发动机设计说明书 (1)

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X X 大学机械原理课程设计说明书四冲程内燃机设计院（系）机械工程学院专业机械工程及自动化班级××机械工程×班学生姓名×××指导老师×××年月日课程设计任务书兹发给×××班学生×××课程设计任务书，内容如下：1．设计题目：四冲程内燃机设计2．应完成的项目:（1）内燃机机构运动简图1张（A4) （2）内燃机运动分析与动态静力分析图1张（A3）(3）力矩变化曲线图1张（A4）（5）工作循环图1张（A4）(6）计算飞轮转动惯量（7）计算内燃机功率(8）编写设计说明书1份3．参考资料以及说明：(1）机械原理课程设计指导书(2）机械原理教材4．本设计任务书于20××年 1月4日发出，应于20××年1月15日前完成,然后进行答辩。

指导教师签发 201×年 12 月31日课程设计评语：课程设计总评成绩：指导教师签字：201×年1月15日目录摘要 (1)第一章绪论 (2)1．1 课程设计名称和要求 (2)1．2 课程设计任务分析 (2)第二章四冲程内燃机设计 (4)2．1 机构设计 (4)2．2 运动分析 (7)2．3 动态静力分析 (11)2．4 飞轮转动惯量计算 (16)2．5 发动机功率计算 (18)2．6 进排气凸轮设计 (18)2．7 工作循环分析 (19)设计小结 (21)参考文献 (22)摘要内燃机是一种动力机械，它是通过使燃料在机器内部燃烧，并将其放出的热能直接转换为动力的热力发动机。

中南大学课题设计说明书课题________内燃机课程设计______学院______能源科学与工程学院___学生姓名______学号______专业班级____ __________ 指导教师_______ ___________2011年9月5日内燃机课程设计1 方案选择及总体设计内燃机总体设计和方案选择是设计工作的第一阶段，在产品总体设计中要选择和确定内燃机的主要设计参数，在进行热计算和外特性计算及主要零部件设计前，首先要选择零部件的类型、布局方式。

如：气缸的布局方式、燃烧室的选择、缸心距的确定、压缩比的选取、活塞行程比的选取、曲柄连杆比的选取等。

1.1汽油机主要参数的确定（1）冲程数的选择—四冲程二冲程汽油机和四冲程汽油机相比，尽管当二冲程发动机的工作容积和转速与四冲程发动机相同时，在理论上它的功率应该是四冲程的两倍；且因其做功频率较高，其工作运转较均匀平稳；并且其构造简单，质量小，使用方便。

但同时二冲程相比四冲程有以下主要缺点：1)二冲程汽油机的热负荷比较高，特别是活塞组的热负荷比较高（活塞顶的平均温度比四冲程汽油机约高50~60℃）,而且气缸内压力总是大于一个大气压，使活塞环在环槽中活动性减小，积碳不易排除，容易使活塞环失去工作能力；由于作用在轴承上的负荷是单向的，这对润滑不利。

使二冲程汽油机的使用可靠性与寿命不如四冲程汽油机。

2)二冲程汽油机换气质量差，使燃烧条件变差，同时带动换气泵业需要消耗一部分功率，且有一部分新鲜可燃混合气随同废气排出，因此其经济性不如四冲程汽油机。

3)二冲程汽油机热负荷较高，因而对机油质量要求比四冲程汽油机高；由于机油容易窜入扫气孔和排气孔边缘，随气流进入气缸燃烧或从排气管排出，因此，机油的消耗率较大。

4)高压泵与喷油嘴的工作较繁重，寿命较短。

此外，二冲程汽油机的噪音、排气污染都比四冲程汽油机严重，因此二冲程汽油机在汽车上很少用，在摩托车上应用较广。

因此本设计中选四冲程汽油机（τ=4）。

课程设计说明书课程名称:发动机设计课程设计课程代码: 8205531 题目:195柴油机连杆设计及连杆螺栓强度校核计算学院(直属系) :交通与汽车工程学院年级/专业/班: 2009/热能与动力工程（汽车发动机）/1班学生姓名:学号: 312009********* 指导教师:曾东建、田维、暴秀超开题时间: 2012 年 6 月 28 日完成时间: 2012 年 7 月 16 日目录摘要 (2)1引言 (3)1.1国内外内燃机研究现状 (3)1.2任务与分析 (3)2柴油机工作过程计算 (5)2.1 已知条件 (5)2.2 参数选择 (6)2.3 195柴油机额定工况工作过程计算 (6)3 连杆设计 (9)3.1 连杆结构设计 (9)3.2 连杆材料选择 (11)4 连杆螺钉强度校核 (12)4.1 连杆螺钉的结构设计 (12)4.2 连杆螺钉的强度校核 (13)5 结论 (15)致谢 (17)参考文献 (18)附录：195柴油机额定工况工作过程计算程序 (19)摘要20 世纪90 年代以来，汽车行业的竞争已从单一的性能竞争转向性能、环保、节能等多元综合竞争。

