.外文翻译

The smart gridSmart grid is the grid intelligent (electric power), also known as the "grid" 2.0, it is based on the integration, high-speed bidirectional communication network, on the basis of through the use of advanced sensor and measuring technology, advanced equipme nt technology, the advancedcontrol method, and the application of advanced technology of decision support system, realize the power grid reliability, security, economic, efficient, environmental friendly and use the security target, its main features include self-healing, incentives and include user, against attacks, provide meet user requirements of power quality in the 21st century, allow all sorts of different power generation in the form of access, start the electric power market and asset optimizatio n run efficiently.The U.S. department of energy (doe) "the Grid of 2030" : a fully automated power transmission network, able to monitor and control each user and power Grid nodes, guarantee from power plants to end users among all the nodes in the whole process of transmission and distribution of information and energy bi-directional flow.China iot alliance between colleges: smart grid is made up of many parts, can be divided into:intelligent substation, intelligent power distribution network, intelli gent watt-hourmeter,intelligent interactive terminals, intelligent scheduling, smart appliances, intelligent building electricity, smart city power grid, smart power generation system, the new type of energy storage system.Now a part of it to do a simple i ntroduction. European technology BBS: an integration of all users connected to the power grid all the behavior of the power transmission network, to provide sustained and effective economic and security of power.Chinese academy of sciences, institute of electrical: smart grid is including all kinds of power generation equipment, power transmission and distribution network, power equipment and storage equipment, on the basis of the physical power grid will be modern advanced sensor measurement technology, network technology, communicationtechnology, computing technology, automationand intelligent control technology and physical grid highly integrated to form a new type of power grid, it can realize the observable (all the state of the equipment can monitor grid), can be controlled (able to control the power grid all the state of the equipment), fully automated (adaptive and self-healing) and system integrated optimization balance (power generation, transmission and distribution, and the optimization of the balance between electricity), so that the power system is more clean, efficient, safe and reliable.American electric power research institute: IntelliGrid is a composed of numerous automation system of power transmission and distribution power system, in a coordinated, effective and reliable way to achieve all of the power grid operation: have self-healing function;Rapid response to the electric power market and enterprise business requirements;Intelligent communication architecture, realizes the real-time, security, and flexible information flow, to provide users with reliable, economic power services. State grid electric power research institute, China: on the basis of the physical power grid (China's smart grid is based on high voltage network backbone network frame, different grid voltage level based on the coordinated development of strong power grid), the modern advanced sensor measurement technology, communication technology, information technology, computer technology and control technology and the physical power grid highly integrated to form a new type of power grid.It to fully meet user demand for electricity and optimize the allocation of resources, guarantee the safety, reliability and economy of power supply, meet environmental constraints, ens ure the quality of electric energy, to adapt to the development of power market, for the purpose of implementing the user reliable, economic, clean and interactive power supply and value-added services.BackgroundStrong smart grid development in the wor ld is still in its infancy, without a common precisely defined, its technology can be roughly divided into four areas: advanced Measurement system, advanced distribution operation, advanced transmission operation and advanced asset management.Advanced meas urement system main function is authorized to the user, make the system to establish a connection with load, enabling users to support the operationof the power grid;Advanced core distribution operation is an online real-time decision command, goal is to disaster prevention and control, realizing large cascading failure prevention;Advanced transmission operation main role is to emphasize congestion ma nagement and reduce the risk of the large-scale railway;Advanced asset management is installed in the system can provide the system parameters and equipments (assets) "health" condition of advanced sensor, and thereal-time information collected by integrat ion and resource management, modeling and simulation process, improve the operation and efficiency of power grid.The smart grid is an important application of Internet of things, and published in the journal of computer smart grid information system archit ecture research is carried on the detailed discussion on this, and the architecture of the smart grid information system are analyzed.The market shareThe establishment of the smart grid is a huge historical works.At present many complicated smart grid project is underway, but the gap is still great.For the provider of the smart grid technology, promote the development of facing the challenges of the distribution network system i s upgrading, automation and power distribution substation transportation, smart grid network and intelligent instruments.According to the latest report of parker investigators, smart grid technology market will increase from $2012 in 33 billion to $2020 in 73 billion, eight years, the market accumulated up to $494 billion.China smart grid industry market foresight and investment forward-looking strategic planning analysis, points out that in our country will be built during the "twelfth five-year""three vertical and three horizontal and one ring" of uhv ac lines, and 11 back to u hv dc transmission project construction, investment of 300 billion yuan.Although during the period of "much starker choices-and graver consequences-in" investment slowed slightly, the investment is 250 billion yuan.By 2015, a wide range of national power grid, long distance transmission capacity will reach 250 million kilowatts, power transmission of 1.15 trillion KWH per year, to support the new 145 million kilowatts of clean energy generation given and sent out, can satisfy the demand of morethan 1 million electric cars, a grid resource configuration optimization ability, economic efficiency, safety and intelligent levels will be fully promoted.The abroad application of analysisIn terms of power grid development foundation, national electricity dema nd tends to be saturated, the grid after years of rapid development, architecture tends to be stable, mature, have a more abundant supply of electric power transmission and distribution capacity.Germany has "E - Energy plan, a total investment of 140 million euros, from 2009 to 2012, four years, six sites across the country to the smart grid demonstration experiment.At the same time also for wind power and electric car empirical experiments, testing and management of power consumption of the Internet.Big companies such as Germany's Siemens, SAP and Swiss ABB are involved in this plan.To smart grid Siemens 2014 annual market scale will reach 30 billion euros, and plans to take a 20% market share, make sure order for 6 billion euros a year.The advanced nat ureCompared with the existing grid, smart grid, reflects the power flow, information flow and business flow marked characteristics of highly integration, its advancement and advantage mainly displays in:(1) has a strong foundation of grid system and te chnical support system, able to withstand all kinds of external disturbance and attacks, can adapt to large-scale clean energy and renewable energy access, strong sex of grid reinforced and ascend.(2) the information technology, sensor technology, automatic control technology organic combination with power grid infrastructure, a panoramic view of available power grid information, timely detection, foresee the possibility of failure.Fault occurs, the grid can be quickly isolate fault,realize self recovery,to avoid the occurrence of blackouts.(3) flexible ac/dc transmission, mesh factory coordination, intelligent scheduling, power storage, and distribution automation technology widespread application, makes the control of power grid operation more flexibl e,economic, and can adapt to a large number of distributed power supply, power grid and electric vehicle charging and discharging facility access.(4) communication, information, and the integrated use of modern management technology, will greatly improve the efficiency of power equipment, and reduce the loss of electrical power, making the operation of power grid is more economic and efficient.(5) the height of the real-time and non real-time information integration, sharing and utilization, to run the show management comprehensive, complete and fine grid operation state diagram, at the same time can provide decision support, control scheme and the corresponding response plans.