焉的absolute a.绝对的，完全的；确实的，肯定的absorb vt.吸收(水、光、蒸汽等）；使全神贯注abstract a.抽象的n.摘要，梗概vt.提取；摘录要点absurd a.荒谬的，荒诞的，荒唐可笑的；不合理的abundance n.丰富，充裕，大量abundant a.大量(充足)的；(in)丰富(富裕)的abuse vt.滥用；辱骂；诋毁n.滥用；恶习；弊端academic a.学院的，大学的；学术性的；理论的academy n.(高等)专科院校；学术社团，协会，研究院accelerate v.使加速，使增速，促进vi.加快，增加accent n.口音,腔调；重音(符号)vt.重读accept vt.接受，领受；认可，同意vi.同意，认可acceptance n.接受，接收，验收，接纳；承认，认可access n.进入；接入；到达；享用权；入口vi.存取accessory n.附件,附属品;(为全套衣服增加美感的)服饰accident n.意外遭遇,事故；意外(因素)accidental a.偶然的；意外的；无意中的acclaim v.向…欢呼，公认n.欢呼，喝彩，称赞accommodate vt.向…提供住处；对...予以照顾性考虑accommodation n.(accommodations)住宿，留宿；膳宿供应accompany v.陪伴，陪同；伴随，和...一起发生，伴奏accomplish v.实现(计划等)；达到(目的)；完成(任务)accord vt.给予(欢迎、称颂等) vi.&n.符合，一致accordancen.一致，和谐，符合according to prep.据/照…(所说、所写)；按…，视…accordingly ad.相应地，照着办，按照；于是，因此account a.叙述，说明；账目，账户vi.说明，解释accountant n.会计人员，会计师accumulate vt.堆积，积累，积聚vi.累积，聚积accuracy n.准确（性）；精确；准确度accurate a.正确无误的；准确的，精确的accuse vt.控告，指责vi.指控，指责accustomed a.惯常的；习惯的，适应的(一般作表语)ache vi.痛；哀怜n.(指连续)疼痛、酸痛achieve vt.实现，完成；达到，得到vi.达到预期目的acid n.酸,酸性物质a.酸的,酸味的；尖刻的acknowledge vt.承认；接受；告知(信件等的)收到；答谢acquaint vt.(with)使认识，使了解，使熟悉acquaintance n.认识，相识，了解；相识的人，熟人acquire v.获得；学到(知识等)；养成(习惯)acquisition n.取得，学到，养成(习惯)；获得的东西acre n.英亩；田地；地产acrobat n.特技演员，杂技演员across prep.横过，越过；在的对面ad.横过，穿过act v.表演；举动；起作用n.行为，法令；一幕action n.行动，动作；作用；运转；行为；战斗activate vt.启动，激活；驱动，驱使；使开始起作用active adj.活跃的，敏捷的，积极的；在活动中的activityn.活动；活力；能动性；actor n.男演员；演员，行动者actress n.女演员actual a.实际的；现实的，真实的，目前的acute a.剧烈的；敏锐的；成锐角的；尖的，高音的adapt vt.使适应，使适合；改编；改写vi.适应add v t.加；增加(进)；进一步说/写vi.(to)增添addict v.使沉溺；使上瘾n.沉溺于不良嗜好的人addition n.加，加法；附加部分，增加(物)additional a.额外的，附加的，另外的addressn.住址；致词v.向...致词；在信封上写姓名adequate adj.充足的，足够的；适当的，胜任的adhere vi.(to)粘着；坚持，遵守；依附，追随adjacent a.(to)(时间上)紧接着的；邻近的，毗邻的adjective n.形容词a.形容词的，用作形容词的adjoin v.临近，靠近；贴近，毗连。

2019考研英语语法干货：复合句复合句，又称“主从复合句”，就是指多件事之间因为重要性的不同，分为“主句”和“从句”。

从句前一般有连接词引导(特殊情况能够省略)。

名词性从句，是指一个句子当做名词来使用，放到另一个句子之中。

常常在句子中间主要作四种成分：宾语、表语、主语、同位语。

无论以上哪一个从句，在做从句时都遵循着：连接词+陈述句，这个公式。

另外，宾语从句中that不作成分时常常被省略，但是其他几个从句都不能省略。

表语从句常接在系动词(be动词)后，毕竟系表结构。

主语从句有两种特别重要且常用的句型模板：1.It is done + 主语从句 (表达人们对一件事的观点和看法)2.It is + adj./n. + 主语从句(表达一件事的评价)同位语从句是用来解释说明一个抽象名词，在句中位于抽象名词后。

常见抽象名词：idea, opinion, fact, evidence, question, doubt, reason, theory,belief, possibility, chance, hope, contention, guarantee 等。