仅就柴油机而言，为应对世界能源危机和减少对环境污染，其研究开发工作已侧重于降低油耗、减少排放、轻质及减少磨损等方面，在这些研究中优化技术将得到广泛的应用。

汽车已经在普通民众中得到普及，随着汽车行业的不断发展，汽车产业的未来乐观与否一定意义决定于发动机的技术水平。

因此，培养高素质的汽车发动机人才对当今社会的快速发展至关重要。

本次课程设计的既是通过对195柴油机结构的分析研究，计算工作过程中的热力参数绘制其工作过程的P-V图，绘制195柴油机总成横剖面图，对连杆进行设计、强度计算和绘制连杆零部件图，对并对设计好的连杆大头、小头和螺钉进行校核，以根据工况设计连杆小头、杆身、大头，合理达到要求。

此次，我们就选择了对连杆螺钉进行校核。

连杆螺钉在连杆盖以及连杆大头之间的联接发挥着至关重要的作用，并且由于往复惯性力和气体压力的双重作用下，使螺钉的受力十分严酷，所以对其进行强度校核就显得十分必要。

学号：课程设计题目10kW四冲程汽油机活塞组设计学院专业班级姓名指导教师2013 年11 月18 日课程设计任务书学生姓名：专业班级：指导教师：工作单位：题目:10kW四冲程汽油机活塞组设计初始条件：1、平均有效压力：0.8~1.2MPa2、活塞平均速度：<18m/s要求完成的主要任务:1、装配图设计。

2、零件图设计。

3、说明书1份。

时间安排：序号项目应完成时间备注2012.11.121 课题准备1、设计发动机的结构参数。

2、进行运动学计算。

3、形成文档。

武汉理工大学《汽车发动机设计》课程设计说明书2012.11.13 2 装配图设计与绘图1、热力学计算。

2、动力学计算。

3、形成文档。

2012.11.14 3 装配图设计与绘图1、结构参数设计并形成文档。

2、装配图设计绘图（草图）。

4 装配图设计与绘图（底图）2012.11.155 装配图设计与绘图（加粗与标注）2012.11.162012.11.19 6 零件图设计1、零件计算。

2、形成文档。

7 零件图设计绘图2012.11.208 零件图设计绘图2012.11.219 零件图设计绘图2012.11.2210 零件图设计绘图2012.11.2311 零件图设计绘图2012.11.2612 撰写设计说明书2012.11.2713 撰写设计说明书2012.11.2814 答辩2012.11.2915 答辩2012.11.30注意事项：1、课程设计期间必须严格遵守学校的作息时间。

2、指导教师每天点名。

3、学生每天的任务必须完成，指导教师作好相应的进度记录。

指导教师签名：2013年11月18日系主任（或责任教师）签名：年月日武汉理工大学《汽车发动机设计》课程设计说明书目录前言 (1)1汽油机结构形式的设计 (1)1.1汽缸数和气缸布置的选择 (1)1.2冷却方式 (1)2汽油机结构参数的选取 (2)2.1汽缸直径的确定 (2)2.2缸径行程比S/D (3)2.3转速n的确定 (3)2.4汽缸工作容积与升功率 (3)2.5曲柄半径与连杆长度之比λ的选取 (3)2.6缸心距的确定 (3)2.7压缩比与燃烧室容积Vc,总容积Va (3)3热力学计算 (4)3.1燃烧过程数学模型 (4)3.1.1绝热压缩起点 (4)3.1.2绝热压缩过程 (4)3.1.3定容增压过程 (5)3.1.4 绝热膨胀过程 (5)3.2 绘制P-V图 (5)3.2.1绘制理论P-V图 (5)3.2.2 绘制调整P-V图 (6)3.3热力学平均有效压力校核 (7)4运动学计算 (8)4.1活塞位移 (8)4.2活塞瞬时速度 (9)4.3活塞的加速度、最大加速度 (10)5力学计算 (11)5.1气体压力：由P～V图转化为P～α图 (11)5.2往复惯性力 (12)5.3旋转往复惯性力 (12)5.4合力的计算 (13)6活塞设计 (17)6.1活塞的材料 (17)6.2活塞主要尺寸设计 (17)6.2.1活塞高度H (17)6.2.2压缩高度H1 (17)6.2.3火力岸高度h (17)6.2.4环带高度 (17)6.2.5活塞顶部厚度δ (18)6.2.6活塞侧壁厚度及内部过渡圆角 (18)6.2.7活塞销座间距 (18)6.3活塞裙部及其侧表面形状的设计 (19)6.3.1裙部椭圆 (19)6.3.2配缸间隙 (19)6.4活塞头的质量计算 (19)7活塞销的设计 (20)7.1活塞销的材料 (21)7.2活塞销与销座的结构设计 (21)7.3活塞销与销座的配合 (21)7.4活塞销质量m3 (21)7.5活塞销刚度和强度的校核 (22)8活塞环设计 (23)8.1活塞环的密封机理 (23)8.2气环的设计 (24)8.2.1气环的断面形状 (24)8.2.2气环的尺寸参数 (24)8.2.3活塞环的材料 (25)8.3油环的设计 (25)8.4活塞环强度校核 (26)小结 (27)参考文献 (28)附录 (29)10KW四行程汽油机活塞组设计前言这学期我们专业学习了《汽车发动机设计》这门最重要的专业课之一。