(6) to establish a two-way interactive service mode, users can real-time understand the status of the power supply ability, power quality, price and power outage information, reasonable arrangement of electric equipment use;The electric power enterprise can obtain the user's electricity information in detail, to provide more value-added services.developmentaltrend"Twelfth five-year" period, the state grid will invest 500 billion yuan to build the connection of large ene rgy base and center of the "three horizontal three longitudinal" main load of ultra high voltage backbone network frame and 13 back to long branch, engineering, to form the core of the world first-class strong smart grid."Strong smart grid technology standards promulgated by the state grid system planning", has been clear about the strong smart grid technology standards roadmap, is the world's first used to guide the development of smart grid technology guiding standards.SGC planning is to built 2015 basic information, automation, interaction characteristics of strong smart grid, formed in north China, central China, east China, for the end to the northwest and northeast power grid for sending the three synchronous power grid, the grid resource allocati on ability, economic efficiency and safety level, technology level and improve intelligent level.(1) the smart grid is the inevitable developing trend ofpower grid technology.Such as communication, computer, automation technology has extensive applicati on in the power grid, and organic combination with traditional electric power technology, and greatly improve the intelligent level of the power grid.Sensor technology and information technology application in the power grid, the system state analysis and auxiliary decision provides the technical support, make it possible to grid self-healing.Scheduling technology, automation technology and the mature development of flexible transmission technology, for the development and utilization of renewable energy an d distributed power supply provides the basic guarantee.The improvement of the communication network and the popularization and application of user information collection technology, promote the two-way interaction with users of the grid.With the further development of various new technologies, application and highly integrated with the physical power grid, smart grid arises at the historic moment.(2) the development of smart grid is the inevitable choice of social and economic development.In order to ach ieve the development of clean energy, transport and given power grid must increase its flexibility and compatibility.To withstand the increasingly frequent natural disasters and interference, intelligent power grid must rely on means to improve its securit y defense andself-healing ability.In order to reduce operating costs, promote energy conservation and emissions reduction, power grid operation must be more economic and efficient, at the same time must to intelligent control of electric equipment, reduce electricity consumption as much as possible.Distributed generation and energy storage technology and the rapid development of electric cars, has changed the traditional mode of power supply, led power flow, information flow, business flow constantly fusion, in order to satisfy the demands of increasingly diverse users.PlanJapan plans to all the popularity of smart grid in 2030, officer of the people at the same time to promote the construction of overseas integrated smart grid.In the field of battery, Japanese firms' global market share goal is to strive to reach 50%, with about 10 trillion yen in the market.Japan's trade ministry has set up a "about the next generation of energy systems international standardizationresearch institute", the japan-american established in Okinawa and Hawaii for smart grid experimental project [6].Learns in the itu, in 2020 China will be built in high power grid with north China, east China, China as the center, northeast, northwest 750 kv uhv power grid as the sending, connecting each big coal base, large hydropower bases, big base for nuclear power, renewable energy base, the coordinated development of various grid strong smart grid.In north China, east China, China high voltage synchronous ZhuWangJia six "five longitudi nal and transverse" grid formation.The direction ofIn the green energy saving consciousness, driven by the smart grid to become the world's countries to develop a focus areas.The smart grid is the electric power network, is a self-healing, let consum ers to actively participate in, can recover from attacks and natural disasters in time, to accommodate all power generation and energy storage, can accept the new product, service and market, optimize asset utilization and operation efficiency, provide qua lity of power supply for digital economy.Smart grid based on integrated, high-speed bidirectional communication network foundation, aims to use advanced sensor and measuring technology, advanced equipment, technology and advanced control methods, and adv anced technology of decision support system, realize the power grid reliability, security, economic, efficient, environmental friendly, and the use of safe run efficiently.Its development is a gradual progressive evolution, is a radical change, is the product of the coordinated development of new and existing technologies, in ad dition to the network and smart meters also included the wider range.Grid construction in high voltage network backbone network frame, all levels of the coordinated development, informatization, automation, interaction into the characteristics of strong smart grid, improve network security, economy, adaptability and interactivity, strength is the foundation, intelligence is the key.meaningIts significance is embodied in the foll owing aspects:(1) has the strong ability of resources optimization allocation.After the completion of the smart grid in China, will implement the big water and electricity, coal, nuclear power, large-scale renewable energy across regions, long distance, large capacity, low loss, high efficiency, regional power exchange capacity improved significantly.(2) have a higher level of safe and stable operation.Grid stability and power supply reliability will be improved, the safety of the power grid close coord ination between all levels of line, have theability to against sudden events and serious fault, can effectively avoid the happening of a wide range of chain failure, improve power supply reliability, reduce the power loss.(3) to adapt and promote the dev elopment of clean energy.Grid will have wind turbines power prediction and dynamic modeling, low voltage across, and active reactive power control and regular units quickly adjust control mechanism, combined with the application of large capacity storage technology, the operation control of the clean energy interconnection capacity will significantly increased, and make clean energy the more economical, efficient and reliable way of energy supply.(4)implementing highly intelligent power grid scheduling.Co mpleted vertical integration, horizontal well versed in the smart grid scheduling technology support system, realize the grid online intelligent analysis, early warning and decision-making, and all kinds of new transmission technology and equipment of effi cient control and lean control of ac/dc hybrid power grid.(5)can satisfy the demands of electric cars and other new type electric power user services.Would be a perfect electric vehicle charging and discharging supporting infrastructure network, can meet the needs of the development of the electric car industry, to meet the needs of users, realize high interaction of electric vehicles and power grid.(6) realize high utilization and whole grid assets life cycle management.Can realize electric grid system of the whole life cycle management plan.Through smart grid scheduling and demand side management, power grid assets utilization hours, power grid assets efficiency improvedsignificantly.(7) to realize power convenient interaction between the user and the grid.Will form a smart electricity interactive platform, improving the demand side management, to provide users with high-quality electric power service.At the same time, the comprehensive utilization of the grid can be distributed power supply, intelli gent watt-hour meter, time-sharing electricity price policy and the electric vehicle charging and discharging mechanism, effectively balance electric load, reduce the peak valley load difference, reduce the power grid and power construction costs.(8)grid management informatization and the lean.Covering power grid will each link of communication network system, realize the power grid operation maintenance integrated regulation, data management, information grid spatial information services, and production and scheduling application integration, and other functions, to realize all-sided management informatization and the lean.(9) grid infrastructure of value-added service potential into full play.In power at the same time, the national strategy of "triple play" of services, to provide users with community advertising, network television, voice and other integrated services, such as water supply, heating, gas industry informatization, interactive platform support, expand the range of value-added services and improve the grid infrastructure and capacity, vigorously promote the development of smart city.