微观经济学英语

微观经济学原理曼昆名词解释稀缺性(scarcity）：社会资源的有限性。

经济学（economics）：研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。

效率（efficiency)：社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最多东西的特性。

平等（equality）：经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性。

机会成本（opportunity cost）：为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。

理性人（rational people）：系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现起目标的人。

边际变动(marginal change):对行动计划微小的增量调整。

激励(incentive)：引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。

市场经济（market economy）：当许多企业和家庭在物品与劳务市场上相互交易时，通过他们的分散决策配置资源的经济。

产权（property rights)：个人拥有并控制稀缺资源的能力。

市场失灵（market failure）:市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况。

外部性(externality）：一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响。

市场势力（market power)：一个经济活动者（或经济活动者的一个小集团)对市场价格有显著影响的能力。

生产率（productivity）：一个工人一小时所生产的物品与劳务量.通货膨胀（inflation)：经济中物价总水平的上升。

经济周期（business cycle)：就业和生产等经济活动的波动（就是生产这类经济活动的波动。

)循环流向图(circular-flow diagram）：一个说明货币如何通过市场在家庭与企业之间流动的直观经济模型。

生产可能性边界（production possibilities frontier）：表示一个经济在可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时所能生产的产量的各种组合的图形.微观经济学（microeconomics）：研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及它们在市场上的相互交易.宏观经济学(macroeconomics）：研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。

微观经济名词解释CHAPTER 1Scarcity : the limited nature of society ’ s resources.Economics : the study of how society manages its scarce resources.Efficiency : the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources.Equity : the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society.Opportunity cost : whatever must be given up to obtain some item.Rational : systematically and purposefully doing the best you can to achieve your objectives.Marginal changes : small incremental adjustments to a plan of action.Incentive : something that induces a person to act.Market economy : an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services.Property rights : the ability of an individual to own and exercise control over scarce resources.Market failure : a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently.Externality : the impact of one person ’ s actions on the well-being of a bystander.Market power : the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices.Productivity : the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker ’ s time. Inflation : an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy.Phillips curve : a curve that shows the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.Business cycle : fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production.CHAPTER 2Circular-flow diagram : a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms.Production possibilities frontier : a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology.Microeconomics: the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets. Macroeconomics: the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economicgrowth.Positive statements Positive statements :claims that attempt to describe the world as it is. :claims that attempt to describe the world as it is.CHAPTER 4Quantity demanded : the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase.Law of demand : the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises.Demand schedule : a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded. Demand curve : a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded.Normal good : a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand. Inferior good : a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demand.Substitutes : two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to an increase in the demand for the other.Complements : two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to a decrease in the demand forthe other.quantity supplied : the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell.Law of supply: the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of thegood rises.Supply schedule : a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied.Supply curve : a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied.Equilibrium : a situation in which the price has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded.Equilibrium price: the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded.Equilibrium quantit y : the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price.Surplus : a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded.Shortage : a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied.Law of supply and demand : the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the supply and demand for that good into balance.CHAPTER 5Elasticity a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to one of its determinants.Price elasticity of demand: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change inthe price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price.Total revenue : the amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a good, computed as the price of the good times the quantity sold.Income lasticity of demand : a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a changein consumers ’income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income.Crossprice elasticity of demand : a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in the quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second good.Price elasticity of supply : a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage changein price.CHAPTER 6Price ceiling : a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold.Price floor : a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold.Tax incidence: the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a market.CHAPTER 7Welfare economics : the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being.Willingness to pay : the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a good.Consumer surplus : a buyer’ s willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually pays. Cost： the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a good.Producer surplus : the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller Eficiency : the property of a resource allocation of maximizing the total society.Euity :fairness of the distribution of well-being among the members of society.’ s cost. surplus received by all members ofCHAPTER 8Deadweight loss :the fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a tax. CHAPTER 10Externality : the uncompensated impact of one person Internalizing an externality : altering incentives so that’ s actions on-beingthe wellofabystander. people take account of the external effects of theiractions.Coase theorem : the proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources,they can solve the problem of externalities on their own.Transaction costs : the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing and following through on a bargain.CHAPTER11Excludability: the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using it.Rivalry in consumption : the property of a good whereby one person’ s use diminishes other people’ s Private goods : goods that are both excludable and rival.Public goods : goods that are neither excludable nor rival.Common resources : goods that are rival but not excludable.Free rider : a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it.Costbenefit analysis : a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public good. Tragedyof the commons : a parable that illustrates why common resources get used more than is desirable from thestandpoint of society as a whole.CHAPTER 13Total revenue : the amount a firm receives for the sale of its output.Total cost : the market value of the inputs a firm uses in production.profit : total revenue minus total cost.explicit costs : input costs that require an outlay of money by the firm.Implicit costs : input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firm.Economic profit : total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costs.Accounting profit : total revenue minus total explicit cost.Production function : the relationship between quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output ofthat good.Marginal product : the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of input.Diminishing marginal product : the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantityof the input increases.Fixed costs: costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced.Variable costs : costs that do vary with the quantity of output produced.Average total cost : total cost divided by the quantity of output.Average fixed cost : fixed costs divided by the quantity of output.Average variable cost : variable costs divided by the quantity of output.Marginal cost : the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of production.Efficient scale : the quantity of output that minimizes average total cost.Economies of scale : the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increases. Diseconomies of scale: the property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increases.Constant returns to scale : the property whereby long-run average total cost stays the same as the quantity of output changes.CHAPTER 14Competitive market : a market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer andseller is a price taker.Average revenue : total revenue divided by the quantity sold.Marginal revenue : the change in total revenue from an additional unit sold.Sunk cost: a cost that has been committed and cannot be recovered.CHAPTER 15Monopoly a firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutes.Natural monopoly : a monopoly that arises because a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire marketat a smaller cost than could two or more firms.Price discrimination : the business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customers.CHAPTER 16Oligopoly : a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical products.Monopolistic competition : a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identical.Collusion : an agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge.Carte : a group of firms acting in unison.Nash equilibrium : a situation in which economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that all the other actors have chosen.Game theory : the study of how people behave in strategic situations.Prisoners ’dilemma : a particular "game" between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficial.Dominant strategy : a strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other players.CHAPTER 17Monopolistic competition : a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identical.。

曼昆微观经济学术语表经济学原理（微观经济学）Principles of Economics (Microeconomics) 支付能力原则 (ability-to-pay principle) 认为应该根据一个人可以承受的负担来对这个人征税的思想。

绝对优势 (absolute advantage) 用比另一个生产者更少的投入生产某种物品的能力。

会计利润 (accounting profit) 总收益减总显性成本。

逆向选择(adverse selection) 从无信息买者的角度看，无法观察到的特征混合变为不合意的倾向。

代理人(agent) 一个为另一个人（称为委托人）完成某种行为的人。

阿罗不可能性定理 (Arrow’s impossibility theorem)一个数学结论，它表明在某些假设条件之下，没有一种方案能把个人偏好加总为一组正确的社会偏好。

平均固定成本(average fixed cost) 固定成本除以产量。

平均收益 (average revenue) 总收益除以销售量。

平均税率 (average tax rate) 支付的总税收除以总收入。

平均总成本 (average total cost) 总成本除以产量。

平均可变成本 (average variable cost) 可变成本除以产量。

受益原则 (benefits principle) 认为人们应该根据他们从政府服务中得到的利益来纳税的思想。

预算约束线 (budget constraint) 对消费者可以支付得起的消费组合的限制。

预算赤字( budget deficit) 政府支出大于政府收入。

预算盈余 (budget surplus) 政府收入大于政府支出。

经济周期 (business cycle) 就业和生产等经济活动的波动。

资本 (capital) 用于生产物品与劳务的设备和建筑物。

卡特尔 (cartel) 联合起来行事的企业集团。

经济英语知识点总结一、经济学基础知识1. Microeconomics（微观经济学）Microeconomics focuses on the interactions between individual buyers and sellers and the factors that influence their decisions. It examines how individuals and businesses make choices regarding the allocation of resources, production, and consumption. Key concepts in microeconomics include supply and demand, elasticity, market structures, and externalities.（微观经济学侧重研究个体买卖双方之间的互动以及影响他们决策的因素。

它研究个人和企业如何在资源分配、生产和消费方面做出选择。

微观经济学的关键概念包括供求关系、弹性、市场结构和外部性。

）2. Macroeconomics（宏观经济学）Macroeconomics looks at the overall performance of a national or global economy and the factors that influence it. It examines the behavior of major economic aggregates such as GDP, unemployment, inflation, and national income. Key concepts in macroeconomics include monetary and fiscal policy, economic growth, and international trade.（宏观经济学研究国家或全球经济的总体表现以及影响它的因素。

微观经济名词解释CHAPTER 1Scarcity：the limited nature of society's resources。

Economics：the study of how society manages its scarce resources.Efficiency：the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources。

Equity：the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society。

Opportunity cost：whatever must be given up to obtain some item.Rational people：people who systematically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectives. Marginal changes：small incremental adjustments to a plan of action.Incentive：something that induces a person to act。

Market economy：an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services。

Property rights：the ability of an individual to own and exercise control over scarce resources。

