高级口译专八阅读文化常识必读

Common Sense on English LiteratureAuthor(Comment)Works England’s national epic The Song of Beowulf(3182lines)Geoffrey Chaucer—“father of Englishpoetry”The Canterbury tales General Prologue;Popular Ballads; Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale;Get Up and Bar the Door;Sir Parrick SpensHumanist Thomas More(Renaissance)Utopia Edmund Spenser(1552-1599)The Fairy QueenWilliam Shakespeare(1564-1616)37plays,154sonnetsThe4great tragedies:Hamlet,King Lear,Macbeth&OthelloThe Comedy of Errors,Love’s Labour’s Lost,A Midsummer Night’s Dream,The Merchant of Venice,(Shylock,evil; Portia,judge)Much Ado About NothingThe Merry Wives of WindsorAs You Like It,All’s Well That Ends WellTimon of Athens,The Winter’s Tale,The TempestFrancis Bacon(1561—1626)Philosophical works:Advancement of LearningLiterary works(Of Truth;Of Studies; Of death;Of Revenge,Of Friendship)Maxims of the Law; Reading on the Statute of Uses(the largest and most important of his professional works.John Milton(1608—1774)Paradise Lost(12books)Paradise RegainedSonnet:On His BlindnessSonnet:On His Deceased Wife John Bunyan(1628—1688)The Pilgrim’s Progress Daniel Defoe(1661—1731)Robinson Crusoe(1719) Johnathan Swift(1667—1745)Gulliver’s Travels;A Modest Proposal Joseph Addison(1672—1719)The Tatler;The Spectator Henry Fielding(1707—1754)The History of Tom Jones,a FoundlingThomas Gray(1716—1771)Elegy Written in a CountryChurchyard(the best poem in Emglish)Oliver Goldsmith(1728-1774),a versatile authorThe Vicar of Wakefield(novel) She Stoops to Conquer(comedy) The Citizen of the World(essays) The Traveler&The DesertedVillage(two poems)Richard Brinsley Sheridan(1751-1816)The School for ScandalThe Rivals(comedy)The critic(Farce)William Blake(1757-1827),the most independent and the most original romantic poet of the18th centuryThe Songs of ExperienceThe Songs of Innocence London;The Chimney SweeperRobert Burns(1759-1796),whose poetry is bone of the bone and flesh of the flesh of the Scottish common people My heart’s In the Highland John Anderson,My JoA Red,Red RoseTo A MouseWilliam Wordsworth(1770-1850)Romancist Lyrical Ballads:Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey;The Prelude;The Excursion;The Solitary Reaper; She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways;I Wandered Lonely As a CloudGeorge Gordon,Lord Byron(1788-1824)Don Juan(satire masterpiece) She Walks in Beauty Childe Harold’s Pigrimage Manfred,Cain(dramas)Percy Bysshe Shelley(1792-1822)Ode to the West WindTo a Sky-lark;Ozymandias;Men of EnglandPrometheus Unbound John Keats(1795-1821)Ode to a NightingaleOde on a Grecian UrnOn First Looking into Chapman’sTo Autumn;Bright Star;Homer(sonnet) Walter Scott(1771-1832)Ivanhoe;Rob RoyJane Austen(1775-1817)Pride and PrejudiceCharles Lamb(1775-1834)Tales From Shakespeare(Last)Essays of Elia—Dissertation on Roast PigDream-Children:a ReveriePoor RelationOliver Twist;Little Dorrit;Charles Dickens(1812-1870)Pickwick Papers Great Expectation A Tale of Two Cities;Hard Times David Copperfield; The Old Curiosity ShopWilliam Makepeace Thackeray(1811-1863)Vanity Fair(Novel Without a Hero) George Eliot(1819-1880)Adam Bede Charlotte Bronte(1816-1855)Jane EyreEmily Bronte(1818-1848)Wuthering HeightsThomas Hood(1799-1845)The Song of the Shirt;The Bridge of Sighs Alfred,Lord Tennyson(1809-1892)Ulysses;Break,Break,Break;Crossing The Bar Robert Browning(1812-1889)My Last Duchess;Home-Thoughts,from Abroad Elizabeth Barrett