(10)Gridto promote the rapid development of related industries.Electric power industry belongsto the capital-intensive and technology-intensive industry, has the characteristics of huge investment, long industrial chain.Construction of smart grid, which is beneficial to promote equipment manufacturing information and communication industry technology upgrade, for our country to occupy the high ground to lay the foundation in the field of electric power equipment manufacturing.Important significanceLife is convenientThe construction of strong smart grid, will promote the development of intelligent community, smart city, improve people's quality of life.(1) to make life more convenient.Home intelligent power system can not onlyrealize the real-time control of intelligent home appliances such as air conditioning, water heater and remote control;And can provide telecommunication network, Internet, radio and television network access services;Through intelligent watt-hour meter will also be able to achieve au tomatic meter reading and automatic transfer fee, and other functions.(2) to make life more low carbon.Smart grid can access to the small family unit such as wind power and photovoltaic roof, pushing forward the large-scale application of electric cars, so as to raise the proportion of clean energy consumption, reduce the pollution of the city.(3) to make life more economical.The smart grid can promote power user role transformation, both electricity and sell electricity twofold properties;To build a family for the user electricity integrated services platform, to help users choose the way of electricity, save energy, reduce the energy expense.Produce benefitThe development of a strong smart grid, the grid function gradually extended to promote the optim al allocation of energy resources, guarantee the safe and stable operation of power system, providing multiple open power service, promote the development of strategic emerging industries, and many other aspects.As China's important energy delivery and configuration platform, strong and smart grid from the investment construction to the operation of production process will be for the national economic development, energy production and use, environmental protection bring great benefits.(1)in power system.Can save system effective capacity;Reducing the system total power generation fuel cost;Improving the efficiency of grid equipment, reduce construction investment;Ascension grid transmission efficiency, reduce the line loss.(2)in terms of power customers.Can realize the bidirectional interaction, to provide convenient services;Improving terminal energy efficiency, save power consumption;To improve power supply reliability, and improve power quality.(3) in the aspect of energy saving and environment.Can improve the efficiency of energy utilization, energy conservation and emissions reduction benefit.To promote clean energy development, realize the alternative reductionbenefits;Promote the overall utilization of land resources, saving land usage.(4) other aspects.Can promote the economic development, jobs;To ensure the safety of energy supply;Coal for power transmission and improve the efficiency of energy conversion, reducing the transportation pressure.Propulsion system(1) can effectively improve t he security of power system and power supply e of strong smart grid "self-healing" function, can accurately and quickly isolate the fault components, and in the case of less manual intervention make the system quickly returned to normal, so as to improve the security and reliability of power supply system.(2) the power grid to realize the sustainable development.Strong smart grid technology innovation can promote the power grid construction, implementation technology, equipment, operation an d management of all aspects of ascension, to adapt to the electric power market demand, promote the scientific and sustainable development of power grid.(3) reduce the effective ing the power load characteristics in different regions of the ch aracteristics of big differences through the unification of the intelligent dispatching, the peakand peak shaving, such as networking benefit;At the same time through the time-sharing electricity price mechanism, and guide customers low power, reduce the peak load, so as to reduce the effective capacity.(4) to reduce the system power generation fuel costs.Construction of strong smart grid, which can meet the intensive development of coal base, optimization of power distribution in our country, thereby red ucing fuel transportation cost;At the same time, by reducing the peak valley load difference, can improve the efficiency of thermal power unit, reduce the coal consumption, reduce the cost.(5)improve the utilization efficiency of grid equipment.First of all, by improving the power load curve, reduce the peak valley is poor, improve the utilization efficiency of grid equipment;Second, by self diagnosis, extend the life of the grid infrastructure.(6) reduce the line loss.On the important basis of uhv transmission technology of strong smart grid, will greatly reduce the loss rate in the electric power transmission;Intelligent scheduling system, flexible transmission technology and real-time two-way interaction with customers, can optimize the tide distribut ion, reducing line loss;At the same time, the construction and application of distributed power supply, also reduce the network loss of power transmission over a long distance.Allocation of resourcesEnergy resources and energy demand in the reverse distribution in our country, more than 80% of the coal, water power and wind power resource distribution in the west, north, and more than 75% of the energy demand is concentrated in the eastern and central regions.Energy resources and energy demand unbalance d distribution of basic national conditions, demand of energy needs to be implemented nationwide resource optimizing configuration.The construction of strong smart grid, for optimal allocation of energy resources provides a good platform.Strong smart grid is completed, will form a strong structure and sending by the end of the power grid power grid, power capacity significantly strengthened, and the formation of the intensity, stiffness of uhv power transmission network, realize the big water and electricit y, coal, nuclear power, large-scale renewable energy across regions, long distance, large capacity, low loss, high efficiency transport capacity significantly increased power a wide range of energy resources optimization.Energy developmentThe development and utilization of clean energy such as wind power and solar energy to produce electricity is given priority to, in the form of the construction of strong smart grid can significantly improve the grid's ability to access, given and adjust clean energy, vigorously promote the development of clean energy.(1) smart grid, the application of advanced control technology and energy storage technology, perfect the grid-connected clean energy technology standards, improve the clean energy acceptance ability.Clean energy base, (2) the smart grid, rational planning of large-scale space truss structure and sending the power structure, application of uhv, flexible transmission technology, meet the requirements of the large-scale clean energy electricitytransmission.(3) the smart grid for large-scale intermittent clean energy to carry on the reasonable and economic operation, improve the operation performance of clean energy production.(4) intelligent with electric equipment, can achieve acceptance and coordinated cont rol of distributed energy, realize the friendly interaction with the user, the user to enjoy the advantages of new energy power.Energy conservation and emissions reductionStrong smart grid construction to promote energy conservation and emissions reduc tion,development of low carbon economy is of great significance: (1) to support large-scale clean energy unit net, accelerate the development of clean energy, promote our country the optimization of energy structure adjustment;(2) to guide users reasonable arrangement of electricity, reducing peak load, stable thermal power unit output, reduce power generation coal consumption;(3) promote ultra-high voltage, flexible transmission, promotion and application of advanced technology such as economic operation, reduce the transmission loss, improve power grid operation efficiency;(4) to realize the power grid to interact with users effectively, promote intelligent power technology, improve the efficiency of electricity;(5) to promote the electric car of large-scale application, promote the development of low-carbon economy, achieve emission reduction benefits.There are three milestones of the concept of smart grid development:The first is 2006, the United States "smart grid" put forward by the IBM solution.IBM smart grid is mainly to solve, improve reliability and safety of power grid from its release in China, the construction of the smart grid operations management innovation - the new train of thought on the development of China's power "the white paper can be seen that the scheme provides a larger framework, through to the electric power production, transmission, the optimization of all aspects of retail management, for the relevant enterprises to improve operation efficiency and reliability, reduce cost dep icts a blueprint.IBM is a marketing strategy.The second is the energy plan put forward by the Obama took office, in addition to the published plan, the United States will also focus on cost $120 billion a year circuit。