摘要为了解决日益严重的环境污染和能源危机的问题，开发了一种以天然气和柴油为燃料的电控双燃料发动机。

它是在电控柴油机的基础上改装而成的，采用柴油引燃天然气的方式来工作。

由于只需另外加装一套天然气供给系统，适当改变一下燃料供给策略，对原柴油机不必作什么改动，故改装简单、成本低。

但改装后天然气替代率高，发动机排放性明显改善。

本设计是在原YC6108电控柴油机的基础上，设计安装一套天然气供给系统，并充分利用原柴油机上的电控系统，通过加装相关传感器，精确控制柴油引燃量和天然气的供给量，来提高原发动机的经济性和排放性。

具体来说，一方面分析了电控天然气发动机燃料供给策略，对天然气供给系统进行了整体设计；另一方面重点设计了天然气供给系统的一些主要专用装置，如：气瓶、瓶口阀、手动关闭阀、充气阀、燃气压力调节器、加温器等，对其它所需部件按国家标准进行了选用；同时还根据公交车车架，对天然气供给系统布置与安装进行了分析与设计。

关键词：柴油机；天然气；双燃料发动机；供气系统AbstractIn order to solve the increasingly serious energy crisis and environmental pollution problems, we develop a electronically controlled dual-fuel engine natural for natural gas and diesel fuel. It is Modified by a electronically controlled engine, and work by diesel igniting the natural gas. We only add a natural gas supply system on the diesel engine, and give some appropriate changes in the fuel supply strategy, but the diesel engines emissions significantly improved.We develop this electronically controlled dual-fuel engine on the basis of the YC6108 Diesel Engine. We make full use of the electronic control system on the diesel engine and precisely control the diesel and natural gas supply to improve the engine of the economy and emissions. On the one hand, we analyze fuel supply strategy, and design the gas supply system; On the other hand, we focused on the design of the gas supply system for some major installations, such as: the cylinder, the cylinder valve, filling gas Valves, gas pressure regulator, heating regulator, etc. We also design the gas supply system layout and installation under the bus frame.Key words：Diesel engine; Natural gas; Dual-fuel diesel engine; Gas supply system目录1 前言 (1)2 原始设计数据 (2)2．1 柴油机数据 (2)2．2 公交车数据 (3)3 系统整体设计 (4)3．1 控制原理设计 (4)3．2 各部件功用 (4)3．2．1 气瓶 (4)3．2．2 压力调节器 (5)3．2．3 气体流量阀 (5)3．2．4 中央控制器 (5)3．2．5 油门位置传感器 (5)3．2．6 柴油油量控制器 (5)3．2．7 冷却水温度传感器 (6)3．2．8 控制面板 (6)4 储气系统设计 (7)4．1 气瓶设计 (7)4．1．1 材料选择 (7)4．1．2 储气压力确定 (7)4．1．3 结构设计 (8)4．1．4 尺寸设计 (8)4．2 手动关闭阀设计 (9)4．2．1 结构设计 (9)4．2．1 阀杆设计 (10)4．3 瓶口阀设计 (13)4．3．1 结构设计 (13)4．3．2 泄放直径校核 (14)4．4 充气阀设计 (15)4．5 其它部件选用 (16)5 供给系统设计 (17)5．1 燃气压力调节器设计 (17)5．1．1 结构设计 (17)5．1．2 阀口设计 (18)5．1．3 密封膜片设计 (20)5．1．4 弹簧设计 (21)5．3 加温器设计 (25)5．3 其它部件选用 (26)6 总体布置 (27)6．1 气瓶布置 (27)6．2 气瓶架设计校核 (30)7 结束语 (32)参考文献 (33)致谢 (34)1 前言随着社会发展，汽车保有量的不断增多，由汽车导致的环境污染和能源危机的问题日益严重。