Browning(1806-1861)Sonnets from the PortugueseThomas Hardy(1840-1928)Tess of the D’Urbervilles Jude the Obscure The Return of the Native The Mayor of CasterbridgeJohn Galsworthy(1867-1933)The Forsyte SagaThe Man of PropertyOscar Wilde(1854-1900) Aestheticism.Art for Art’s SakeThe Portrait of Dorian Gray Comedies:Lady Windermere’s Fan;A Woman of No Importance;An Ideal Husband;The Important of Being EarnestGeorge Bernard Shaw(1856-1950)Arms and the ManMrs.Warren’s Professionwrence(1885-1930)Lady Chatterlay’s Lover;The Rainbow;Sons and Lovers Virginia Woolf(1882-1941)Mrs.Dalloway;Jacob’s Room;To the Lighthouse;The Waves;The Common Reader James Joyce(1882-1941)Araby;Dubliners;UlyssesCommon Sense on American Literature Author(Comment)WorksCaptain John Smith(the first American writer)A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony;A Map of Virginia:with a Description of the CountryWilliam Bradford The History of Plymouth Plantation John Winthrop The History of New England;Journal Benjamin Franklin(1706-1790)Poor Richard’s AlmanacAutobiography;Collected Works Thomas Paine(1737-1809)(Great Commoner of Mankind)American Crisis;The Age of Reason Thomas Jefferson(1743-1826)The Declaration of IndependencePhilip Freneau(1752-1832)Father of American Poetry The Wild Honey Suckle The Indian Burying Ground To a Caty-DidWashington Irving(1783-1859)The Author’s Account of HimselfThe Legend of Sleepy Hollow James Fenimore Cooper(1789-1851)Leatherstocking Tales:The Deerslayer,The Last Mohicans,The Pathfinder,The Pioneers;The PrarieWilliam Cullen Bryant(1794-1878)Thanatopsis；To a WaterfrowlEdgar Allen Poe(1809-1849)To Helen;The Raven;Annabel Lee; The Fall of the House of Usher Tales of the Grotesque and ArabesqueRalph Waldo Emerson(1803-1882)Nature;Self-Reliance;The American scholar;The Divinity School Address; Representative Men;English TraitsHenry David Thoreau(1817-1862)Walden;Civil Disobedience Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804-1864)The Scarlet Letter Herman Melville(1819-1891)Moby-DickHenry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882)A Psalm of Life;The Slave’s dream; My Lost Youth;The Song of HiawathaWalt Whitman Song of Myself;I sit and Look Out;Beat!Beat!Drums!Emily Dickinson I taste a liquor never brewed;I felt a Funeral,in my brain;A Bird came down the Walk—I died for Beauty—but was scarceI heard a fly buzz—when I diedBecause I could not stop for Death Harriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Tom’s CabinMark Twain The Adventures of Tom SawyerThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn O.Henry The Cop and the AnthemHenry James The Portrait of A ladyJack London The sea Wolf;Martin Eden Theodore Dreiser Sister CarrieEzra Pound A Virginal;Salutation the second;A Pact;In a Station of the Metro The River-Merchant’s Wife;A LetterEdwin Arlington Robinson The House on the Hill;Richard Cory;Miniver Cheevy Robert Frost After Apple-PickingThe Road Not Taken;Departmental;Design;Stopping by Woods on a SnowyEvening;The Most of ItCarl Sandburg Chicago;The Harbor;Fog; Cool Tombs;Flash Crimson; The People,yesWallace Stevens Peter Quince at the Clavier Anecdote of the JarThe Emperor of Ice-CreamThomas Stearns Eliot The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock Journey of the MagiA Penny for the Old GuyF.Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby Ernest Hemingway A Farewell to Arms John Steinbeck The Grapes of Wrath William Faulkner A Rose for Emily。

