工业工程方面的英文文献

介绍工业工程专业英文Industrial Engineering: A Comprehensive Introduction.Definition.Industrial engineering, also known as industrial systems engineering, is a discipline that focuses on the design, improvement, and installation of integrated systems that involve people, materials, information, equipment, and energy. It encompasses a wide range of industries,including manufacturing, healthcare, logistics, and services.Key Concepts.Productivity: The ratio of output to inputs in a system. Industrial engineers strive to improve productivity by increasing output or reducing inputs.Efficiency: The ratio of useful work performed tototal work done. Industrial engineers seek to maximize efficiency by reducing waste and optimizing resource utilization.Systems thinking: The approach of considering a system as a whole, rather than as a collection of individual components. Industrial engineers often use systems analysis techniques to identify and address system-level problems.Data analysis: The process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data to make informed decisions.Industrial engineers use data analysis to identify trends, patterns, and areas for improvement.Work measurement: The process of measuring the time and effort required to perform specific tasks. Industrial engineers use work measurement to set work standards, establish production quotas, and identify areas for optimization.Roles and Responsibilities.Industrial engineers play a variety of roles and responsibilities in organizations, including:Process improvement: Analyzing and improving existing processes to increase efficiency, reduce costs, and improve customer satisfaction.Layout design: Designing and optimizing the physical layout of facilities, including factories, warehouses, and offices.Production planning and control: Developing and implementing plans to control production processes, including scheduling, inventory management, and quality control.Ergonomics: Designing workplaces and equipment to optimize human performance, reduce fatigue, and prevent injuries.Supply chain management: Coordinating the flow of materials, information, and resources throughout a supplychain, including supplier selection, inventory management, and logistics.Education and Training.Industrial engineering degrees are typically offered at the undergraduate and graduate levels. Undergraduate programs typically require coursework in mathematics, statistics, physics, engineering mechanics, industrial engineering principles, and business management. Graduate programs often specialize in specific areas, such as manufacturing, logistics, or healthcare.In addition to formal education, industrial engineers often pursue professional certification through organizations such as the Institute of Industrial Engineers (IIE). Certification demonstrates a high level of knowledge and experience in the field.Career Opportunities.Industrial engineers are in high demand in a wide rangeof industries. Career opportunities include:Manufacturing engineer.Process improvement engineer.Supply chain manager.Ergonomist.Operations research analyst.Business analyst.Benefits of Industrial Engineering.Industrial engineering can provide significant benefits to organizations, including:Increased productivity: Industrial engineers help organizations improve productivity by optimizing processes, designing efficient layouts, and implementing data-drivensolutions.Reduced costs: Industrial engineers identify and eliminate waste, reduce inventory levels, and improve supply chain efficiency, leading to lower operating costs.Improved quality: Industrial engineers implement quality control measures and use data analysis to identify and address quality issues, leading to improved customer satisfaction.Enhanced safety: Industrial engineers design workplaces and equipment to minimize risks and prevent injuries, creating a safer work environment.Increased innovation: Industrial engineering methodologies can be applied to new product development, process design, and service delivery, leading to innovative solutions.Conclusion.Industrial engineering is a challenging and rewarding field that offers a wide range of career opportunities. Industrial engineers play a vital role in improving the efficiency, productivity, and safety of organizations across all industries. By applying systems thinking, data analysis, and problem-solving skills, industrial engineers can make a significant contribution to the success of their organizations.。