定语从句是修饰限定名词，先行词n. + 关系词 + 陈述句。

关系词在定语从句中作宾语时(及物动词的并与或介词后的宾语)，都能够省略。

定语从句又分为限定性定语从句（无逗号隔开）和非限定性定语从句。

本质区别在于前面的先行词的范围是否明确，是否需要修饰限定。

其中，在非限定性定语从句中关系词不能用that，指人做宾语更是只能用whom。

特殊的非限定性定语从句，修饰整句话。

此时，先行词只能用which或as。

用法上两者没有区别，仅仅which引导的从句只能位于从句后，而as引导的从句可在主句前、中、后。

在定语从句中，有时关系词作介词后的宾语，但为了引导定语从句，关系词要被提前到从句的开头。

介词提前后关系词则不能省略，不能用that，指人用whom，指物用which。

2009年真题范文Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. “White Pollution” is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to 1) give your opinions briefly, and 2) make two or three suggestions.Dear editor,（来自张剑真题解析）I am a faithful reader of your newspaper and always appreciate your active reporting of the social problems. Therefore, I believe you will pay full attention to the situation that the plastic bags are still commonly used in some regions.In my opinion, the above situation can be improved only when restrictions play their effective role.Here are some suggestions to achieve it. The government should further strengthen the supervision and control of the production and circu lation of plastic bags. What’s more, all social sectors should show their strong support. The shops can offer small gifts or discount to the customers who bring their own bags.Designers can design beautiful cloth bags to attract shoppers to use them.Since my own voice is too weak to be heard, I hope you can call on the public to reduce the use of theplastic bags.Yours sincerelyLi MingDear editor,（来自王林考研真相）As a student majoring in environmental protection, it is a disappointment to find the government’s effort on bagging the plastic shopping bags has not been successful. After a six-month’s grace period, the restrictions took effect last June. Yet, “White pollution” is far from in the bag. Experts say we discarded over 100 billion plastic bags last year, 90 percent of which end up in rivers, oceans, or landfills, where they can take up to 1000 years to decompose. To end this evil, a movement against the plastic bag should be carried out as soon as possible. The local government should make it illegal to offer plastic shopping bags. In the meantime, paper bags, degradable as they are, should also be banned. As making paper bags consumes millions of trees and it actually takes more energy to make paper bags than plastic. We should not trade one evil for another. Last but not least, we should encourage people to go green and to use reusable cloth bags when they need them. Yours sincerelyLi MingDear editor,（来自考试分析）I’m a sincere reader of your newspaper and I like your discussion of the social problems. Now I want to give some opinions of myself about the “White Pollution”.As we know, regulation was made to solve the problem in June 1st of 2008. The use of plastic bags was restricted in the supermarket and many other shops freely. At the beginning, it was carried on well, but now Ifound plastic bags were used in some small shops for free or with no pay.I am writing to tell you that we should solve this problem soon with the help of your newspaper. Youcould make some investigators about it and write some reports of it, so as to appeal to all the people’sattentions of our society.Sincerely,Li Ming大作文范文一（来自考试分析，19分范文）网络的近与远As is illustrated in the cartoon, each person sits in their own work room. In front of them is a computer. Everyone looks at the screen carefully, and communicate with their colleagues through the net instead oftalking face to face. Their work places are placed like a net. And below the cartoon, there is a topic whichsays: the near and far among the Internet.From the cartoon, we can conclude that the cartoonist wants to convey such a message: with thepopularity of computers, people from all over the world become nearer by using the internet tocommunicate with each other. Meanwhile, people also become far away from their friends. All of us acceptthe fact that the development of the internet brings lots of conveniences to our daily life, for instance, we canbuy a book on the net instead of going to a bookstore. Besides, we can communicate with our friends on the net without going out of home. But we can’t ignore the other side of these: the time we spend with friends orfamily becomes less. And we hardly see them once in a week. It will make us feel lonely if we continue to usethe tool on the net to talk with friends instead of talking with them on the phone or going out with them.To my best understanding, we should use the net to communicate with each other in a proper way. It is justa tool when we really need it to serve us. If we want to keep our friendship more effectively, we should spend more time with them in our real life. Only in this way can we not only make full use of the communicationtool on the net but also make our friendship stronger.大作文范文二（来自张剑真题解析）An enormous net, which symbolizes the Internet, has connected together everyone---young and old, menand women. People from every corner of the world are keeping in touch with each other just by clicking the mouse and pressing keys on the keyboard. With its convenience and efficiency, the Internet is narrowing the distance between people in terms of both space and time. However the picture also shows: while the people enjoy surfing online, walls of barrier emerge unnoticedand restrict each one of them to a narrow space. As time spending on Internet is on the rise, face-to-face communication has experienced a rapid drop. And the reduction of contact in reality may result in feelings of distance and isolation. This can be illustrated by the example of a young couple who used to live a happy life. Since the third year of their marriage, they have got addicted to chatting online through QQ, each with a computer in a different room. As time passed by, the couple gradually lost the desire to talk with each other. Eventually, the increasing isolation between them led to the end of their marriage.Such vivid examples in our real life remind us that we shouldn’t over-rely on the Internet tocommunicate. Instead, we need to actively interact with others in social activities. After all, the virtual networld cannot be a substitute for the real world. So we must make use of the Internet judiciously and learn torespect the real people and real life.大作文范文三（来自王林考研真相）This cartoon humorously shows that a number of cybercafé habitués, semi-reclined in their dim cubicle before a magnificent screen, are surfing the web in a street-corner Internet café. In fact, the parlor is so crowded that it offers just enough elbow-room for them to log on the Net. Some of the surfers are seen playing Internet video games, or watching movies while others are talking in the chat rooms.What the picture conveys is far from what web users are doing in their virtual world. Instead it reveals athought-provoking phenomenon. The fact that these netters who are sitting so close but have no interaction between each other indicates that the Internet, which has bought us instant information from a long distance, may alienate those who are close-by. In other words, modern technology, which has, undoubtedly, brought us alot of convenience, may bring us curses. Since it takes only a computer with Internet connections to Web surf,or to play web games, more and more netters become indifferent and begin to live in solitude. They pay less and less attention to people and things around themselves. Besides, it is reported that a teenager has turned from a star student into a stung-out Internet addict in just a few months.In spite of this, we should not wean ourselves away from new technology. Specifically, we should takea positive attitude towards the Internet. On the one hand we can take advantage of the Internet to obtain the biggest sources of information from the Web and to talk with friends from afar; on the other hand netizensshould aware of the weakness and disadvantages of cyberspace so as not to be addicted. Only in this waywill we not be led by the nose, fall from grace and head for destruction.2008年真题范文You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return toBob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to make an apology, and suggest a solution.Dear Bob, （来自网络）I am writing to express my apology to you.Several days ago, I borrowed your music CD when I lived in your house. Unfortunately, after I came backfrom Canada, I found it in my luggage. I was in such a hurry that I forgot to return it to you. I will send it toyou by post or express as soon as possible. If necessary, I will compensate for any troubles it may cause.Once again, I feel so sorry for any inconvenience caused. Please accept my apologies.Sincerely yours,Li MingDear Bob,（来自张剑真题解析）I am sorry about forgetting to return the music CD, which I borrowed from you last week. It wascompletely my fault. I was so busy preparing for my leave that it must have slipped my mind.To compensate for my carelessness, I have asked one of my friends, who will go to Canada for a visit next week, to bring the CD back to you. He will contact you as soon as he arrives there.Again, I would like to apologize for any inconvenience this may have caused you.Sincerely,Li Ming大作文范文一：（来自网络答案）你一条腿，我一条腿，你我一起，走南创北As is illustrated in the picture, the two disabled persons whose crippled legs are bound together do a lot of traveling. Accordingly, this far-reaching picture reflects a common phenomenon in today’s society: thepeople who are in the dark want to turn the corner but they can not make it respectively and in turn they haveto choose to pull together in times of trouble.There are several reasons accounting for this. Since we have to live in an on-the-move lifestyle, we may encounter various plights, where we would be at a loss rather than to seek for others’ assistance. Further more,if we do not offer help to each other when we confront dilemma, we would not realize our dream. And no issuein China is as basic to build up the society in harmony as to conduct coordination in face of disasters.Judging from what have been argued above, people have come to realize the value of mutual aid. It is, therefore, necessary that some effective steps be made to advocate spirit of supporting each other. To beginwith, the government should make laws to encourage people to unite. In addition, people should enhance the awareness of caring each other especially when they are in trouble. Only in those ways, can we make people,even not being acquaintance, help each other.大作文范文二：（来自张剑真题解析）--------十大经典之一One cannot help but be moved by the drawing. It is a miracle that two single-legged men shouldabandon their crutches they have to rely on. With the support of each other, they are striding confidently towards their common destination. The caption at the bottom states that they will travel extensively fromnorth to south together with their combined legs.Just as the picture shows, even disabled people can make up a capable team, which is vividly illustratedby the beautiful dance Kwan-yin of 1,000 Hands performed by 20 disabled girls during the CCTV Spring Festival Gala. However, the deeper meaning conveyed by the drawing is that only through cooperation can we change disadvantages into advantages.In an increasingly inter-dependent society, personal competency alone is not sufficient. A single personor organization can seldom accomplish a task without the help of others. It is the cooperation based on the complementary advantages that will contribute to the ultimate success of a person or an organization. Todaythe spirit of cooperation is also very important for a country. The world is moving further toward political multi-polarization and economic globalization. To achieve the goal of win-win and the common development, China has been actively participating in the cooperation with other developing countries in various fields. In conclusion, cooperation is essential element of success. 2007年真题范文Write a litter to your university library, making suggestions for improving its service. To Whom It May Concern,（新东方100篇）As a student of this university, I would like to take the opportunity to express my appreciation for yourkind assistance as always. Meanwhile, I feel that it would be beneficial to express my views concerning thequality of the library service.In the first place, I find that most keyboards of the library computers are in poor operation, which bringsmuch inconvenience to the users. I would also recommend the library to improve the efficiency of purchasingnew books and subscribing to academic journals. Last but not least, the study rooms need to be furnishedwith a better lighting system.I hope that you take my suggestions into serious consideration.Yours sincerely,Li MingDear Sir/Madam,（王江涛冲刺讲义）I am a student in this university who regularly come to the library to spend my spare time. Generally speaking, the services you offer here is quite good; however, I have some suggestions for you to adopt. And I would like to extend my greatest appreciation if you are so kind as to take my suggestions into consideration.To begin with, will you please prolong the time for reading? In the daytime, most of the students arehaving class, so they can not come to the library. Moreover, some of the books on shelves are out of date. If youare so kind as to provide us some books such as the latest magazines, we will be greatly honored.I really wish to have a more comfortable library. Thank you for your time and consideration.Sincerely yoursLi Ming2007年真题大作文范文一：自信是成功的关键---------十大经典之二This picture shows a critical moment that can occur in any soccer game—a players is about to kick the ballwhile the keeper is fully ready for the attack. Interestingly, the player and the keeper are experiencing quiteopposite psychological processes: the player thinks the task is extremely difficult as the goal is quite small compared with the huge keeper, while the latter fears that the goal is too enormous for him to protect.It is conspicuously indicated that in order to gainconfidence and achieve success, we not only need to attain a thorough understanding of our own merits and disadvantages of ourselves, but also those aspects of our opponents. Both the player and the keeper merely focus on their own faults and their counterparts’advantages, leading to their hesitation at the key time.In a recent interview of hurdler Liu Xiang, he revealed that his success is partly owed to his training team’sstudy of his strong competitors around the world, so that he can learn from the others and is more confidentwhen facing any new race. Just as the ancient Chinese philosophical book The Art of War concludes, if you know yourself and your enemy, you’l l never lose a battle.大作文范文二：（来自张剑真题解析）The cartoon illustrates two football players confronting each other before a penalty kick. The kicker is getting ready toshoot on goal while the goalkeeper is about to defend the shot. At the critical moment, interestingly, both of them have lostheart. The attacker who exaggerates the power of his opponent feels anxious about his inability to shoot in. The defenderminimizes himself, making it impossible for him to keep good guard.The message conveyed in the picture seems to be that people tend to underestimate their abilities and magnify theirdifficulties when confronted with challenges. The reason is that they are preoccupied with negative thoughts, which willdamage their self belief, confidence and achievements. However, a strong positive attitude can lead to success and evencreate miracles.Numerous examples can demonstrate the power of a positive attitude. For instance, there is a fierce competition among high-school graduates in China to pass the National College Entrance Exam. It is not uncommon to find students withpositive thinking often excel in the exam finally. Another case in point is Deng Yaping, the internationally famous athlete.She is very short, but becomes a legend in world table-tennis field. Her perseverance and strong will enable her to win not only18 major world champions but also respects from all over the world. 