经济学专业术语（中英文对照）目录1. 经济学原理 (2)2. 像经济学家一样思考 (2)3. 相互依存性与贸易的好处 (3)4. 供给与需求的市场力量 (3)5. 弹性及其应用 (4)6. 供给需求与政策 (4)7. 消费者、生产者与市场效率 (4)8. 赋税的应用 (4)9. 国际贸易 (5)10. 外部性 (5)11. 公共物品和公共资源 (5)12. 税制设计 (5)13. 生产成本 (6)14. 竞争市场上的企业 (7)15. 垄断 (7)16. 垄断竞争 (7)17. 寡头 (7)18. 生产要素市场 (8)19. 收入与歧视 (8)20. 收入不平等与贫困 (8)21. 消费者选择理论 (9)22. 微观经济学前沿 (9)23. 一国收入的衡量 (10)24. 生活费用的衡量 (10)25. 生产与增长 (10)26. 储蓄、投资和金融体系 (11)27. 金融学的基本工具 (11)28. 失业 (12)29. 货币制度 (12)30. 货币增长与通货膨胀 (13)31. 开放经济的宏观经济学 (14)32. 开放经济的宏观经济理论 (14)33. 总需求与总供给 (14)34. 货币政策和财政政策对总需求影响 (15)35. 通胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍 (15)1.经济学原理经济:(economy)稀缺性:(scarcity)经济学:(economics)效率:(efficiency)平等:(equality)机会成本:(opporyunity cost)理性人:(rational people)边际变动:(marginal change)边际收益:(marginal benefit)边际成本:(marginal cost)激励:(incentive)市场经济:(market economy)产权:(property rights)市场失灵:(market failure)外部性:(externality)市场势力:(market power)生产率:(productivity)通货膨胀:(inflation)经济周期:(business cycle)2.像经济学家一样思考循环流量图:(circular-flow diagram)生产可能性边界:(production possibilities)微观经济学:(microeconomics)宏观经济学:(macroeconomics)实证表述:(positive statements)规范表述:(normative statements)有序数对:(ordered pair)3.相互依存性与贸易的好处绝对优势:(absolute advantage)机会成本:(apportunity cost)比较优势:(comparative advantage)进口品:(imports)出口品:(exports)4.供给与需求的市场力量市场:(market)竞争市场:(competitive market)需求量:(quantity demand)需求定理:(law of demand)需求表:(demand schedule)需求曲线:(demand curve)正常物品:(normal good)低档物品:(inferior good)替代品:(substitutes)互补品:(complements)供给量:(quantity supplied)供给定理:(law of supply)供给表:(supply schedule)供给曲线:(supply curve)均衡:(equilibrium)均衡价格:(equilibrium price)均衡数量:(equilibrium quantity)过剩:(surplus)短缺:(shortage)供求定理:(law of supply and demand)5.弹性及其应用弹性:(elasticity)需求价格弹性:(price elasticity of demand)总收益:(total revenue)需求收入弹性:(income elasticity)需求的交叉价格弹性:(cross-price elasticity)供给价格弹性:(price elasticity of supply)6.供给需求与政策价格上限:(price ceiling)价格下限:(price floor)税收归宿:(tax incidence)7.消费者、生产者与市场效率福利经济学:(welfare economics)支付意愿:(willingness to pay)消费者剩余:(consumer surplus)成本:(cost)生产者剩余:(producer surplus)效率:(efficiency)平等:(equality)8.赋税的应用无谓损失:(deadweight loss)9.国际贸易世界价格:(world price)关税:(tariff)10.外部性外部性:(externality)外部性内在化:(internalizing the externality)矫正税:(corrective taxes)科斯定理:(coase theorem)交易成本:(transaction cost)11.公共物品和公共资源排他性:(excludability)消费中的竞争性:(rivalry in consumption)私人物品:(private goods)公共物品:(public goods)公共资源:(common resources)俱乐部物品:(club goods)搭便车者:(free rider)成本-收益分析:(cost-benefit analysis)公地悲剧:(tragedy of commons)12.税制设计纳税义务:(tax lianility)预算赤字:(budget defict)预算盈余:(budget surplus)平均税率:(average tax rate)边际税率:(marginal tax rate)定额税:(lump-sum tax)受益原则:(benefits principle)支付能力原则:(ability-to-pay principle)纵向平等:(vertical equity)横向平等:(horizontal equity)比例税:(proportional tax)累退税:(regressive tax)累进税:(progressive tax)13.生产成本总收益:(total revenue)总成本:(total cost)利润:(profit)显性成本:(explicit costs)隐性成本:(implicit costs)经济利润:(economic profit)会计利润:(counting profit)生产函数:(production function)边际产量:(marginal product)边际产量递减:(diminishing marginal product)固定成本:(fixed costs)可变成本:(variable costs)平均总成本:(average total cost)平均固定成本:(average fixed costs)平均可变成本:(average variable costs)边际成本:(marginal cost)有效规模:(efficient scale)规模经济:(economies of scale)规模不经济:(diseconomies of scale)规模收益不变:(constant returns to scale) 14.竞争市场上的企业竞争市场:(competitive market)平均收益:(average revenue)边际收益:(marginal revenue)沉没成本:(sunk revenue)15.垄断垄断企业:(monopoly)自然垄断:(natural monopoly)价格歧视:(price discrimination)16.垄断竞争寡头:(oligopoly)垄断竞争:(monopolistic competition) 17.寡头博弈论:(game theory)勾结:(collusion)卡特尔:(cartel)纳什均衡:(Nash equilibrium)囚徒困境:(prisoners’ dilemma)占优策略:(dominant strategy)18.生产要素市场生产要素:(factors of production)生产函数:(production function)劳动的边际产量:(marginal product of labor)边际产量递减:(diminishing marginal product)边际产量值:(value of the marginal product)资本:(capital)19.收入与歧视补偿性工资差别:(compensating differential)人力资本:(human capital)工会:(union)罢工:(strike)效率工资:(efficiency)歧视:(discrimination)20.收入不平等与贫困贫困率:(poverty rate)贫困率:(poverty line)实物转移支付:(in-kind transfers)生命周期:(life cycle)持久收入:(permanent income)功利主义:(utilitariansm)效用:(utilitariansm)自由主义:(liberalism)最大最小准则:(maximin criterion)负所得税:(negative income tax)福利:(welfare)社会保险:(social insurance)自由至上主义:(libertarianism)21.消费者选择理论预算约束线:(budget constraint)无差异曲线:(indiffernnce curve)边际替代率:(marginal rate of subtitution)完全替代品:(perfect substitudes)完全互补品:(perfect complements)正常物品:(normal good)低档物品:(inferior good)收入效应:(income effect)替代效应:(substitution effect)吉芬物品:(Giffen good)22.微观经济学前沿道德风险:(moral hazard)代理人:(agent)委托人:(principal)逆向选择:(adverse selection)发信号:(signaling)筛选:(screening)政治经济学:(political economy)康多塞悖论:(condorcet paradox)阿罗不可能性定理:(Arrow’s impossibility)中值选民定理:(median vater theorem)行为经济学:(behavioral economics)23.一国收入的衡量微观经济学:(microeconomics)宏观经济学:(macroeconomics)国内生产总值:(gross domestic product,GDP)消费:(consumption)投资:(investment)政府购买:(government purchase)净出口:(net export)名义GDP:(nominal GDP)真实GDP:(real GDP)GDP平减指数:(GDP deflator)24.生活费用的衡量消费物价指数:(consumer price index,CPI)通货膨胀率:(inflation rate)生产物价指数:(produer price index,PPI)指数化:(indexation)生活费用津贴:(cost-of-living allowance,COLA)名义利率:(nominal interest rate)25.生产与增长生产率:(productivity)物质资本:(physical capital)人力资本:(human capital)自然资源:(natural resources)技术知识:(technological knoeledge)收益递减:(diminishing returns)追赶效应:(catch-up effect)26.储蓄、投资和金融体系金融体系:(financial system)金融市场:(financial markets)债券:(bond)股票:(stock)金融中介机构:(financial intermediaries)共同基金:(mutual fund)国民储蓄:(national saving)私人储蓄:(private saving)公共储蓄:(public saving)预算盈余:(budget surplus)预算赤字:(budget deficit)可贷资金市场:(market for loanable funds)挤出:(crowding out)27.金融学的基本工具金融学:(finance)现值:(present value)终值:(future value)复利:(compounding)风险厌恶:(risk aversion)多元化:(diversification)企业特有风险:(firm-specific risk)市场风险:(market risk)基本面风险:(fundamental analysis)有效市场假说:(efficient markets by pothesis)信息有效:(informational efficiency)随机游走:(random walk)28.失业劳动力:(laborforce)失业率:(unemployment rate)劳动力参与率:(labor-force participation rate)自然失业率:(natural rate of unemployment)周期性失业:(cyclical unemployment)失去信心的工人:(discouraged workers)摩擦性失业:(frictional unemployment)结构性失业:(structural unemployment)寻找工作:(job search)失业保险:(unemployment insurance)工会:(union)集体谈判:(collective bargaining)罢工:(strike)效率工资:(essiciency wages)29.货币制度货币:(money)交换媒介:(medium of exchange)计价单位:(unit of account)价值储藏手段:(store of value)流动性:(liquidity)商品货币:(commodity money)法定货币:(fiat money)通货:(currency)活期存款:(demand deposits)联邦储备局:(Federal Reserve)中央银行:(central bank)货币供给:(money supply)货币政策:(monetary policy)准备金:(reserves)部分准备金银行:(fractional-reserve banking)准备金率:(reserve ratio)货币乘数:(money multiplier)银行资本:(bank capital)杠杆:(leverage)杠杆率:(leverage ratio)资本需要量:(capital requirement)公开市场操作:(open-market operations)贴现率:(discount rate)法定准备金:(reserve requirements)补充金融计划:(supplementary financing program)联邦基金利率:(federal funds rate)30.货币增长与通货膨胀铲除通胀:(whip Inflation Now)货币数量论:(quantity theory of money)名义变量:(nominal variables)真实变量:(real variables)古典二分法:(classiacl dichotomy)货币中性:(monetary neutrality)货币流通速度:(velocity of money)数量方程式:(quantity equation)通货膨胀税:(inflation tax)费雪效应:(Fisher effect)皮鞋成本:(shoeleather cost)菜单成本:(menu costs)31.开放经济的宏观经济学封闭经济:(closed economy)开放经济:(open economy)出口:(exports)净出口:(net exports)贸易余额:(trade balance)贸易盈余:(trade surplus)贸易平衡:(balanced trade)贸易赤字:(trade deficit)资本净流出:(net capital outflow)名义汇率:(nominal exchange rate)升值:(appreciation)贬值:(depreciation)真实汇率:(real exchange rate)购买力平价:(purchasing-power parity)32.开放经济的宏观经济理论贸易政策:(trade policy)资本外逃:(capital flight)33.总需求与总供给衰退:(recession)萧条:(depression)总需求与总供给模型:(model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply)总需求曲线:(aggregate-demand curve)总供给曲线:(aggregate-supply curve)自然产出水平:(natural level of output)滞胀:(stagflation)34.货币政策和财政政策对总需求影响流动性偏好理论:(theory of liquidity)财政政策:(fisical policy)乘数效应:(multiplier effect)挤出效应:(crowding-out effect)自动稳定器:(automatic stabilizers)35.通胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍菲利普斯曲线:(phillips curve)自然率假说:(natural-rate hypothesis)供给冲击:(supply shock)牺牲率:(sacrifice ratio)理性预期:(rational expectations)。