工业工程(IE)和质量工程(QE)IE and QEAbstract: Based on the definition of IEand QEand analysis of their position in the spe-cial field of study, of theirimplications as well as of their research field, this paper callsfor the necessity of offering courses of Industry Engineering and Quality Engineering in higher institutions and dwells on the importance of the cultivation of qualified personnel of IE and QE. 19世纪初,资产阶级产业革命推动了人类社会生产力的高速发展,也推动了各类科学的蓬勃发展.费兰克.吉尔布雷斯夫妇专门对工人的操作动作与时间进行分析、研究,先后发表了《动作研究》(1911)、《空间动作研究》(1917)、《时间研究》(1920),科学管理之父泰勒通过多年的研究和实践于1911年发表《科学管理原理》,其核心内容就是通过对工人使用的设备、工具、生产环境及产品原材料的优化和标准化,以保证工人进行标准化作业,从而获得最佳劳动定额和效率,因此他又被人誉为工业工程之父.20世纪70年代,美国把全面质量管理与工程技术结合起来,创立了以控制、保证和改进产品/服务质量为基本目标的工程学科,这就是质量工程.现在,工业工程、质量工程已扩展到欧、美、亚各国,成为推动社会进步的重要管理工程技术.我国目前迫切需要大批的工业工程与质量工程人才,那么如何认识IE和QE,办好IE和QE专业,培养IE和QE人才呢?笔者就此阐述下列三点意见.1IE和QE的定义及其研究领域1.1IE及其研究领域美国和日本等一些国家的IE团体、百科全书对IE都先后确定过定义,而目前最有权威的IE定义还是美国工业工程会[AIEE]于1955年确定的定义,它已被采纳为美国国家标准(ANSI.Z94),即工业工程“是研究由人员、物质、设备、能源和信息等组成的综合系统之设计与改善的一门学科,它综合运用数学、物理学和社会科学方面的专门知识和技术以及工程设计原理与方法,确定、预测和评价上述系统所获得的效果.”ANSI.Z94还把IE的研究内容确定为生物力学;成本管理;计算机和信息系统;营销和市场;工程经济;设施规划(包括工厂与物流设计等);制造过程技术;应用数学(包括作业研究、管理数学、统计质量控制等);组织规划与实践;生产计划与控制;作业测定;人因工程(即人类工效学);人事管理;工资管理;安全;职业健康和卫生;人体测量学等17个方面.现代工业工程已发展成为包括物资需求规划(MRP)、准时化生产(JIT)、全面质量管理(TQM)、人机工程学、计划网络技术(PERT)与集成制造系统(CIM)、工程管理、管理信息系统等内容的工程基础技术学科. 1.2质量工程定义及其研究内容美国于1978年发布的国家标准ANSI.A3对质量工程确作了下述定义:质量工程是有关产品或服务的质量保证和质量控制的原理及其实践的工程学科.在上述定义的注释中,明确说明质量工程研究的领域为:质量体系的设计(建立)和实践;质量保证和质量控制技术的开发和应用;质量数据分析所应用的统计方法和测量方法;试验、检验及其抽样程序的开发和分析;质量成本理论和技术等.尔后又发展成为有关如何创新和提高全面质量的管理和工程交叉学科,它是现代质量管理理论及其实践与现代科学技术结合以创新、研制和改进产品(包括服务)质量为目标的工程学科.2IE和QE的学科地位2.1在GB/T13745-92《学科分类与代码》中的位置GB/T13745是由国家教委、科委、中国科学院、中国社会科学院、西安交通大学等部门与单位起草,由国家科委、国家技术监督局提出的国家标准.该标准依据研究对象、研究特征、研究方法,研究目的与目标及学科派生系统对自然、农业、医学、工程与技术、人文与社会五大门类学科,进行科学分类为58个一级学科.