（一）压缩高度的确定1.第一环的位置根据活塞环的布置确定活塞压缩高度时，首先须定出第一环的位置，即所谓火力岸的高度h。

为缩小H1，，当然希望h尽可能小，但h过小会使第一环温度过高，导致活塞环弹性松弛、粘结等故障。

柴油机活塞环的工作条件比汽油机更严重，故h应更大些。

一般柴油机h=（0.15~0.25）D。

2.第二环的位置为减小活塞高度，活塞环槽轴向高度b应尽可能小，这样活塞环惯性力小，会减轻对环槽侧面冲击，有助有提高环槽耐久性。

但b太小，会使制环工艺困难。

在小型高速内燃机上，一般气环高b=2~3毫米，油环高b=4~6毫米。

大缸径柴油机的推荐环高见表。

环岸的高度c，应保证它在气压力造成的负荷下不会破坏。

实践证明强化柴油活塞第一环岸有时会沿着岸根整圈断落下来。

当然，第二、第三环岸负荷要比第一环岸小得多，温度也低，只有在第一环岸已破坏的情况下，它们才可能被破坏。

因此，环岸高度一般第一环最大，其它较小。

实际发动机的统计表明，c1=（1.5~2.5）b1，c2=c3=（1~2）b1，汽油机接近下限，柴油机特别是增压柴油机取上限，因为后者负荷重。

3.活塞环数活塞环数目对活塞头部的高度H1有很大影响。

目前高速汽油机一般用2~3道气环和一道油环4.活塞销上面的裙部长度确定好活塞头部环的布置以后，高度H1最后决定于活塞销轴线到最低环槽（一般是油环槽）的距离h’。

为了保证油环工作良好，环在槽中的轴向间隙是很小的，环槽如有较大变形就会使油环卡住而失效。

现代高速内燃机活塞的压缩高度在下述范围内：汽油机H1=0.45~0.6）D，柴油机H1=（0.6~0.8）D。

由于这一尺寸的变化直接影响发动机的压缩比，在柴油机中有可能造成活塞与气门碰撞的故障，所以要保证严格的公差，一般规定H1±0.05。

（二）活塞顶和环带断面1.活塞顶活塞顶的形状主要取决于燃烧室的选择和设计。

仅从活塞设计角度，为了减轻活塞组的热负荷和应力集中，希望采用受热面积最小、加工最简单的活塞顶形状，即平顶。

Hyundai Tucson. Specifications.Weight 2.0 GDi 2WD 1.6 T-GDi AWD 2.0 CRDi AWDManual Automatic DCT AutomaticKerb weight - lightest 1467 kg1490 kg1561 kg1656 kgKerb weight - heaviest1566 kg1590 kg1666 kg1769 kgGross Vehicle Mass (GVM)2040 kg2060 kg2150 kg2250 kg Permissible Axle Weight (PAW) - front1240 kg1240 kg1240 kg1240 kg Permissible Axle Weight (PAW) - rear1150 kg1150 kg1150 kg1150 kgRoof rack load limit100 kg100 kg100 kg100 kgTowing capacity 2.0 GDi 2WD 1.6 T-GDi AWD 2.0 CRDi AWDManual Automatic DCT AutomaticBraked1600 kg1600 kg1600 kg1600 kgUnbraked750 kg750 kg750 kg750 kgMaximum towball weight120 kg120 kg140 kg140 kgFuel consumption* 2.0 GDi 2WD 1.6 T-GDi AWD 2.0 CRDi AWDManual Automatic DCT Automatic Combined (L/100km)7.87.97.7 6.4Urban (L/100km)10.611.09.68.0Extra Urban (L/100km) 6.2 6.1 6.5 5.4CO2 - combined (g/km)182185178168Fuel tank volume62 L*Source: Australian Design Rule 81/02 static laboratory combined average city and highway cycle test. Real world fuel consumption will vary depending on a combination of driving habits, the condition of the vehicle, and other factors such as road, traffic and weather conditions. ADR 81/02 test results are meant for comparison purposes only.Dimensions Active Active X Elite HighlanderExteriorLength4480 mmWidth1850 mmHeight (with roof rails)1655 mm (1660 mm)Wheelbase2670 mmWheel track - front / rear1608 mm / 1620 mm1608 mm / 1620 mm1608 mm / 1620 mm1604 mm / 1615 mm Minimum ground clearance(based on kerb weight) 172 mmApproach / departure / ramp break overangle17.9º / 24.5º / 19.5ºInteriorHead room front / rear (w/ Sunroof)1005 / 995 mm (963 / 969 mm)Leg room front / rear1053 - 1129 / 970 mmShoulder room front / rear1450 / 1410 mmHip room front / rear1413 / 1384 mmCargo area - VDA (minimum / maximum)488 L / 1478 LWheels & tyres Active Active X Elite HighlanderWheel type Alloy Alloy Alloy AlloyWheel dimensions17 x 7.0J +5118 x 7.0J +5118 x 7.0J +5119 x 7.5J +53Tyre dimensions225/60 R17 99H225/55 R18 98H225/55 R18 98H245/45 R19 98HSpare wheel type Full size alloy Full size alloy Full size alloy Full size alloyDriving convenience Active Active X Elite HighlanderCruise control●●●●Electronic Parking Brake (EPB)(with auto hold function)--●●One touch turn signal - 3, 5, or 7 flashes●●●●Rain sensing wipers--●●Rear wiper - 2-stage, with auto wipeon reverse ●●●●Smart Key with push button start--●●Steering wheel mounted controls - audio,phone, cruise control & trip computer●●●●Tilt & telescopic steering column●●●●Driving engagement Active Active X Elite HighlanderDrive Mode - 3 settings(Comfort, Eco, Sport)--●1●1Active safety Active Active X Elite Highlander Electronic Stability Control (ESC) including;Anti-lock Braking System (ABS)●●●●Brake Assist System (BAS)●●●●Electronic Brakeforce Distribution (EBD)●●●●Downhill Brake Control (DBC)●●●●Hill-start Assist Control (HAC)●●●●Traction Control System (TCS)●●●●Vehicle Stability Management (VSM) ●●●●Hyundai SmartSense ™ including;Blind-Spot Collision Warning (BCW)--●●Driver Attention Warning (DAW)●2●2●●Forward Collision-Avoidance Assist (FCA) -City/Urban (camera)●2●2--Active safety Active Active X Elite Highlander Forward Collision-Avoidance Assist (FCA) ---●●City/Urban/Interurban/Pedestrian(camera & radar)High Beam Assist (HBA)--●●Lane Keeping Assist (LKA)●●●●Rear Cross-Traffic Collision Warning (RCCW)--●●Smart Cruise Control with Stop & Go(SCC w/ S&G)--●●Other featuresEmergency Stop Signal (ESS)●●●●Park Assist System (PAS) - front(4 sensors, with guidance display)---●Park Assist System (PAS) - rear(4 sensors, with guidance display)●●●●Rear view camera with dynamic guide lines●●●●Tyre Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) -individual tyre pressure readout--●●Passive safety Active Active X Elite Highlander AirbagsFront airbags - driver & front passenger●●●●Side (thorax) airbags - driver & frontpassenger●●●●Side curtain airbags - 1st & 2nd rows●●●●Roll-over Sensor●●●●DoorsImpact sensing auto door unlock●●●●Rear door child safety locks●●●●SeatbeltsPretensioners, load limiters & heightadjustable upper mounts on front seat belts●●●●Seat belt reminder - front & rear seatbelts●●●●Seat belt holder - 2nd row●●●●SeatingHeight adjustable front head restraints withtilt function●●●●Height adjustable rear head restraints●●●●ISOFIX child restraint anchors (rearoutboard seats)●●●●Top tether child restraint anchors (rear) -3 anchors●●●●Security Active Active X Elite Highlander Security systemActive lock/unlock operation (user configurable)●●●●Anti-theft alarm●●●●Central locking●●●●Engine immobiliser●●●●RemotesKeyless entry remote - 2x●●--Smart Key remote - 2x--●●Multimedia system Active Active X Elite Highlander FunctionsApple CarPlay3 & Android Auto4compatibility●●●●Bluetooth phone connectivity●●●●Satellite navigation -●●●SUNA™ Live Traffic