2006年真题范文：Write a letter to the department concerned, asking them to help find a candidate. You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan.To Whom It May Concern, (XDF100篇)My name is Li Ming, a college student of Peking University, and I am writing in the hope of your assistance to find a needy child for whom I may provide financial support.First and foremost I would like to declare that I possess the financial ability to implement this planowing to my decent income from part-time jobs. As to the candidate, I am hoping that he/she comes from an elementary school of the less developed areas of Western China, who is forced out of school. I would like topay for his/her tuition fee and other school expenses until he/she graduates from university.Thank you for your time.Yours cordially,Li MingDear Sir or Madam, (王江涛冲刺)Moved by the noble cause of Project Hope and encouraged by what has been achieved so far, I would like to contributemy bit to the project by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area of your province.I would be much grateful if you could help me seek out a girl who has just started schooling but whose family cannotafford her education. My plan is to pay for her tuition on an annual basis till she finishes her secondary education. I wouldlike to remit my donation directly to a bank account opened by her family in her local area.大作文范文一：（XDF讲义汪江涛08冲刺）--------十大经典必背范文之三As is vividly depicted in the photos above, Beckham, the handsome British football superstar, is enjoying a striking popularity among young people. In the first photo, Beckham’s name appears on a young man’s face.The caption indicates that worship for the idol is written on the face. In the second photo, this young man isdoing Beckham’s chic hairstyle in a barbershop. We areinformed that he is spending 300 Yuan imitating hisidol’s hairstyle.Undoubtedly, the photos have subtly reflected the social phenomenon that idol worship is prevalent amongthe youth nowadays. Beckham represents the image of sport hero whose handsome appearance and unparalleled football skills are passionately adored by all the sports fans. Likewise, several teenage girls wontheir fame overnight in The 2005 Super Girl Contest in China, which provoked nationwide noisy debates on the value and harm of admiring these idols. Generally speaking, young people are inclined to adore the people who excel in appearance, intelligence or talent.Hence, idol worship, the thought-provoking social phenomenon, is a double-edged sword which can exert profound influence on the growth of young people. If we simply worship the idols by imitating their hairstylesor pursuing fashions unreasonably, the obsession will certainly waste us a great deal of money or time, endangering the efficiency of our work. On the contrary, we will lead a positive and fruitful life if weendeavor to improve ourselves by bridging the gap between our models and us. Accordingly, the latter attitude should be adopted to direct our way of life. (255字)大作文范文二：(新东方100篇)The two pictures illustrate vividly the popularity of the famous British soccer star David Beckham. In the left picture aman painted Beckham’s name on his face to show his support for Beckham, while in the right another is willing to spend threehundred Yuan to have a hairstyle that is exactly the same as Beckham’s.From the two pictures we can sense a crazy tendency of idol worship in today’s China. Star fans, the majority of whomare teenagers and young adults, are used to blindly following every aspect of celebrities’ behavior, accepting both positive andnegative influences as universal truths. Aside from Beckham, another telling example is the nation-wide “Super-Girlcompetitions” held in past two years in China. They wer e so successful in drawing fans’ attention and emotions that the upsand downs of the “super girls” had almost constituted the whole lives of their frenetic followers. Admittedly, it is natural that those cool and fashionable stars seem attractive to the youth. Nevertheless, it is the responsibility of our government and society to guide young people in building a wholesome outlook towards the world andlife. In my opinion, what’s most important is to have them adore worthy values and qualities, such as honesty, diligence, andpersistence.2005年真题范文Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the magazine Design & Fashion. But now you find that the workis not what you expected. You decide to quit. Write a letter to your boss, Mr. Wang, telling him your decision,and stating your reason(s).Dear Mr. Wang, (新东方100篇)I am writing to inform you of my intention of withdrawing from my current position in this magazine.Though having worked here for merely two months, I, unfortunately, find that this job is quite differentfrom my expectation. First of all, I have to say that my salary is far from satisfying, which barely sustainsme in this expensive city. Moreover, so far I have never had the responsibility of any challenging task.I apologize in advance for any inconvenience it might bring to you.Yours truly,Li MingDear Mr. Wang, （XDF讲义汪江涛08冲刺）I am much grateful to be employed by you two months ago as an editor for your magazine Design & Fashions. I appreciate the opportunity of having worked here with you and other colleagues. The experienceswill be unforgettable throughout my life.However, as a young man whose primary interest is in computer science rather than fashion designing, Ifind my present job doesn’t fall in with my previous training and strength. I therefore decide to quit this job for something else that may conform to my former preparation.Please accept my sincere apologies for any inconveniences my leaving may occur.大作文范文一（王江涛冲刺）：养老足球赛---------十大经典之四As is vividly depicted in the cartoon, four children are playing a "football match" of taking care of their aged father. Each of them stands in a different corner of a football field. The eldest son kicked out the father with the other three children guarding their goals.The purpose of the drawing is to show us that due attention has to be paid to the mistreatment of senior citizens. First and foremost, some people shirk their duty of financially supporting their old and helplessparents due to their own interests. Furthermore, some elderly people are often ill-treated by their own children and cannot lead a normal life. Last but not least, while some young people enjoy a comfortable life, their parents are neglected and reduced to utter poverty.It is imperative for us to take drastic measures. To begin with, relevant laws and regulations should bemade to severely punish those who shun the responsibilities of caring their parents. In addition, we shouldcultivate the awareness of the young that respecting the old has always been the traditional virtue of Chinese culture. Only in this way can we curb the current evil phenomenon revealed in the picture. (198)大作文范文二（新东方100篇）：The cartoon displays a very special and thought-provoking soccer game: the four goals are kept by anold man’s three sons and one daughter, while the old man himself becomes the ball, being kicked among thefour corners by his “beloved” children. It is clearly indicated that none of them is willing to spare a tiny portion of time and money to repay their old father who have raised them.Through the artistic presentation, we can be easily reminded of a popular phenomenon in today’ssociety, that is, disrespect towards elders and shirking of the responsibility of nursing aging parents. Theboosting economic development in China sadly witnesses a deterioration of the public awareness of filial duty, which had taken an indispensable position in traditional Chinese values for thousands of years. However, as the society grows more benefit-oriented, the once unbroken bond between parents and children is fundamentally shaken and begins to collapse.In my point of view, the trend goes quite against the genuine and original purpose of our pursuit ofwealth and welfare, that is, to shape a rich life both materially and mentally. Thinking of the love we received from our parents when swaggering babies, we must realize that repaying parents by a happy life with financial and psychological support is not only a duty that should not be shrugged off, but a key element toachieve a harmonious society.大作文范文三（新东方汪海涛范文）The cartoon vividly depicts an intense football match with participants involving an old father, his threesons and his daughter. What makes the cartoon surprising lies in the fact that all the children play the role of goalkeepers in all four corners, while the father crouches into the shape of a football? As the football rolls toeach corner, the goalkeeper tries to block its way and kick it away.Undoubtedly, the picture arouses deep concern over the issue of caring for old parents. Nowadays, Chinesefamily system is dominated by nuclear family and DINK style. The senior citizens tend to suffer from all sortsof diseases and have no means to support themselves, but the children are so self-centered that some of themshirk the responsibility of supporting their parents. Even worse, some children have betrayed their own conscience to ill-treat parents.Therefore, it is imperative that we should take some effective measures. On the one hand, we should appealto our governments to make concrete laws to protect the parents’ legal rights and punish those cold-bloodedchildr en. On the other hand, we should enhance people’s awareness that caring for the aged is the traditionalvirtue of Chinese culture. More importantly, we should not only support the parents financially but alsocare about their emotional need. The popular song “Back Home Regularly” has reflected such a public appeal.Only in this way that parents can lead an enjoyable and comfortable life in their late years. Also I believethat compatible family relationships to some extent contribute to build a harmonious society.2004年真题范文（新东方汪海涛范文）终点又是新起点十大经典之五It is vividly depicted in the cartoon that a boy is running along the racetrack with pains-taking efforts, sweat pouring down his face. After a long journey, he is making the final spurt toward the finishing line, with firmresolution to become the champion. It seems that he could rest for a while to enjoy the ecstasy of victory. However, straight ahead lies a sign which indicates a new "starting point" and urges him to continue rushingto the next destination.Undoubtedly the cartoon conveys the meaning that life is like the process of running in which one shouldmake constant efforts and never stop making progress. Owing to the quickening pace of life, competitiongoes increasingly fierce in all walks of life, stimulating everyone to pursue one goal after another. Once a person stops making progress, he can hardly maintain his past glory and survive in this competitive world.As Deng Xiaoping, the great Chinese leader said, "Development is the only way." No matter how powerful a country is, no matter how successful a specific institution, it will definitely seek new development in highspeed. Generally speaking, neither a country nor a person can remain stagnant.A case in point is the successful launching of "Shenzhou V Spacecraft" which sets china in a high position of aviation and space flight. Although it means a great achievement for us Chinese, we are facing new challenges in the future and need to do further research in space technology. Another illustration is closely related to us, the examinees. If we pass this test and are fortunately admitted by a university, we shall not stop making efforts. Instead, we are confronted with the challenge of conquering the difficult graduate courses. We stillhave to strive for success in our future academic study, employment and career. On the whole, these examples effectively clarify the saying that "destination is another starting point." (317)讲大作文范文二（新东方19分范文）As is shown in the picture, on arriving at the finishing line of a race on the playground, the lovely young manhas to continue his new journey in no time instead of stopping to take a rest. He has successfully settled the puzzle of “stopping or going on” which might have confused many others.With the increasing pace of modern life, perhaps no change has characterized the past decade more dramatically than that of people’s view on their own life. It is generally agreed upon that people have toadjust themselves to this new change. On the one hand, no doubt, people will gain a lot by setting new goalsin their daily life. Take the famous scientist Thomas Edison for example. He had done very well in his early life, but continued to pursue something more difficult all through his life. On the other hand, if one is obsessedwith the success he has achieved, he would lose the chance to pursue new success. What is more, he maybecome the slave of his success. There are many cases showing that people lose their courage to better themselves after becoming successful.To sum up, one’s view on his success determines his future. In my opinion, it is necessary to carry out anation-wide campaign publicizing people who have a burning desire for more and ever greaterachievement when they are already well-known. So that people in the society will develop a forward-looking attitude and make their life worth living and the world more beautiful as well.2003年真题范文（新东方汪海涛范文）温室花朵不禁风雨十大经典之六The set of drawings above vividly depicts the destiny of a flower in different circumstances. As is shown inthe first cartoon, the flower is placed in a comfortable greenhouse which shelters it from the threatening lightening and storm. With proper temperature, moisture and fertilizer, the flower is growing in full bloom.On the contrary, when removed from the greenhouse and exposed to the driving rain, the flower soon fadesand withers, with the petals cast about on the grounds. The purpose of the drawings is to show us that the flower growing in the green house cannot withstand thetest of the storm, yet the symbolic meanings subtly conveyed should be taken more seriously. The delicate flower is naturally associated with young people, to be specific, the only children in our current society; the greenhouse epitomizes parents' doting care and abundant material supplies that can shield the children fromthe storms, or the harsh reality. Once the young people begin to seek independence and accept challenges from the real world, they are found too spoiled to be strong enough in the face of difficulties.Accordingly, it is vital for us to derive positive implications from these thought-provoking drawings. On the one hand, we can frequently use them to enlighten the youth to be more independent in life. On theother hand, parents should be sensible enough to give their children more freedom to deal with troubles and problems. Only by undergoing more challenges and toils in adversity can young people cultivate strong personality and ability, and only in this way can they become winners in this competitive world. (272)对照学生满分范文修正版：(何钢课堂讲)。