工业工程与标准化被列入同一个一级学科,即工程与技术科学基础学科之内(见图1).410.50标准化学410工程与技术科学基础学科——410.55计量学410.75工业工程学图1工业工程在GB/T13745中的地位而质量管理类学科被列入管理学与数学之中(见图2).630管理学——630.40企业管理—630.4055质量管理630.50管理工程—630.5020质量控制与可靠性管理110数学——110.71应用统计数学110.7110统计质量控制110.7120可靠性数学图2质量管理在GB/T13745中的地位2.2在教育部专业目录中的地位1998年教育部颁布的《高等学校本科专业目录》,把学科分为哲学、经济学、法学、教育学、文学、历史、理学、工学、农学、医学及管理学11类,工业工程被列入新增加的第11个学科门类《管理学》内(见图3).11管理学1101——管理科学与工程110103——工业工程(可授予管理学或工学学士学位)图3工业工程在教育部专业目录中的地位但是,我国教育部却没有把美国、欧洲、俄罗斯等国家已普遍列入专业目录的质量工程列入专业目录之内.3办好工业工程与质量工程专业21世纪是质量世纪,我们加入WTO后,正面临国际市场的质量竞争更加剧烈,社会迫切需要一大批既懂IE与QE理论,又具有一定实践能力的工业工程和质量工程高级专业人才.美国早在20世纪初期就开设工业工程专业,而后又开设质量工程专业.据统计1959-1968年,工业工程专业已名列国内最多的第五个学士学位,74个高校开设IE专业,IE成为美国高等教育中十大支柱学科之一.随着国际市场质量竞争的日益加剧,现代质量管理工程即质量工程专业在美国、欧洲、俄罗斯等工业发达国家的高等院校已普遍设置.据笔者检索,目前在欧洲有28个国家的90多所大学和商学院开设质量管理或质量工程专业,俄罗斯在1987年(苏联时期)就在近10个高等院校中设置《计量、标准化与质量管理专业》(专业编号1906),目前又分为《计量与计量保证》(专业编号1908)和《标准与认证》(专业编号07201)两个专业. 1993年,美国139所高等院校中设置质量工程专业学士、硕士、博士的院校比重已达到15%、28%与8% ,而到1994年调查206所高等院校,这三类学位的比例已增长到23%、34%和13%.我国于1993年首先由西安交通大学、天津大学和重庆大学开设工业工程专业,到2001年设置工业工程专业的院校已发展到74所,而且这些院校在其专业课内均开设质量管理类课程.由于当时国家教委一直没把质量工程专业列入专业目录,致使我国二三十所高等院校以种种方式在管理工程、测控与仪器等专业名义下培养质量管理专业人才.由于现代机电工程技术渗透国内产业部门,因此无论是工业工程或质量工程专业,都必须以机电工程为专业技术基础,重视实践教学环节,以避免这二个专业建设过程中与技术脱节,与实践分离的错误倾向,也只有这样才能培养出受社会各界欢迎的既懂IE、QE管理又懂适用技术的复合型专业人才.中国计量学院是原国家技术监督局直属的系统内惟一高等院校,管理体制改为“部省共建,以省为主”后,仍保留计量、标准化与质量管理专业优势与特色.随着我国高等教育与国际接轨,各院校必然根据市场需要开设新专业.因此,应认真借鉴国内外有关高等院校开设工业工程专业的经验与教训,努力办好具有中国计量学院特色即质量与标准化工程专业方向的工业工程专业;努力争取教育行政部门的批准或认可,尽早开设工业工程本科专业及质量工程与标准化专业;条件成熟后招收工业工程(IE)、质量工程与标准化方面的硕士生.2001年,中国计量学院已招收工业工程(质量工程)专业本科生80人,2002年继续招收80人,从而为我国质量事业的发展,迈开了提供大批质量管理和标准化高级专业人才的步伐.减事宜作出了规定;系统层和项目层,由于为了适应目标管理的要求,文件本身的强制性较弱,所以对专项删减规范的需求不太强烈;而基础层由于起到把关和门户的作用,不应允许任意删减和选择,应有专门的规范限制删减的条件、性质和范围.关于文件体系的构建程序,自然应是有轻重缓急之分的.标准层文件已经存在,基础层文件也大多可以直接或间接引用,主要工作集中在系统层和项目层中,建议先建立、完善系统层文件,构筑好整个体系的大体结构,再逐步完善项目层.在项目层文件制定之前,每个部分,甚至每个方面,都应先仿照体系结构,设计一个所应包括文件的结构图,尽可能地将制定文件的工作落到实处.4.5标准化工作的标准化问题自1987年以来,我国已相继出台了几十项标准化工作导则,这些标准化文件将为我们构筑体系、制定标准文件提供了一定的指导.当然,这些标准化工作导则本身也还不够完善,如果条件允许,可在制定文件之前先对标准化工作导则进行适当的补充.此外,强有力的组织支持和各地区各项目的密切配合也是至关重要的.有关这方面的内容,目前已有许多观点,在此不再赘述.【参考文献】[1]汪应洛.工业工程导论[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,2000.[2]殷纯永.质量工程导论[M].北京:中国计量出版社,1998.[3]张根保.现代质量工程[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2000.[4]洪生伟.质量管理.第4版[M].北京:中国计量出版社,2001.。