Updates-●●●Touch screen - 7" display●---Touch screen - 8" display-●●●SpeakersAudio system - 6 speakers●---Infinity™ premium audio system -8 speakers with external amplifier-●●●Audio/media sourcesAM/FM radio●●●●Digital radio (DAB+)-●●●Radio Data System (RDS)●●●●AUX / USB audio input with iPod®compatibility●●●●Bluetooth audio streaming●●●●Occupant comfort & convenience Active Active X Elite Highlander Upholstery/trimLeather5 appointed interior - steering wheel& gear knob●---Leather5 appointed interior - seats, steeringwheel & gear knob-●●●Occupant comfort & convenience Active Active X Elite Highlander Front seatsDriver's seat - height adjustable●●●●Driver's seat - manually adjustable withpower adjustable lumbar support - 2-way-●--Driver's seat - power adjustable - 10-way(including 2-way lumbar support) --●●Passenger's seat - power adjustable - 8-way---●Front centre console bolster - driver's side---●Front centre console storage cubby - poweroutlet - 1 x 12V outlet ●●●●Front centre console - wireless chargingpad (Qi standard)6---●Grip handles - 1x (passenger)●●●●Rear seatsCentre fold down armrest●●●●Grip handles - 2x●●●●Rear centre console - USB power outlet-●●●Windows/shadesAcoustic laminated windshield glass●●●●Panoramic glass sunroof - dual panel withtilt and slide front panel and power sunblind---●Power windows - front & rear●●●●One touch window up & down function withanti-pinching safety feature - driver's window●●●●Solar control glass ---●Rear privacy glass--●●Sunvisor extensions - driver and frontpassenger●●●●Doors/boot/tailgateLuggage area power outlet - 1 x 12V outlet ●●●●Smart Tailgate (rear power tailgate withhands-free opening)---●Vision & sight Active Active X Elite Highlander Interior mirrorElectro-chromatic Mirror (ECM) -auto-dimming with integrated compass---●Exterior mirrorsHeated-●●●Power adjustable ●●●●Power folding with auto fold function-●●●Instrument cluster/driving displaysInstrument cluster - 3.5" TFT LCD with tripcomputer & digital speedometer●●●-Supervision cluster - 4.2" TFT colour LCDwith trip computer & digital speedometer---●Ventilation & heating Active Active X Elite Highlander Air conditioningClimate control - dual zone----Climate control - dual zone with auto defogfunction--●●Manual controls●●--Cabin air filter ●●●●Cluster ioniser (clean air function)--●●Cooling/heating vents - rear centre console--●●Cooling/heating vents - rear floor●●●●Front seatsAir ventilated front seats---●Heated front seats---●Other featuresGlovebox cooling--●●Heated rear windshield●●●●Heated steering wheel---●Exterior styling Active Active X Elite Highlander FrontFront grille - matte black●●--Front grille - glossy black--●●Front grille surround - matte grey●●--Front grille surround - chrome--●●Front grille inserts - chrome--●●Skid plate - matte grey---●SideDoor frame & beltline moulding - chrome --●●Exterior door handles - chrome--●●Side garnish insert - matte grey--●●RearDual exhaust tips - chrome ---●Spoiler - body coloured, tailgate mounted ●●●●Skid plate - matte grey---●Interior styling Active Active X Elite Highlander TreatmentsAlloy effect inserts (steering wheel andtransmission gear knob)●●●●Alloy effect surrounds (air vents)●●●●Alloy effect garnish - power window switches--●●MaterialsPremium materials - dashboard centre trim●●●●Premium materials - door centre trim●●●●Lighting Active Active X Elite Highlander Exterior lighting - frontFog lights●●●●Daytime Running Lights (DRL) - LED●●●●Headlight functions - automatic dusksensing with escort and welcome●●●●Headlight type - LED (low/high beam)---●Headlight type - projector beam●●●-Positioning lights - LED●●●●Static bending lights - LED---●Exterior lighting - rearFog lights●●●●High Mount Stop Light (HMSL) - LED●●●●Rear combination lights - LED (bulbindicator and reverse lights)---●Exterior lighting - othersCourtesy lights - LED, in front door handles--●●Puddle lights - LED, in side mirrors--●●Side repeaters - LED, integrated into sidemirrors●●●●Interior lighting - frontFront room lights and map lights●●●-Front room lights and map lights - LED---●Vanity mirror lights --●●Glovebox compartment light●●●●Interior lighting - rearCentre room light●●●-Map lights (outboard) - LED---●Interior lighting - othersCargo area light●●●●Interior light fade-out delay●●●●Safety reflectors - integrated in doors (front)●●●●Storage solutions Active Active X Elite Highlander Front seatsCentre console - deluxe type--●●Cup holders - centre console ●●●●Front seat back pockets●●●●Glovebox compartment●●●●Retractable sunglasses compartment●●●●Ticket holders - sunvisors(driver and front passenger)●●●●Rear seatsCoat hooks - 3x●●●●Cup holders - armrest●●●●Rear seating split folding - 60 :40●●●●Boot/Luggage areaBag hooks - 1x●●●●Cargo cover - retractable with 2 positionsetting●●●●Luggage compartment - 6x mounting points●●●●Luggage net --●●Underfloor side storage recess●●●●OthersDoors - map pockets and bottle bulges(front and rear)●●●●Centre console - map pocket (passengersside)●●●●Roof Rails●●●●Notes:1. Drive mode select only available on 1.6 T-GDi and2.0 CRDi variants of Elite and Highlander.2. Feature not available on manual transmission variants.3. Apple CarPlay requires iPhone 5 or subsequent model (lightning cable) in order to operate.4. Android Auto requires a device with Android5.0 operating system or subsequent version in order to operate.5. Finishes specified as leather may contain elements of genuine leather, polyurethane leather (leather substitute) or man-made materials, or a combination thereof.6. Wireless charging requires a Qi-enabled smartphone or adapter in order to operate.Key:● = Feature is available on trim- = Feature is not available on trim。