Strengths优势All these private sector banks hold strong position on CRM part, they have professional, dedicated and well-trained employees.所以这些私人银行在客户管理部分都持支持态度，他们拥有专业的、细致的、训练有素的员工。

Private sector banks offer a wide range of banking and financial products and financial services to corporate and retail customers through a variety of delivery channels such as ATMs, Internet-banking, mobile-banking, etc. 私有银行通过许多传递通道（如自动取款机、网上银行、手机银行等）提供大范围的银行和金融产品、金融服务进行合作并向客户零售。

The area could be Investment management banking, life and non-life insurance, venture capital and asset management, retail loans such as home loans, personal loans, educational loans, car loans, consumer durable loans, credit cards, etc. 涉及的领域包括投资管理银行、生命和非生命保险、风险投资与资产管理、零售贷款（如家庭贷款、个人贷款、教育贷款、汽车贷款、耐用消费品贷款、信用卡等）。

Private sector banks focus on customization of products that are designed to meet the specific needs of customers. 私人银行主要致力于为一些特殊需求的客户进行设计和产品定制。

因为学校对毕业论文中的外文翻译并无规定，为统一起见,特做以下要求：1、每篇字数为1500字左右，共两篇；2、每篇由两部分组成:译文+原文.3 附件中是一篇范本，具体字号、字体已标注。

外文翻译（包含原文)(宋体四号加粗）外文翻译一（宋体四号加粗）作者：(宋体小四号加粗）Kim Mee Hyun Director, Policy Research & Development Team，Korean Film Council（小四号）出处：(宋体小四号加粗)Korean Cinema from Origins to Renaissance(P358～P340) 韩国电影的发展及前景（标题：宋体四号加粗）1996～现在数量上的增长(正文:宋体小四）在过去的十年间，韩国电影经历了难以置信的增长。