工业工程（Industrial Engineering，简称IE），起源于美国，发扬于日本，服务于制造业，已有100多年的发展历史。

它是一门涉及人、物料、设备、信息、能源等要素的集成规划、设计、改善、控制和创新的工程学科，它应用自然科学、数学、社会科学、特别是工程技术理论与方法，为实现生产制造、管理和服务系统的低成本、高效率和高效益的管理目标提供有力的技术支持。

它的基本思想是提高效率，研究的核心内容是以尽可能少的投入得到尽可能大的产出。

随着工业工程研究的不断深入，它幵始在各行各业发挥作用。

它从最初主要为生产制造企业服务，不断扩展，吸纳了诸多学科和技术领域的知识后，在制造业和非制造业都具有广泛适用性，工业工程的思想和技术方法在制造企业中的应用，己从生产系统拓展到供应和营销系统中。

此外，在服务业、交通运输业、金融业等领域，工业工程技术的应用广泛，而且成果卓著在美国，工业工程的规划和设计技术被应用在家居设计、医疗健康、市场营销中,人机工程技术则在法律仲裁与脑力劳动负荷等方面取得了用武之地；美国和加拿大人将工业工程技术推广到航空服务与管理中，航空服务质量和服务效率大幅度提高。

社会物流系统的研究与JT发在西班牙等国相当活跃；20世纪末，香港将工业工程研究成果应用于服务业，应用成果十分显著。

现在，在一定程度上讲，任何组织系统都能应用工业工程技术。

此外，工业工程在环境与资源设计与控制、国家安全与生产安全、现代军事与军工系统等领域中也展现了广阔的应用前景。

自其诞生以来，工业工程产生以来，在各国企业界和学术界的不断努力下，不断发展。

从工业工程涉及的学科领域看，由最初主要依靠观察、实验，到后来寻得运筹学、系统工程学等理论基础，随着信息技术的深入发展，工业工程幵始与IT技术紧密结合。

可以说，现在的工业工程是融合了技术理论与管理理论多种边缘学科的综合科学，成为整个现代管理不可或缺的组成部分。

一直成功的应用于以有形产品制造为特征的营利性组织的生产管理系统，成为营利性组织提高生产效率和管理水平的有效工具。

Operations Research 运筹学Some OR accomplishments运筹学的一些成果在 20 世纪 70 年代到 80 年代之间取得了一些十分突出的重大突破，下面讲述他们如何被应用以及其对经济的影响。

Integrative OR systems集成运筹学系统综合的运筹学成果在 1983 和 1984 年，全美最大的石油独立冶炼和销售公司--citgo 石油公司，将 1985 年超过 4 亿的销售额投资在一个独一无二的全面集成系统中，这个系统将运筹学的数学规划、预测及专家系统结合到了统计和组织理论中。

Citgo 将运筹学系统应用到诸如：天然物资的产品开采，冶炼，供应和配送，运作市场规划，应收应付款，存货控制和制定个人执行目标， Citgo 公司由 1984 年 5000 万的营业损失变为到 1985 年高达 7000 万的营业利润要归功于这个运筹学系统。

Network flow problem网络流问题70 年代时出现了一些突破性的网络流建模和解决问题的方法，并初步形成专业化的解决运输问题及其转化问题的原始单纯形算法。

后来广义算法和大型线性网络和嵌入式网络相继出现。

这些算法表现出了前所未有的效率，速度比最好的网络问题通用线性规划系统快了从 10 到 200 倍——效率完全超越任何计算机硬件。

由于现在不可能解决庞大的网络流问题，因此新的应用层出不穷。

目前 Agrico、 Ciba-Geigy、 W.R.Grace、International Paper、Kelly-Springfied、Owens-Corning Fiberglass、Quaker Oats and R.G.Sloan 这些公司已成功地将他们的射频数据采集系统耦合到他们建立的网络流模型上，以改善所做的决定的物流成本效益和服务效益。

比如，Agrico 净减少13%周转资金并在 5 年内节省开支43 万美元；据Kelly-Springfied 报道，他们每年可节省 800 万美元以上，Cahil May Roberts 可减少 20%的运输成本和交货。

外文翻译---工业工程概述附录A译文工业工程概述作为一种古老和新颖的专业之一，工业工程的出现将用来解决当今高度技术发展的世界所遇到的复杂的系统问题。

发展工业工程的技术和管理基础有:信息技术、制造与生产系统、管理系统工程和服务。

为了创造各类组织的全潜力,从中长期看,现代工业工程应该重点研究与开发以下课题:1)未来制造的发展从20世纪70年代以来,制造的概念被极大地扩展了。

1998年美国国家研究委员会NRC证实,制造仍然是创造社会财富最基本的手段,是国家经济发动机运行的强大支柱,并把制造定义为:创造、开发、支持和提供产品与服务所要求的流程过程和组织实体。

1999年麻省理工学院MIT认为制造包括:产品的规划、设计与开发、销售与服务和实现这些职能所运用的技术与流程,以及使技术与人结合的途径。

作为一个产业,当代制造已经扩展为包括:硬件、软件或硬软件的集成,生物技术和某些农业综合企业生产的产品。

中国的工业工程必须积极参与和帮助制造应对以下六大挑战:①利用信息技术提升企业组织对市场的快速响应能力。

为此,制造必须充分利用电子商务和并行工程等技术手段与工具。

②快速捕捉、搜集竞争信息,并迅速把它们转换成竞争情报和知识。

工业工程必须充分运用竞争情报(competitive intelligence)、横向对比(benchmarking)与关系学(relationship)等先进方法及其工具。

③快速配置和系统地集成人、技术和资源。

发展网络制造和基于互联网与内部网的沟通。

④消除或控制污染,提高企业对环境的适应性。

执行:不可再生资源利用最小化,能源利用最小化,对空气和水的污染最小化,使工作与生活环境绿色化四个判据准则。

⑤发展可重组企业(Reconfigurable Enterprise)。

所谓可重组企业是在良好的基础结构(如法律、法规与行政,和有序而高效的金融与市场运作、资源配送及通信网络等社会条件)支持下,根据任务或项目的合作要求可以快速“聚合”(即组成动态联盟合作或虚拟公司),一旦任务完成,就可以快速“解散”的新一代可变组织与管理的企业。

