Humidity sensing and electrical properties of hybrid films prepared from [3-(methacrylamino)propyl]

Humidity sensing properties of Ag-loaded mesoporous silica SBA-15nanocomposites prepared via hydrothermalprocessVijay K.Tomer a ,Parag V.Adhyapak b ,⇑,Surender Duhan a ,Imtiaz S.Mulla b ,⇑a Materials Synthesis Lab,Department of Materials Science &Nanotechnology,D.C.R.University of Science &Technology,Murthal,Haryana 131039,India bNanoscience Lab,Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology,Panchwati,Off Pashan Road,Pune 411008,Indiaa r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 16December 2013Received in revised form 2June 2014Accepted 4June 2014Available online 14June 2014Keywords:Mesoporous silica Ag/SBA-15Pluronic P123Hydrothermal synthesis Humidity sensora b s t r a c tAg nanoparticle loaded mesoporous silica SBA-15nanocomposites have been synthesized by a facile hydrothermal route with (C 2H 5O)4Si in the presence of (AgNO 3).Their response towards humidity has been studied.Low angle X-ray diffraction (XRD),Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR),N 2adsorption-desorption,High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM),Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX)spectroscopy techniques were utilized to charac-terize the composition and structure of the samples.In comparison with pure SBA-15,the Ag-loaded SBA-15exhibits improved humidity response within the relative humidity (RH)range of 11–92%.The optimal result were obtained for 5wt%Ag-loaded SBA-15sample,which demonstrate an excellent linearity,small hysteresis and high humidity sensitivity;moreover,it also exhibits satisfactory response and recovery time.The resistance shows change of more than 5orders in magnitude over the entire humidity range.The mechanism for humidity sensing was studied.The investigation of humidity sensing characteristics of Ag-doped SBA-15sensors indicates that the material has promising application as humidity sensor.Ó2014Elsevier Inc.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionThe need for measuring and controlling humid environment conditions in different areas such as meteorology,libraries,research laboratories,museums,food processing,agriculture,electronics,packaging,paper,drugs and medical industry has led to the development of novel humidity sensing materials [1,2].These new generations of humidity sensors are expected to have a preferably wide range of operating temperature,good linearity,high accuracy,sensitivity and selectivity towards water vapors,low hysteresis,fast response and recovery time,easy reproducibil-ity and stability [3].To pursue these characteristics at its best,various materials like polymers,electrolytes,organic–inorganic hybrid composites,ceramics,and metal oxides [4–8]have been explored as humidity sensing materials.It is very difficult for a single material to fulfill all the requirements of being the best sensing material,e.g.ceramic humidity sensors exhibit excellent chemical and thermal stability but they need heating to dehumid-ify themselves [9].Easy production,low cost and good working order in humidity for polymeric materials has made them a good contestant for humidity sensors,but they also suffer from poor anti-jamming property [10]and relative low working range of operating temperature.Therefore various techniques such as doping,nano-casting and grafting [11–13]have been developed to improve the performance of humidity sensors.The inorganic silica,due to its good mechanical strength,high intrinsic impedance,relative inertness to different environments and transparency in UV–Vis spectra has become an attractive material for humidity sensing application.However,due to their low surface area,traditional silica material exhibit low conductance for change in humidity.This is because the change of electrical signal with humidity depends on the adsorption of water molecules existing in the atmosphere on the surface of the sensing materials [14].Therefore,an increased specific surface area and the porous structure of the sensing material are beneficial to the sensing properties of the humidity sensor owing to the exposure of more active sites to the adsorbed water molecules [15].Recently,porous materials with high surface area have been synthesized using surfactants,ionic and cationic block copolymers.Mesoporous materials,because of their high internal and external surface area,large pore volume and ordered pore distributions have emerged out to be promising candidates for humidity sensing applications [16]./10.1016/j.micromeso.2014.06.0071387-1811/Ó2014Elsevier Inc.All rights reserved.