英语专八考试必背人文知识英语专业八级考试自1991年设立以来.一直作为衡量英语专业学生英语水平和专业知识的工具。

根据2004年最新修订的《高校英语专业四、八级考试大纲》(以下简称《考试大纲》)，从2005年起，英语专业八级考试内容、范围和题型都发生了一定的变化。

其中最突出的是增加了“人文知识”这一题型，代替了原来的快速阅读。

英语专八考试必背人文知识1. Syntax: The study of the rules whereby words or otherelements of sentence structure are combined to formgrammatical sentences. 句法，研究词或其它句子成分如何联合起来形成合乎语法的句子规则的学科2. acronym : 首字母组合词，首字母缩略词，比如，NATO, UNESCO, BASIC,它们可以连拼，但VOA是 Initialism。

3. A Tale of Two Cities was written by Charles Dickens.4. Semantics: The study or science of meaning in language forms.语义学，以语言形式表示意思的研究或科学5. Phonology: The study of speech sounds in language or alanguage with reference to their distribution and patterning andto tacit rules governing pronunciation. 音位学; 在语言或一门语言中，对有关其分类和模式以及为大家所默认的发音规则的研究音韵学, 音系学6. Metonymy: A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another withwhich it is closely associated, as in the use of Washington for the United States government or ofthe sword for military power. 换喻或转喻，一种,一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用华盛顿代替美==或用剑代替军事力量，对面来了三个“红领巾”也是，以红领巾指代少先队员。

英语专业八级考试建议阅读参考书目【文学类】一、英国文学Kingsley Amis Lucky JimJane Austen Pride and PrejudiceArnold Bennett The Old Wiveds’TaleElizabeth Bowen The Death of the HeartCharlotte Bronte Jane EyreEmily Bronte Wuthering HGeightsAnthony Burgess A Clockwordk OrangeSamuel BVutler The Way of All FleshA.S.Byatt PossessionLewis Carroll Alice’s Adventures in WonderlandAngela Carter The Com pany of WolvesAgatha Christie Mdurder on the Orient ExpressIvy Compton-Burnett A Fdamily and a FortuneJoseph Conrad Heart of Darkness, Lord JimDaniel Defoe Robinson CrusoeCharles Dickens David CopperfieldSir Arthur C. Ddyle Adventure of Sherlock HolmesMargaret Drabble The WaterfallDaphne Du Maurier RebeccaGeorge Eliot MiddlemarchE.M.FGorster Howards End, A Passage to IndiaJohn Fowles The French Lieutenant’s WomanJohn Galsworthy The Man of PropertyWilliam Golding Lord of the FliesGraham Greene The Human FactorThomas Hardy Tess of the D’Urbervilles, Jude the Obscure Aldous Huxley After Many a SummerHenry James Daisy MillerJames Joyce A Portrait of the Artist as a Young ManRudyard Kipling KimCharles Lamb Tales from Shakespearedwrence Sons and LoversJohn Le Carred The Spy Who Came in from the ColdDoris Lessing The Grass Is SingingDavid Lodge Nice WorkW.Somerset Maugham The Moon and Sixpence, Of Human BondageIris Murddoch The Black PrinceGeorge Orwell Nineteen Eighty-fourSalman Rushdie Midnight ChildrenSir Walter Scott IvanhoeC.P.Snow Thed AffairMuriel Spark The Prime of Miss Jean BrodieRobert Louis Stevenson Treasure IslandJohathan Swift Gulliver’s TravelsWilliam M.Thackeray Vanity FairEvelyn Waugh A Hand ful of DustH.G.Wells The Invisible