上个世纪60年代，韩国电影迅速崛起，然而很快便陷入停滞状态,直到90年代以后，韩国电影又重新进入繁盛时期。

在这个时期，韩国电影在数量上并没有大幅的增长，但多部电影的观影人数达到了上千万人次。

1996年，韩国本土电影的市场占有量只有23.1%。

但是到了1998年，市场占有量增长到35。

8%，到2001年更是达到了50%。

虽然从1996年开始，韩国电影一直处在不断上升的过程中，但是直到1999年姜帝圭导演的《生死谍变》的成功才诞生了韩国电影的又一个高峰。

虽然《生死谍变》创造了韩国电影史上的最高电影票房纪录，但是1999年以后最高票房纪录几乎每年都会被刷新。

当人们都在津津乐道所谓的“韩国大片”时，2000年朴赞郁导演的《共同警备区JSA》和2001年郭暻泽导演的《朋友》均成功刷新了韩国电影最高票房纪录.2003年康佑硕导演的《实尾岛》和2004年姜帝圭导演的又一部力作《太极旗飘扬》开创了观影人数上千万人次的时代。

姜帝圭和康佑硕导演在韩国电影票房史上扮演了十分重要的角色。

从1993年的《特警冤家》到2003年的《实尾岛》，康佑硕导演了多部成功的电影。

本科毕业论文外文参考文献译文及原文学院经济与贸易学院专业经济学（贸易方向）年级班别2007级 1 班学号3207004154学生姓名欧阳倩指导教师童雪晖2010 年 6 月 3 日目录1 外文文献译文（一）中国银行业的改革和盈利能力（第1、2、4部分） (1)2 外文文献原文（一）CHINA’S BANKING REFORM AND PROFITABILITY（Part 1、2、4） (9)1概述世界银行（1997年）曾声称，中国的金融业是其经济的软肋。

当一国的经济增长的可持续性岌岌可危的时候，金融业的改革一直被认为是提高资金使用效率和消费型经济增长重新走向平衡的必要（Lardy，1998年，Prasad，2007年）。

事实上，不久前，中国的国有银行被视为“技术上破产”，它们的生存需要依靠充裕的国家流动资金。

但是，在银行改革开展以来，最近，强劲的盈利能力已恢复到国有商业银行的水平。

但自从中国的国有银行在不久之前已经走上了改革的道路，它可能过早宣布银行业的改革尚未取得完全的胜利。

此外，其坚实的财务表现虽然强劲，但不可持续增长。

随着经济增长在2008年全球经济衰退得带动下已经开始软化，银行预计将在一个比以前更加困难的经济形势下探索。

本文的目的不是要评价银行业改革对银行业绩的影响，这在一个完整的信贷周期后更好解决。

相反，我们的目标是通过审查改革的进展和银行改革战略，并分析其近期改革后的强劲的财务表现，但是这不能完全从迄今所进行的改革努力分离。

本文有三个部分。

在第二节中，我们回顾了中国的大型国有银行改革的战略，以及其执行情况，这是中国银行业改革的主要目标。

第三节中分析了2007年的财务表现集中在那些在市场上拥有浮动股份的四大国有商业银行：中国工商银行（工商银行），中国建设银行（建行），对中国银行（中银）和交通银行（交通银行）。

引人注目的是中国农业银行，它仍然处于重组上市过程中得适当时候的后期。

第四节总结一个对银行绩效评估。

毕业论文外文翻译格式毕业论文外文翻译格式在撰写毕业论文时，外文翻译是一个重要的环节。

无论是引用外文文献还是翻译相关内容，都需要遵循一定的格式和规范。

本文将介绍一些常见的外文翻译格式，并探讨其重要性和应用。

首先，对于引用外文文献的格式，最常见的是使用APA（American Psychological Association）格式。

这种格式要求在引用外文文献时，先列出作者的姓氏和名字的首字母，然后是出版年份、文章标题、期刊名称、卷号和页码。

例如：Smith, J. D. (2010). The impact of climate change on biodiversity. Environmental Science, 15(2), 145-156.在翻译外文文献时，需要注意保持原文的准确性和完整性。

尽量避免意译或添加自己的解释，以免歪曲原文的意思。

同时，还需要在翻译后的文献后面加上“译者”和“翻译日期”的信息，以便读者可以追溯翻译的来源和时间。

其次，对于翻译相关内容的格式，可以参考国际标准组织ISO（International Organization for Standardization）的格式。

这种格式要求在翻译相关内容时，先列出原文，然后是翻译后的文本。

例如：原文：The importance of effective communication in the workplace cannot be overstated.翻译：工作场所有效沟通的重要性不容忽视。

在翻译相关内容时，需要注意保持原文的意思和语气。

尽量使用准确的词汇和语法结构，以便读者能够理解和接受翻译后的内容。

同时，还需要在翻译后的文本后面加上“翻译者”和“翻译日期”的信息，以便读者可以追溯翻译的来源和时间。

此外，对于长篇外文文献的翻译，可以考虑将其分成若干章节，并在每个章节前面加上章节标题。

这样可以使读者更容易理解和阅读翻译后的内容。

毕业设计外文资料翻译原文题目：The Design and Retorfit of Buildings for Resistance to Blast-Induced Progressive Collapse 译文题目：建筑物的设计和改造抵抗由爆炸冲击引起的建筑物的连续倒塌院系名称：土木建筑学院专业班级：土木工程0303班学生姓名：吴建明学号：20034040332指导教师：白杨教师职称：讲师附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。

指导教师评语及成绩：签名： 2010年 4月 12日附件1：外文资料翻译译文译文标题（3号黑体，居中）×××××××××（小4号宋体，1.5倍行距）×××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××…………。

（要求不少于3000汉字）建筑物的设计和改造抵抗由爆炸冲击引起的建筑物的连续倒塌1.简介在近现代史中，极端的爆炸事件推动了现有的设计方法和规范重新评估冲击荷载对建筑结构和它们的居住着的影响。