⇑Corresponding authors.Tel.:+9102025899273;fax:+9102025898180.E-mail addresses:adhyapakp@ ,adhyapak@.in(P.V.Adhyapak),ismulla2001@ (I.S.Mulla).In this context,the discovery of highly ordered mesoporous silica(M41S and SBA)[17]stimulated intensive studies of‘‘host-guest’’chemistry inside the channels of mesoporous silica[18,19] and found application in catalysis,medical diagnosis,nano electronic/optical devices,sensors and nanomaterial fabrication [20–22].They offer high thermal and mechanical stability along with highly porous,interpenetrating,uniform channels,large and tunable pore sizes(up to30nm)with narrow pore size distribu-tions,large pore volume and high specific surface area(600–1000m2/g)[17]with abundant Si–OH active bonds on the pore walls[23].The pores in the mesoporous silica are open to ambient environment which significantly increases the adsorption efficiency of water vapors onto the porous structure and thus provides an easy path for free travelling of water molecules.Hence, the mesoporous silica is found to have better humidity response than non-porous silica and have become a popular humidity sens-ing material in recent years[12,18].The modification of mesopor-ous silica with nanometallic particles such as Li[11],Al[24]and metal oxides like SnO2[22],ZnO[25]and MoO3[26]have been studied so far for sensing applications.In continuation to our previous report on formation of Ag nano-wires inside mesoporous silica[27],herein,we report a facile and effective route for the synthesis of a highly efficient humidity sensing material consisting of Ag-loaded SBA-15.Different concen-tration of Ag were incorporated into SBA-15and investigated for humidity sensing application for thefirst time.Ag was chosen due to its great surface activity raised from the small nanoparticle size and its excellent response in chemical and biochemical sensors [28,29].The incorporation of Ag into the SBA-15does not destroy the mesoporous structure,and as compared with pure SBA-15, Ag loaded SBA-15displays better humidity sensing property in the whole range of11–92%RH.2.Experimental2.1.MaterialsTetraethoxy orthosilicate[(C2H5O)4Si,TEOS,Sigma Aldrich], Pluronic P123[(EO20PO70EO20),Sigma Aldrich],Silver Nitrate [AgNO3,Fisher Scientific]and HCl(35%,Fisher Scientific)were used as received.2.2.Preparation of mesoporous SBA-15Mesoporous silica SBA-15was synthesized according to the method reported by Zhao et al.[17]using triblock copolymer surfactant Pluronic P123as structure directing agent.The detailed procedure is as follows:4g P123wasfirst dissolved in130mL dis-tilled water at room temperature followed by addition of20mL HCl.The mixture was vigorously stirred at40°C until a homoge-neous solution was formed.8.5g of TEOS was then added dropwise to the above solution followed by continuous stirring at40°C for 24h.The aqueous solution was then sealed in a Teflon lined stain-less steel autoclave and hydrothermally treated at100°C for24h. Subsequently,the autoclave was allowed to cool down to room temperature.The product wasfiltered,washed with deionized water and then transferred to Petri dishes.The drying was done at80°C in an oven for another8h.The product was calcined at 550°C for6h(heating rate1°C/min)in air to remove organic tem-plates and thus pure mesoporous SBA-15was obtained.2.3.Ag-loaded SBA-15The Ag-loaded SBA-15was synthesized by the‘‘synchronous assembly strategy’’[30]following the same route as described for pure SBA-15with only a difference that a specific amount of AgNO3was added into the reaction mixture of P123,water and HCl prior to the addition of TEOS.The stirring was done in dark to prevent reduction of AgNO3.Finally,the calcination of the resultant products also leads to better diffusion of Ag+into the mesopores[31].The influence of Ag loading on the humidity sensing behavior was investigated by varying the loading concentration of Ag in SBA-15.The products were designated as Ag/SBA-15(X),where X was the content of Ag in wt%.The values of X in our experiments were1,3,5,7and10forfive different Ag/SBA-15samples.2.4.CharacterizationSBA-15mesoporous silica was characterized by using various physicochemical techniques.Low Angle X-ray diffraction(LA-XRD)and Wide angle X-ray powder diffraction(XRD)data were acquired on a Bruker D8advance diffractometer using CuK a mono-chromatic radiation(k=1.5418Å)at40kV and40mA.Fourier-transform infrared(FTIR)spectra were recorded in the range of 400–4000cmÀ1using FTIR spectroscopy(Perkin Elmer–Frontier FTIR).The samples were prepared in form of pellet by using spec-troscopic grade KBr,the thickness of the pellet being about 1.33mm.Each spectrum was collected at room temperature under atmospheric pressure with a resolution of4cmÀ1.N2adsorption-desorption measurements were conducted by N2physiosorption (Micrometrices Tristar3000)at77K.The samples were degassed over-night at200°C under vacuum in the degas port of sorption analyzer.The specific surface areas of the samples were evaluated using adsorption data in a relative pressure range from0.05to0.25 using the BET method[32].The pore size distributions were calcu-lated from the adsorption branch of the isotherm using the ther-modynamic based Barrerr–Joyner–Halenda(BJH)method[33]. The total pore volume was calculated as the amount of nitrogen adsorbed at the relative pressure until0.99.High-resolution trans-mission electron