中文译文基于IE技术的工时定额确定摘要工时定额是核算企业运营成本与工人收入的基础,直接关系着企业的生产效率与工人的生产积极性。

针对中小型企业的工时定额建立方法缺乏标准性与科学性，并严重依赖技术人员的经验.本文提供了一种基于IE技术的综合性工时定额确定方法。

工时定额由辅助时间、人机操作时间、工作时间等组成.辅助时间可以通过基于基本工作分解的模特排时法来确定,工作时间由工时定额标准时间来确定。

此外,学习曲线被应用于优化计算结果。

文章的最后用一个实例来验证该方法的有效性。

关键词：工时定额;工时定额标准数据;模特排时法;学习曲线引言工时定额是工厂制定生产计划与进行经济核算所依据的一种主要指标,它的确定方法对于工厂的成本计算是非常重要的.大部分中小型企业采用多品种、小批量的生产方式,产品的规格经常改变，因此工时定额的确定是非常困难的。

现阶段的企业通常采用经验估工法、标准数据法以及既定时间标准设定法来计算工时定额，这需要经验丰富的技术人员与管理人员经过长期的修正才能确定。

无疑,这需要一个比较长的工作周期以及比较高的工作量，而且，工时定额的最终结果很容易被主观因素所影响，从而很难保证准确性与科学性。

所有的这些因素都会为生产计划制定与成本控制造成不利影响。

近年来,学者对这一课题进行了广泛的研究并取得了比较大的进展。

一些研究表明，标准时间可以基于典型操作来进行计算，并阐述了选择典型操作方法的规则.另外一些学者提出了一种包含基于范例推理与基于知识推理的混合推理模型。

这个模型已经成功应用于装配复杂且影响因素众多的一个框架.参考文献3针对提高私营企业生产效率这一目标建立了一种对所有动作进行分类的工时定额基础数据。

另外，使用神经网络来进行工时定额计算是一种新的思路．我们可以发现,工时定额的建立没有统一的规范与标准,所以，寻找出一种更科学,更有效的工时定额确定方法是十分有意义的.本文应用基础的IE知识以及基本元素分解法与模特排时法来详细说明各项基本操作,接下来用更加更合理与人性化的方法来计算工时定额。

毕业论文外文资料翻译学生姓名：学号：学院：经济管理学院专业：工业工程指导教师：外文出处： Professional English for IndustrialEngineering 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。

