communicative language teaching method

英语教学方法English Teaching Methods。

Teaching English as a second language can be a challenging task, especially when it comes to choosing the most effective teaching methods. In this document, we will explore various English teaching methods and their advantages and disadvantages, aiming to provide educators with a comprehensive understanding of how to effectively teach English to non-native speakers.1. Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)。

CLT is an approach to language teaching that emphasizes interaction as both the means and the ultimate goal of learning a language. This method focuses on real-life communication and encourages students to use the language in authentic contexts. By engaging in meaningful conversations, role-plays, and language games, students can develop their language skills in a natural and enjoyable way. However, one potential drawback of CLT is that it may not sufficiently address the grammatical accuracy of the language.2. Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT)。

交际教学法Communicative Language Teaching一、引言交际教学法产生于二十世纪七十年代,现在已成为国内外众多学者研究的重点之一。

总体来说,交际教学法的发展有效的弥补了翻译法和认知法等教学方法只重语法规则而忽略语言使用的缺陷,极大了促进了英语语言教学的发展。

但是交际教学法在实施的过程当中还有许多问题应该注意。

交际教学法的特点为：坚持以学生为中心开展教学激发学生的学习兴趣；把握课堂教学的灵活性和趣味性；开展丰富多彩的课堂语言交际活动；进行语境化教学二、交际教学法的产生与发展历程交际教学法(Communicative Language Teaching)产生于二十世纪六七十年代。

1957年Chomsky认为语言结构理论已经难以解释语言的基本特点,他提出了语言能力(Linguistic Competence)和语言行为(Linguistic Performance)两个概念。

而Hymes (1972)认为,语言不仅包含语言知识(language knowledge),也应该包含语言应用能力(language use ability),因此他在Chomsky对语言能力和语言行为划分地基础之上提出了交际能力(Communicative Competence)。

Hymes认为,一个人语言掌握的好坏,不仅在于语法规则的正确,也在于能在特定的语境中恰如其分的运用语言。

这就扩大了语言和语言使用能力的内涵意义,涉及到了语言使用者语言之外的知识(陈坚林,2000)。

Halliday对Hymes提出的交际能力做了有益的补充,他为,语言是为交际服务的工具,教学不仅要教会学生正确的语法规则,更要培训学生如何使用语言达到交际的目的。