2019年考研英语大纲词汇(新东方最新版)abdomen n.腹，下腹(胸部到腿部的部分) abide vi.(abode，abided)(by)遵守；坚持abound vi.大量存在；(in，with)充满，富于absence n.缺乏，不存在；缺席，不在；缺席的时间absent a.缺席的；缺乏的,不存在的;心不在焉的abundance n.丰富，充裕，大量academic a.学院的，大学的；学术性的；理论的academy n.(高等)专科院校；学术社团，协会，研究院accelerate v.使加速，使增速，促进vi.加快，增加accessory n.附件,附属品;(为全套衣服增加美感的)服饰accidental a.偶然的；意外的；无意中的acclaim v.向…欢呼，公认n.欢呼，喝彩，称赞accompany v.陪伴，陪同；伴随，和...一起发生，伴奏accomplish v.实现(计划等)；达到(目的)；完成(任务) accordance n.一致，和谐，符合according to prep.据/照…(所说、所写)；按…，视… accordingly ad.相应地，照着办，按照；于是，因此account a.叙述，说明；账目，账户vi.说明，解释accountant n.会计人员，会计师accustomed a.惯常的；习惯的，适应的(一般作表语) acquaint vt.(with)使认识，使了解，使熟悉acquaintance n.认识，相识，了解；相识的人，熟人acquisition n.取得，学到，养成(习惯)；获得的东西acre n.英亩；田地；地产acrobat n.特技演员，杂技演员activate vt.启动，激活；驱动，驱使；使开始起作用active adj.活跃的，敏捷的，积极的；在活动中的acute a.剧烈的；敏锐的；成锐角的；尖的，高音的adhere vi.(to)粘着；坚持，遵守；依附，追随adjacent a.(to)(时间上)紧接着的；邻近的，毗邻的adjective n.形容词a.形容词的，用作形容词的administer v.施行，实施；施行，实施；掌管，料理掌管，料理...的事务；的事务；给给予adolescent n.青少年 a.青春期的，青少年的adopt vt.采用，采取(态度等)；选定；收养adore vt.崇拜,敬慕,爱慕；非常喜欢advent n.(重要事件等的)到来，来临adverb n.副词a.副词的adverse a.逆的，相反的；敌对的；不利的；有害的advertise vt.公告，公布；为...做广告vi.登广告advisable a.可取的，适当的，明智的advocate n.辩护者，拥护者，鼓吹者vt.拥护，提倡aerial a.(在或来自)空中的，航空的n.天线aeroplane n.(airplane)(英)飞机aesthetic a.(esthetic)美学的，艺术的；审美的affair n.[pl.]事务；事情(件)；(个人的)事affection n.爱，喜爱；爱慕之情；感情；疾病，不适affiliate v.使隶属(或附属)于n.附属机构，分公司affirm vt.断言，坚持声称；肯定；证实,确认；affluent a.富裕的，富有的，丰富的，富饶的agenda n.议事日程，记事册agent n.代理人；代理商；产生作用的人或事物aggravate vt.加重(剧),使恶化；激怒,使恼火aggressive a.侵略的，好斗的，有进取心的，敢作敢为的agitate v.摇动(液体)；使焦虑不安；困扰；鼓动agreeable a.符合的；符合的；一致的；欣然同意的；一致的；欣然同意的；一致的；欣然同意的；令人愉令人愉快的agreement n.协定；协议；契约；达成协议；同意，一致agriculture n.农业，农艺，农耕aircraft n.飞机，飞船，飞行器aisle n.(教堂、教室、戏院等里的)过道，通道allege v.断言，宣称；指控alleviate v.减轻，缓和，缓解(痛苦等) alliance n.同盟，同盟国；结盟，联姻allocate v.分配，分派；拨给；划归alloy n.合金vt.将…铸成合金ally n.同盟者，同盟国，vt.使结盟；与…有关联alongside ad.在旁边prep.和...在一起；在...旁边alphabet n.字母表；初步，入门字母表；初步，入门altitude n.高度，海拔；[pl.]高处，高地高处，高地altogether ad.完全，总之，全部地；总共；总而言之aluminum n.(aluminium)铝amateur a.&n.业余(水平)的(运动员、艺术家等) ambassador n.大使；特使，(派驻国际组织的)代表代表 ambiguous a.引起歧义的，模棱两可的，含糊不清的ambulance n.救护车，救护船，救护飞机救护车，救护船，救护飞机 amend vt.修改，修订，改进修改，修订，改进 amiable a.和蔼可亲的，友善的，亲切的和蔼可亲的，友善的，亲切的 amid prep.在…中间，在…之中，被…围绕围绕 amplifier n.放大器，扩大器放大器，扩大器analogue n.类似物；相似体；模拟类似物；相似体；模拟 analogy n.类似，相似，类比，类推类似，相似，类比，类推 analyse vt.（analyze ）分析，分解）分析，分解 analysis n.(pl.analyses)分析；分解分析；分解 analytic a.(analytical)分析的；分解的分析的；分解的 anchor n./v.锚；锚；危难时可依靠的人或物；危难时可依靠的人或物；危难时可依靠的人或物；用锚泊船用锚泊船用锚泊船 anecdote n.轶事，趣闻，短故事轶事，趣闻，短故事 anger n.愤怒，气愤愤怒，气愤 vt.使发怒，激怒使发怒，激怒 vi.发怒发怒 angle n.角，角度角，角度 v .钓鱼；(采用各种方法）取得采用各种方法）取得 anguish n.(尤指心灵上的)极度痛苦，烦恼极度痛苦，烦恼 ankle n.足踝，踝关节足踝，踝关节anniversary n.周年，周年纪念日周年，周年纪念日anonymous a.匿名的，无名的，姓氏不明的匿名的，无名的，姓氏不明的 antenna n.(无线电或电视的)天线天线anticipate vt.预料；期望；预先考虑；抢先；提前使用使用antique a.古式的，过时的古式的，过时的 n.有价值的古物，古董有价值的古物，古董 anxiety n.挂念，焦虑，焦急，忧虑；渴望，热望挂念，焦虑，焦急，忧虑；渴望，热望 anyhow ad.不管怎么说，无论如何；不论用何种方法anywhere ad.无论哪里；(用于否定、疑问等)任何地方地方appal v .使惊骇，使恐怖使惊骇，使恐怖apparatus n.器械，器具，仪器；机构，组织器械，器具，仪器；机构，组织 apparent a.表面上的,貌似真实的；显然的,明明白白的appendix n.附录，附属物；阑尾，盲肠附录，附属物；阑尾，盲肠appetite n.食欲，胃口；欲望，性欲；爱好，趣味食欲，胃口；欲望，性欲；爱好，趣味 applaud vt.鼓掌欢迎；赞同鼓掌欢迎；赞同 vi.鼓掌欢迎，欢呼鼓掌欢迎，欢呼 applause n.鼓掌；喝彩；夸奖，赞扬鼓掌；喝彩；夸奖，赞扬appliance n.电器；器械，装置；应用，适用电器；器械，装置；应用，适用applicable a.可应用(实施)的；适当的,合适的合适的application n.申请，请求，申请书；应用，实施，实用性实用性appraisal n.对...作出的评价；评价，鉴定，评估作出的评价；评价，鉴定，评估 approximate a.近似的近似的 vi.(to)接近接近 April (名)四月四月apt a.恰当的，适当的；易于…的，有…倾向的倾向的 arbitrary a.任意的，任性的，主观的；专断的，武断的断的arch n.拱门，桥拱洞拱门，桥拱洞 v .拱起，(使)变成弓形变成弓形 architect n.建筑师；设计师；缔造者；创造者建筑师；设计师；缔造者；创造者 architecture n.建筑，建筑学；建筑式样或风格，建筑物筑物arise v .出现，发生；(from)由…引起，由…产生产生 arouse vt.唤醒，叫醒；唤起，激起唤醒，叫醒；唤起，激起 array n.大量；排列；盛装大量；排列；盛装 v .列阵；装扮；排列列阵；装扮；排列 arrogant a.傲慢的，自大的傲慢的，自大的arrow n.箭，矢，箭状物；箭头符号箭，矢，箭状物；箭头符号 artery n.动脉；干线，要道动脉；干线，要道 articulate a.善于表达的；有关节相连的有关节相连的 v .清楚地讲话ascend vi.渐渐上升，升高vt.攀登，登上攀登，登上 ascertain vt.确定，查明，弄清确定，查明，弄清ashamed a.惭愧的，羞耻的，害臊的惭愧的，羞耻的，害臊的 ashore ad.上岸；在岸上，向岸上上岸；在岸上，向岸上 aspect n.样子, 外表, 面貌, (问题等的问题等的)方面方面 assassinate vt.暗杀，行刺；中伤暗杀，行刺；中伤 assault v .猛烈地攻击，袭击猛烈地攻击，袭击 n.突然而猛烈的攻击突然而猛烈的攻击 assemble vt.集合，召集；装配；收集集合，召集；装配；收集 vi.集合，聚集assembly n.集合；会议；装配；(美)洲议会的众议院assimilate vt.吸收，吸收，消化；消化；消化；使同化使同化使同化 vi.被吸收；被吸收；被同被同化assistant a.帮助的，辅助的帮助的，辅助的 n.助手，助教；辅助物助手，助教；辅助物 associate vt.联想；交往；联合；n.伙伴；a.联合的联合的 association n.联盟，协会，社团；交往，联合；联想astronaut n.太空人，太空旅行者太空人，太空旅行者 astronomy n ．天文学．天文学atmosphere n.大气(层)；空气；气氛，环境；大气压atom n.原子；微粒，微量原子；微粒，微量attorney n.(业务或法律事务上的)代理人；辩护律师auction n.／vt.拍卖拍卖audio n./a.音频(响)(的)；声音(的)，听觉(的) audit v.审计；查帐；核对；旁听审计；查帐；核对；旁听auditorium n.观众席，听众席；会堂，礼堂观众席，听众席；会堂，礼堂 augment vt.(使)增大，增加，增长，扩张增大，增加，增长，扩张August n.8月aural a.听觉的，听力的听觉的，听力的authentic a.真的，真正的；可靠的，可信的，有根据的据的auto n.(automobile)(口语)汽车汽车automatic a.自动(装置)的；无意识的；n.自动机械自动机械 automation n.自动，自动化，自动操作自动，自动化，自动操作 autonomy n.自治，自治权；自治，自治权；auxiliary a.辅助的，支援的辅助的，支援的 n.辅助者，辅助设备辅助者，辅助设备 avail n.[一般用于否定句或疑问句中]效用,利益利益 avenue n.林荫路，大街；(比喻)途径，渠道，方法途径，渠道，方法 avert v.防止，避免；转移(目光、注意力等) aviation n.航空，航空学；飞机制造业航空，航空学；飞机制造业await vt.等候，期待；(事情等)降临于降临于award vt.授予,给予；判定给予；判定 n.奖,奖金；仲裁奖金；仲裁awe n.敬畏，惊惧vt.使敬畏，使惊惧使敬畏，使惊惧awkward a.笨拙的；尴尬的；使用不便的；难处理的axe n.（ax）斧子；削减）斧子；削减 vt.用斧砍用斧砍axis n.轴，轴线，中心线；坐标轴，基准线轴，轴线，中心线；坐标轴，基准线 bachelor n.单身汉;(亦作b-)学士(学位) backward a.向后的,倒行的;迟钝的迟钝的 ad.向后,朝反方向bacterium n.(pl.)bacteria 细菌细菌badge n.徽章,像章；标记；象征；记号像章；标记；象征；记号 badminton n.羽毛球羽毛球balcony n.