387柴油机设计（活塞连杆组）摘要本文主要介绍387柴油机活塞连杆组的设计。

在本次设计中，考虑到387柴油机主要应用于农业生产中的中小型机械，环境往往较为恶劣，需要内燃机具有较好的动力性能为农机产品提供足够的动力。

本次设计在387柴油机基础上加大了活塞的工作行程，改球形燃烧室为W形燃烧室，使其动力性与经济性都有所提高。

但由于工作行程的加大，平衡性变差，噪音与震动加大，在设计时对其采取一定的措施。

燃烧系统采用直喷型，易启动，节能效果明显，可使经济性和动力性大大提高。

发动机转速为3000r/min左右，12h标定功率约27kW，符合当今低速汽车对转速及功率的需求。

通过参数及工艺性能的控制可使燃油消耗率保持在245g/kW.h以内。

本文着重讨论了活塞连杆组部位的设计要求及特点。

本人主要任务是设计387柴油机的活塞连杆组，首先根据柴油机的性能指标对柴油机主要的性能参数进行了选择。

然后在参照387柴油机的活塞连杆组进行结构设计。

在阐述活塞连杆组设计过程的同时也对主要零部件的设计要点作了总结。

本说明书中重点论述了387柴油机活塞连杆组的设计依据与设计过程。

关键词：柴油机，活塞，连杆THE DESIGN OF 387 DIESEL ENGINE （PARTS OFPISTON GROUP）ABSTRACTThis paper mainly introduces the design of the 387 diesel engine parts of piston group. In this design, considering the 387 diesel engines are mainly applied in small and medium-sized machinery, agricultural production environment is bad, need often has better performance for internal machinery products provide enough power. The Diesel 387 which designed this time is on the basis of the old Diesel 387 and increasing the piston stroke, with its power performance and economical efficiency enhanced. However, because of the work itinerary increased, its balance became worse, noise and vibration also increased. So in this design, I have to take some certain measures. Combustion Chamber using injection type, easy to start, energy saving effect, and can make the efficiency and performance improved greatly. The engine speed is 3000r/min, about 27kW/12h calibration power, speed and the current low power of the car needs. Through the parameters and process performance control can make fuel consumption in 245g/kW.This paper discusses the design requirements and characteristics of the cylinder important parts。