在此基础之上,以学生为中心,分析学生的交际需求和学习动机的教学实践和科研得以进一步发展,而实践和科研的成果又进一步促进了交际教学法理论的丰富和完善。

对交际教学法做出突出贡献的还有Widdowson、Richard和Schmidt。

communicativelanguageteaching交际语⾔教学法Communicative language teachingFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaCommunicative language teaching (CLT), or the communicative approach, isan approach to language teaching that emphasizes interaction as both the means and the ultimate goal of study. Language learners in environments utilizing CLT techniques learn and practice the target language through interaction with one another and the instructor, study of "authentic texts" (those written in the target language for purposes other than language learning), and use of the language in class combined with use of the language outside of class. Learners converse about personal experiences with partners, andinstructors teach topics outside of the realm of traditional grammar in order to promote language skills in all types of situations. This method also claims to encourage learners to incorporate their personal experiences into their language learning environment and focus on the learning experience in addition to the learning of the target language.[1] According to CLT, the goal of language education is the ability to communicate in the targetlanguage.[2] This is in contrast to previous views in which grammatical competence was commonly given top priority.[3] CLT also focuses on the teacher being a facilitator, rather than an instructor. Furthermore, the approach is a non-methodical system that does not use a textbook series to teach English but rather works on developing sound oral/verbal skills prior to reading and writing.Contents[hide]1Backgroundo 1.1Societal influenceso 1.2Academic influences2Classroom activitieso 2.1Role-playo 2.2Interviewso 2.3Group worko 2.4Information gapo 2.5Opinion sharingo 2.6Scavenger hunt3Critiques4See also5References6Further readingSocietal influences[edit]Language teaching was originally considered a cognitive matter, mainly involving memorization. It was later thought, instead, to be socio-cognitive, meaning that language can be learned through the process of social interaction. Today, however, the dominant technique in teaching any language is communicative language teaching (CLT).[4]It was Noam Chomsky's theories in the 1960s, focusing on competence and performance in language learning, that gave riseto communicative language teaching, but the conceptual basis for CLT was laid in the 1970s by linguists Michael Halliday, who studied how language functions are expressed through grammar, and Dell Hymes, who introduced the idea of a wider communicative competence instead of Chomsky's narrower linguistic competence.[4] The rise of CLT in the 1970s and early 1980s was partly in response to the lack of success with traditional language teaching methods and partly due to the increase in demand for language learning. In Europe, the advent of the European Common Market, an economic predecessor to the European Union, led to migration in Europe and an increased population of people who needed to learn a foreign language for work or for personal reasons. At the same time, more children were given the opportunity to learn foreign languages in school, as the number of secondary schools offering languages rose worldwide as part of a general trend of curriculum-broadening and modernization, and foreign-language study ceased to be confined to the elite academies. In Britain, the introduction of comprehensive schools, which offered foreign-language study to all children rather than to the select few in the elite grammar schools, greatly increased the demand for language learning.[5]This increased demand included many learners who struggled with traditional methods such as grammar translation, which involves the direct translation of sentence after sentence as a way to learn language. These methods assumed that students were aiming for mastery of the target language, and that students were willing to study for years before expecting to use the language in real life. However, these assumptions were challenged by adult learners, who were busy with work, and some schoolchildren, who were less academically gifted, and thus could not devote years to learning before being able to use the language. Educators realized that to motivate these students an approach with a more immediate payoff was necessary,[6] and they began to use CLT, an approach that emphasizes communicative ability and yielded better results.[7] Additionally, the trend of progressivism in education provided further pressure for educators to change their methods. Progressivism holds that active learning is more effective than passive learning,[6] and as this idea gained traction in schools there was a general shift towards using techniques where students were more actively involved, such as group work. Foreign-language education was no exception to this trend, and teachers sought to find new methods, such as CLT, that could better embody this shift in thinking.[6] Academic influences[edit]In the mid 1990s, the Dogme 95 manifesto influenced language teaching throughthe Dogme language teaching movement. This proposed that published materials stifle the communicative approach. As such, the aim of the Dogme approach to language teaching is to focus on real conversations about practical subjects, where communication is the engine of learning. The idea behind the Dogme approach is that communication can lead to explanation, which will lead to further learning. This approach is the antithesis of situational language teaching, which emphasizes learning through text and prioritizes grammar over communication.