阳台；(电影院等的)楼厅，楼座楼厅，楼座bald a.秃的,秃头的秃头的ballet n.芭蕾舞，芭蕾舞剧；芭蕾舞团芭蕾舞，芭蕾舞剧；芭蕾舞团ballot n.(不记名)投票；投票总数；投票权投票；投票总数；投票权 vi.投票投票 banner n.旗(帜) banquet n.(正式的)宴会宴会 vi.参加宴会参加宴会 vt.宴情宴情bar n.条,杆,闩;酒吧;栅,障碍(物) v.闩上闩上,阻拦阻拦 barbecue n.烤肉；烤肉用的台架烤肉；烤肉用的台架 vt.炙烤(肉等) barber n.理发师理发师bare a.赤裸的,空的;稀少的,仅有的仅有的 v.露出,暴露暴露 bark vi.(狗等)吠，叫n.吠声，叫声；树皮吠声，叫声；树皮 barn n.谷仓,仓库仓库barrel n.桶;枪管,炮管炮管barren a.贫瘠的；不育的；(植物)不结果的；无用的barrier n.栅栏,屏障;障碍(物) basin n.盆,脸盆;内海,盆地盆地bat n.球拍,球棒,短棒;蝙蝠蝙蝠batch n.一批,一组,一群一群bathe v.游泳,洗澡,浸,弄湿弄湿battery n.电池(组)；(器具等的)一组，一套；炮兵连bay n.海湾,(港)湾beam n.(横)梁,桁条;(光线的)束,柱v.微笑微笑bean n.豆;菜豆,蚕豆蚕豆beard n.胡须胡须bearing n.轴承；忍受；关系，影响；举止；方向轴承；忍受；关系，影响；举止；方向 beast n.兽,牲畜;凶残的人,举止粗鲁的人举止粗鲁的人 beforehand ad.预先,事先事先bell n.钟,铃belly n.肚子，腹部；(像肚子一样)鼓起的部分，膛鼓起的部分，膛 beloved a./n.受爱戴的,敬爱的;爱人,被心爱的人被心爱的人 bench n.长凳,条凳;(工作)台,座bend v.(使)弯曲;屈从,屈服屈服 n.弯曲(处),曲折处曲折处 beneath prep.在…下边,在…之下之下 ad.在下方在下方 beverage n.(水，酒等之外的)饮料饮料beware v.当心,谨防谨防bewilder v.使迷惑,难住难住bias n./v.(使有)偏见,偏心,偏袒偏袒bible n.圣经圣经bibliography n.(有关某一专题的)书目；参考书目书目；参考书目 bid v.祝愿;命令,吩咐;报价,投标投标 n.出众,投标投标 billion num./n.(美)十亿,(英)万亿万亿bin n.(贮藏食物等用的)箱子箱子bind v.捆,绑,包括,束缚束缚biography n.传记；传记文学传记；传记文学biology n.生物学生物学bizarre adj.异乎寻常的，稀奇古怪的异乎寻常的，稀奇古怪的blackmail n.讹诈，敲诈，勒索；胁迫，恫吓讹诈，敲诈，勒索；胁迫，恫吓 blade n.刀刃，刀片；桨叶；草叶，叶片刀刃，刀片；桨叶；草叶，叶片blast n.一阵(风);爆炸冲击波;管乐器声管乐器声 v.爆炸爆炸 blaze n.火焰;火光;闪光,光辉光辉 v.燃烧,冒火焰冒火焰 bleak a.荒凉的;冷酷的;没有希望的没有希望的blend n.混合(物) v.混和混和,混杂混杂block n.大块木（石）料;街区;障碍物障碍物 v.阻塞,拦阻拦阻blossom n.花(簇)；花期；青春；花期；青春 vi.开花；展开；繁荣blouse n.女衬衣，短上衣，宽阔的罩衫女衬衣，短上衣，宽阔的罩衫 blueprint n.蓝图，设计图，计划蓝图，设计图，计划 vt.制成蓝图，计划blunder v.(因无知等而)犯大错;踉踉跄跄地走踉踉跄跄地走 n.大错blunt a.率直的;钝的钝的 v.(使)钝;(使)迟钝迟钝blur n.模糊不清的事物；污点模糊不清的事物；污点 vt.使模糊；玷污使模糊；玷污 blush v./n.脸红脸红boast v.(of,about)自夸,夸耀夸耀 n.自夸,大话大话bold a.大胆的,勇敢的;冒失的;黑体的,粗体的粗体的bolt n.螺栓,(门,窗的)插销插销 v.闩(门),关窗,拴住拴住 bomb n.炸弹炸弹 v.投弹于,轰炸轰炸bond n.结合(物),粘结(剂),联结;公债,债券,契约契约 boot n.靴；(汽车后部的)行李箱；[the-]解雇解雇 bore v.钻(孔),挖(洞);烦扰烦扰 n.讨厌的人,麻烦事麻烦事 bosom n.胸，胸部；胸怀；内心；a.亲密的亲密的 bounce n./vi.(球)弹起,弹回；弹起,跳起；n.弹力弹力 bound v./n.跳(跃) a.被束缚的，一定的；被束缚的，一定的；n.界限界限 bow v./n.鞠躬,点头点头 n.弓(形);蝴蝶结蝴蝶结bowel n.肠；［pl.］内部，深处］内部，深处bowl n.碗(状物),钵bowling n.保龄球运动保龄球运动boycott n./v.(联合)抵制,拒绝参与拒绝参与brace v.使防备;支撑;使(手,足,肩等)绷紧绷紧 n.托架托架 bracket n.(方)括号括号brake v./n.制动(器),闸,刹车刹车brand n.商标,标记,牌子牌子 v.使铭记;打火印,打烙印打烙印 brandy n.白兰地酒白兰地酒brass n.黄铜,铜器铜器breach n.违反，不履行；破裂违反，不履行；破裂 vt.冲破，攻破冲破，攻破 breadth n.宽度,幅break vt.打破；中止；违反打破；中止；违反 vi.破(裂) n.休息时间休息时间休息时间 breast n.胸膛,乳房乳房breeze n.微风；轻而易举的事微风；轻而易举的事 vi.来去匆匆，急速走bribe n.贿赂贿赂 v.向…行贿,买通买通brick n.砖块，砖；v.用砖围砌，用砖填补用砖围砌，用砖填补bride n.新娘新娘briefcase n.手提箱，公事皮包手提箱，公事皮包brilliant a.光辉的,灿烂的;卓越的,有才华的有才华的brim n.边缘,帽沿帽沿brisk a.轻快的;生气勃勃的;兴隆的兴隆的 brittle a.易碎的；脆弱的；冷淡的；(声音)尖利的尖利的 bronze n.青铜；青铜色，古铜色；青铜制品，铜牌青铜；青铜色，古铜色；青铜制品，铜牌brook n.小溪vt.[常用于否定句或疑问句]容忍容忍broom n.扫帚扫帚brow n.眉(毛);额brown n./a.褐色(的),棕色(的) browse vi.随意翻阅，浏览；(牛、羊等)吃草吃草bruise n.青肿，挫伤；伤痕vt.打青；挫伤打青；挫伤brutal a.残忍的;严峻的;严酷的严酷的bubble n.泡,水泡,气泡气泡 v.冒泡,起泡,沸腾沸腾bucket n.水桶,吊桶吊桶buffet n.自助餐自助餐bug n.臭虫;小毛病;窃听器窃听器 v.窃听窃听bulb n.灯泡,球状物球状物bulk n.体积,容积;主体,大批,大量,大块大块bull n.公牛公牛bulletin n.公报,公告,告示告示bully n.恃强欺弱者，小流氓恃强欺弱者，小流氓 vt.威胁，欺侮威胁，欺侮bump v.(against,into)碰;颠簸着前进颠簸着前进 n.碰撞碰撞bunch n.(一)簇,束,捆,串bundle n.捆,包,束bureau n.署,局,司,处bureaucracy n.官僚主义，官僚主义，官僚机构；(非民选的)委任官员官员burglar n.(入室行窃的)盗贼盗贼burst v.爆裂,炸破;突然发生突然发生 n.突然破裂,爆发爆发butcher n.屠夫,卖肉者卖肉者bypass n.(by-pass)旁道；vt.绕过绕过cab n.出租车，出租马车；驾驶室出租车，出租马车；驾驶室 vi.乘出租马车乘出租马车cabbage n.洋白菜,卷心菜卷心菜cabin n.客舱,机舱;小(木)屋cabinet n.内阁，内阁会议；(带玻璃门存物品的)橱柜cable n.电报;电缆;缆,索,钢丝绳钢丝绳 v.拍电报拍电报 cafeteria n.自助食堂自助食堂cage n.鸟笼鸟笼calcium n.钙(化学符号ca) calorie n.卡路里(食物所产生的热量或能量单位) camel n.骆驼骆驼campaign n.战役;运动运动canal n.运河;(沟)渠cannon n.大炮,火炮火炮canoe n.独木舟,小游艇小游艇canteen n.(工厂、办公室等)食堂或小卖部食堂或小卖部canvas n.帆布；帆布画布，(帆布)油画油画cap n.便帽,军帽;盖,罩,套v.覆盖于…顶端顶端cape n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风海角，岬；披肩，短披风capital n.首都;大写字母;资本资本 a.主要的,大写字母的capitalism n.资本主义资本主义capsule n.胶囊;太空舱太空舱captain n.首领,队长;船长;上尉上尉 v.做…的首领,指挥指挥 captive n.俘虏俘虏 a.被俘虏的,被监禁的被监禁的 carbohydrate n.碳水化合物; 糖类；(plural)淀粉质或糖类或糖类carbon n.碳cardinal n.(天主教的)红衣主教红衣主教 a.首要的，基本的首要的，基本的 caress vt.／n.爱抚，抚摸爱抚，抚摸cargo n.船货,货物货物carpenter n.木工,木匠木匠carriage n.(四轮)马车;(火车)客车厢客车厢carrier n.搬运人;载体载体carrot n.胡萝卜胡萝卜cart n.(二轮货运)马车,手推车手推车carve v.(雕)刻cassette n.盒子;盒式磁带盒式磁带casualty n.伤亡人员；受害人；损失的东西；急诊室catalog n.（catalogue）目录(册) v.编目编目(录) catastrophe n.大灾难；(悲剧)结局结局category n.种类，部属，类目；范畴，类型种类，部属，类目；范畴，类型cater vi.(for/to)满足,迎合;(for)提供饮食及服务提供饮食及服务 cathedral n.大教堂大教堂catholic a.天主教的天主教的 n.天主教徒天主教徒cattle n.牛;牲口,家畜家畜caution n.谨慎；注意(事项)，警告vt.劝…小心小心 cautious a.(of)小心的,谨慎的谨慎的cease v./n.停止,中止中止ceiling n.天花板；(规定价格、工资等的)最高限额最高限额 celebrate vt.庆祝；颂扬，赞美vi.庆祝，过节庆祝，过节 celebrity n.名人，名流；著名，名声，名望名人，名流；著名，名声，名望 cellar n.地窑,地下室地下室cement n.水泥;胶泥,胶接剂胶接剂 v.胶合;巩固,加强加强 cemetery n.坟墓，墓地，坟场坟墓，墓地，坟场census n.人口普查(调查) cent n.分(币);百per cent百分之百分之centigrade n./a.摄氏温度计(的);百分度(的) cereal n.加工而成的谷类食物；谷类植物，谷物加工而成的谷类食物；谷类植物，谷物 certify vt.证明，证实；发证书(或执照)给chalk n.粉笔,白垩白垩champagne n.香槟酒；微黄色香槟酒；微黄色chancellor n.(英)大臣；法官；(德、奥)总理；大学校长校长chaos n.混乱,紊乱紊乱chap n./v.(皮肤)变粗糙；发痛；n.小伙子小伙子 characteristic a.(of)特有的,独特的独特的 n.特征,特性特性 characterize v.(characterise)表示…的特性;描述…特性特性charter v.租船,租车,租用飞机；n.宪章，特许状宪章，特许状 chase v./n.追逐,追求追求cheek n.面颊,脸cheese n.干酪,乳酪乳酪chef n.(餐馆等的)厨师长，厨师厨师长，厨师cherish vt.抱有，怀有(希望等)；爱护，抚育；珍爱；爱护，抚育；珍爱 cherry n.樱桃(树) chess n.棋，国际象棋棋，国际象棋chest n.胸腔,胸膛;箱,柜chew v.咀嚼;思量思量chill n.寒冷,寒气,寒战寒战 v.使寒冷使寒冷chimney n.烟囱烟囱chin n.下巴,颏chop v.砍,劈,斩n.排骨,肉块肉块chorus n.合唱队;合唱合唱 v.