经济学英语知识点归纳经济学是研究如何合理利用资源以满足人们需求的一门社会科学。

在学习经济学时，掌握经济学英语知识点是很重要的。

下面将详细介绍一些常见的经济学英语知识点。

1. Microeconomics（微观经济学）: Microeconomics studies the behavior of individual consumers and firms in making decisions on the allocation oflimited resources.2. Macroeconomics （宏观经济学）: Macroeconomics is the branch of economics that deals with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of an economy as a whole.3. Supply and Demand（供求关系）: Supply refers to the quantity of a good or service that producers are willing to offer at a given price, while demand refers to the quantity of a good or service that consumers are willing to buy at a given price. The interaction between supply and demand determines the equilibrium price and quantity in a market.4. Elasticity（弹性）: Elasticity measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded or supplied to changes in price or income. Price elasticity of demand measures the percentage change in quantity demanded due to a 1% change in price, while price elasticity of supply measures the percentage change in quantity supplied due to a 1% change in price.5. Market Structure（市场结构）: Market structure refers to thecharacteristics of a market, such as the number of firms, barriers to entry, and degree of product differentiation. Common market structures includeperfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly.6. GDP (Gross Domestic Product)（国内生产总值）: GDP is the total value of all final goods and services produced within a country's borders in a given period of time. It is commonly used as an indicator of economic performance.7. Inflation（通货膨胀）: Inflation refers to a sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services over a period of time. It reduces the purchasing power of money and can have negative effects on an economy.8. Unemployment（失业）: Unemployment refers to the state of being without a job. It is an important economic indicator and can have significant social andeconomic consequences.9. Fiscal Policy（财政政策）: Fiscal policy refers to the use of government spending and taxation to influence the economy. It is often used to stabilize the economy and promote economic growth.10. Monetary Policy（货币政策）: Monetary policy refers to the actions taken by a central bank to control the money supply and interest rates in order to influence the economy. It is often used to control inflation and promote economic stability.11. Comparative Advantage（比较优势）: Comparative advantage refers to the ability of a country, individual, or firm to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than others. It is the basis for international trade.12. Exchange Rate（汇率）: The exchange rate is the rate at which one currency can be exchanged for another. It is determined by supply and demand in the foreign exchange market and can have a significant impact on international trade and investment.13. Trade Balance（贸易平衡）: Trade balance refers to the difference betweena country's exports and imports. A positive trade balance, or trade surplus, occurs when exports exceed imports, while a negative trade balance, or trade deficit, occurs when imports exceed exports.14. Market Failure（市场失灵）: Market failure occurs when the allocation of resources by a free market is inefficient and leads to a suboptimal outcome. Common causes of market failure include externalities, public goods, and imperfect competition.15. Game Theory（博弈论）: Game theory is a branch of economics that studies the strategic interactions between individuals or firms in situations where the outcome of one's decision depends on the decisions of others. It is used to analyze behavior in situations such as oligopoly and bargaining.以上是一些常见的经济学英语知识点。

微观经济学名词解释Chapter 1businesscycle 经济周期fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment andproductioneconomi cs 经济学;经济，国家的经济状况the study of how society manages its scarce 缺乏的，罕见的resourcesefficienc y n.功效; 效率，效能; 实力，能力; [物] 性能;the property of society getting the most it can from its scarceresourcesequality n .同等，平等; [数]相等，等式;the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformlyamong the members of societyexternality[,ekst ɜː'næl ɪt ɪ]外部性the uncompensated impact of on e person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander 旁观者; 局外人; 看热闹的人 incentive s omething that induces a person to actInflation [ɪn'fle ɪʃ(ə)n]an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy marginalchangessmall incremental 增加的 adjustments to a plan of actionmarket economyan economy that allocates resources through thedecentralized 权力分散; 人口疏散; 密度分散;decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services market failure a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate 分配，分派; 把…拨给;英[ˈæləke ɪt] resources efficiently market powerthe ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market pricesopportunity costwhatever must be given up to obtain some itemproducti vity the quantity of goods and services produced from each unit of labor inputChapter 2circular-flow diagrama visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flowthrough markets among households 家庭; 家庭，户and firms macroeconomics [,mækr əʊi ːk ə'n ɒm ɪks; -ek-]the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth microeconomics [,ma ɪkr əʊi ːk ə'n ɒm ɪks the study of how households and firms make decisionsand how they interact in marketsnormative['n ɔːm ət ɪv]标准的 statementsclaims that attempt to prescribe 定，规定; 指定，规定;美[pr ɪˈskra ɪb] how the world should be positivestatementsclaims that attempt to describe the world as it isproductionpossibilitiesfrontier['fr ʌnt ɪə）a graph that shows the combinations of output that theeconomy can possibly produce given the available factorsof production and the available production technologyChapter 3absoluteadvantagethe ability to produce a good using fewer inputs than anotherproducercomparati ve advantag ethe ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer exports goods produced domestically 美[d ə'mest ɪkl ɪ】合乎国内的 andsold abroad imports goods produced abroad and sold domestically opportunity cost whatever must be given up to obtain some itemChapter 4competiti ve market a market with many buyers and sellers['sel ə] trading identical 同一的，完全相同的美[a ɪˈd ɛnt ɪk əl] products so that each完全竞争市场buyer and seller is a price taker Complements互补品['kɑmpləmənt]two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the otherdemand curve 需求曲线a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandeddemand schedule 需求表a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandedEquilibrium[,ikwɪ'lɪbrɪəm]均衡a situation in which the market price has reached the level at which quantity supplied equals quantity demandedequilibriu m price 均衡价格the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demandedequilibriu m quantity the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium priceinferiorgood劣质品[ɪn'fɪərɪə] a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demandlaw of demand 需求原理the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good riseslaw of supply 供给原理the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good riseslaw of supply and demand the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balancemarket a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or servicenormal good a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand普通商品quantity demande d 需求量the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchasequantitysuppliedthe amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell shortage a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity suppliedsubstitute s two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for the othersupply curve a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedsupply schedule a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedsurplus ['sɜ:pləs] a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demandedChapter 5cross-pri ceelasticity of demand 需求交叉弹性是需求交叉价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second goodelasticity [,ilæ'stɪsəti]n .弹性; 弹力; 灵活性; 伸缩性;a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded orquantity supplied to one of its determinantsincome elasticity a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers’ income, computed as theof demand 需求的收入弹性 percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income price elasticity ofdemand 需求价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in pricepriceelasticityof supply供给的价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a goodresponds to a change in the price of that good, computed asthe percentage change in quantity supplied divided by thepercentage change in pricetotal revenue (in a market)总收入; 总收益the amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a good, computed as the price of the good times the quantity sold Chapter 6price ceiling ['si ːl ɪŋ] a legal maximum['mæks ɪm əm] on the price at which a good can be soldprice floora legal minimum on the price at which a good can be soldtaxincidenc e['ɪns ɪd(ə)ns]the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a marketChapter 7consumer [k ən'sju ːmə] surplus['s ɜːpl əs]消费者剩余 the amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus ['ma ɪn əs] theamount the buyer actually pays for itcostthe value of everything a seller must give up to produce a goodefficiency the property of society getting the most it can from its scarceresources equality the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformly amongthe members of society producer surplus the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller’s cost of providing itwelfareeconomicsthe study of how the allocation 美[ˌæləˈke ɪʃn]分配，配给 ofresources affects economic well-beingwillingnes s to pay受益者负担 the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a goodChapter 8Deadweightloss 无谓损失又为社会净损失the fall in total surplus 过剩的; 多余的[ˈsɜ:rpl əs] that results from a market distortion 变形; 失真[d ɪˈst ɔr ʃən], such as a taxChapter 9tariff n . 关税;关税表; 价格表a tax on goods produced abroad and sold domesticallyworld price the price of a good that prevails in the world market for that goodChapter 10Coasetheorem['θɪər əm]科斯定理the proposition that if private parties can bargain without costover the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem ofexternalities 外在性 on their owncorrectiv e tax 矫 a tax designed to induce private decision makers to take account of the social costs that arise from a negative正税externality externality [,ekstɜː'nælɪtɪ]n .外形; 外在性; 外部事物;（经济学名词）外部效应the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on thewell-being of a bystanderinternalizing the externalit y 内化altering incentives[ɪn'sɛntɪv] so that people take account of the external effects of their actionstransaction[træn'z ækʃən]交易costs the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing to and following through on a bargainChapter11clubgoodsgoods that are excludable but not rival in consumptioncommon resource s goods that are rival in consumption but not excludable可排他的; 包括在外的;cost–benefi t analysis 成本效益分析a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public goodexcludability [ɪks,kluːdə'bɪlətɪ]排他性the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using itfree rider a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying[释义]坐享其成，无本获利; for it private goods goods that are both excludable and rival in consumption public goodsgoods that are neither excludable nor rival in consumptionrivalry inconsump tion 消费竞争the property of a good whereby one person’s use diminishes other people’s use Tragedyof theCommon s 公共地悲剧a parable 寓言; 格言; that illustrates why common resources are used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a wholeChapter 12ability-to-payprinciple[释义]负担能力原则，付税能力原则;the idea that taxes should be levied on a person according tohow well that person can shoulder the burdenaveragetax ratetotal taxes paid divided by total incomebenefits principle the idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government servicesbudgetdeficit n.预算赤字;a shortfall 亏空; 缺空 of tax revenue from governmentspendingbudgetsurplus 预算结余an excess of tax revenue over government spending horizontal equity 纳税横向均等;the idea that taxpayers with similar abilities to pay taxes should pay the same amountlump-sum tax 总量税a tax that is the same amount for every person marginaltax rate 边际税率the extra taxes paid on an additional dollar of income progressive tax 累进税a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a larger fraction 分数; 一小部分 of their income than do low-income taxpayersproportional tax 比例税率a tax for which high-income and low-income taxpayers pay thesame fraction of incomeregressive tax 累退税a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a smaller fraction oftheir income than do low-income taxpayersverticalequity 纵向公平the idea that taxpayers with a greater ability to pay taxesshould pay larger amountsChapter 13accounting profittotal revenue minus total explicit 清楚的，明确的 costaveragefixed costfixed cost divided by the quantity of outputaveragetotal cost total cost divided by the quantity of outputaverage variable costvariable cost divided by the quantity of outputconstantreturns toscalethe property whereby long-run average total cost stays thesame as the quantity of output changesdiminishin gmarginal product 边际产量递减规律the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases disecono the property whereby long-run average total cost rises as themies ofscale 规模不经济quantity of output increaseseconomic profit total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costseconomie s of scale 规模经济the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increasesefficientscale最小有效规模the quantity of output that minimizes average total costexplicitcostsinput costs that require an outlay of money by the firmfixedcosts固定成本costs that do not vary with the quantity of output producedimplicitcosts隐性成本input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firmmarginal cost边际成本the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of productionmarginal product the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of inputproductio n function the relationship between the quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that goodprofit total revenue minus total costtotal cost the market value of the inputs a firm uses in production totalrevenue(for firm)the amount a firm receives for the sale of its outputvariablecosts[释义]变动成本;costs that vary with the quantity of output producedChapter14average total revenue divided by the quantity soldrevenuecompetiti ve marketa market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker marginal revenuethe change in total revenue from an additional unit sold sunkcost 沉没成本 a cost that has already been committed and cannot be recoveredChapter15monopoly[mə'n ɒp(ə)l ɪ]a firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutes naturalmonopoly n.垄断; 专卖; 垄断者; 专利品;a monopoly that arises because a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firms price discrimina tionthe business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customersChapter16 monopolistic competiti on 垄断竞争市场a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identical oligopoly求过于供的市场情况;a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical productsChapter17经>卡特尔，企业联合a group of firms acting in unison ['juːnɪs(ə)n]collusion an agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge<经>卡特尔，企业联合a strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other playersgametheorythe study of how people behave in strategic situations GDPdeflator[d i'fleitə]GDP缩减指数a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times 100Nash equilibriu m 纳什均衡a situation in which economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that all the other actors have chosenoligopoly[ ,ɑlə'gɑpəli] 寡头a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical productsprisoners’ dilemma [dɪˈlemə囚徒困境”是1950年美国兰德公司提出的博弈论模型a particular “game” between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficialChapter18capital the equipment and structures used to produce goods and servicesdiminishing marginal product the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases递减规律factors ofproductionthe inputs used to produce goods and servicesmarginal product of labor the increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of laborproducti on function the relationship between the quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that goodvalue ofthemarginal边际价值productthe marginal product of an input times the price of the outputChapter19compensating differential 补偿微分a difference in wages that arises to offset the non-monetary characteristics of different jobsdiscrimination[dɪ,skr ɪmɪ'neɪʃ(ə)n] ;歧视the offering of different opportunities to similar individuals who differ only by race, ethnic group, sex, age, or other personal characteristicsefficiency wages 效率工资above- equilibrium平衡，均势; 平静ˌ[ikwəˈlɪbriəm] wages paid by firms to increase worker productivityhuman capital*人力资本the knowledge and skills that workers acquire through education, training, and experiencestriken .攻击; 罢工[课，市];发现the organized withdrawal移开; 撤回of labor from a firm by aunionunion a worker association that bargains with employers over wages, benefits, and working conditions。