[10]A survey of communicative competence by Bachman (1990) divides competency into the broad headings of "organizational competence", which includes both grammatical and discourse (or textual) competence, and "pragmatic competence", which includes both sociolinguistic and "illocutionary" competence.[11] Strategic competence is associated with the interlocutors' ability in using communication strategies.[11]CLT teachers choose classroom activities based on what they believe is going to be most effective for students developing communicative abilities in the target language (TL). Oral activities are popular among CLT teachers, as opposed to grammar drills or reading and writing activities, because they include active conversation and creative, unpredicted responses from students. Activities vary based on the level of language class they are being used in. They promote collaboration, fluency, and comfort in the TL. The six activities listed and explained below are commonly used in CLT classrooms.[6]Role-play[edit]Role-play is an oral activity usually done in pairs, whose main goal is to develop students' communicative abilities in a certain setting.[5]Example:1. The instructor sets the scene: where is the conversation taking place? (E.g., in acafé, in a park, etc.)2. The instructor defines the goal of the students' conversation. (E.g., the speaker isasking for directions, the speaker is ordering coffee, the speaker is talking about a movie they recently saw, etc.)3. The students converse in pairs for a designated amount of time.This activity gives students the chance to improve their communication skills in the TL in a low-pressure situation. Most students are more comfortable speaking in pairs rather than in front of the entire class.[5]Instructors need to be aware of the differences between a conversation and an utterance. Students may use the same utterances repeatedly when doing this activity and notactually have a creative conversation. If instructors do not regulate what kinds of conversations students are having, then thestudents might not be truly improving their communication skills.[5]Interviews[edit]An interview is an oral activity done in pairs, whose main goal is to develop students' interpersonal skills in the TL.[12]Example:1. The instructor gives each student the same set of questions to ask a partner.2. Students take turns asking and answering the questions in pairs.This activity, since it is highly-structured, allows for the instructor to more closely monitor students' responses. It can zone in on one specific aspect of grammar or vocabulary, while still being a primarily communicative activity and giving the students communicative benefits.[12]This is an activity that should be used primarily in the lower levels of language classes, because it will be most beneficial to lower-level speakers. Higher-level speakers should be having unpredictable conversations in the TL, where neither the questions nor the answers are scripted or expected. If this activity were used with higher-level speakers it wouldn't have many benefits.[12]Group work[edit]Group work is a collaborative activity whose purpose is to foster communication in the TL, in a larger group setting.[13]Example:1. Students are assigned a group of no more than six people.2. Students are assigned a specific role within the group. (E.g., member A, memberB, etc.)3. The instructor gives each group the same task to complete.4. Each member of the group takes a designated amount of time to work on the partof the task to which they are assigned.5. The members of the group discuss the information they have found, with eachother and put it all together to complete the task.Students can feel overwhelmed in language classes, but this activity can take away from that feeling. Students are asked to focus on one piece of information only, which increases their comprehension of that information. Better comprehension leads to better communication with the rest of the group, which improves students' communicative abilities in the TL.[13]Instructors should to be sure to monitor that each student is contributing equally to the group effort. It takes a good instructor to design the activity well, so that students will contribute equally, and benefit equally from the activity.[13]Information gap[edit]Information gap is a collaborative activity, whose purpose is for students to effectively obtain information that was previously unknown to them, in the TL.[14]Example:1. The class is paired up. One partner in each pair is Partner A, and the other isPartner B.2. All the students that are Partner A are given a sheet of paper with a time-table onit. The time-table is filled in half-way, but some of the boxes are empty.3. All the students that are Partner B are given a sheet of paper with a time-table onit. The boxes that are empty on Partner A's time-table are filled in on Partner B's.There are also empty boxes on Partner B's time-table, but they are filled in onPartner A's.4. The partners must work together to ask about and supply each other with theinformation they are both missing, to complete each other's time-tables.Completing information gap activities improves students' abilities to communicate about unknown information in the TL. These abilities are directly applicable to many real-world conversations, where the goal is to find out some new piece of information, or simply to exchange information.