异口同声地说,随声附和随声附和 christ n.基督，救世主，耶稣基督，救世主，耶稣christian n.基督教徒基督教徒 a.基督教徒的基督教徒的chronic a.(疾病)慢性的;积习难改的;严重的,坏的坏的 cigar n.雪茄烟雪茄烟cigaret n.(cigarette)香烟,纸烟,卷烟卷烟cinema n.电影院;电影,影片影片circuit n.环行,周线,巡回;电路,线路线路circular a.圆(形)的,环形的;循环的循环的 n.传单,通报通报 circulate v.(使)循环,(使)流通流通circumference n.圆周,周围周围circus n.马戏团,杂技团;马戏场,杂技场杂技场cite v.引用,引证,举(例) clarify v.澄清,阐明阐明clarity n.清晰,明晰明晰clash v./n.碰撞碰撞 n.碰撞声碰撞声clasp n.扣子,钩子;握手握手 v.扣住,钩住;紧握,紧抱紧抱 clause n.(正式文件或法律文件的)条款;从句,分句分句 claw n.爪,脚爪脚爪clay n.粘土,泥土泥土clergy n.[总称]牧师，神职人员牧师，神职人员click n.滴答声；vi.发出滴答声发出滴答声cliff n.悬崖;峭壁峭壁climate n.气候;风气,社会思潮社会思潮climax n.顶点,高潮高潮cling v.(to)粘住;依附;坚持坚持clip v.剪,修剪;钳,夹住夹住 n.夹,钳;回形针回形针cloak n.斗蓬，披风；掩饰，幌子vt.掩盖，掩饰掩盖，掩饰 clockwise a.顺时针方向顺时针方向cloth n.(一块)布,织物,衣料衣料clothe v.(给…)穿衣,供给…衣服衣服clothes n.衣服(虽为复数，亦不可数) clothing n.服装,被褥被褥clumsy a.笨拙的,愚笨的愚笨的clutch v.抓住,攫住,掌握掌握 n.离合器离合器coal n.煤,煤块煤块coalition n.结合体，同盟；结合，联合结合体，同盟；结合，联合coarse a.粗糙的,粗劣的;粗鲁的,粗俗的粗俗的cocaine n.可卡因，古柯碱（用作局部麻醉剂）可卡因，古柯碱（用作局部麻醉剂） cock n.公鸡,雄鸡;龙头,开关开关coherent a.一致的，协调的；(话语等)条理清楚的条理清楚的 cohesive a.粘合性的，有结合力的粘合性的，有结合力的coil v.卷,盘绕盘绕 n.(一)卷,(一)圈;线圈,绕组绕组 coincide vi.同时发生；巧合；一致；相符；同时发生；巧合；一致；相符； coincidence n.巧合；同时发生，共同存在；符合，一致一致coke n.焦炭；可口可乐（coca-cola）的缩写）的缩写 collaborate vi.协作，合作；(与敌人)勾结勾结collar n.衣领;环状物环状物collective n.集体集体 a.集体的,共同的共同的collide vi.[with]互撞，碰撞；冲突，抵触互撞，碰撞；冲突，抵触 colonel n.(陆军)上校上校column n.圆柱,柱状物;列;(报刊中的)专栏专栏comb n.梳子梳子 v.梳(理) commemorate vt.纪念，庆祝纪念，庆祝commence vt.开始开始 vi.获得学位获得学位commend v.称赞，表扬：委托保管；推荐称赞，表扬：委托保管；推荐 comment n.注释,评论,意见意见 v.(on)注释,评论评论 commerce n.商业，贸易；交际，交往商业，贸易；交际，交往 commission n.委员会;委任,委托(书),代办;佣金,手续费续费commodity n.(pl.)日用品；商品；农/矿产品；有用之物之物commonwealth n.共和国,联邦,共同体共同体 compact a.紧密的,结实的;简明的简明的 v.使紧凑,压缩压缩 comparison n.比较,对比,比喻,比拟比拟 compartment n.卧车包房,(客车车厢内的)隔间;分隔的空间隔的空间compass n.罗盘,指南针;(pl.)圆规圆规compassion n.同情；怜悯(for) compatible a.能和睦相处的,合得来的;兼容的兼容的 compensate v.(for)补偿,赔偿赔偿compensation n.补偿(或赔偿)的款物；补偿，赔偿的款物；补偿，赔偿 complement n.补足物，船上的定员；补语补语 vt.补充，补足补足complete a.完全的,圆满的圆满的 v.完成,结束,使完满使完满 compliment n.(pl.)问候,致意致意 n./v.称赞,恭维恭维 comply v.(with)遵照，照做，应允；顺从，服从遵照，照做，应允；顺从，服从 component n.组成部分,成分,元件元件 a.组成的,合成的合成的 compose v.组成,构成;(of)由…组成;创作(诗歌等) composite a.混合成的，综合成的n.合成物，复合材料材料composition n.作品,作文,乐曲;作曲;结构,组成,成分compound n.混合物,化合物化合物 a.混合的,化合的；vt.混合混合compromise n.妥协，折衷vi.妥协vt.危及，放弃(原则等) compulsory a.必须做的，强制性的，(课程)必修的必修的 comrade n.同志,同事,同伴,朋友朋友conceal v.隐藏,隐瞒,隐蔽隐蔽concede vt.承认；容许；(比赛结束前)认输；退让认输；退让 conceive v.(of)设想,构思,想象;以为;怀胎,怀有怀有 concerning prep.关于，论及关于，论及concert n.音乐会,演奏会;一齐,一致一致concession n.让步，妥协；特许(权)；concise a.简明的,简洁的简洁的concrete a.具体的,实质性的n.混凝土混凝土 v.用混凝土修筑修筑confer v.商讨；授予，颁给(勋衔，学位等) confidence n.(in)信任;信心,自信;秘密,机密机密 confident n.(of,in)确信的,自信的自信的confidential a.秘(机)密的；表示信任的；担任机密工作的工作的confine vt.限制；使不外出，禁闭n.[pl.]界限，范围conform vi.(to)遵守，适应；相似，一致，符合遵守，适应；相似，一致，符合 conjunction n.接合，连接，联合；连(接)词conquest n.征服，征服地，掠取物征服，征服地，掠取物conscience n.良心,良知良知conscientious a.审慎正直的，认真的，本着良心的审慎正直的，认真的，本着良心的 consecutive a.连续的；连贯的；顺序的连续的；连贯的；顺序的 consensus n.(意见等的)一致，一致同意，共识一致，一致同意，共识 consent v./n.(to)同意,赞成,答应答应consequently ad.结果，因此，所以结果，因此，所以 conservative a.保守的,守旧的守旧的 n.保守主义者保守主义者 considerable a.相当大(或多)的,可观的;值得考虑的值得考虑的 considerate a.考虑周到的,体谅的体谅的consideration n.需要考虑的事,理由;考虑,思考;体谅,照顾照顾consist v.(in)在于,存在于;(of)由…组成,由…构成构成 consistent a.(in)前后一致的；（with）一致，符合）一致，符合 console n.控制台，仪表板；落地柜控制台，仪表板；落地柜 vt.安慰，慰问安慰，慰问 conspicuous a.显眼的,明显的明显的conspiracy n.阴谋，密谋，共谋阴谋，密谋，共谋constant a.固定的，持续的,忠实的忠实的 n.常数,恒量恒量 contact v./n.(使)接触,联系,交往交往contaminate v.弄污,弄脏,毒害,传染,染污染污 contemplate vt.盘算，计议；周密考虑；注视，凝视contemporary a.现代的,当代的;同时代的同时代的 contempt n.轻视，藐视；受辱，丢脸轻视，藐视；受辱，丢脸contend v.竞争,斗争;坚决主张坚决主张context n.（文章等）前后关系；(事件等发生的)背景背景continent n.大陆,洲contradict v.反驳;同…矛盾,同…抵触抵触 contradiction n.反驳，否认；矛盾，不一致反驳，否认；矛盾，不一致 contrive vt.谋划，策划；设法做到；设计，想出谋划，策划；设法做到；设计，想出 convention n.大会,会议;惯例,常规,习俗;公约,协定协定 conventional a.惯例的,常规的常规的conversion n.转变，转换；信仰的改变；转变，转换；信仰的改变；convict v.(经审讯)证明…有罪,宣判…有罪有罪 n.囚犯囚犯 conviction n.深信,确信；定罪，判罪；确信；定罪，判罪；convince v.(of)使信服,使确信使确信coordinate a.同等的,并列的;坐标的坐标的 n.坐标坐标 coordinate a.同等的同等的 n.同等者,坐标坐标 vt.协作，协调协作，协调 cop n.警察(slang 俚语) copper n.铜;铜币,铜制器铜制器cord n.绳,索cordial a.诚恳的,亲切的,热诚的热诚的core n.果核;中心,核心核心 corn n.谷物,庄稼,玉米玉米correlate n.相互关联的事物相互关联的事物 v.(with,to)(使)互相关联correspond v.通信,(with)符合,一致;(to)相当于,对应对应 correspondence correspondence n.n.通信,信件;(with)符合;(to)相当于,对应对应correspondent n.记者,通讯员;通信者通信者 corresponding a.符合的,相应的,对应的对应的corridor n.走廊,通路通路corrode v.(受)腐蚀,侵蚀侵蚀corrupt v.贿赂,收买收买 a.腐败的,贪污的贪污的cosmic a.宇宙的；无比巨大的，无穷尽的宇宙的；无比巨大的，无穷尽的 costume n.(流行的)服饰；服饰；戏装，戏装，(特定场合的)套装套装 cosy a.暖和舒服的；舒适的暖和舒服的；舒适的 [反]uncomfortable council n.理事会,委员会,议事机构议事机构counsel v./n.劝告,忠告忠告 n.法律顾问,辩护人辩护人 coupon n.证明持券人有某种权利的卡片，票证，赠券赠券courtesy n.谦恭有礼;有礼貌的举止(或言词) courtyard n.院子，庭院，天井院子，庭院，天井crab n.螃蟹,蟹肉蟹肉cradle n.摇篮;发源地发源地crane n.起重机,鹤cream n.乳脂,(鲜)奶油;奶油色奶油色credential n.凭证，(pl.)国书，证明书国书，证明书creep v.爬,爬行;(植物)蔓延蔓延cricket n.板球;蟋蟀蟋蟀cripple n.跛子,残疾人残疾人 v.使跛,使残疾使残疾crisp a.脆的,易碎的;简明扼要的；（空气）清爽的（空气）清爽的 criterion n.(pl.criteria或criterions)标准，尺度标准，尺度 crop n.作物,庄稼;(谷类等的)一熟收成;一批,大量大量 crow n.乌鸦乌鸦 v./n.鸡啼,鸣叫鸣叫crown n.王冠,冕;君权,君王君王 v.为…加冕加冕crucial a.至关重要的,决定性的决定性的cruel a.残忍的,残酷的残酷的cruise v.巡航；巡航；以节省燃料的速度前进以节省燃料的速度前进以节省燃料的速度前进 n.乘船巡游乘船巡游 crush n./v.压碎,压坏压坏 v.压服,压垮压垮crust n.外皮,壳;地壳地壳cube n.立方形,立方体;立方,三次幂三次幂cucumber n.黄瓜黄瓜cue 暗示, 提示, 球杆球杆curb n.路边，场外证券市场，vt.制止，抑制制止，抑制cure v.(of)治愈,医治;矫正矫正 n.治愈,痊愈;良药良药curl v.(使)卷曲,蜷缩蜷缩 n.卷发;卷曲状;卷曲物卷曲物。