宏微观经济学名词解释英语Macroeconomics and Microeconomics TerminologyMacroeconomics:1. Aggregate Demand (AD): The total demand for all goods and services in an economy at a given time and price level.2. Aggregate Supply (AS): The total supply of all goods and services in an economy at a given time and price level.3. Business Cycle: The periodic fluctuations in economic activity, measured by variables such as GDP, employment, and inflation.4. Fiscal Policy: The use of government spending and taxation to influence the economy.5. Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The total market value of all final goods and services produced within a countryin a given period.6. Inflation: The sustained increase in the generalprice level of goods and services in an economy over time.7. Monetary Policy: The actions taken by a central bank, such as the Federal Reserve, to influence the money supply and interest rates to achieve economic objectives.8. Recession: A period of temporary economic decline, generally identified by a fall in GDP for two consecutive quarters.9. Unemployment: The state of being without a job, actively seeking employment, and available for work.Microeconomics:1. Demand: The willingness and ability of consumers to purchase a good or service at different prices.2. Supply: The willingness and ability of producers to offer a good or service for sale at different prices.3. Equilibrium Price: The price at which the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied.4. Elasticity: A measure of the responsiveness of one variable to changes in another variable.5. Marginal Cost: The additional cost of producing one more unit of a good or service.6. Marginal Revenue: The additional revenue earned from selling one more unit of a good or service.7. Opportunity Cost: The value of the next bestalternative that must be forgone to pursue a certain action.8. Perfect Competition: A market structure characterized by many small firms selling identical products, with no individual firm having the ability to influence the market price.9. Monopoly: A market structure with a single seller ofa product for which there are no close substitutes.10. Externality: A cost or benefit that affects a party who did not choose to incur that cost or benefit.宏观经济学和微观经济学术语宏观经济学:1. 总需求(AD)：在某一时间和价格水平下,经济中所有商品和服务的总需求。

微观经济学词汇AAbsolute Advantage，绝对优势如果某个国家在生产某种商品时，其消耗的资源比其他国家所需的少，那么这个国家就在生产这种产品上具有绝对优势。

Accelerator Effect，加速效应由产出的增加（减少）引起的投资的增加（减少）反过来刺激了产出的增加（减少）。

Actual Investment，实际投资实际发生的投资额。

其中包括诸如计划外的库存变化。

Adjustment Costs，调整费用企业在改变其产量水平时所发生的费用——比如因解雇员工或者对新雇员进行培训时所发生的管理费用。

Adverse Selection，逆向选择当一个购买者或者销售者参与到一项交易中，交易的另一方拥有更多的信息时，就会发生逆向选择。

Aggregate Behavior，总效应所有的家庭与厂商的行为的加总。

Aggregate Demand，总需求整个经济中对于产品和服务的总需求。

Aggregate Demand（AD） Curve，总需求（AD）曲线反应总产出（收入）与价格水平之间的负向关系的曲线。

AD曲线上的每一点都是商品市场与货币市场的均衡点。

Aggregate Income，总收入在某一给定时期内，参与生产的所有要素获得的总报酬。

Aggregate Output，总产出在某一给定时期内，整个经济中生产（供给）的产品与服务的总量。

Aggregate Production Function，总生产函数投入与国民产出（或者国内生产总值）之间的数学表达。

Aggregate Supply，总供给整个经济中的产品与服务的供给总量。

Aggregate Supply（AS） Curve，总供给（AS）曲线表现经济中的所有企业在全部价格水平下的总的产出的供给量的图。

Animal Spirits of Entrepreneurs，企业家的动物精神凯恩斯创造的用于描述投资者的感受的词。

Antitrust Division（of the Department of Justice），反托拉斯部门（司法部的）被授权对违反反托拉斯法的行为采取制裁的两个联邦机构之一。