VOLVO PENTA GENSET ENGINE TAD1641GE473kW (643 hp) at 1500 rpm, 546 kW (743 hp) at 1800 rpm, acc. to ISO 3046 The TAD1641GE is a powerful, reliableand economical Generating Set DieselEngine built on the dependable in-line sixdesign.Durability & low noiseDesigned for easiest, fastest and mosteconomical installation. Well-balancedto produce smooth and vibration-freeoperation with low noise level.To maintain a controlled working tem-perature in cylinders and combustionchambers, the engine is equipped withpiston cooling. The engine is also fittedwith replaceable cylinder liners and valveseats/guides to ensure maximum dura-bility and service life of the engine.Low exhaust emissionThe state of the art, high-tech injectionand charging system with low internallosses contributes to excellent combus-tion and low fuel consumption.The TAD1641GE complies with EUStage 2 exhaust emission regulations.Easy service & maintenanceEasily accessible service and mainte-nance points contribute to the ease ofservice of the engine.Technical descriptionEngine and block– Optimized cast iron cylinder block with opti-mum distribution of forces without the blockbeing unnecessary heavy.– Wet, replaceable cylinder liners– Piston cooling for low thermal load on pis-tons and reduced ring temperature– Tapered connecting rods to reduce risk of piston cracking– Crankshaft induction hardened bearing surfaces and fillets with seven main bear-ings for moderate load on main and big-end bearings– Nitrocarburized transmission gears for heavy duty operation– Keystone top compression rings for long service life– Viscous type crankshaft vibration damper– Replaceable valve guides and valve seats– Over head camshaft and four valves per cylinder equipped with camshaft damper to reduce noise and vibrations. Lubrication system– Full flow oil cooler– Full flow disposable spin-on oil filters, for extra high filtration– The lubricating oil level can be measured during operation (Standard dipstick only)– Gear type lubricating oil pump, gear driven by the transmission Fuel system– Self de-aerating system. When replacingfilters all fuel stays in the engine.– Non-return fuel valve– Electronic unit injectors– Fuel prefilter with water separator and wa-ter-in-fuel indicator / alarm– Gear driven low-pressure fuel pump– Fine fuel filter with manual feed pump andfuel pressure switch– Fuel shut-off valve, electrically operatedCooling system– Efficient cooling with accurate coolant con-trol through a water distribution duct in thecylinder block. Reliable sleeve thermostatwith minimum pressure drop– Belt driven, maintenance-free coolant pumpwith high degree of efficiency– Coolant filter as standardTurbo charger– Efficient and reliable turbo charger– Extra oil filter for the turbo chargerElectrical system– Engine Management System 2 (EMS 2), anelectronically controlled processing systemwhich optimizes engine performance. It alsoincludes advanced facilities for diagnosticsand fault tracing– The instruments and controls connect to theengine via the CAN SAE J1939 interface,either through the Control Interface Unit(CIU) or the Digital Control Unit (DCU). TheCIU converts the digital CAN bus signal toan anolog signal, making it possible to con-nect a variety of instruments. The DCU is acontrol panel with display, engine control,monitoring, alarm, parameter setting and di-agnostic functions. The DCU also presentserror codes in clear text.– Sensors for oil pressure, oil temp, boostpressure, boost temp, coolant temp, fueltemp, water in fuel, fuel pressure and twospeed sensors. Crank case pressure, pistoncooling pressure, oil level and air filter pres-sure drop sensors.– Alternator 24V / 80AFeatures– Maintained performance, air temp 40°C– Tropical cooling system (55°C)– Fully electronic with Volvo Penta EMS 2– Dual frequency switch (between 1500 rpm and 1800 rpm)– High power density– Emission compliant– Low noise levels–Gen Pac configurationPower StandardsThe engine performance corresponds to ISO 3046, BS5514 and DIN 6271. The technical data applies to an engine without cooling fan and operating on a fuel with calorific value of 42.7 MJ /kg (18360 BTU/lb) and a density of 0.84 kg/liter (7.01 lb/US gal), also where this involves a deviation from the standards. Power output guaranteed within 0 to +2% att rated ambient conditions at delivery. Ratings are based on ISO 8528. Engine speed governing in accordance with ISO 3046/IV, class A1 and ISO 8528-5 class G3Exhaust emissionsThe engine complies with EU stage 2 emission legislation according to the Non Road Directive EU 97/68/EEC. The engine also complies with TA-luft -50% exhaust emission regulations.Rating GuidelinesPRIME POWER rating corresponds to ISO Standard Power for continuous operation. It is applicable for supplying electrical power at variable load for an unlimited number of hours instead of com-mercially purchased power. A10 % overload capability for govering purpose is available for this rating.MAXIMUM STANDBY POWER rating corresponds to ISOStandard Fuel Stop Power. It is