2019考研英语必背5500词汇表（V）1vacant a.空的,未占用的;空缺的;神情茫然的2vacation n.休假,假期3vacuum n.真空,真空吸尘器4vague a.不明确的,含糊的,暧昧的5vain a.徒劳的,徒然的;自负的,爱虚荣的6valid a.有效的;有依照的;正当的7valley n.(山)谷;流域8valuable a.贵重的,有价值的n.(pl.)贵重物品,财宝9value n.价格;价值;有用性v.评价,估价;尊重10v alve n.阀;(英)电子管,真空管;(心脏的〕瓣膜11v an n.有篷汽车;有篷货运车厢12v anish vi.忽然不见;消逝13v anity n.虚荣心,浮华14v apour n.(vapor)汽，(水)蒸气15v ariable a.易变的;可变的;变量的n.变量16v ariation n.变化,变动;变种,变异17v ariety n.种种,多种多样;种类,品种18v arious a.各种各样的;不同的19v ary vt.改变,变化;使多样化20v ase n.花瓶,瓶21v ast a.巨大的,辽阔的,大量的;巨额的22v egetable n.蔬菜,植物a.植物的,蔬菜的23v egetarian n.素食主义者24v egetation n.植物,草木25v ehicle n.车辆,交通工具;媒介,载体26v eil n.面纱,遮蔽物v.用面纱掩盖,掩饰27v ein n.血管;静脉;叶脉;纹理;情绪vt.使成脉络28v elocity n.速度,速率29v elvet n.丝绒,天鹅绒a.丝绒制的,柔软的30v entilate vt.使通风;给…装通风设备31v enture v.冒险,拼;大胆表示n.冒险事业,拼,闯32v erb n.动词33v erbal a.用言辞的,用文字的;口头的;动词的34v erdict n.(陪审团的)裁决,判决；判断；定论35v erge n.边,边缘v.濒临36v erify vt.证实,查证;证明37v ersatile a.通用的;多才多艺的,多方面的38v erse n.韵文,诗;诗节,诗句39v ersion n.版本;译本,译文;说法40v ersus prep.(vs.)…对…(在诉讼,竞赛等);与…相对41v ertical a.垂直的,竖的n.垂线42v ery ad.很，特别；完全a.正是的；真正，真实的43v essel n.容器,器皿;船,舰;管,血管44v est n.背心,马甲;汗衫,内衣45v eteran n.老手,老兵46v eto n./v.否决47v ia prep.经；通过；凭借48v ibrate v.(使)振动,(使)摇摆；受…而感动49v ice n.邪恶;恶习;(pl.)台钳,老虎钳50v icinity n.邻近,附近51v icious a.恶毒的,凶残的,邪恶的52v ictim n.牺牲品,受害者53v ictory n.胜利54v ideo n.电视,视频;录像a.电视的,视频的;录像的55v iew n.视野;风景;观看;见解;照片vt.观看;认为56v iewpoint n.观点57v igorous a.朝气蓬勃的,精力旺盛的58v illage n.村,村庄59v inegar n.醋60v iolate vt.违背;冒犯;妨碍;侵犯;亵渎(圣物) 61v iolence n.猛烈,强烈;暴力,暴行;强暴62v iolent a.猛烈的,激烈的;暴力引起的,强暴的63v iolet n.紫罗兰,紫色a.紫色的64v iolin n.小提琴65v irgin n.处女a.处女的;纯洁的;原始的;未使用的66v irtual a.实际上的,事实上的67v irtue n.德行,美德;贞操;优点;功效,效力68v irus n.病毒;(精神,道德方面的)有害妨碍69v isa n.(护照等的)签证;维萨信用卡vt.签证70v isible a.看得见的,明显的,显著的71v ision n.视力,视觉;远见;洞察力;幻想,幻影;想象力72v isit n.访问,参观v.访问,参观;视察;降临;闲谈73v isitor n.访问者,客人,来宾,参观者74v isual a.看的,看得见的;视觉的75v ital a.生死攸关的,重大的;生命的,生机的76v itamin n.维生素77v ivid a.鲜艳的;生动的,栩栩如生的78v ocabulary n.词汇,词汇量;词汇表79v ocal a.声音的;有声的;歌唱的n.元音;声乐作品80v ocation n.职业;召唤;天命;天职;才能81v oice n.声音;嗓音;发音能力;意见,发言权;语态82v oid a.空虚的;没有的;无效的83v olcano n.火山84v olleyball n.排球85v olt n.伏特86v oltage n.电压87v olume n.容积,体积;卷,册;音量88v oluntary a.自愿的,志愿的89v olunteer n./v.自愿(者,兵);自愿(提供)90v ote n.投票,表决;选票,选票数v.投票,表决91v owel n.元音,元音字母92v oyage n.航海;航行;旅行93v ulgar a.粗俗的，庸俗的，本土的，通俗的，一般的94v ulnerable a.易受攻击的95。