附件1：外文资料翻译译文工业工程的真正价值工业工程师非常善于解决问题。

可是具有讽刺性的却是他们仍有一个长期性的问题得不到解决----一致性。

而且这个问题解决起来一直很困难。

事实上，“一致性”恰好是目前工业工程领域所面临的众多挑战性问题之一。

今天激烈的世界竞争和紧张的公司预算都迫使工业工程师们去解决被人们忽视很久的问题。

公司开始重新组合团队结构；工业工程部被逐渐被取消或者重新命名；而且大学和学院也承担着向工业界提供被更好的培训而掌握了更广泛工作能力的毕业生的压力。

另一方面，现在的工业工程师可以使用许多他们30年前的同行想都想不到的技术和工具。

新技术已经提高了精确度和速度并逐渐提高了工业工程师们解决更多样问题的能力。

值得一提的是，工业工程现在有更多的机会去集中于现在许多企业已经视为独立的学科的众多领域中的一个-----包括防真学、运筹学、人因学、物料搬运和物流学。

命名问题什么问题可能会在如此明亮的机会阵列上投下阴影呢？对于初学者来说，随着工业工程新的机遇的产生，诸如工业工程师到底能胜任什么样的工作问题也随之产生。

曾经，定义工业工程是很容易的。

“工业工程那时候在解决问题，制订工作标准和工作简明化方面很简单”有限公司的经理卡罗.彻罗宾如是说。

“但是现在需要放弃那些落后的工业工程定义了。

”甚至现在，在许多公司，工业工程仍然在从事那些现在看来是经典工业工程的传统的工作。

“埃斯曼.柯达公司的人力资源部经理约翰帕娃说：“最大的变化就是工业工程领域的商业化使它们成为具有竞争性的舒适职业。

”而且，工业工程师已经适应了这种竞争技能。

他们现在正在争取这份工作。

联合包装服务公司的工业工程经理杰瑞说：“如果一个人不能对整项工作做全面把握而只是将注意力放在个别的方面，那么结果就不会令人满意。

AAA学校外文翻译如有雷同，纯属巧合专业工业工程学生姓名xxx班级 B工业 072 学号指导教师完成日期 2011年3 月19日外文资料名称: Various stages of theprojectcostcontrol外文资料出处：Accreditation and QualityAssurance附件： 1. 外文原文2.外文资料翻译译文Various stages of the project cost controlChung-Ho ChenAbstract:Project Cost Management is the basic content of determining reasonable and effective control of the project cost. There are two projects cost implications, the corresponding project cost management has two, one for the management of project investment, a price for the project management. Works against investment management, the so-called project cost effective control is to optimize the building programme, designed on the basis of the programme, in the various stages of construction procedures, using certain methods and measures the cost of the project have control at a reasonable scope and approved Within the limits of the cost.KEY WORDS:Engineering project cost cost management cost control cost limit 1. Project cost management problems that exist inChina's current stage of the project cost for project management to settle at for the purpose, focus only on the construction process of cost control, neglect of pre-construction project investment decision-making stage of cost control. Investment decision-making phase of the construction project investment estimate is an important basis for decision-making, it has a direct impact on national economic and financial analysis of the results of the reliability and accuracy. As a result of this project is the initial stage of work, the information can not be full, comparable projects in this area or less accumulated relatively little information, estimate the approach flawed and unscientific, making construction cost management and the cost of work At this stage difficult to accomplish something.Construction cost management to a passive design drawings prepared in accordance with the budget estimate and project cost calculated mainly ignored in the design stage to optimize the design of construction cost management, effective cost control. According to relevant statistics show that the impactof the design phase of investment for the possibility of more than 75 percent, but China's designers, most of the pursuit of high safety and design fees, the design does not consider economic factors, resulting in a number of large projects waste materials Phenomenon.Construction Cost Management divorced from each other at all stages, investment estimates, budget for the design and construction budget plans, the contract price, prices, accounts for price, the cost of these six stages from construction units and departments in charge of the design units, the respective management of construction enterprises, The former do not have control of the latter, which affected the former project cost effective management system.China's current construction cost management information system to collect finishing imperfections. The project has been completed the construction cost of collection, collation and analysis of information on the cost of the division is of great reference value. At present, China's very limited information on this part, most of all a personal cost engineer, can not share data. Cost can not be division between the exchanges and learn from each other, causing a big waste of resources.The following projects from the various stages of construction of a concrete analysis of how to strengthen the whole process of project cost management:(1)The decision-making phase of the project cost management is the beginning. In the investment decision-making phase of the project, the project's economic decision-making and various kinds of technology, investment and the project after the completion of the project have a decisive impact on economic efficiency, control of the project investment is a very important stage. Specifically, the decision-making phase of the project, a project in the new project proposals approved, the project cost advisory body should be based on long-term national economic development planning, economic development invarious sectors in economic development planning the basic requirements of the proposed project to Technically advanced and economically reasonable, and favourable in the community can create benefits, financial and other aspects of the implementation of a comprehensive and full investigation, analysis and feasibility studies, do a good job in the feasibility study. For policy makers decided to provide a reliable basis for the project. Investmentdecision-making phase of the construction cost of the entire process of project cost if Lan has a decisive impact on the overall situation. The construction project feasibility studies and investment decision-making is a source of the project cost. Cost is determined reasonable assessment of construction projects, the key follow-up work.（2）Phase of the project design phase of the design expenses only construction costs of the entire life of less than 1%, but the impact of the project cost accounts for more than 75 percent, and often easy to be ignored. Therefore, the project cost advisory body should be the design phase of cost management as a whole process of cost management in the key task. Preliminary design of the project budget for the accuracy of a certain country or industry and meet the depth requirements, effective control of project cost is the premise. Seize this critical design of the project cost control can be achieved multiplier effect. The design phase of cost control, is the source of cost control, is the most fundamental and important control.（3）Bidding phase of the project cost management is an important component of an acceptable kind of works commissioned by the owners of the list (or engineering Base Price) and a series of relevant documents, basic price of the pipeline is bidding management of the core work, because the basic price is Determine the price of the contract basis, with only the basic price of science, can we correctly judge the tender reported by the reasonable prices and reliability can be when the make the right decisions, strictly implement the project bidding regulations, grasp Price is reasonable and competitive. Evaluation and calibration of the cost Practitioners and the preparation ofcost as the basis for the legitimacy of the tender evaluation is based on legitimate and effective to ensure that the scientific and reasonable price. The market for the tender offer, the basic price of the provision of social services, and create an environment for fair competition.