ManOscar Wilde The Picture of Dorian GrayVirginia Woolf Mrs Dalloway, To the Lighthouse二、美国文学Sherwood Anderson Winesburg, OhioJames Baldwin Go Tell It on the MountainSaul Bellow Seize the Day, Henderson the Rain KingWillam S.Burroughs The Naked LunchWilla Cather My AntoniaKate Chopin The AwakeningStephen Crane The Red Badge of CourageTheodore Dreiser Sister Carrie, An American TragedyRalph Ellison Invisible ManWilliam Faulkner Go Down, Moses, The Sound and the FuryF.Scott Fitzgerald The Great GatsbyAlex Haley RootsNathaniel Hawthorne The Scarlet LetterJosph Heller Catch-22Ernest Hedmingway The Sun Also Rises, Thed Old Man and the Sea James Jones From Here to EternityMaxine Hong Kingston The Woman WarriorHarper lee To Kill a MockingbirdSinchlair Lewis Main StreetJack London The Call of the Wild, Martin Eden Norman Mailer The Naked and the Dead Carson McCullers The Heart Is a Lonely HunterJames A. Michener CentennialMargaret Mitchell Gone with the WindToni Morrison The Bluest EyeVladimir Nabokov LolitaFrank Norris The OctopusJ.D.Salinger The Catcher in the RyeErich Segal Man, Woman and ChildUpton Sinclair The JungleJohn Steinbeck The Grapes of WrathHarriet B eecher Stowe Uncle Tom’s CabinWilliam Styron Sophie’s ChoiceMark Twain The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnAlice Walker The Color PurpleRobert Penn Warren All the King’s MenEdith Wharton The Age of Innocence Thornton Wilder The Bridge of San Luis Rey Thomas Wolfe Look Homeward, AngelHerman Wouk The Winds of WarRichard Wright Native Son三、加拿大文学Morley Callaghan That Summer in ParisNorthrop Frye The Great CodeMargaret Laurence The Stone Angel Stephen Leacock Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town Malcolm Lowry Under the VolcanoHugh MacLennan The Watch That Ends the Night L.M.Montgomery Anne of Green Gables四、澳大利亚文学Martin Boyd Lucinda BrayfordPeter Carey Oscar and LucindaMiles Franklin My Brilliant CareerThomas Keneally Shindler’s ArkAlex Miller The Ancestor GameHenry Handel Richardson The Fortunes of Richard Mahony Christina Stead The Man Who Loved ChildrenRandolph Stow To the IslandsPatrick White Voss, The Tree of Man五、中国文化Yung Ming My Life in China and AmericaChiang monlin Tides from the WestTcheng Ki Tong The Chinese Painted by Themselves Ku Hung Ming The Spirit of the Chinese PeopleFei Hsiao Tung Peasant Life in ChinaLin Yu Tang My Country and My PeopleA Retrospective of Chinese Literature: Classical PoetryA Retrospective of Chinese Literature: Classical ProseA Retrospective of Chinese Literature: Classical FictionA Retrospective of Chinese Literature: Modern PoetryA Retrospective of Chinese Literature: Modern ProseA Retrospective of Chinese Literature: Modorn Fiction。

