Chapter 6American Expansion and the Civil War1. The Louisiana Purchase☐Completed 1803,☐Negotiated by Robert Livingston during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson☐Acquired from France for $11,250,000.☐A vast region of more than 2.6 million square kilometers.2. West FloridaWest Florida was declared by President James Madison to be a U.S. possession in 1810.☐Parts of the territory were held at various times by France, Spain, Britain, and the United States (as well as the short-lived "Republic of West Florida").☐Eventually, the United States assumed control over the entire region, which now forms parts of the states of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida.☐It is about 155,000 square kilometersMonroe DoctrineIntroduced on December 2, 1823☐The United States would not interfere in the affairs of colonies still owned by European nations in the New World.☐Further efforts by European governments to colonize land or interfere with states in the Americas would be viewed by the United States of America as acts of aggression requiring US intervention.☐The United States would not interfere with existing European colonies nor in the internal concerns of European countries.☐The Manroe doctrine laid the basis for a foreign policy that would make the United States the economic and political leader in the West.James Monroe☐Came to the presidency at age 61 and after 40 years of government service☐Jefferson: so honest that if you should turn his soul inside out there would not be a spot on it. ☐His style of dress reminded a☐Americans of the old days of the Founding Fathers.Contribution of Monroe:☐Bought Florida from Spain in 1819;☐Peacefully resolved the problem of the admission of Missouri as a slave state;☐Put forward the Monroe doctrine.3. Red River Basin☐Acquired in 1818 by treaty from the United Kingdom, namely the Anglo-American Convention of 1818.4. Webster-Ashburton Treaty☐1842☐Finalized the border between United States and Canada (a British colony at the time).5. The Texas Annexation☐1. Mexican independence in 1820☐2. American immigration into Mexico☐3. March 2,1836 Texas independence☐4. Sam Houston, commander of the army of the Texas Republic captured the Mexican leader. At knifepoint, Santa Anna agreed to the Treaty of Velasco = the Rio Grand as the southwestern boundary of Texas.☐5. 1845, Texas was offered statehood by President Tylor∙President John Tyler signed a treaty of annexation with Texas in April 1844.James Polk as president☐A humorless individual with a secretive bent; physically, he was a sickly small man with a thin face and piercing gray eyes.☐The Oregon question☐Polk’s platform in 1844: the reoccupation of Oregon☐1846 the Oregon Treaty6. Oregon Country,∙The area of North America west of the Rockies to the Pacific, was jointly controlled by the U.S. and the United Kingdom following the Anglo-American Convention of 1818 until 1846 when the Oregon Treaty divided the territory at the 49th parallel☐1845 US offered 20million for Mexico and California☐Polk sent Taylor to occupy the bank of the Rio Grand, 16 Americans were killed☐Polk: shedding of American blood on American soil☐We have just as good a reason for it [war] as a strong nation ever had against a weak one. = the precise expression of Manifest Destiny天定命运☐He was the first president to retire after a single term without seeking re-election. He died of cholera 霍乱three months after his term ended.☐Polk secured the Oregon Territory (including Washington, Oregon and Idaho), amounting to 738,000 km², then purchased 1,360,000 km² through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that ended the Mexican–American War.7. Mexican Cession lands☐a product of the Mexican-American War and the subsequent Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed February 2, 1848. In this treaty, Mexico gave the U.S. parts of what is Texas, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico and Wyoming, and the whole of California, Nevada and Utah and recognized the Rio Grande as Texas' Southern border.☐The United States paid Mexico $15 million. In addition, the United States agreed to pay claims made by American citizens against Mexico, which amounted to more than $3 million.8. Gadsden Purchase of 1853United States purchased a strip of land along the U.S.-Mexico border for $10 million, now in New Mexico and Arizona. This territory was later used for the southern transcontinental railroad.9. Alaska Purchase☐from the Russian Empire for $7,200,000 in 1867.☐The area is twice as large as the origional 13 coloniesSecretary of State William H. Seward☐Engineered the purchase of Alaska from Russia in an act that was ridiculed at the time as "Seward's Folly," but which exemplified his character.☐Carl Schurz: Seward as "one of those spirits who sometimes will go ahead of public opinion instead of tamely following its footprints."Nicknames given to the place:☐"Seward's Folly,"☐Seward's Icebox,"☐Andrew Johnson's "polar bear garden."☐His last words were to his children saying, "Love one another."