（4） Phase of the project implementation, cost management can not be ignored. Project implementation stage is a stage of building products, the entire process of building the project cost management is also the most difficult, most complicated stage. In addition to this stage of the passage of time with the other construction costs, a large number of investment funds through the construction of this part of the "materialization", the ultimate form of fixed assets, and investment projects. Effective cost control can be a good adjustment of the contracting parties and interests, namely the owners to reduce the input costs and increase the project's profit, but also to standardize the construction of the contractor. As a project cost advisory body, the actual operation in strict accordance with the owners agreed to assist the analysis of the claims handling matters, clearly define the responsibilities in the timely submission of counter-claims, to restore the unnecessary loss of the contract and the provisions have been agreed, calculated each time changes caused by Cost changes for the control of owners provide the basis for investment decisions.（5）Clearing stage is the completion of construction projects truly reflect the price of the product, is also the terminus of construction cost management. The stage should carefully examine the pre-clearing, more than one operator works out of high fixed sets, Takatori, are not realistic and visa, unreasonable technical measures such as increasing the cost should be based on the information available price information, on review Whether or not to raise prices of materials; should strengthen contract management, implementation of the contract itemized review system so that the project cost through a legally binding contract to identify and control; In addition, the completion of the project delivery, to conduct post-project evaluation,according to the original Rules, analysis and comparison project scope, progress and the changes in the cost, sum up experience, and cost information collated entry computer, so that future use.2.Effective control of the principles of project costTo the planning stage, the design stage as the focus of the entire process of construction cost control. Project cost control throughout the entire process of building projects, but must be focused. Clearly, the project cost control is the key to the project before the implementation of the investment decision-making and design phase of the project to make investment decisions, project cost control is the key to the design. According to some western countries analysis, design fee is generally equivalent to lifetime cost of all construction projects of less than 1%, but this is less than 1 percent of the cost of the construction project cost to the impact of more than 75 percent, thus, important that the design stage Sexual. However, for a long time, China's generally ignored the project phase of the preparatory work for cost control, project cost control are often the main focus on the construction phase - review of budget plans and reasonable settlement of the purchase price Jianan. This approach, while also effective, but is, after all, "remedial measures", Shibeigongban. To effectively control the project cost, we must shift the focus to control the project's initial stage of construction - the planning stage and the stage of design.Active Control, in order to obtain satisfactory besults. Since the eardy 1970s, the people vill control theory, system theory and research results for project management, will be controlled based on the decisions taken in advance of active measures to reduce and avoid as much as possible0the target value and acdual value of the deviations from this Is an active, positive control method, known as the active control. In other words, the project cost control, not only to reflect the investment decision-making, reflecting the design, contracting and construction, passive control project cost, more dynamic tothe impact of investment decisions, the impact of design, contracting and construction and taje the initiative to control project cost. Cost of dhe project to identify and control between interdependenae and mutual restraint, the ddtermination of the project cost control project cost is the basis and the carrier. At the same time, cost control resides in the project cost determine the whole process of determining the cost of the process that is cost control process.Technology and economic integration of project cost control is the most effective means. In the process of building projects, technology and the organic integration of economic, technological, economic analysis and evaluation, correctly handle the advanced technology and economic strength between the unity of opposites relations, and strive to achieve the advanced technology and reasonable under the conditions of the economy , On tha basis of reasonable economic advanced technology, the project cost control to infiltrate into the concept of the design and construction techjology measures. Project Management Project Cost control is an effective way. Construction supervision system is highly developed market economy, constrection project management professional and social level continuously improve the `roduct. Construction supervision of the mission, organization and management from the perspective of science and to take measures to ensure the construction project cost goals, objectives and time limit to achieve a reasonable quality objectives for the owners seek the best input and output. Practice has proved that the engineering supervision of the project cost control is an effective way.3.Various stages of the project cost controlDecision-making phase of project cost control. The planning phase of the project cost, many owners have the wrong understanding that the cost of the lower the better. Cost control is not a unilateral issue, and should be a multi-factor problem, should be integrated engineering practice, considering. In the investment decision-making phase of construction projects,the project's technical and economic decision-making, the project cost and the economic benefits of the project when completed, has a decisive role in project cost control is an important stage, rationally determine the cost of the project and control the direction of the exact location And building optimization of guiding role.The design phase project cost control. The design phase is the construction of intent from investors to the idea of the changing reality of a critical stage, the design phase of the project cost control is a key link. From the following aspects of project cost control: the design implementation of the tendering system, strengthen supervision of the design phase, determine a reasonable design, mature technology, to reduce the construction phase of major design changes and programmes of change in the effective control of the works Cost will play a role. An engineering design, if the Commissioner of participation into the project, excluding unfavorable factors may