专八人文知识总结人文知识广泛涵盖了人类文化、历史、艺术、哲学等领域的知识内容，是对人类智慧和精神创造的总结与归纳。

在专八考试中，人文知识是一个重要的考察点，下面将对人文知识进行总结与梳理。

一、文化艺术1. 中国传统文化：中国悠久的历史和深厚的文化底蕴是中华民族的瑰宝，包括中国儒家思想、道家思想、佛教文化、中国古代文学、绘画、书法以及传统音乐、舞蹈等。

这些都是中国文化的精髓，也是中国人民的精神支柱。

2. 西方文化：西方文化源远流长，包括希腊罗马文化、基督教文化、文艺复兴运动、启蒙运动、现代主义艺术等。

西方文化对世界文化的发展和影响不可忽视，它形成了独特的西方审美观和艺术风格。

3. 艺术形式与艺术家：艺术是人类精神的表达和创造，包括音乐、绘画、雕塑、建筑、文学等艺术形式。

世界上有很多伟大的艺术家，如达·芬奇、米开朗基罗、莎士比亚、贝多芬等，他们的作品影响了世界，并成为人类文化的瑰宝。

二、历史1. 世界古代史：古代文明的兴衰是人类社会发展的缩影，从埃及、希腊、罗马到中国、印度等，每个古代文明都有其独特的历史背景和文化特点。

了解这些古代文明对于理解人类文明发展的脉络和演变具有重要意义。

2. 中国近现代史：中国的近现代史经历了清朝的衰落、封建社会的瓦解、列强入侵、辛亥革命、抗日战争、解放战争和新中国的建立等重大事件。

深入了解中国近现代史，可以理解中国社会的变革和现代化进程。

3. 世界现代史：20世纪是世界历史上变革最为剧烈的时期，包括两次世界大战、冷战、殖民地解放、科技革命等重大事件。

掌握世界现代史的知识，可以理解世界格局的演变和国际关系的发展。

三、哲学思想1. 中国哲学思想：中国哲学思想独具特色，包括儒家思想、道家思想、墨家思想、法家思想、名家思想等。

这些思想体系对中国社会和人民的思维方式和行为准则产生了深远影响。

2. 西方哲学思想：西方哲学思想源远流长，包括柏拉图主义、亚里士多德主义、康德哲学、黑格尔哲学、存在主义等。

英语专业八级考试人文知识点(1)__1__ Who was the first to apply the telescope to the study of the skies?A KeplerB CopernicusC GalileoD Newton__2__ Whose discovery of the law of the universal gravitation is the most important of all his achievement in ph ysics?A KeplerB Issac NewtonC GalileoD Copernicus__3__The three biggest newspapers are of the following except ___.A New York TimesB Washington PostC Los Angeles TimesD Reader’s Digest__4__Metropolitan Museum is in__.A Washington D.C.B BostonC New YorkD Philadelphia__5__The New Frontier was put forward by __.A KennedyB JohnsonC NixonD Benjamin Franklin__6__Who resigned because of Watergate Scandal, the first president to do so in American history?A KennedyB JohnsonC Richard NixonD Truman__7__Empire State Building is in___.A ChicagoB New YorkC Washington D.C.D Detroit__8__ “Knowledge is power.” Was said by__.A Francis BaconB ShakespeareC Thomas HobbesD John Locke__9__Which of the following philosophers believed that man is selfish by nature?A John LockeB DescartesC Pierre GassendiD Thomas Hobbes__10__Jazz, a great contribution to the world popular music, was originated from the music of __.A IndiansB SpanishC NegroesD Portuguese答案解析：1选C。

1.密西西比河是美国传统的东方和西方的分界线2.美国的联邦法院系统包括：the United States District Courts; the UnitedStates Courts of Appeal ; the United States Supreme Court3.Louisiana，路易斯安娜州不受共同法的约束。

4.The New England Region, 美国的新英格兰地区，也就是东北部地区深受清教思想的影响。

5.typical continental，美国东北部的新英格兰地区是典型的大陆性气候。

冬天寒冷，夏天炎热。

6.automobile industry，底特律是美国著名的汽车城7.John Fitzgerald Kennedy肯尼迪是美国的第35任总统8.美国的第一所女子学院开设于马萨诸塞州Massachusetts, 麻省的首府是波士顿9.美国南北的分界线是密苏里河The Missouri River10.华盛顿州的最大城市是西雅图 . 华盛顿特区位于波托马克河Potomac上11.美国内战爆发于1861年，结束于1865年12.美国起草独立宣言的是托马斯•杰弗逊13.华盛顿、杰弗逊和弗兰克林都是美国创建时的元老功勋、William Penn 是美国宾州的创始人。

14.New Deal新政是罗斯福为了应对美国经济大萧条而提出的15.The Bill of Rights consists of 10 amendments added to the Constitution in1791人权法案是于1791年增补到宪法法案上来的前十条修正案16.soybeans and corn美国出产占世界一半的是大豆和玉米17.The Age of Visual Information开创人类视觉信息革命的重大发明是电视机18.美国的许多政治观念都是来源于英国著名哲学家约翰•洛克John Locke19.曼哈顿是纽约市的著名经济和商业区，也是纽约的中心地带20.好莱坞和迪士尼均位于洛杉矶Los Angles21.Newsweek《新闻周刊》是美国的报纸，而The International Herald Tribune《国际先驱论坛》是法国的，The Guardian《卫报》和The Daily Telegraph 《每日电讯》为英国的。