微观经济学术语的英文及缩写第一章导论理性人（Rational man）微观经济学（Microeconomics）、微观经济学（Macroeconomics）消费者(Consumer)生产者(Producer)企业(Enterprise企（事）业单位；establishment企业；business商业；company公司/商号corporation) 厂商（Firm/Manufacturer）第二章需求、供给和价格需求（d emand）缩写D供给（Supply) 缩写S弹性（elasticity）缩写 E 或 eE简称价格弹性需求的价格弹性（price elasticity of demand ）E d或e d 或Pd需求的收入弹性（Income elasticity of demand ）E M或e m需求的交叉弹性（Cross-price elasticity of demand)）E XY或e xy供给价格弹性(Price elasticity of supply)E S或e s 或P s E简称供给弹性均衡价格(Equilibrium price)(均衡数量(equilibrium quantity;balance quantity;balanced quantity)第三章效用论基数效用论(Cardinal utility)序数效用论：(Ordinal utility总效用（T otal utility）缩写TU边际效用（Marginal utility）缩写MU无差异曲线(Indifference curve) 缩写I商品之间的边际替代率（marginal rate of substitution) 缩写MRS12第四章生产论厂商（Firm）交易成本（transaction cost)生产要素(Factors of Production)劳动（labour）缩写L资本（capital ）缩写k土地（Iand）指一切自然资源（Natural resources）缩写N企业家才能(Entrepreneurship ) 缩写 EC-D生产函数 ( Cobb- Douglas production function)短期（short-run）、长期（long-run）总产量(Total Product ) 缩写TP或Q 劳动的总产量TP L平均产量（Average Product ）缩写AP 劳动的平均产量AP L边际产量/产品（Marginal Product）缩写MP 劳动的边际产量MP L分increasing returns of scale、constant returns of scale、decreasing returns of scale等成本线（Isocost line）等产量线（Isoquant line）第五章成本论成本(cost) 缩写 C费用(expense）机会成本（Opportunity cost）显成本（Explicit cost）隐成本（Implicit cost）正常利润（Normal profit)超额利润(Excess profit)或叫经济利润(Econormic profit）经常用π表示、利润最大化（profit maximization）利润最大化原则(principle of profit maximization)短期总成本（Short-run total cost）缩写STC 或TC总固定成本（T otal fixed cost）缩写TFC 或FC总变动成本（T otal variable cos t）缩写TVC 或VC平均固定成本（Average fixed cost ) 缩写AFC平均可变成本（Average variable cost ) AVC短期平均成本（Short-run average cost) SAC 或AC短期边际成本（Short-run marginal cos t) SMC 或MC长期总成本（Long-run total cost）LTC 或TC长期平均成本（Long-run average cos t) LAC 或AC长期边际成本（Long-run marginal cost) LMC 或MC规模经济（Economies of scale）、规模不经济（Diseconomies of scale）外在经济（The external economy）、外在不经济（External diseconomy）收益（Revenue）R总收益( total revenue；gross earnings；gross income) TR平均收益（average revenue）AR边际收益（marginal income ）MR第六章完全竞争市场市场结构（Market structure)完全竞争市场（perfect competition market）长期供给线(Long-run supply curve) LS消费者剩余（Consumer’s surplus）CS生产者剩余(Producer’s surplus) PS (Producer surplus)看不见手的原理（Invisible hand theorem）第七章不完全竞争市场（Imperfect competition market）完全垄断市场(Complete monopoly market (Monopoly)：卖方垄断（Monopoly）/买方（Monopsony）垄断竞争（Monopolistic Competition ）/垄断竞争市场（Monopolistic Competition Market）寡头垄断（Oligopsony）/寡头垄断市场（Oligopsony market）价格歧视(Price discrimination)一级价格歧视(First-degree price discrimination)二级价格歧视(Second- degree price discrimination)三级价格歧视(Third－degree price discrimination)博弈论（Game theory）纳什均衡(Nash equilibrium)囚犯困境(prisoners’ dilemma)第八章生产要素边际收益产品（Marginal Revenue Product）MRP边际产品价值(Value of marginal product) VMP边际要素成本（Marginal Factor Cost）MFC工资( Wage) w 最低工资minimum wage实际工资（Real wages）\名义工资（Normal wages）地租/ 租金（rent) R利息(Interest) 、利率（Interest rate）缩写r实际利率（Real Interest rate）、名义利率（Normal Interest rate）洛伦慈曲线（Lorenz curve）基尼系数( Gink coefficient ) 缩写G第十章一般均衡和福利经济学（这一章不用看）埃奇沃思盒（Edgeworth’s Box）帕累托最优(Pareto-optimality) 帕累托最优状态帕累托效率（Pareto efficiency）、帕累托改进（Pareto improvement）福利经济学(welfare economics)福利经济学第一定律（First Fundamental Theorem of Welfare Economics）福利经济学第二定律（Second Fundamental Theorem of Welfare Economics）边际生产转换率（the marginal rateof product transformation）MRTS XY边际转换率（marginal rate of transformation）MTS XY =MRTS XY =ΔY/ΔX第十一章微观经济政策市场失灵（market failure)外部影响(External effects) 、外部效应Externalities外部经济（external economies ）、外部不经济（external diseconomies）私人成本(private cost；personal cost)、社会成本（social cost）科斯定理（Kos's theorem）the Coase theorem (科斯定理)共有财产（community of goods；joint property）私人物品(private goodst)、公共物品(Public goods)搭便车(Free ride / Free-Riding)或thumb a lift [or ride]；hitchhike；pick up; hitch a ride)搭便车者pick up a hitch-hiker竞争性(Competitive)、非竞争性non-competitive/ non-rival排他性(Exclusive)、非排他性non-exclusive /nonexcludable公共选择(Public choice)完全信息(C omplete information)、不完全信息(Imperfect information;incomplete information)不对称信息(Asymmetric Information)逆向选择（Adverse Selection）道德风险(Moral hazard)次品市场(lemon market) ：柠檬市场（lemon market），lemon market problem也叫asymmetric informationproblem (信息不对称问题)次品（substandard [shoddy] products;substandard）。

经济与金融英语词汇大全Abstract:本文旨在提供一份经济与金融英语词汇大全，旨在帮助读者扩展自己的金融英语词汇量，以更好地理解并应用于经济和金融领域。

本词汇大全涵盖了各个方面的经济与金融术语，并提供了简明的解释和示例，以确保读者能够准确有效地使用这些词汇。

1. 宏观经济学 (Macroeconomics)宏观经济学是研究整体经济的学科，涉及国民收入、就业、通货膨胀等方面的研究。

- Gross Domestic Product (GDP): 国内生产总值，衡量一国某一特定时期内所生产的所有最终产品和服务的市场价值。

- Unemployment Rate: 失业率，衡量劳动力中无工作而愿意就业的人的比例。

2. 微观经济学 (Microeconomics)微观经济学是研究个体经济单位（如家庭、公司）的学科，涉及供求、价格等方面的研究。

- Supply and Demand: 供求关系，在市场经济中决定产品和服务的价格和数量。

- Price Elasticity: 价格弹性，衡量供求关系对价格变化的敏感程度。

3. 财政学 (Public Finance)财政学是研究政府财政活动的学科，涉及税收、开支等方面的研究。

- Budget Deficit: 预算赤字，政府在一定时期内支出大于收入的情况。

- Taxation: 税收，政府向个人和企业征收的款项。

4. 国际贸易 (International Trade)国际贸易是国家之间商品和服务交流的过程，涉及进出口、贸易政策等方面的研究。

- Tariff: 关税，国家对进口商品征收的额外费用。

- Free Trade: 自由贸易，国家之间以最低限度或无限制地交换商品和服务。

5. 银行与金融机构 (Banking and Financial Institutions)银行与金融机构提供各种金融服务，如存款、贷款、投资等。

- Commercial Bank: 商业银行，从公众存款中募集资金，提供贷款和其他金融服务。

工商管理专业英语术语汇总专业简介: 工商管理主要研究管理学、经济学和现代企业管理等方面的基本知识和技能，包括企业的经营战略制定和内部行为管理等，运用现代管理的方法和手段进行有效的企业管理和经营决策，制定企业的战略性目标，以保证企业的生存和发展。

开设课程: 管理学原理、微观经济学、宏观经济学、技术经济学、管理信息系统、统计学、会计学、中级会计实务、财务管理、运筹学、市场营销、经济法、现代公司制概论、经营管理、公司金融、人力资源管理、企业战略管理等。