generally be excluded 80 percent of the error. In the entire process of construction cost control, the start of construction at best can only invest 20 percent savings, the key lies in the cost of construction period to identify and control. Commissioner of the design phase of work: Design Institute under the provision of design drawings and notes to help owners examine different design options for the economy, develop the preliminary capital expenditure plan to ensure that the investment will be the most effective use of support Owners of the Commissioner of work: Design Institute under the provision of design drawings and notes to help owners examine different design options for the economy, develop the preliminary capital expenditure plan to ensure that the investment will be the most effective use of the owners meet The different design options, the need to work out their own materials and equipment to conduct a cost analysis and research, design and cost proposals to assist them in the investment limit within the limits designed to reduce investment. To seek a one-time small investment and economic good design, the most rational economic indicators.The use of optimal design principles. At the design stage to reduce the use of value engineering cost 25 percent ￣ 40 percent, with notable results. Also known as value engineering value analysis, is a modern scientific management techniques, is a new technical and economic analysis, through analysis of the product's features to save resources and reduce the cost of the purpose of an effective method. It made up for the cost of traditional management that simply reduce costs and improve quality management always stressed that the quality of the deficiencies and is conducive to resolving the long-term construction period long, waste, poor quality, high cost of the problem. Value Engineering laws generally carried out in three steps: assessing the design of targeted technical scores and scores of economic calculation of the design object technology index and economic index, calculated each design object of the geometric mean, from which to compare, choose the best design .Construction of the tender stage project cost control. Construction of the tender stage of the project cost control should be accurate grasp of design drawings, construction projects through the analysis of the specific circumstances of the units and pre-qualification of bidders, preparation of tender documents, works basic price determined through Pingbiaodingbiao, select the successful bidder units, and to determine the contract price . Reasonably sure of is the basic price of the tender stage of the project cost control an important way of determining the basic price is often incomplete because of the design, material changes, or the market price because of the constantly changing and difficult to have an accurate value. When these happen, you can use fuzzy identification, fuzzy clustering analysis, computer simulation technology (Monte Carlo simulation) Three mathematical methods, the project cost to more accurately determine.The construction phase project cost control. Project implementation phase of the project cost control can proceed from the following: careful review of the contract price and volume list, the basic unit prices and other relevantdocuments in conjunction with the progress of the project and the quality of works carried out the correct measurement, review payment of bills, according to the provisions The price of clearing; correctly understand the design intent, strictly control the design changes, the design is wrong with the local timely corrections; strengthen engineering claims control, contract management in all its aspects; skilled use of the budget over the fixed and reasonable conduct on-site visa; review of organizational design, Use of technology economy is relatively comprehensive assessment method, using the value of works on the construction phase and construction materials to optimize options, select a reasonable construction plan; strengthen project construction supervision.On the review of the list of projects, supervision engineers should pay attention to inventory control measures in the project. Price list of projects provided in the list of measures, for the completion of the project is the construction project occurred in the pre-construction and construction process technology, life, security and other non-engineering aspects of the project entity. At this stage because many projects are the construction plans and construction of circumstances imperfections at the scene on the tender, until tender, construction projects and measures designed to have greater access to the actual scene. Supervising engineer in the handling of raw data to collect first-hand, itemized checking identification, not of the proposed amendments.Clearing the completion of phase project cost control. For a long time, the completion of the construction plans ultra-clearing budget is cost management issues requiring urgent solution. The completion phase of the project cost control, should conscientiously do a good job the following points: check the terms of the contract, clearing the completion of the preparation of the audit, preparation of the project refers to the preparation of the completion of the works and the cost of clearing areas. Examine whether the content of the completion of the contract requirements, whether qualifiedacceptance, review billing methods, pricing methods, concessionary terms whether the contract; completion of the audit plans of projects in the audit, the plans should be based on the completion of the design changes, such as visa at the scene, according to state In terms of engineering works required by the rules of each check; strictly enforced in accordance with the valuation method of valuation; rigorous review design changes to visa fees for inspection standards, different regions of the rate of price index may be different. Therefore, the project must be in accordance with the standards of admission fees under the contract requirements, according to grade the quality of construction unit, the type of construction work, such as setting a reasonable standard admission fee.翻译：译者：AAA工程项目各阶段的成本控制Chung-Ho Chen摘要：工程项目成本管理的基本内容就是合理确定和有效的控制工程项目成本。

The Design of the Welding Junetion Clamp of Motorcar［Abstract］The text introduces the design method and construction of the welding junction clamp of motorcar.KeyWords：Weldingassembly Base Clamp Loeation1. IntroductionAssembly and welding fixture in the automotive body assembly and welding production line of critical process equipment related to manufacturing quality of the car。

In welding production。

Assembly and welding fixtures in addition to the completion of this process the parts assembly，positioning，the also served as a test and calibration procedures on the Road, welding partswelding quality of the task，so its design and manufacture of the welding process affects the level of automobile production capacity and product quality。

Automotive style vary, welding fixture shape and thus vary widely，but in the design, manufacture，adjustments have in common, you can learn from each other.2。