英语专业八级人文知识二十一篇/yingyu/73/n-130173.html英语专业八级人文知识二十一篇（1）美国概况1 The world-famous Harvard University is in _____.A. MassachusettsB. New YorkC. WashingtonD.C. D. Maine2 Which of the following statements about American education is wrong?A. Elementary and secondary education in America is free and compulsoryB. Private schools are financially supported by religious or nonreligious private organizations or individuals.C. There are more public colleges and universities than the private onesD. Credits taken at community colleges are normally applicable to requirement for a four-year bachelor’s degree.3 _____ is a symbol of American theatre and world-class entertainment.A BroadwayB Wall StreetC The Fifth AvenueD Times Square4 ____ is not a tourist attraction in the United States.A Yellowstone National ParkB Grand CanyonC St. Patrick’s CathedralD Stonehenge5 ____ was an actor before he became the President.A Ronald ReaganB Abraham LincolnC Herbert HooverD Jimmy Carter6 New Englanders were originally known as _____, which come to stand for all Americans.A HippiesB YankeesC Uncle SamD Brother Jonathan7 On the 30th of April 1789, George Washington took the oath of office in _____, which housed the government then.A New YorkB Washington D.C.C PhiladelphiaD Boston8 Which of the following people was not an American President?A John HancockB John AdamsC John Q. AdamsD Jimmy Carter9 Henry Fond was the first man to _____.A design a planeB fly an aeroplaneC mass-productionD design and make a car10 “That government of the people, by the people, for the people, … ”were the words by _____.A Thomas JeffersonB Abraham LincolnC Andrew JohnsonD Theodore Roosevelt练习题答案及题解:1 A, 哈佛大学位于马萨诸塞州的剑桥(Cambridge)镇。

英语专业八级考试人文知识复习：美国地理概况本文针对英语专业八级考试的人文知识部分，总结了美国国家的主要地理概况，希望对同学们有所帮助。

The Fall Line瀑布线：A point where water-falls or rapids suddenly drop from a higher level to the lower one.瀑布线指的是瀑布急速地从高处向低处流泻的点。

The Appalachian Range阿巴拉契亚山脉：1200 miles long，consists of the Piedmont Plateau, Appalachian Plateaus and Appalachian Range.阿巴拉契亚山脉全场1200英里，由皮德蒙特高原、阿巴拉契亚高原及阿巴拉契亚山脉组成。

The Cordillera Range科迪勒拉山脉：Composed of the Coast Range, the Cascades and the Rocky Mountains.科迪勒拉山脉由海岸山脉、卡斯卡德山以及洛基山组成。

The Great Basin大盆地：The Part between the Colorado and Columbia Plateaus.指的是科罗拉多和哥伦比亚高地之间的部分。

The Great Central Plain中部大平原：The land mass between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachians.指的是洛基山和阿巴拉伊亚山之间的平原。

The Great Plain大平原：The western part of the central plain.大平原：指的是中部平原以西的部分。

The Mississippi River密西西比河：The longest, the most important river in the U.S.A. . It has a drainage area of 3225000 square kilometers.密西西比河是美国最长、最重要的河流。

英国各时期特点要看书，只罗列作家作品时期：1The Old and Medieval Period中古英语文学8世纪-15世纪2The Renaissance Period文艺复兴时期16世纪-17世纪莎士比亚时期或是伊丽莎白时代3The period of Revolution and Restoration资产阶级革命和王政复辟时期17世纪Form：Poetry4The Age of Enlightenment启蒙运动时期—Neo-Classicism新古典时期18世纪Form：prose Pope时代5The Age of Romanticism浪漫主义时期18世纪-19世纪中期6The Victorian Period维多利亚时期19世纪早期-20世纪初期Novel小说Charles Dickens 7The Modern Period现代主义时期19世纪末开始普通英国人的生活，象征主义、stream of consciousness意识流-James Joyce、自然主义代替了现实主义。