一、管理学原理术语术语术语术语术语管理 (Management)经营管理 (BusinessManagement)管理过程 (ManagementProcess)管理功能 (ManagementFunctions)管理层次 (ManagementLevels)管理者 (Manager)领导者 (Leader)领导风格 (LeadershipStyle)领导理论 (LeadershipTheory)领导技能 (LeadershipSkills)决策 (Decision Making)决策类型 (DecisionTypes)决策模型 (DecisionModels)决策方法 (DecisionMethods)决策过程 (DecisionProcess)规划 (Planning)规划类型 (PlanningTypes)规划原则 (PlanningPrinciples)规划工具 (PlanningTools)规划控制 (PlanningControl)组织 (Organization)组织结构(OrganizationalStructure)组织设计(Organizational Design)组织文化(OrganizationalCulture)组织变革(OrganizationalChange)激励 (Motivation)激励理论 (MotivationTheory)激励方法 (MotivationMethods)激励因素 (MotivationFactors)激励效果 (MotivationEffects)控制 (Control)控制类型 (ControlTypes)控制原则 (ControlPrinciples)控制方法 (ControlMethods)控制过程 (ControlProcess)沟通 (Communication)沟通模型(Communication Model)沟通方式(Communication Mode)沟通技巧(Communication Skills)沟通障碍(CommunicationBarriers)协调 (Coordination)协调机制 (CoordinationMechanism)协调原则 (CoordinationPrinciples)协调方法 (CoordinationMethods)协调效果(CoordinationEffects)管理环境(Management Environment)管理伦理(ManagementEthics)管理创新(ManagementInnovation)管理战略(ManagementStrategy)管理评价(ManagementEvaluation)二、微观经济学术语术语术语术语术语微观经济学(Microeconomics)市场(Market)需求(Demand)供给(Supply)市场均衡(MarketEquilibrium)弹性(Elasticity)消费者行为(ConsumerBehavior)效用(Utility)边际效用(MarginalUtility)预算约束(BudgetConstraint)消费者选择(ConsumerChoice)无差异曲线(IndifferenceCurve)边际替代率(Marginal Rateof Substitution)消费者剩余(Consumer Surplus)需求曲线(DemandCurve)生产者行为(ProducerBehavior)生产函数(ProductionFunction)边际产品(MarginalProduct)规模报酬(Returns toScale)成本(Cost)短期成本(Short-runCost)长期成本(Long-runCost)边际成本(Marginal Cost)平均成本(AverageCost)供给曲线(Supply Curve)市场结构(Market Structure)完全竞争(PerfectCompetition)垄断(Monopoly)寡头(Oligopoly)垄断竞争(MonopolisticCompetition)价格歧视(Price Discrimination)博弈论(Game Theory)纳什均衡(NashEquilibrium)策略(Strategy)支配策略(DominantStrategy)外部性(Externality)公共品(Public Good)信息不对称(AsymmetricInformation)逆向选择(AdverseSelection)道德风险(Moral Hazard)市场失灵(MarketFailure)政府干预(GovernmentIntervention)税收(Taxation)补贴(Subsidy)福利经济学(WelfareEconomics)三、宏观经济学术语术语术语术语术语宏观经济学(Macroeconomics)国民收入(NationalIncome)国内生产总值(GrossDomestic Product)国民生产总值(GrossNational Product)消费者物价指数(Consumer PriceIndex)通货膨胀(Inflation)失业(Unemployment)菲利普斯曲线(Phillips Curve)经济增长(EconomicGrowth)经济周期(EconomicCycle)经济波动(Economic Fluctuation)经济危机(EconomicCrisis)经济衰退(EconomicRecession)经济萧条(EconomicDepression)经济恢复(EconomicRecovery)总需求(Total Demand)总供给(Total Supply)总需求总供给模型(Aggregate Demand andAggregate Supply Model)短期均衡(Short-runEquilibrium)长期均衡(Long-runEquilibrium)消费(Consumption)投资(Investment)政府支出(GovernmentSpending)净出口(Net Exports)国民收入恒等式(National IncomeIdentity)消费函数(Consumption Function)边际消费倾向(MarginalPropensity to Consume)投资函数(InvestmentFunction)边际效率投资(MarginalEfficiency ofInvestment)多重效应(MultiplierEffect)货币(Money)货币供应量(MoneySupply)货币需求量(Money Demand)货币市场平衡(MoneyMarket Equilibrium)利率(Rate ofInterest)货币政策(MonetaryPolicy)中央银行(Central Bank)开放市场操作(Open MarketOperations)存款准备金率(ReserveRequirement Ratio)贴现率(DiscountRate)财政政策(FiscalPolicy)政府预算(GovernmentBudget)财政赤字(Fiscal Deficit)公共债务(Public Debt)自动稳定器(AutomaticStabilizer)国际贸易(InternationalTrade)国际收支(Balance ofPayments)汇率(Exchange Rate)贸易政策(Trade Policy)汇率制度(ExchangeRate Regime)四、技术经济学术语术语术语术语术语技术经济学(Technical Economics)技术(Technology)技术创新(TechnologicalInnovation)技术进步(TechnologicalProgress)技术水平(TechnologicalLevel)技术选择(Technological Choice)技术评价(TechnologicalEvaluation)技术效益(TechnologicalBenefit)技术风险(TechnologicalRisk)技术转让(TechnologicalTransfer)技术方案(TechnicalScheme)技术参数(TechnicalParameter)技术指标(TechnicalIndicator)技术标准(TechnicalStandard)技术规范(TechnicalSpecification)工程项目(EngineeringProject)工程设计(EngineeringDesign)工程造价(EngineeringCost)工程投资(EngineeringInvestment)工程回收期(EngineeringPayback Period)工程效益分析(Engineering BenefitAnalysis)工程经济效益(Engineering EconomicBenefit)工程社会效益(Engineering SocialBenefit)工程环境效益(EngineeringEnvironmental Benefit)工程综合效益(EngineeringComprehensive Benefit)资金(Fund)资金需求(FundDemand)资金来源(FundSource)资金成本(Fund Cost)资金利润率(Fund ProfitRate)现金流量(Cash Flow)现金流量表(Cash FlowStatement)现金流量分析(CashFlow Analysis)现金流量折现(Discounted Cash Flow)现值净值(Net PresentValue)内部收益率(Internal Rate of Return)敏感性分析(SensitivityAnalysis)变动成本(MarginalCost)变动收益(MarginalRevenue)边际分析(MarginalAnalysis)五、管理信息系统术语术语术语术语术语管理信息系统(Management Information System)信息系统(InformationSystem)信息技术(InformationTechnology)信息资源管理(InformationResource Management)信息系统规划(Information SystemPlanning)信息需求分析(Information Requirement Analysis)信息系统设计(Information SystemDesign)信息系统开发(Information SystemDevelopment)信息系统实施(InformationSystem Implementation)信息系统维护(Information SystemMaintenance)数据(Data)数据库(Database)数据库管理系统(DatabaseManagement System)数据模型(Data Model)数据字典(DataDictionary)数据仓库(Data Warehouse)数据挖掘(DataMining)数据分析(DataAnalysis)数据可视化(DataVisualization)数据安全(Data Security)网络(Network)计算机网络(Computer Network)网络拓扑(NetworkTopology)网络协议(NetworkProtocol)网络架构(NetworkArchitecture)局域网(Local AreaNetwork)广域网(Wide AreaNetwork)因特网(Internet)互联网(Internet of Things)网络安全(NetworkSecurity)系统(System)计算机系统(Computer System)操作系统(OperationSystem)系统分析(SystemAnalysis)系统设计(SystemDesign)软件(Software)软件工程(SoftwareEngineering)软件生命周期(SoftwareLife Cycle)软件开发方法(SoftwareDevelopment Method)软件质量(SoftwareQuality)硬件(Hardware)计算机硬件(ComputerHardware)输入设备(Input Device)输出设备(Output Device)存储设备(StorageDevice)处理器(Processor)内存(Memory)总线(Bus)接口(Interface)外设(Peripheral)人工智能(Artificial Intelligence)机器学习(MachineLearning)深度学习(DeepLearning)神经网络(Neural Network)自然语言处理(NaturalLanguage Processing)专家系统(Expert System)智能代理(IntelligentAgent)模糊逻辑(Fuzzy Logic)遗传算法(GeneticAlgorithm)人工神经网络(ArtificialNeural Network)电子商务(E-commerce)电子商务模式(E-commerce Model)电子商务平台(E-commerce Platform)电子支付(ElectronicPayment)电子商务安全(E-commerce Security)电子政务(E-government)电子政务模式(E-government Model)电子政务平台(E-government Platform)电子政务服务(E-government Service)电子政务安全(E-government Security)知识管理(Knowledge Management)知识(Knowledge)知识类型(KnowledgeType)知识获取(KnowledgeAcquisition)知识表示(KnowledgeRepresentation)知识组织(Knowledge Organization)知识共享(KnowledgeSharing)知识创新(KnowledgeInnovation)知识库(Knowledge Base)知识系统(KnowledgeSystem)六、统计学术语术语术语术语术语统计学(Statistics)统计方法(StatisticalMethod)统计推断(StatisticalInference)统计分析(StatisticalAnalysis)统计软件(StatisticalSoftware)数据(Data)数据类型(Data Type)数据来源(Data Source)数据收集(DataCollection)数据清洗(Data Cleaning)数据描述(Data Description)数据展示(DataPresentation)数据摘要(DataSummary)数据分布(DataDistribution)数据变换(DataTransformation)变量(Variable)变量类型(Variable Type)自变量(IndependentVariable)因变量(DependentVariable)控制变量(Control Variable)单变量分析(UnivariateAnalysis)双变量分析(BivariateAnalysis)多变量分析(MultivariateAnalysis)相关分析(CorrelationAnalysis)回归分析(RegressionAnalysis)随机变量(RandomVariable)概率(Probability)概率分布(ProbabilityDistribution)期望值(ExpectedValue)方差(Variance)标准差(StandardDeviation)均值(Mean)中位数(Median)众数(Mode)四分位数(Quartile)极差(Range)变异系数(Coefficient ofVariation)偏度(Skewness)峰度(Kurtosis)正态分布(NormalDistribution)抽样(Sampling)抽样方法(SamplingMethod)抽样误差(SamplingError)抽样分布(SamplingDistribution)中心极限定理(Central LimitTheorem)点估计(Point Estimation)区间估计(IntervalEstimation)置信区间(ConfidenceInterval)置信水平(ConfidenceLevel)标准误差(Standard Error)假设检验(HypothesisTesting)原假设(Null Hypothesis)备择假设(AlternativeHypothesis)显著性水平(Significance Level)拒绝域(Rejection Region)检验统计量(Test Statistic)P值(P-value)类型一错误(Type IError)类型二错误(Type IIError)功效(Power)参数检验(ParametricTest)非参数检验(Nonparametric Test)单样本检验(One-sample Test)双样本检验(Two-sample