外文翻译原文1（中文宋体、英文Times New Roman Title of media choices, especially the Internet, prestige.Author （宋体小四顶格）：Nationality （宋体小四顶格）：Originate from （宋体小四顶格）：译文1（中文宋体、英文Times New Roman译文标题作者国籍（宋体小四顶格）：出处（宋体小四顶格）：附件3外文翻译原文1Information technology capability and valueInformation technology (IT) has become an essential element of firm capability and a source of sustainable competitive advantage. Although it is widely accepted that IT resources contribute to performance and future growth potential of the firm, the empirical results of the relationship between IT capability and firm performance is still ambiguous [1,2]. The unavailability of publicly available data, the accelerated pace of IT innovation,the possible interactive effects betweenHypothesis 2 predicts that the relationship between human capital investment and firm performance will be positive and results from all the five models strongly support this hypothesis.Alternative Hypotheses 3A and 3B predict the possible interaction effects of IT capability and human capital investment on firm performance. Results from Models 1, 2 and 3 support Hypothesis 3B.……作者：Zorayda Ruth B.Andam国籍：菲律宾出处：Amercan Management Association译文1信息技术能力和价值创造：来自美国银行业的实证信息技术已成为企业能力的一个重要组成部分和可持续竞争优势的资源之一。

Executive SummaryExtracted fromNIST NCSTAR 1-4 (Draft)Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center DisasterActive Fire Protection Systems (Draft)E XECUTIVE S UMMARYIn the event of a fire in a building, the safety of occupants and first responders and the protection of property is accomplished through a combination of passive and active means. A passive fire protection system is one which is an integral part of the building layout and materials of construction, such as partitions to confine the fire, a stairway to assist rapid evacuation, or spray-on fire proofing to increase the fire resistance of a load-bearing steel structure. Active fire protection systems are designed to come into play only when a fire is present and require activation through a combination of sensors or mechanical means. The active fire protection systems in World Trade Center (WTC) 1, 2, and 7 consisted of fire sensors and alarms, notification systems, sprinklers, water supplies, and smoke management systems. Active and passive fire protection systems work together to control the spread of the fire and maintain the integrity of the structure; however, the fire department is always relied upon to fully extinguish the fire and rescue occupants who may be immobilized.The automatic fire sprinkler systems in WTC 1, 2, and 7 were the first line of defense. Water stored in the building from public sources or pumped from fire apparatus was supplied through dedicated piping to the area of the fire. Also present in the buildings were hoses, preconnected to a water supply through standpipes located in the stairwells and other utility shafts. The standpipes provided hose connections at each floor for The Fire Department of the City of New York (FDNY). In addition, standpipe preconnected hoses were installed for trained occupants to manually suppress fires.The heart of the fire detection system was the automatic fire alarm and emergency notification system. Occupants in the building depended on this system to detect fires and provide information for emergency evacuation. Capabilities were also designed for the ventilation system to operate in a way to purge smoke produced by fires from the building. Smoke purge was intended to be used for post-fire clean-up but could be used during a fire event at the discretion of the FDNY.This report includes an examination of the design and installation of the active fire protection systems in WTC 1, 2, and 7 and a description of the normal operation of fully functional systems and their potential effect on controlling the fires on September 11, 2001. The applicable building and fire codes and standards, as well as the history of fires in these buildings, are also documented.FIRESPRIOR TO SEPTEMBER 11, 2001E.1 SIGNIFICANTSignificant fires in WTC 1, 2, and 7 prior to September 11, 2001, were of interest to the investigation, particularly those that activated multiple sprinklers or where hoses were used to suppress the fires. Because the records of fire events in the buildings maintained by The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ) were destroyed in the fire and collapse of WTC 1, information available for study was limited to that from FDNY fire and investigation reports.A major fire occurring in WTC 1 in 1975, prior to the installation of sprinklers, and the bombing of the WTC towers in 1993 were the most significant incidents in the history of these buildings. In addition,47 other fires were identified that were substantial enough to activate a sprinkler or require hoses to suppress the fire. Sixteen fire incidents exercised multiple sprinklers or multiple standpipe connectedExecutive Summary Draft for Public Comment hoses (with or without the activation of at least one sprinkler). Thirty-one fires involved the use of one standpipe hose or one standpipe hose and discharge of one sprinkler. Only three fires were identified to have occurred in WTC 7 prior to 2001. The FDNY fire reports and fire investigation records obtained by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) indicate that in areas protected by automatic sprinklers, no fire activated more than three sprinklers.AND PRECONNECTED HOSE SYSTEMS E.2 SPRINKLERS,STANDPIPES,The evaluation of the sprinklers, standpipes, and preconnected hose systems was performed by subject experts at Hughes Associates, Inc., under contract to NIST. The project documented the design, installation, and operation of the fire suppression systems in WTC 1, 2, and 7; evaluated the consistency of the sprinkler and standpipe systems installations with best engineering practices; described the New York City (NYC) water supply system and evaluated the sprinkler system water supply; and estimated suppression system performance when challenged with design fire scenarios assumed in standard engineering practice as well as with a fire scenario similar to that which occurred on September 11, 2001. Major features of the fire suppression systems are documented based on a review of the available information. In addition to describing in detail the sprinkler, standpipe, and preconnected hose systems, special fire suppression systems are briefly discussed. System features documented include riser systems, zone arrangements, water tanks, pumps, fire department connections, control valves, and hose rack arrangements. Additionally, documentation of the sprinkler, standpipe, and preconnected hose system installations was examined for consistency with the applicable installation standards and state-of-the-art engineering practices at the time of system installation.A description of the NYC water supply, including sizes, locations, and directions of water mains surrounding the WTC complex and distribution system within the buildings is provided to adequately evaluate the primary source of water for the automatic sprinkler and hose systems. Adequacy of the sprinkler system water supply was based on a detailed review of the available documentation. Flow capacity and duration of water supplies to the installed sprinkler systems were estimated using industry-accepted software. Hydraulic calculations were performed with variations in primary and secondary water supplies, the number of sprinklers flowing, and floor level elevations. The results from the calculations were used to evaluate the expected sprinkler system performance.Multiple fire scenarios were analyzed in order to more fully understand the potential impact of the suppression systems to provide the flow of water required to control typical office fires within high-rise buildings. The analysis included single fires on different floors in the towers and in WTC 7 with various combinations of sprinklers activated and with primary and secondary water supplies. Additionally, hydraulic calculations based on simultaneous fires on up to a total of nine floors were performed. Estimates of suppression system performance in WTC 1, 2, and 7 on September 11, 2001, were also made.The following list summarizes the findings of the suppression and water supply study:•Except for specific areas that were exempted from required sprinkler coverage, sprinklers were installed throughout WTC 1, 2, and 7 on September 11, 2001.Draft for Public Comment Executive Summary •According to the documentation examined, the fire suppression systems in WTC 1, 2, and 7 were installed, for the most part, in a manner consistent with state-of-the-art practices inexistence at the time of their installation. The installations as documented, with severalminor exceptions, would satisfy current best practices.•Storage tanks, along with direct connections to the NYC water distribution system, supplied water for WTC 1 and WTC 2, and for floors 21 through 47 of WTC 7. Fire suppressionsystems for floors 1 through 20 in WTC 7 were supplied directly through the NYC waterdistribution system and an automatic fire pump, with no secondary supply.