applicable for supplying standby electrical power at variable load in areas with well established electrical networks in the event of normal utility power failure. No overload capability is available for this rating.1 hp = 1 kW x 1.36InformationFor more technical data and information, please look in the Gener-ating Set Engines Sales Guide.TAD1641GEAB Volvo PentaSE-405 08 Göteborg, SwedenTechnical DataGeneralEngine designation ........................................................................TAD1641GE No. of cylinders and configuration .......................................................in-line 6Method of operation ...............................................................................4-stroke Bore, mm (in.) .....................................................................................144 (5.67)Stroke, mm (in.) ..................................................................................165 (6.50)Displacement, l (in³) ....................................................................16.12 (983.7)Compression ratio .....................................................................................16.5:1Dry weight, kg (lb) ..........................................................................1480 (3263)Dry weight with Gen Pac, kg (lb) ...............................................1910 (4211)Wet weight, kg (lb) ........................................................................1550 (3417)Wet weight with Gen Pac, kg (lb) ..............................................2020 (4453)Performance1500 rpm 1800 rpm with fan, kW (hp) at: Prime Power430 (585) 485 (660)Max Standby Power473 (643)546 (743)Lubrication system 1500 rpm 1800 rpm Oil consumption, liter/h (US gal/h) at:Prime Power 0.10 (0.026) 0.11 (0.029)Max Standby Power 0.10 (0.026) 0.12 (0.032)Oil system capacity incl filters, liter ................................................................42Fuel system1500 rpm 1800 rpm Specific fuel consumption at:Prime Power, g/kWh (lb/hph) 25 % 223 (0.361) 232 (0.376)50 % 201 (0.326) 202 (0.327)75 % 196 (0.318) 197 (0.319) 100 %198 (0.321) 200 (0.324)Max Standby Power, g/kWh (lb/hph) 25 % 218 (0.353) 228 (0.370)50 % 199 (0.323) 201 (0.326)75 % 195 (0.316) 197 (0.319)100 %198 (0.321)205 (0.332)Intake and exhaust system 1500 rpm 1800 rpm Air consumption, m³/min (cfm) at: Prime Power 32 (1130) 42 (1483)Max Standby Power 35 (1236) 45 (1589)Max allowable air intake restriction,kPa (In wc) 5 (20.1) 5 (20.1)Heat rejection to exhaust, kW (BTU/min) at: Prime Power 326 (18539) 373 (21212)Max Standby Power 356 (20245) 442 (25136)Exhaust gas temperature after turbine, °C (°F) at: Prime Power 475 (887) 435 (815)Max Standby Power 490 (914) 470 (878)Max allowable back-pressure in exhaust line,kPa (In wc) 10 (40.2) 10 (40.2)Exhaust gas flow, m³/min (cfm) at:Prime power 79.0 (2790) 97.0 (3426)Max Standby Power 84.9 (2998) 106.6 (3765)Cooling system 1500 rpm 1800 rpm Heat rejection radiation from engine,kW (BTU/min) at:Prime Power 30 (1706) 32 (1820)Max Standby Power 34 (1934) 33 (1877)Heat rejection to coolant kW (BTU/min) at:Prime Power 172 (9781) 185 (10521)Max Standby Power 176 (10009) 199 (11317)Fan power consumption, kW (hp) 11 (15)19 (26)Standard equipmentEngineGen PacEngineAutomatic belt tensioner • •Lift eyelets • •FlywheelFlywheel housing with conn. acc. to SAE 1 • •Flywheel for 14” flex. plate and flexible coupling • •Vibration dampers • •Engine suspension Fixed front suspension • •Lubrication system Oil dipstick• •Full-flow oil filter of spin-on type • •By-pass oil filter of spin-on type • •Oil cooler, side mounted • •Low noise oil sump • •Fuel systemFuel filters of disposable type • •Electronic unit injectors• •Pre-filter with water separator • •Intake and exhaust systemAir filter with replaceable paper insert • •Air restriction indicator• •Air cooled exhaust manifold• •Connecting flange for exhaust pipe • •Exhaust flange with v-clamp • •Turbo charger, low right side • •Cooling systemTropical radiator incl intercooler •¹) •Belt driven coolant pump • •Fan hub • •Thrust fan •¹) •Fan guard − •Belt guard−•Control systemEngine Management System (EMS) with CAN-bus interface SAE J1939 ••CIU, Control Interface Unit – –AlternatorAlternator 80A / 24V • •Starting systemStarter motor, 7.0kW, 24V• •Connection facility for extra starter motor • •Instruments and sendersTemp.- and oil pressure for automatic ••stop/alarm 103°C Other equipmentExpandable base frame − •Engine Packing Plastic wrapping••1)must be ordered, se order specification − optional equipment or not applicable • included in standard specificationNote! Not all models, standard equipment and accessories are available in all countries. All specifications are subject to change without notice.The engine illustrated may not be entirely identical to production standard engines.E n g l i s h 12-2006. © 2006 A B V o l v o P e n taA* = 1587 mm / 62.5 in B* = 1120 mm / 44.1 in C* = 1976 mm / 77.8 inD = 2296 mm / 90.5 in (During transport)D = Max 3311 mm / 130.5 in* Including radiator and intercooler。