Test)配对样本检验(Paired-sample Test)Z检验(Z-test)T检验(T-test)F检验(F-test)卡方检验(Chi-squareTest)方差分析(Analysis ofVariance)七、会计学术语术语术语术语术语会计学(Accounting)会计对象(AccountingObject)会计要素(AccountingElement)会计科目(Accounting Subject)会计方程(AccountingEquation)会计核算(Accounting Calculation)会计原则(AccountingPrinciple)会计假设(AccountingAssumption)会计政策(Accounting Policy)会计准则(AccountingStandard)会计期间(AccountingPeriod)会计年度(AccountingYear)会计报告期(AccountingReporting Period)会计循环(Accounting Cycle)会计业务(AccountingBusiness)记账(Bookkeeping)记账方法(BookkeepingMethod)记账凭证(BookkeepingVoucher)记账账簿(Bookkeeping Book)记账账户(BookkeepingAccount)记账分录(Bookkeeping Entry)借贷记账法(Double-entryBookkeeping Method)借方(Debit Side)贷方(Credit Side)借贷平衡(Balance of Debitand Credit)会计报表(Accounting Statement)资产负债表(BalanceSheet)利润表(IncomeStatement)现金流量表(CashFlow Statement)所有者权益变动表(Statementof Changes in Owner'sEquity)会计科学(AccountingScience)会计理论(AccountingTheory)会计方法(AccountingMethod)会计技术(AccountingTechnique)会计创新(AccountingInnovation)财务会计(Financial Accounting)管理会计(ManagementAccounting)成本会计(CostAccounting)审计会计(AuditingAccounting)税务会计(Tax Accounting)资产(Asset)负债(Liability)所有者权益(Owner'sEquity)收入(Income)费用(Expense)收益(Revenue)损失(Loss)利润(Profit)毛利(Gross Profit)净利(Net Profit)存货(Inventory)应收账款(AccountsReceivable)预付账款(PrepaidExpenses)固定资产(FixedAssets)无形资产(Intangible Assets)应付账款(AccountsPayable)预收账款(UnearnedRevenue)长期负债(Long-termLiabilities)资本(Capital)留存收益(Retained Earnings)折旧(Depreciation)摊销(Amortization)减值(Impairment)计提(Accrual)结转(Carryover)对冲(Hedging)杠杆(Leverage)财务比率(FinancialRatio)资本结构(CapitalStructure)资本预算(Capital Budgeting)八、中级会计实务术语术语术语术语术语会计 (Accounting)资产 (Asset)负债 (Liability)所有者权益 (Owner'sEquity)收入 (Revenue)费用 (Expense)损益 (Profit or Loss)现金流量 (Cash Flow)资产负债表 (BalanceSheet)利润表 (IncomeStatement)现金流量表 (Cash FlowStatement)所有者权益变动表(Statement of Changesin Owner's Equity)附注 (Notes)记账凭证 (Voucher)记账方法 (AccountingMethod)原始凭证 (Original Document)记账分录 (Journal Entry)总分类账 (GeneralLedger)明细分类账 (SubsidiaryLedger)总账科目 (GeneralAccount)明细科目 (SubsidiaryAccount)借方 (Debit)贷方 (Credit)借贷平衡原则 (Double-entry Principle)记账方向 (AccountingDirection)试算平衡表 (Trial Balance)调整分录 (AdjustingEntry)调整后试算平衡表(Adjusted TrialBalance)结转分录 (ClosingEntry)结转后试算平衡表(Post-closing TrialBalance)存货制度 (InventorySystem)存货核算方法 (InventoryAccounting Method)先进先出法 (FIFOMethod)后进先出法 (LIFOMethod)加权平均法 (WeightedAverage Method)科学成本法（Specific Identification Method）存货跌价准备（Allowance forInventory Decline）存货盘点（InventoryCounting）存货盈亏（InventoryProfit or Loss）固定资产（FixedAsset）折旧（Depreciation）折旧方法（DepreciationMethod）直线法（Straight-lineMethod）双倍余额递减法（Double-decliningBalance Method）年数总和法（Sum-of-the-years'-digitsMethod）残值（Residual Value）折旧年限（Useful Life）净残值率（SalvageRate）固定资产清理（Disposal of FixedAsset）无形资产（IntangibleAsset）商誉（Goodwill）知识产权（IntellectualProperty）专利权（Patent）商标权（Trademark）著作权（Copyright）长期股权投资（Long-term Equity Investment）成本法（Cost Method）权益法（EquityMethod）投资收益（InvestmentIncome）投资性房地产（InvestmentProperty）资产减值（Asset Impairment）减值损失（ImpairmentLoss）可回收金额（RecoverableAmount）可变现净值（NetRealizable Value）使用价值（Value inUse）金融资产（FinancialAsset）金融负债（FinancialLiability）公允价值（FairValue）利息收入（InterestIncome）利息支出（InterestExpense）汇兑收益（ExchangeGain）汇兑损失（ExchangeLoss）应收账款（AccountsReceivable）坏账损失（Bad DebtLoss）坏账准备（Allowancefor Bad Debt）应付账款（Accounts Payable）预收账款（UnearnedRevenue）预付账款（PrepaidExpense）应计收入（AccruedRevenue）应计费用（AccruedExpense）职工薪酬（Employee Compensation）工资与奖金（Wages andBonuses）社会保险费用（SocialInsurance Expense）住房公积金费用（Housing ProvidentFund Expense）职工福利费用（Employee WelfareExpense）借款费用 (BorrowingCost)资本化 (Capitalization)资本化利率(Capitalization Rate)资本化期间(Capitalization Period)资本化暂停(CapitalizationSuspension)现金等价物 (Cash Equivalent)现金流量表附表(Supplemental Scheduleof Cash Flow Statement)经营活动现金流量(Cash Flow fromOperating Activities)投资活动现金流量(Cash Flow fromInvesting Activities)筹资活动现金流量(Cash Flow fromFinancing Activities)直接法 (Direct Method)间接法 (Indirect Method)现金流量净额 (NetCash Flow)现金流量增减表(Statement of Changesin Cash Flow)现金流量比率 (CashFlow Ratio)利润表 (Income Statement)收入确认原则 (RevenueRecognition Principle)营业收入 (OperatingRevenue)营业成本 (OperatingCost)营业税金及附加(Business Tax andSurcharges)销售费用 (Selling Expense)管理费用 (AdministrativeExpense)财务费用 (FinancialExpense)营业利润 (OperatingProfit)营业外收入 (Non-operating Income)营业外支出 (Non-operating Expense)利润总额 (Total Profit)所得税费用 (IncomeTax Expense)净利润 (Net Profit)每股收益 (EarningsPer Share)所有者权益变动表(Statement of Changes in Owner's Equity)股本 (Capital Stock)资本公积 (CapitalReserve)盈余公积 (SurplusReserve)未分配利润 (RetainedEarnings)九、财务管理术语术语术语术语术语财务管理 (Financial Management)财务目标 (FinancialObjective)财务决策 (FinancialDecision)财务计划 (FinancialPlan)财务控制 (FinancialControl)资金 (Fund)资金需求 (FundDemand)资金供给 (FundSupply)资金流动 (Fund Flow)资金结构 (FundStructure)资本 (Capital)资本成本 (CapitalCost)资本结构 (CapitalStructure)资本预算 (CapitalBudget)资本收益率 (CapitalReturn Rate)投资 (Investment)投资项目 (InvestmentProject)投资评价 (InvestmentEvaluation)投资回收期 (PaybackPeriod)净现值 (Net PresentValue)内部收益率 (Internal Rate of Return)敏感性分析 (SensitivityAnalysis)风险分析 (RiskAnalysis)投资组合理论 (PortfolioTheory)资本资产定价模型(Capital Asset PricingModel)现金管理 (Cash Management)现金预测 (CashForecasting)现金流量预算表 (CashBudget)现金流量周期 (CashCycle)现金余额 (Cash Balance)应收账款管理 (AccountsReceivableManagement)应收账款周转率(Accounts ReceivableTurnover Ratio)坏账率 (Bad DebtRatio)应收账款账龄分析法(Aging Method ofAccounts Receivable)应收账款折现法（Discount Method ofAccounts Receivable）存货管理（Inventory Management）存货周转率（InventoryTurnover Ratio）经济订货量（Economic OrderQuantity）安全存量（SafetyStock）订货点（Reorder Point）短期融资（Short-term Financing）银行贷款（BankLoan）商业票据（CommercialPaper）应付账款融资（Accounts PayableFinancing）保兑仓融资（WarehouseReceipt Financing）长期融资（Long-term Financing）债券（Bond）债券价格（BondPrice）债券收益率（BondYield）债券评级（BondRating）股票（Stock）股票价格（StockPrice）股票收益率（StockReturn Rate）股息政策（DividendPolicy）股权融资（EquityFinancing）杠杆效应（LeverageEffect）操作杠杆系数（Operating LeverageCoefficient）财务杠杆系数（Financial LeverageCoefficient）综合杠杆系数（Combined LeverageCoefficient）杠杆调整原则（LeverageAdjustment Principle）十、运筹学术语术语术语术语术语运筹学 (Operations Research)决策 (Decision)决策变量 (DecisionVariable)目标函数 (ObjectiveFunction)约束条件 (Constraint)线性规划 (Linear Programming)图形法 (GraphicalMethod)单纯形法 (SimplexMethod)对偶理论 (DualityTheory)敏感性分析 (SensitivityAnalysis)整数规划 (Integer Programming)分支定界法 (Branch andBound Method)割平面法 (CuttingPlane Method)隐枚举法 (ImplicitEnumeration Method)0-1规划 (0-1Programming)非线性规划 (Nonlinear Programming)拉格朗日乘子法(Lagrange MultiplierMethod)KKT条件 (KKTCondition)梯度法 (GradientMethod)牛顿法 (Newton Method)动态规划 (Dynamic Programming)阶段 (Stage)状态 (State)决策 (Decision)最优值函数 (OptimalValue Function)贝尔曼方程 (BellmanEquation)网络优化 (NetworkOptimization)关键路径法 (CriticalPath Method)最短路问题 (ShortestPath Problem)最小生成树问题(Minimum Spanning TreeProblem)最大流问题 (Maximum Flow Problem)最小费用流问题(Minimum Cost FlowProblem)匹配问题 (MatchingProblem)背包问题 (KnapsackProblem)指派问题 (AssignmentProblem)非线性整数规划（Nonlinear Integer Programming）分数规划（FractionalProgramming）凸规划（ConvexProgramming）目标规划（GoalProgramming）多目标规划（Multi-objective Programming）随机规划（Stochastic Programming）鲁棒优化（RobustOptimization）参数规划（ParametricProgramming）可行方向法（FeasibleDirection Method）序列二次规划（Sequential QuadraticProgramming）队列论（QueueingTheory）到达过程（ArrivalProcess）服务过程（ServiceProcess）排队系统（QueueingSystem）排队模型（QueueingModel）M/M/1模型（M/M/1Model）M/M/c模型（M/M/cModel）M/G/1模型（M/G/1Model）G/M/1模型（G/M/1Model）排队长度（QueueLength）平均排队时间（Average Queueing Time）平均服务时间（AverageService