☐Alaska is the largest state in the United States in land area at 1,518,800 km2, much larger than Texas, the next largest state.☐Alaska is larger than all but 18 sovereign countries.☐Alaska has more than three million lakes.☐Alaska has half of the world's glacier's.☐Alaska ranks second in the nation in crude oil production.☐Substantial coal deposits are found in Alaska;☐2,420 km3 trillion of undiscovered, technically recoverable gas from natural gas ;☐Its industrial outputs are crude petroleum, natural gas, coal, gold, precious metals, zinc and other mining, seafood processing, timber and wood products.1. Missouri Compromise☐Allowed Missouri to be admitted as a slave state, while Maine was to be admitted as a free state.☐An imaginary line across the Louisiana Purchase territory at 36 degree north was drawn, the further spread of slavery was to be prohibited ―forever‖ north of the line.☐The Missouri Compromise postponed further tension between North and South for a few years.2. Compromise of 1850☐In late 1849, California drew up a constitution outlawing slavery and applied for admission to the union.☐The Utah and New Mexico territories were waiting to be organized as free areas.☐The balance between slave and free states in the Senate would be destroyed, probably forever.Henry Clay’s Package☐Immediate admission of California as a free state,•The organization of territorial governments in New Mexico and Utah without mention of slavery,•A new and stringent fugitive-slave law逃亡奴隶法, and the abolition of domestic slave-trade in the District of Columbia.Henry Clay:The Great Compromiser☐Spoke in favor of his resolutions; he argued that the Union must be preserved and that the spirit of compromise must carry the day.John C. Calhoun:☐―The Federal Union can be saved only by satisfying the South.‖☐―The South’s fate now lay in the hands of God.‖Daniel Webster☐Argued in favor of concession.☐―I speak today for the preservation of the Union. Hear me for my cause.‖Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois☐Gather support for each section of Clay’s package.☐With congresional approval the only hurtle that remained was President Taylor, who had earlier indicated he could probably veto the measures.☐What was the final result of the bill?☐Make a guess!!Millard Fillmore,☐a strong advocate of compromise, became presidentDouglas:☐It would ease relations in both North and South, because the South could expand slavery to new territories but the North still had the right to abolish slavery in their states.☐Opponents: as a concession to the slave power of the South.☐The new Republican Party, which was created in opposition to the act, aimed to stop the expansion of slavery.☐On January 29, 1861, just before the start of the Civil War, Kansas was admitted to the Union as a free state.Abraham Lincoln☐On March 4, 1861, Abaham Lincoln took the oath of office.☐―We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies.‖☐on April 12, 1861, a bombardment of Fort Sumter began. The first shot of the war had been fired.☐With the attack on Fort Sumter, Lincoln called for 45,000 volunteers and a naval blockade of the South. The states of North Carolina, Arkansas, Tennessee, and Virginia left the Union and joined the Confederacy.Abraham Lincoln•16th President of the United States•Born on February 12, 1809, to two uneducated farmers, in a one-room log cabin on the 348-acre (1.4 km2) Sinking Spring Farm,•The first president born west of the AppalachiansBefore his election in 1860 as the first Republican president☐Lincoln had been a country lawyer,☐An Illinois state legislator,☐A member of the United States House of Representatives,☐Twice an unsuccessful candidate for election to the U.S. Senate.Before his election in 1860 as the first Republican president☐Lincoln had been a country lawyer,☐An Illinois state legislator,☐A member of the United States House of Representatives,☐Twice an unsuccessful candidate for election to the U.S. Senate.☐Lincoln's formal education consisted of about 18 months of schooling, but he was largely self-educated and an avid reader.☐'A house divided against itself cannot stand.'(Mark 3:25) I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved — I do not expect the house to fall — but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other."Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858☐Lincoln: "The Slave Power" was threatening the values of republicanism☐Stephen Douglas: emphasized the supremacy of democracy,☐that local settlers should be free to choose whether to allow slavery or not and could overrule judicial rulings.1860 Presidential election☐Reasons:☐His expressed views on slavery = as more moderate than those of rivals William H. Seward and Salmon P. Chase.☐His "Western" origins also appealed to the newer states:☐On November 6, 1860, Lincoln was elected as the 16th President of the United States, beating Democrat Stephen A. Douglas, John C. Breckinridge of the Southern Democrats, and John Bell of the new Constitutional Union Party.