[14]Instructors should not overlook the fact that their students need to be prepared to communicate effectively for this activity. They need to know certain vocabulary words, certain structures of grammar, etc. If the students have not been well prepared for the task at hand, then they will not communicate effectively.[15]Opinion sharing[edit]Opinion sharing is a content-based activity, whose purpose is to engage students' conversational skills, while talking about something they care about.[15]Example:1. The instructor introduces a topic and asks students to contemplate their opinionsabout it. (E.g., dating, school dress codes, global warming)2. The students talk in pairs or small groups, debating their opinions on the topic.Opinion sharing is a great way to get more introverted students to open up and share their opinions. If a student has a strong opinion about a certain topic, then they will speak up and share.[15]Respect is key with this activity. If a student does not feel like their opinion is respected by the instructor or their peers, then they will not feel comfortable sharing, and they will not receive the communicative benefits of this activity.[15]Scavenger hunt[edit]A scavenger hunt is a mingling activity that promotes open interaction between students.[16]Example:1. The instructor gives students a sheet with instructions on it. (e.g. Find someonewho has a birthday in the same month as yours.)2. Students go around the classroom asking and answering questions about eachother.3. The students wish to find all of the answers they need to complete the scavengerhunt.In doing this activity, students have the opportunity to speak with a number of classmates, while still being in a low-pressure situation, and talking to only one person at a time. After learning more about each other, and getting to share about themselves, students will feel more comfortable talking and sharing during other communicative activities.[16]Since this activity is not as structured as some of the others, it is important for instructors to add structure. If certain vocabulary should be used in students' conversations, or a certain grammar is necessary to complete the activity, then instructors should incorporate that into the scavenger hunt.[16]Although CLT has been extremely influential in the field of language teaching, it is not universally accepted and has been subject to significant critique.[17]In his critique of CLT, Michael Swan addresses both the theoretical and practical problems with CLT. In his critique, hementions that CLT is not an altogether cohesive subject, but one in which theoretical understandings (by linguists) and practical understandings (by language teachers) differ greatly. Critique of the theory of CLT includes that it makes broad claims regarding the usefulness of CLT while citing little data, that it uses a large amount of confusing vocabulary, and that it assumes knowledge that is predominately language non-specific (ex. the ability to make educated guesses) is language specific.[17] Swan suggests that these theoretical issues can lead to confusion in the application of CLT techniques.[18] Where confusion in the application of CLT techniques is readily apparent is in classroom settings. Swan suggests that CLT techniques often suggest prioritizing the "function" of a language (what one can do with the language knowledge one has) over the "structure" ofa language (the grammatical systems of the language).[18] This priority can leave learners with serious gaps in their knowledge of the formal aspects of their target language. Swan also suggests that, in CLT techniques, whatever languages a student might already know are not valued or employed in instructional techniques.[18]Further critique of CLT techniques in classroom teaching can be attributed to Elaine Ridge. One of her critiques of CLT is that it implies that there is a generally agreed upon consensus regarding the definition of "communicative competence," which CLT claims to facilitate, when in fact there is not. Because there is not such agreement, students may be seen to be in possession of "communicative competence" without being able to make full, or even adequate, use of the language. That an individual is proficient in a language does not necessarily entail that they can make full use of that language, which can limit an individual's potential with that language, especially if that language is an endangered language. This critique is largely to do with the fact that CLT is often highly praised and is popular, when it may not necessarily be the best method of language teaching.[19]Ridge also notes that CLT has nonspecific requirements of its teachers, as there is no completely standard definition of what CLT is; this is especially true for the teaching of grammar (the formal rules governing the standardized version of the language in question). Some critics of CLT suggest that the method does not put enough emphasis on the teaching of grammar and instead allows students to produce utterances which are grammatically incorrect as long as the interlocutor can get some meaning from them.[19]Stephen Bax's critique of CLT has to do with the context of its implementation. Bax asserts that many researchers associate the use of CLT techinques with modernity and, therefore, the lack of CLT techniques as a lack of modernism. In this way, these researchers consider teachers or school systems which don't use CLT techniques as outdated and suggest that their students learn the target language "in spite of" the absence of CLT techniques, as though CLT were the only way to learn a language and everyone who fails to implement its techniques is ignorant and will not be successful in teaching the target language.[3]。