Time）到达率（ArrivalRate）服务率（ServiceRate）利用率（UtilizationRate）十一、市场营销术语术语术语术语术语市场营销 (Marketing)市场营销管理(MarketingManagement)市场营销环境(MarketingEnvironment)市场营销计划(Marketing Plan)市场营销组合 (MarketingMix)市场 (Market)市场需求 (MarketDemand)市场细分 (MarketSegmentation)市场定位 (MarketPositioning)市场目标 (MarketTargeting)消费者行为 (ConsumerBehavior)消费者需求 (ConsumerNeed)消费者动机 (ConsumerMotivation)消费者态度(Consumer Attitude)消费者满意度 (ConsumerSatisfaction)产品 (Product)产品生命周期 (ProductLife Cycle)产品创新 (ProductInnovation)产品差异化 (ProductDifferentiation)产品定价 (Product Pricing)价格 (Price)价格策略 (PricingStrategy)价格弹性 (PriceElasticity)价格歧视 (PriceDiscrimination)价格竞争 (PriceCompetition)促销 (Promotion)促销策略 (PromotionStrategy)促销组合 (PromotionMix)广告 (Advertising)公关 (Public Relations)销售促进（Sales Promotion）个人销售（PersonalSelling）直接营销（DirectMarketing）网络营销（InternetMarketing）社会媒体营销（SocialMedia Marketing）分销（Distribution）分销渠道（DistributionChannel）分销策略（DistributionStrategy）物流（Logistics）运输（Transportation）库存管理（Inventory Management）订货量（OrderQuantity）经济批量（EconomicBatch Quantity）订货点（ReorderPoint）安全库存（Safety Stock）市场调研（Market Research）调研目的（ResearchObjective）调研方法（ResearchMethod）调研设计（ResearchDesign）调研样本（ResearchSample）数据收集（Data Collection）数据分析（DataAnalysis）数据呈现（DataPresentation）调研报告（ResearchReport）调研误差（ResearchError）十二、经济法术语术语术语术语术语经济法 (Economic Law)经济活动 (EconomicActivity)经济主体 (EconomicSubject)经济权利 (EconomicRight)经济责任 (EconomicResponsibility)经济法律关系 (Economic Legal Relationship)经济合同 (EconomicContract)经济纠纷 (EconomicDispute)经济诉讼 (EconomicLitigation)经济仲裁 (EconomicArbitration)民商事法律体系 (Civiland Commercial LegalSystem)民法典 (Civil Code)商法典 (CommercialCode)合同法 (Contract Law)物权法 (Property Law)侵权责任法 (Tort LiabilityLaw)民事诉讼法 (CivilProcedure Law)商事诉讼法(CommercialProcedure Law)仲裁法 (Arbitration Law)消费者权益保护法（Consumer Rights andInterests Protection Law）公司法（CompanyLaw）合伙企业法（PartnershipEnterprise Law）独资企业法（SoleProprietorshipEnterprise Law）外商投资企业法（Foreign InvestmentEnterprise Law）公司治理（CorporateGovernance）股东（Shareholder）董事会（Board ofDirectors）监事会（Board ofSupervisors）高级管理人员（SeniorManagement）股东大会（Shareholders'Meeting）股份（Share）股权（StockRight）股票（Stock）股本（Capital Stock）股利（Dividend）债券（Bond）债权（Debt Right）债务（Debt）债务人（Debtor）债权人（Creditor）破产（Bankruptcy）破产程序（BankruptcyProcedure）破产申请（BankruptcyApplication）破产管理人（BankruptcyAdministrator）破产债权人会议（Bankruptcy Creditors'Meeting）十三、现代公司制概论术语术语术语术语术语现代公司制 (Modern Corporation System)公司 (Company)公司法人 (CorporateLegal Person)公司治理 (CorporateGovernance)公司社会责任 (CorporateSocial Responsibility)股份有限公司 (Joint-stock Company)有限责任公司 (LimitedLiability Company)股东 (Shareholder)股份 (Share)股权 (Stock Right)董事会 (Board of Directors)监事会 (Board ofSupervisors)高级管理人员 (SeniorManagement)股东大会(Shareholders'Meeting)公司章程 (Articles ofAssociation)注册资本 (RegisteredCapital)实收资本 (Paid-inCapital)资本公积 (CapitalReserve)盈余公积 (SurplusReserve)未分配利润 (RetainedEarnings)股利 (Dividend)股息率 (DividendRate)现金分红 (CashDividend)股票分红 (StockDividend)分红政策 (Dividend Policy)上市公司（Listed Company）发行股票（IssueStock）募集资金（RaiseFunds）首次公开募股（InitialPublic Offering）再融资（Refinancing）股票市场（Stock Market）证券交易所（StockExchange）证券监管机构（SecuritiesRegulatory Authority）证券法（SecuritiesLaw）证券合同（SecuritiesContract）股票价格（StockPrice）股票指数（StockIndex）市盈率（Price-earningsRatio）市净率（Price-bookRatio）市场效率（MarketEfficiency）投资者保护（Investor Protection）信息披露（InformationDisclosure）内幕交易（InsiderTrading）操纵市场（MarketManipulation）证券欺诈（SecuritiesFraud）十四、经营管理术语术语术语术语术语经营管理 (Business Management)经营目标 (BusinessObjective)经营策略 (BusinessStrategy)经营模式 (BusinessModel)经营效率 (BusinessEfficiency)经营效果 (Business Effectiveness)经营创新 (BusinessInnovation)经营风险 (BusinessRisk)经营伦理 (BusinessEthics)经营文化 (BusinessCulture)组织 (Organization)组织结构(OrganizationalStructure)组织设计(OrganizationalDesign)组织变革 (OrganizationalChange)组织发展 (OrganizationalDevelopment)协调 (Coordination)协调机制 (CoordinationMechanism)协调原则(Coordination协调方法 (CoordinationMethod)协调技巧 (CoordinationSkill)Principle)控制 (Control)控制系统 (ControlSystem)控制过程 (ControlProcess)控制标准 (ControlStandard)控制反馈 (ControlFeedback)激励（Motivation）激励理论（MotivationTheory）激励因素（MotivationFactor）激励方法（MotivationMethod）激励机制（MotivationMechanism）资源（Resource）物质资源（MaterialResource）人力资源（HumanResource）财务资源（FinancialResource）信息资源（InformationResource）活动（Activity）生产活动（ProductionActivity）销售活动（SalesActivity）采购活动（PurchasingActivity）研发活动（Research andDevelopment Activity）目标（Objective）目标管理（ObjectiveManagement）目标设定（ObjectiveSetting）目标分解（ObjectiveDecomposition）目标评价（ObjectiveEvaluation）十五、公司金融术语术语术语术语术语公司金融 (CorporateFinance)投资决策 (InvestmentDecision)融资决策 (FinancingDecision)分红决策 (DividendDecision)资本结构 (CapitalStructure)资本成本 (CapitalCost)资本预算 (Capital Budget)现金流量 (Cash Flow)净现值 (Net PresentValue)内部收益率 (InternalRate of Return)敏感性分析(Sensitivity Analysis)风险分析 (Risk Analysis)投资组合理论 (PortfolioTheory)资本资产定价模型(Capital Asset PricingModel)证券市场线 (SecurityMarket Line)贝塔系数（Beta Coefficient）无风险利率（Risk-freeRate）市场风险溢价（MarketRisk Premium）资本市场线（CapitalMarket Line）有效边界（EfficientFrontier）杠杆效应（LeverageEffect）操作杠杆系数（OperatingLeverage Coefficient）财务杠杆系数（Financial LeverageCoefficient）综合杠杆系数（Combined LeverageCoefficient）杠杆调整原则（Leverage AdjustmentPrinciple）股权融资（Equity Financing）债务融资（DebtFinancing）权益融资（Quasi-equity Financing）混合融资（HybridFinancing）转换债券（ConvertibleBond）可赎回债券（Redeemable Bond）可交换债券（Exchangeable Bond）优先股（PreferredStock）可转换优先股（Convertible PreferredStock）权证（Warrant）十六、人力资源管理术语术语术语术语术语人力资源管理 (Human Resource Management)人力资源规划 (HumanResource Planning)人力资源分析 (HumanResource Analysis)人力资源需求 (HumanResource Demand)人力资源供给 (HumanResource Supply)招聘 (Recruitment)招聘渠道 (RecruitmentChannel)招聘广告 (RecruitmentAdvertisement)招聘成本 (RecruitmentCost)招聘效果 (RecruitmentEffectiveness)选拔 (Selection)选拔方法 (SelectionMethod)选拔标准 (SelectionCriterion)选拔工具 (SelectionTool)选拔过程 (SelectionProcess)培训 (Training)培训需求分析 (TrainingNeeds Analysis)培训目标 (TrainingObjective)培训内容 (TrainingContent)培训方法 (TrainingMethod)培训评估（Training Evaluation）培训效果（TrainingEffectiveness）培训反馈（TrainingFeedback）培训转移（TrainingTransfer）培训成本（TrainingCost）术语术语术语术语术语评估（Performance Appraisal）评估目的（PerformanceAppraisal Purpose）评估标准（PerformanceAppraisal Criterion）评估方法（PerformanceAppraisal Method）评估结果（PerformanceAppraisal Result）激励（Motivation）激励理论（MotivationTheory）激励因素（MotivationFactor）激励方法（MotivationMethod）激励机制（MotivationMechanism）薪酬（Compensation）薪酬结构（CompensationStructure）薪酬水平（CompensationLevel）薪酬调整（CompensationAdjustment）薪酬管理（CompensationManagement）十七、企业战略管理术语术语术语术语术语企业战略管理(Corporate Strategy Management)战略 (Strategy)战略管理过程(Strategy ManagementProcess)战略分析 (StrategyAnalysis)战略制定 (StrategyFormulation)战略实施 (Strategy Implementation)战略评估 (StrategyEvaluation)战略控制 (StrategyControl)战略调整 (StrategyAdjustment)战略创新 (StrategyInnovation)环境分析(Environmental Analysis)宏观环境分析 (Macro-environmentalAnalysis)行业环境分析 (IndustryEnvironmentalAnalysis)微观环境分析 (Micro-environmental Analysis)PEST分析法（PESTAnalysis Method）波特五力模型（Porter's Five Forces Model）SWOT分析法（SWOT AnalysisMethod）VRIO分析法（VRIOAnalysis Method）价值链分析法（ValueChain Analysis Method）核心竞争力分析法（Core CompetenceAnalysis Method）目标管理（Objective Management）SMART原则（SMART Principle）平衡计分卡（BalancedScorecard）关键绩效指标（KeyPerformance Indicator）目标层次结构（ObjectiveHierarchy）战略选择（StrategyChoice）战略类型（StrategyType）成本领先战略（CostLeadership Strategy）差异化战略（DifferentiationStrategy）聚焦战略（FocusStrategy）集团化战略（Diversification Strategy）垂直一体化战略（Vertical IntegrationStrategy）水平一体化战略（HorizontalIntegration Strategy）国际化战略（InternationalizationStrategy）蓝海战略（Blue OceanStrategy）。