☐He was the first Republican president, winning entirely on the strength of his support in the North: he was not even on the ballot in nine states in the South, and won only 2 of 996 counties in all of the Southern states.☐Lincoln was the first U. S. President elected from Illinois.American Civil WarPart Two☐December 24, 1860 : Secession of South Carolina☐Before Lincoln took office, seven states had declared their secession from the Union. ☐They established a Southern government, the Confederate States of America on February 4, 1861☐Seven Deep South cotton states seceded by February 1861:☐South Carolina,☐Mississippi,☐Florida,☐Alabama,☐Georgia,☐Louisiana,☐Texas.Confederate States of America☐Funded on February 4, 1861)☐Jefferson Davis as president☐a governmental structure closely modeled on the U.S. Constitution.Within two months:☐Virginia,☐Arkansas,☐North Carolina☐Tennessee.☐West Virginia joining the Union as the new state of on June 20, 1863.☐Missouri, Kentucky were divided by the end of 1861☐Lincoln's victory in the presidential election of 1860 triggered South Carolina's declaration ofsecession from the Union.Lincoln’s inaugural address:☐―We are not enemies, but frie nds. We must not be enemies.‖☐His speech closed with a plea for restoration of the bonds of union.One day after the address:☐Major Anderson of Fort Sumter, in the Charleston harbor asked for reinforcement.First shot of the Civil War:☐On Jefferson Davis’s advice, the Southern commander ordered Anderson to surrender. When he did not, on April 12, 1861, a bombardment of Fort Sumter began.☐Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers and a naval blockade of the South.☐In May 1861, Lincoln enacted the Union blockade of all Southern ports, ending regular international shipments to the ConfederacyAdvantages of the South☐The South had able military leaders in Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson and a strong military tradition.☐The Northern task was to invade the South and occupy it.☐Southerners were fighting to defend their own soilThe Emancipation Proclamation☐announced on September 22, 1862☐put into effect on January 1, 1863,☐freed slaves in territories not already under Union controlLincoln later said:☐"I never, in my life, felt more certain that I was doing right, than I do in signing this paper." ☐The Thirteenth Amendment to permanently abolish slavery throughout the nation.Battle of Gettysburg:The Turning Point☐May 1863 Lee invaded the North through Pennsylvania.☐On the hills near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, the Confederate forces of Lee met the Union army of General George Meade.Turning point of the war☐For three days in July the outcome of the war seemed to hang on the 168000 soldiers engaged in bloody combat.☐When the smoke cleared Lee’s Southern forces had been repulsed, and Lee once again returned to Virginia.The Turning point☐it was also the bloodiest battle of the war☐Never again would Lee feel strong enough to invade the North☐After the Union victory at Gettysburg, Meade's failure to pursue Lee and months of inactivity for the Army of the Potomac persuaded Lincoln to bring in a western general, Ulysses S. Grant. Gettysburg Address☐dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, on the afternoon of Thursday, November 19, 1863,☐Abraham Lincoln's carefully crafted address, came to be regarded as one of the greatest speeches in American history.☐not only to consecrate the grounds of a cemetery, but also to dedicate the living to the struggle to ensure that "government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth".☐On April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia;☐The rest of the Confederate army finally surrendered on May 26, 1865.The Richmond Evening Whig published the following obituary notice:☐―Died: Confederacy, Southern. At the late residence of his father, J. Davis, Richmond, Virginia, Southern Confederacy, aged 4. Death caused by stra ngulation. No funeral.‖Lincoln’s assassination☐By John Wilkes Booth, a well-known actor☐Assigning his co-conspirators to assassinate Vice President Andrew Johnson☐Secretary of State William H. Seward☐Lincoln's funeral train carried his remains, as well as 300 mourners and the casket of his son, William, 1,654 miles (2,662 km) to Illinois☐Abraham Lincoln's birthday, February 12, was formerly a national holiday, now commemorated as Presidents Day.1864 election☐Under the fear of losing the election, Lincoln wrote and signed a pledge that, if he should lose the election, he would still defeat the Confederacy before turning over the White House:☐This morning, as for some days past, it seems exceedingly probable that this Administration will not be re-elected. Then it will be my duty to so co-operate with the President elect, as to save the Union between the election and the inauguration; as he will have secured his election on such ground that he cannot possibly save it afterwards.☐With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan —to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations.。