1999年年全真试题Part ⅠCloze TestDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］and ［D］. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points) Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies 1 low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them 2 and active. When the work is well done, a 3 of accident free operations is established 4 time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum.Successful safety programs may 5 greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by 6 rules or regulations. 7 others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained.There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial standpoint alone, safety 8 . The fewer the injury 9 , the better the workman’s insurance rate. This may mean the difference between operating at 10 or at a loss.1.［A］at ［B］in ［C］on ［D］with2.［A］alive ［B］vivid ［C］mobile ［D］diverse3.［A］regulation ［B］climate ［C］circumstance ［D］requirement4.［A］where ［B］how ［C］what ［D］unless5.［A］alter ［B］differ ［C］shift ［D］distinguish6.［A］constituting［B］aggravating ［C］observing ［D］justifying7.［A］Some ［B］Many ［C］Even ［D］Still8.［A］comes off ［B］turns up ［C］pays off ［D］holds up9.［A］claims ［B］reports ［C］declarations ［D］proclamations10.［A］an advantage ［B］a benefit ［C］an interest ［D］a profitPart ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］and ［D］. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Passage 1It’s a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding morecompanies liable for their customers’ misfortunes.Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might—surprise!—fall off. The label on a child’s Batman cape cautions that the toy “does not enable user to fly”.While warnings are often appropriate and necessary—the dangers of drug interactions, for example—and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn’t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn’t have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. “We’re really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren’t designed to prevent those kinds of injuries, ” says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for t he athlete’s injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute—a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight—issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. “Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities, ” says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.11. What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?［A］Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.［B］Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.［C］Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.［D］Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.12. Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to.［A］satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products［B］become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products［C］make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability［D］feel obliged to view customers’safety as their first concern13. The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that.［A］some injury claims were no longer supported by law［B］helmets were not designed to prevent injuries［C］product labels would eventually be discarded［D］some sports games might lose popularity with athletes14. The author’s attitude towards the issue seems to be.［A］biased ［B］indifferent ［C］puzzling ［D］objectivePassage 2In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts totap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business to business sales make sense because business people typically know what product they’re looking for.Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,” says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company’s private intranet.Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to “pull” customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to “push” information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers’ computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company’s Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That’s a prospect that horrifies Net purists.But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon .com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.15. We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business.［A］has been striving to expand its market［B］intended to follow a fanciful fashion［C］tried but in vain to control the market［D］has been booming for one year or so16. Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that.［A］the technology is popular with many Web users［B］businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions［C］there is a radical change in strategy［D］it is accessible limitedly to established partners17. In the view of Net purists, .［A］there should be no marketing messages in online culture［B］money making should be given priority to on the Web［C］the Web should be able to function as the television set［D］there should be no online commercial information without requests18. We learn from the last paragraph that.［A］pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce［B］interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers［C］leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago［D］setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing powerPassage 3An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction—indeed, contradiction—which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone’s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computered advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take—at the very longest—a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.19. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is.［A］far reaching ［B］dubiously oriented［C］self contradictory ［D］radically reformatory20. The belief that education is indispensable to all children.［A］is indicative of a pessimism in disguise［B］came into being along with the arrival of computers［C］is deeply rooted in the minds of computer ed advocates［D］originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries21. It could be inferred from the passage that in the author’s country the European model of professional training is.［A］dependent upon the starting age of candidates［B］worth trying in various social sections［C］of little practical value［D］attractive to every kind of professional22. According to the author, basic computer skills should be.［A］included as an auxiliary course in school［B］highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications［C］mastered through a life long course［D］equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwisePassage 4When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment—although no one had proposed to do so—and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group—the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC)—has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near final draft of their recommendations.NBAC will ask that Clinton’s 90day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells—routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consen sus that it would be “morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning.” Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo’s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryoresearch.NBAC members also indicated that they would appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still “up in the air”.23. We can learn from the first paragraph that.［A］federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans［B］the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning［C］NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique［D］the White House has got the panel’s recommendations on cloning24. The panel agreed on all of the following except that.［A］the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law［B］the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control［C］it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning［D］it would be against ethical values to clone a human being25. NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because.［A］embryo research is just a current development of cloning［B］the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research［C］an embryo’s life will not be endangered in embryo research［D］the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law26. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that.［A］some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely［B］a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time［C］privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC’s appeal［D］the issue of human cloning will soon be settledPassage 5Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn’t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don’t have unpredictable things, you don’t have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific method” a substitute for imaginative thought.I’ve attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said, “the data are still inconclusive.” “We know that,” the men from the budget office have said, “but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?” The s cientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team”.27. The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that.［A］inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments［B］science advances when fruitful researches are conducted［C］scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research［D］unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research28. The author asserts that scientists.［A］shouldn’t replace “scientific method”with imaginative thought［B］shouldn’t neglect to speculate on unpredictable things［C］should write more concise reports for technical journals［D］should be confident about their research findings29. It seems that some young scientists.［A］have a keen interest in prediction［B］often speculate on the future［C］think highly of creative thinking［D］stick to “scientific method”30. The author implies that the results of scientific research.［A］may not be as profitable as they are expected［B］can be measured in dollars and cents［C］rely on conformity to a standard pattern［D］are mostly underestimated by managementPart ⅢEnglish Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points) 31）While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modernpractice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historian’s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.32）Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world. 33）During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. 34）There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of “tunnel method,” frequently fall victim to the “technical fallacy.” Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.35）It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.Section ⅣWriting(15 points)36. Directions:A. Study the following graphs carefully and write an essay in at less than 150 words.B. Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2.C. Your essay should cover three points:a. effect of the country’s growing human population on its wildl ife,b. possible reasons for the effect,c. your suggestion for wildlife protection1999年英语试题答案Part ⅠCloze Test1. D2. A3. B4. A5. B6. C7. D8.C9. A 10. DPart ⅡReading ComprehensionPart APassage 111. B 12. C 13.A 14. DPassage 215.A 16.C17.D18.BPassage 319.B20.D21.C22.APassage 423.B24.C25.D26.APassage 527.A28.B29.D30.APart ⅢEnglish Chinese Translation31.几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己界定，但是现代史学家的实践最趋于认为历史学试图重现过去重大史实并对其做出解释。