microscopy(HR-TEM)images were acquired with a TECNAI G20,operating at200kV.Samples for HR-TEM character-ization were prepared byfinely dispersing the samples in acetone and deposited uniformly on a400mesh copper grid coated with a holey carbonfilm.Morphology of the samples and its elemental composition were characterized by Scanning electron microscopy equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(SEM-EDX,FEI QUANTA200F)at an acceleration voltage of10À15kV. The samples were prepared by distributing the powder samples on a double sided conducting adhesive tape.2.5.Fabrication and performance test of humidity sensorsTo study the humidity response of pure and Ag/SBA-15(X),each powder sample was coated using the drop casting method on a ceramic rod of10mm length and3mm diameter.The metallic ends were attached with wires and connected to a Picoammeter and a constant DC voltage supply.The controlled humidity envi-ronments were achieved using standard supersaturated aqueous solutions of LiCl,MgCl2Á6H2O,CaNO3Á4H2O,NH4NO3,NaCl,KCl and Na2CO3in a closed glass vessel at room temperature which yielded11%,33%,51%,62%,75%,84%and92%relative humidity, respectively[34].The measurement was carried out by placing the sample coated ceramic rod in the glass vessel corresponding to a given relative humidity until the current of the sensing mate-rial reached a stable value.The resistance of the sample with respect to the change in the relative humidity was measured by using Ohm’s law.The variations in the resistance with respect to the increase and decrease in the humidity were measured repeatedly.V.K.Tomer et al./Microporous and Mesoporous Materials197(2014)140–1471413.Results and discussionThe mesoporous silicacasting method[17]in highlysurfactant P123as templatingthe P123tends towards thewhile the hydrophilic endThis diluted spheroidaltime into the thick viscousand polymerize at thethe template removalSBA-15materials[19].Ifare formed simultaneously inhydrophobic environment ofresult,the template removalnoble metal nanoparticlessilica SBA-15materials[35].for the case of Aginner surface of the silicaapproach,wherein the channeltor to prepare thechannels one by one,andmicroreactor.This results incles inside the channel of3.1.Characterization ofThe small angle XRDposites with different Ag wt%be seen that Ag/SBA-15(X)fraction peaks in the lowSBA-15,indicating that all thetwo dimensional,hexagonal,peaks are indexed with(d110=58.51Å)and(200)(dhexagonal space group p6mm,for pure silica SBA-15materialsintensities of Ag/SBA-15(X)tion of metal nanoparticlesliterature[35–37].This isresults in weakening in thefraction peaks shift to higherthe framework due toous channels of SBA-15.Thesetural ordering is reduced continuously[38].A similar phenomenonwas also noted in previous reports[9–11].The wide angle XRD pattern(2h=10°–80°)of pure SBA-15and Ag/SBA-15(X)composites after calcination are presented in Fig.1(b).The broad peak centered at2h=22°is the characteristic band of amorphous silica walls of the pristine material[39].In addition to this broad band,four distinct diffraction peaks at d=2.359,2.047,1.448,and1.237corresponding to(111),(200), (220),and(311)planes of Ag(JCPDS no04-0783)are observed [35].All the reflections correspond to pure silver metal with face centered cubic symmetry and space group Fm 3m.The high inten-sity peak for FCC materials is generally the(111)reflection,which is observed in our sample.In the lower concentrations of(X=1and 3wt%)of Ag nanoparticles the characteristics peaks of Ag are almost invisible,while for X=5wt%,weak diffraction peaks starts appearing at d=2.359and2.047.As the wt%of Ag increased fur-ther(7and10wt%),well resolved characteristics peaks of Ag appeared at d=2.359, 2.047, 1.448,and 1.237which can be indexed to reflections of cubic Ag.The reflection peaks gradually becomes strong with the Ag/SBA-15ratio increased confirming that the amount of Ag in SBA-15enhances too.The physicochemical properties of SBA-15composites as determined by XRD results are given in Table1.The FTIR spectra of SBA-15and Ag/SBA-15(X)are shown in Fig.2.The framework bands at1092,808and464cmÀ1are due to asymmetric stretching,symmetric stretching and bend vibra-tions of Si–O–Si bands,respectively[40].The broad band around 3430cmÀ1can be attributed to surface silanols and adsorbed water molecules.The bands at2927and2854cmÀ1are ascribed to asymmetric stretching of C–H species.The bands at1423and 1370cmÀ1correspond to–CH2and symmetric deformation of–CH3species[11].The bands centered around1635and968cmÀ1 can be connected with the stretching vibrations of the Si–OH group [35].It should be noted that the band intensity decreases with suc-cessive loading of Ag nanoparticles in SBA-15andfinally disap-peared in Ag/SBA-15(10)implying that Si–OH groups were changed or consumed.The incorporation of metal into silica frame-work has been deduced from the changes of band intensity located at960–970cmÀ1,and is assigned to stretching vibration of the Si–O–M(Metal)linkage[41,42].Due to metal loading in SBA-15 framework,the Si–O–H replaces with Si–O–M(Metal)and with1.