•The installation of the supply piping from the storage tanks on the 110th floor in WTC 1 and WTC 2 resulted in restricted flow capacity to several floors. The flow capacity was sufficientto supply the suppression systems, but the installation was not consistent with currentengineering best practices.•The suppression systems in WTC 1, 2, and 7 required manual initiation of the electrical fire pumps in order to provide supplemental water. An automatic supplemental water supply hasbeen required by National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 14 for some time andrepresents best practice. Due to extensive damage to the sprinkler and standpipe systems inWTC 1 and WTC 2 on September 11, 2001, it is doubtful that automatic pumps would havemade any difference in performance.•The supply risers for automatic sprinkler systems in WTC 1, 2, and 7 were configured to provide redundant capabilities. However, the sprinkler floor level controls were installedwith one connection to the sprinkler water riser. This represented a single point of failurelocation for the water supply to the sprinklers on that floor.•The water flow capacities of the sprinkler systems installed in WTC 1, 2, and 7 were designed to provide densities considerably greater than typically provided for high-rise officebuildings. Based on hydraulic calculations, it was estimated that the sprinkler systems couldhave controlled a typical fire at a coverage area up to two to three times the specific designarea of 1,500 ft2. However, a coverage area of 4,500 ft2 constitutes less than 15 percent ofthe area of a single floor.•The standpipe and preconnected hose systems were consistent with the applicable requirements in the Building Code of New York City (BCNYC). They were not consistentwith the flow rates and durations specified by NFPA 13.•The loading berth and fuel oil pump rooms in WTC 7 were protected by dry-pipe sprinkler systems. The first floor room containing the 6,000 gal fuel oil tank was protected by anInergen clean agent fire suppression system.•The fifth floor generator room was not equipped with a sprinkler system, consistent with the BCNYC. No information was found that indicated that the generator/fuel day-tankenclosures elsewhere in WTC 7 were protected by a fire suppression system.Executive Summary Draft for Public Comment •Primary and backup power were provided in all three buildings, but the absence of remote redundancy of the power lines to emergency fire pumps could have affected the operability ofthe sprinkler and standpipe systems once power was lost.•Due to the magnitude of the initial fires and the likely aircraft impact-induced damage sustained to the suppression systems infrastructures in WTC 1 and WTC 2, it is notunexpected that the suppression systems present in these buildings failed to control the fireson September 11, 2001.E.3 FIRE ALARM SYSTEMSThe evaluation of the fire alarm systems, a review of applicable codes and standards, documentation of the normal operation of fully functional fire alarm systems, and their potential performance in WTC 1, 2, and 7 on September 11, 2001, were performed by subject experts at Rolf Jensen and Associates, Inc., under contract to NIST.Major features of the fire alarm systems in WTC 1, 2, and 7 are described based on a review of the available documentation. Details on the fire command station, fire alarm system functions, fire alarm system installation criteria, control panel configurations, fire alarm devices, and firefighter telephone system are provided. Additionally, the staff emergency response plan that provided direction for emergency response is outlined. The responsibilities of the fire safety director, deputy fire directors, assistant fire safety coordinator, and floor wardens are described.For WTC 1 and WTC 2, performance on September 1, 2001, was documented based on brief images of illuminated status lamps on the system’s control panels, which were filmed during the event, and through interviews with people who were in the buildings at the time. The performance of the WTC 7 fire alarm system was assessed on the basis of the printout of the fire alarm system’s remote monitoring system.The following is a summary of findings based upon the review of the building designs and analysis of the various fire alarm systems:•Because the WTC 1 and WTC 2 fire alarm system required manual activation to notify building occupants, the alarm signal was delayed until 12 min after impact in WTC 1.•The telephone circuits and the notification appliance circuits were not required to have the same performance requirements as the signaling line circuits.•Attempts were made to use the firefighter telephone systems in WTC 1 and WTC 2 on September 11, 2001; however the system was not functioning.•Although the fire alarm systems in WTC 1 and WTC 2 used multiple communication path risers, the systems experienced performance degradation, especially in WTC 1 where all firealarm notification and communication functions appear to have been lost above the floors ofimpact.Draft for Public Comment Executive Summary •The fire alarm system installed in WTC 7 sent to the monitoring company only one signal indicating a fire condition in the building on September 11, 2001. This signal did not containany specific information about the location of the fire within the building.E.4 SMOKEMANAGEMENTSubject experts at Hughes Associates, Inc., under contract to NIST, evaluated the design and installation of the smoke management systems in WTC 1, 2, and 7, reviewed applicable codes and standards, and documented the normal operation of the fully functional smoke management systems and their potential effect on smoke conditions in WTC 1 and WTC 2 on September 11, 2001.The review of building codes and standards determined those that were applicable to WTC 1, 2, and 7. Specifically, the versions of BCNYC that applied and the local laws that were enacted which pertain to smoke management are presented. This review was used as a basis for documenting building designs and evaluating system performance. Descriptions are provided of the basic architecture of each building as it pertains to the establishment of smoke control zones, heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) components and layout relevant to smoke management, and sequences of operation of smoke management systems (i.e., activation of fans and positioning of dampers to control airflow during smoke control operations).Smoke management system performance of WTC 1 and WTC 2 was evaluated based on the understanding of the systems developed during the design reviews. Analysis was performed using industry-accepted software to analyze the interaction between the building and the HVAC systems to determine the extent to which building pressures could be maintained in order to control or prevent the spread of smoke from a zone of fire origin to the rest of the building. The ability of the documented smoke management system to perform under typical design fire scenarios was analyzed along with the ability of the – assumed to be fully functional – system to perform given the damage sustained and the extreme fire/smoke conditions that developed as a result of aircraft impacts on the building.In order to more fully understand the potential impact of smoke management systems within high-rise buildings, multiple smoke management strategies, design fire scenarios, building configurations and weather conditions were analyzed. In total, a set of 180 simulations were performed, and results were evaluated.The following are findings from the evaluation of the smoke management systems:•The smoke management systems in WTC 1 and WTC 2 were not initiated onSeptember 11, 2001.•Had the smoke purge sequence been initiated in WTC 1 or WTC 2, it is unlikely the system would have functioned as designed, due to damage caused by aircraft impacts.•WTC 1 and WTC 2 were not required by the 1968 BCNYC, as amended by Local Law 5 and Local Law 86, to have active smoke and heat venting and/or stair pressurization because theycontained automatic sprinklers throughout.Executive Summary Draft for Public Comment •Even if fully operational, none of the potential smoke management systems evaluated would have prevented smoke spread given the damage caused by aircraft impact.•During the events occurring on September 11, 2001, stair pressurization would have been ineffective in improving conditions for occupants trying to exit the building.•Installation of combination fire/smoke dampers in HVAC ductwork, which was not required in WTC 1 or WTC 2, may have acted to slow the development of hazardous conditions on theuppermost floors of the building, but would likely not have had a significant effect on theability of occupants to egress the building due to the impassibility of the exit stairways.。