英语教学法三种语言观
英语教学法中有三种常见的语言观，它们分别是交际语言观、认知语言观和社会语言观。

1. 交际语言观（Communicative Language Teaching Approach）：交际语言观认为语言是交流的工具，学习者学习英语的目的是为了能够流利地与他人进行交流。

在教学中，注重培养学生的听、说、读、写能力，并强调真实的交际情境和真实的语言使用。

2. 认知语言观（Cognitive Language Teaching Approach）：认
知语言观认为语言学习是一种认知过程，学习者需要经过个人内化、记忆和加工等认知活动来掌握语言。

在教学中，注重学生的认知发展和思维方式的培养，教师会引导学生积极探索语言规律和策略。

3. 社会语言观（Social Language Teaching Approach）：社会语
言观认为语言是社会文化的反映，学习者学习英语的目的是为了在社会交往中获得更多的参与机会和成功。

在教学中，注重培养学生的跨文化意识和社会语言能力，教师会让学生了解和体验不同的文化，提供真实的社会语境和情境来帮助学生学习语言。

这三种语言观在英语教学中都有一定的适用性，教师可以根据学生的需求和教学目标选择合适的语言观来进行教学。

常见的英语教学方法在全球范围内，英语已经成为一门被广泛学习的语言。

为了更有效地教授英语，教师们采用了各种不同的教学方法。

本文将介绍一些常见的英语教学方法，并通过比较它们的优势和劣势来帮助读者选择适合自己的学习方法。

一、直接法（Direct Method）直接法是一种口语为主的教学方法，强调用英语进行沟通和交流。

在这种方法中，教师会避免使用学生的母语，而是通过举例、图片、肢体语言等直接的方式来解释和表达意思。

这有助于学生在日常生活中更快地理解和使用英语。

优势：直接法强调实际语言运用，能够提高学生的口语交流能力和理解能力。

通过这种方法，学生可以更快地掌握语言表达技巧和语感。

劣势：直接法忽略了语法和单词的系统学习，可能导致学生在写作和语法应用方面的困难。

另外，对于一些比较复杂的概念，直接法的教学方式可能不够清晰和详细。

二、语法翻译法（Grammar Translation Method）语法翻译法是一种重视语法和翻译的教学方法。

在这种方法中，教师会注重学生对语法规则的理解，同时通过阅读和翻译文本来加强词汇和句子的掌握。

优势：语法翻译法注重对语言结构的分析，有助于学生理解语法规则和词汇的使用。

此外，通过阅读和翻译，学生可以接触到不同领域的英语素材，提高阅读和写作能力。

劣势：语法翻译法过于强调笔头功夫，缺乏实际口语应用的机会，可能导致学生在交流中的迟缓和困扰。

此外，过多地依赖翻译也会造成学生在表达时产生母语干扰。

三、交际法（Communicative Language Teaching）交际法是一种围绕真实交际目的进行英语教学的方法。

在交际法中，教师会创造各种真实的交际情境，鼓励学生运用英语进行实际对话和交流。

优势：交际法注重真实语言环境的模拟，能够激发学生的学习兴趣和积极性。

通过与教师和其他学生的交流，学生可以提高口语表达和听力理解的能力。

劣势：交际法可能忽略一些语法和词汇的系统讲解，对于一些细节和抽象概念的教学可能不够充分。

communicative teaching methodCommunicative teaching method（交际教学法）Communicative teaching method is a language teaching approach developed in the 1970s, which emphasizes the importance of communication and dialogue in language learning, and the use of real-life situations to practice language. It is based on the belief that learners should be given opportunities to develop their communicative competence through meaningful and authentic communication activities.The primary goal of communicative teaching method is for learners to become proficient in using language for purposeful communication. This approach encourages students to interact with each other and engage in meaningful conversations about topics that are interesting and relevant to them. The emphasis is on creating an enjoyable, interactive learning environment where students can practice using language in a range of situations.In order to promote effective communication, activities should be designed to encourage students to work together and be creative in their use of language. For example, activities may involve role-play, discussions, debates, simulations, problem-solving and task-based activities. The aim of such activities is to give students the opportunity to use language in meaningful contexts, as well as to develop their listening and speaking skills.The use of communicative teaching method also involves providing students with appropriate feedback to help them improve their communication skills. Such feedback should focus on helping students develop their understanding of the language and how it works. Additionally, teachers should provide guidance and support to ensure that learners remain motivated and engaged in the learning process.It is important to note that communicative teaching method requires careful planning and preparation by the teacher. In order to create an effective learning environment, the teacher must beknowledgeable about the language, its structure and usage, and the cultural context in which it is used. Additionally, the teacher must be able to select appropriate activities and resources to facilitate communication between learners.Overall, communicative teaching method is an effective way of teaching language that focuses on meaningful communication and interaction between learners. It provides students with the opportunity to use language in a range of contexts, encourages creative and collaborative learning, and helps learners develop their communicative competence. With careful planning and implementation, this approach can have a positive impact on students’ language learning outcomes.。

交际教学法(Communicative Language T eaching)简要回顾交际法的形成受功能语言学、社会语言学和心理语言学等学科的影响，其核心是关于交际能力的学说。

而“交际能力”这一概念是1972年美国社会语言学家海姆斯首先提出的。

他认为要获得语言交际能力必须包括语言能力又包括语言运用。

交际能力包括以下几个方面的参数：(I)合乎语法，某种说法是否(以及在什么程度上)在形式上可能；(2)适合性，某种说法是否(以及在什么程度上)可行；(3)得体性，某种说法是否(以及在什么程度上)得体；(4)实际操作性，某种说法是否(以及在什么程度上)实际出现了。

(束定芳、庄智象, 1991) (Hymes，1972)交际法强调语言的功能，认为语言的基本功能就是作为交际的工具，语言教学的理想目标就是培养交际能力。

交际法教学过程不以语法项目为主线来安排教学内容和顺序，而是以语言功能为基础。

“以学生为中心”是交际法教学的一大特色，学生是课堂活动的主体。

教师的角色是交际活动的促进者、组织者、参加者和学习者等。

交际教学法优点非常突出，如重视交际能力的培养，学习方法灵活多样，易提高学生学习兴趣等。

交际法在目前外语教学中用得比较多，但实际效果并不明显，面临许多问题。

受到诸如学生的心理、教室的布局、教材的限制、考试和评估方式等因素影响。

受传统文化影响，大多数学生在课堂上不愿意参与交流，回答问题，更愿使用传统教学法，能在考试中取得好成绩。

学习者的学习动机、目的及学习观念等对教师实施何种教学模式同样具有很大反作用。

当前我国大学英语课堂学生人数普遍较多，在课堂上培养学生的交际能力，对英语教师也提出了更高的要求。

对教师自身的知识面，课堂活动的掌控和引导都提出了更高要求。

2 语法教学法语法教学法也被称为语法翻译教学法，学习英语最重要的任务就是学习语法，语法是语言的核心。

语法翻译法通过强调语法的学习，使学生能够充分认识英语的本质特征，因此具备牢固的语法知识可使学生的英语表达更为准确。