之父：1Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里·乔叟the father of English poetry英语诗歌之父the father of English fiction英国小说之父2King Alfred（英国散文之父3Francis Bacon培根（唯物主义哲学奠基人，England’s first essayist英国第一个散文家4Edmund Spencer斯宾塞the poets’poet诗人中的诗人5John Donne the founder of the Metaphysical School玄学派诗人代表人物6John Dryden德莱顿forerunner of the English classical school of literature古典主义的先驱Heroic couplet英雄双韵体father of English criticism批评文学之父7Alexander Pope蒲白（18世纪最伟大诗人，representative of the Enlightenment新古典学派的代表人物，first introduce rationalism to England理性主义8Daniel Defoe笛福the discoverer of the modern novel现实主义小说奠基人，Father of English and European英语和欧洲小说之父9Henry Fielding Father of the English novel英国小说之父10Jane Austin简·奥斯丁（英国第一位女性小说家）11Alfred Tennyson丁尼生Poet of the people人民的诗人桂冠诗人：Edmund Spencer斯宾塞John Dryden德莱顿William Wordsworth威廉·华兹华斯Robert Southey罗伯特·骚塞苏格兰：Robert Burns;George Bernard Shaw爱尔兰：Oscar Wilde;William Butler Yeats;James Joyce1The Old and Medieval Period中古英语文学8世纪-15世纪P82大多数是口述，14世纪被称为乔叟的时代Old English/Alliteration/Epic/Romance/BalladAnglo-Saxon Period异教pagan《Beowulf贝奥武夫》被认为是古代英语文学的开端，也是英语语言的最古老的诗歌。

英语专业八级考试阅读基础复习材料英语专业八级考试阅读基础复习材料First think, and then speak.以下是店铺为大家搜索整理的英语专业八级考试阅读基础复习材料，希望能给大家带来帮助!Passage Two (The Tourist Trade Contributes Absolutely Nothing to Increasing Understanding between Nations) The tourist trade is booming. With all this coming and going, you’d expect greater understanding to develop between the nations of the world. Not a bit of it! Superb systems of communication by air, sea and land make it possible for us to visit each other’s countries at a moderate cost. What was once the ‘grand tour’, reserved for only the very rich, is now within everybody’s grasp? The package tour and chartered flights are not to be sneered at. Modern travelers enjoy a level of comfort which the lords and ladies on grand tours in the old days couldn’t have dreamed of. But what’s the sense of this mass exchange of populations if the nations of the world remain basically ignorant of each other?Many tourist organizations are directly responsible for this state of affairs. They deliberately set out to protect their clients from too much contact with the local population. The modern tourist leads a cosseted, sheltered life. He lives at international hotels, where he eats his international food and sips his international drink while he gazes at the natives from a distance. Conducted tours to places of interest are carefully censored. The tourist is allowed to see only what the organizers want him to see and no more. A strict schedule makes it impossible for the tourist to wander off on his own; and anyway, language is always a barrier, so he is only too happy to be protected in this way. At itsvery worst, this leads to a new and hideous kind of colonization. The summer quarters of the inhabitants of the cite universitaire: are temporarily reestablished on the island of Corfu. Blackpool is recreated at Torremolinos where the traveler goes not to eat paella, but fish and chips.The sad thing about this situation is that it leads to the persistence of national stereotypes. We don’t see the people of other nations as they really are, but as we have been brought up to believe they are. You can test this for yourself. Take five nationalities, say, French, German, English, American and Italian. Now in your mind, match them with these five adjectives: musical, amorous, cold, pedantic, native. Far from providing us with any insight into the national characteristics of the peoples just mentioned, these adjectives actually act as barriers. So when you set out on your travels, the only characteristics you notice are those which confirm your preconceptions. You come away with the highly unoriginal and inaccurate impression that, say, ‘Anglo-Saxons are hypocrites’ of that ‘Latin peoples shout a lot’. You only have to make a few foreign friends to understand how absurd and harmful national stereotypes are. But how can you make foreign friends when the tourist trade does its best to prevent you?Carried to an extreme, stereotypes can be positively dangerous. Wild generalizations stir up racial hatred and blind us to the basic fact—how trite it sounds! – That all people are human. We are all similar to each other and at the same time all unique.。