外文翻译规范要求及模版格式
外文中文翻译规范要求及模板格式可以根据不同的需求和行业标准而有所不同。

以下是一些常见的外文中文翻译规范要求及模板格式的建议：1.规范要求：
-准确性和完整性：翻译应准确无误地传达原文的意思，并尽可能保持原文的完整性。

-语法和拼写：翻译应符合中文语法和拼写规范，避免使用口语化或地方性的表达方式。

-文化适应性：翻译应根据目标读者的背景和文化习俗进行适当增删或修改，以确保易于理解。

-确保一致性：在同一文档中，相同的术语和表达应保持一致，以避免混淆和歧义。

2.模板格式：
-标题：可以使用与原文相同或相似的标题格式，并在括号中注明翻译为中文。

-段落和换行：根据原文的段落结构进行适当的调整，并在新段落前留出空行。

-标点符号：根据中文标点符号使用习惯进行调整，保持句子的结构和逻辑清晰。

-术语和专业名词：对于特定的术语和专业名词，可以在括号或脚注中提供更详细的解释或注释。

-引用和注释：如有必要，可以在翻译中包含引用和注释，以提供更多的背景信息和解释。

此外，根据具体需求，还可以根据公司或机构的翻译要求进行格式调整，例如使用特定的字体、字号、页边距等。

因此，在进行外文中文翻译之前，最好与相关方沟通明确具体的规范要求。

外文翻译范例在全球化日益加深的今天，外文翻译的重要性愈发凸显。

无论是学术研究、商务交流，还是文化传播，准确而流畅的外文翻译都起着至关重要的桥梁作用。

下面为大家呈现几个不同领域的外文翻译范例，以帮助大家更好地理解和掌握外文翻译的技巧与要点。

一、科技文献翻译原文：The development of artificial intelligence has brought about revolutionary changes in various fields, such as healthcare, finance, and transportation译文：人工智能的发展给医疗保健、金融和交通运输等各个领域带来了革命性的变化。

在这个范例中，翻译准确地传达了原文的意思。

“artificial intelligence”被准确地翻译为“人工智能”，“revolutionary changes”翻译为“革命性的变化”，“various fields”翻译为“各个领域”，用词准确、贴切，符合科技文献严谨、客观的语言风格。

二、商务合同翻译原文：This Agreement shall commence on the effective date and shall continue in force for a period of five years, unless earlier terminated in accordance with the provisions herein译文：本协议自生效日起生效，并将持续有效五年，除非根据本协议的规定提前终止。

商务合同的翻译需要格外注重准确性和专业性。

上述译文中，“commence”翻译为“生效”，“in force”翻译为“有效”，“terminated”翻译为“终止”，清晰准确地表达了合同条款的含义，避免了可能的歧义。

三、文学作品翻译原文：The sun was setting, painting the sky with hues of orange and pink, as if nature were a master artist at work译文：太阳正在西沉，把天空涂成了橙色和粉色，仿佛大自然是一位正在创作的艺术大师。