(a)Low-angle and(b)Wide-angle XRD patterns of mesoporous Ag/SBA-X)composites.142the increase of Ag loading in SBA-15,the intensity of this peak decreases.This decrease in band intensity further justifies that many silver species were incorporated into the SBA-15matrix. Other researchers also got the same results[43].The N2adsorption–desorption isotherms and pore size distribu-tion of SBA-15and Ag/SBA-15(X)are presented in Fig.3(a).The tex-tural properties of the corresponding samples are given in Table the samples exhibit characteristics type IV curve according the IUPAC classification of sorption isotherms[44]suggesting well uniform mesopores[11,20].The adsorption and desorption iso-therms in Fig.3(a),show a large increase in the relative pressure P0)range from0.64to0.86,which is due to capillary condensa-tion of nitrogen within the mesopores.The sharpness of the inflec-tion step reflects the uniform pore size distribution of both the SBA-15and Ag/SBA-15(X)samples.The hysteresis loops are very close to the H1-type,implying a uniform cylindrical geometry gen-erally exhibited by mesoporous solids[45].Other parametersobtained from the surface area analysis are listed in Table1.When Ag was assembled into mesoporous silica SBA-15,as shown in Fig.3(a),the shape of type IV was still retained,illuminating the mesoporous structure preserved in the sample of Ag/SBA-15.This was consistent with the result of low-angle XRD.The testing results show that the BET surface area decrease with increasing Ag concentration which suggested the incorporation of Ag nano-particles into the pore channels of SBA-15[8,11].The BET surface area for pure SBA-15is733.76and for Ag/SBA-15(X=1,3,5,7, 10)670.95,638.26,603.01,580.93and517.34m2/g,respectively.The pore size distribution curves in Fig.3(b)confirm that the average pore size of SBA-15is8.5nm.It decreases systematically with an increase in loading of Ag nanoparticles in SBA-15.The decrease in pore size could be attributed to the progressive blockage due to the incorporated Ag nanoparticles inside the channels of SBA-15.An increase in the thickness of pore walls of SBA-15with subsequent loading with Ag nanoparticles is also observed in Table1.This increase of thickness of pore walls could be due to a pore-filling effect[46,47]demonstrating that the Ag nanoparticles have been confined inside the channels of SBA-15 [48].Consequently results of LA-XRD,FTIR,N2adsorption-desorption isotherms confirm that the Ag/SBA-15(X)sample possess high structural integrity.In order to gain a deep insight of the pore morphology and distribution of silver nanoparticles,the structural assignment of SBA-15and Ag/SBA-15(X)after removal of the surfactant templateFig.2.FTIR spectra of SBA-15and Ag/SBA-15(X)composites.3.(a)N2adsorption-desorption isotherms and(b)pore size distributionsSBA-15and Ag/SBA-15(X)composites.V.K.Tomer et al./Microporous and Mesoporous Materials197(2014)140–147143was investigated by HRTEM and SEM.The TEM images of SBA-15 and Ag/SBA-15(5)in Fig.4(b)exhibit well ordered hexagonal arrays of1D mesoporous channels,confirming that Ag/SBA-15(X) sample has2D p6mm hexagonal mesostructure[17].Due to‘‘syn-chronous assembly strategy’’,TEOS and AgNO3are simultaneously added to the reaction system and mixed evenly by continuous stir-ring.Therefore it is considered that the formed Ag nanoparticles mixed evenly with SBA-15matrix.It can be seen that many highly dispersed Ag nanoparticles are observed in the hexagonal channels of SBA-15.The investigation shows that these nanoparticles are having higher degree of crystallinity and phase purity and also the hexagonal mesostructure remains intact after supported with Ag.The distance between two consecutive centers of hexagonal pores for pure SBA-15as estimated from HRTEM image is13nm. The average thickness of the wall and the pore diameter acquired from the images are around4.2and8.7nm,respectively which is quite consistent with the results obtained from BET surface area analysis and XRD results.The SEM images of SBA-15and Ag/SBA-15(5)are shown in Fig.4(e and f).The SBA-15sample consists of short rods with a diameter of about500nm.The morphology of SBA-15is well maintained after incorporation of Ag nanoparticles.The EDX results of SBA-15and Ag/SBA-15(5)are illustrated in Fig.5.No other elements were detected except‘O’and‘Si’,confirm-ing that the samples were composed of pure silica.The EDX spec-trum in Fig.5(a)shows wt%contribution of each element present in the pristine sample.The spectrum in Fig.5(b)is from Ag/SBA-15(5)composite.For5wt%of Ag incorporated into pure SBA-15, approximately55%of the total wt.of Ag is loaded in the channels of SBA-15.The detail results are summarized in Table1,which reveals that the efficiency of Ag loading in SBA-15decreases con-tinuously on account of higher loading of Ag in the matrix.One of the possible reasons for this inversely proportional behavior ofSBA-15.(b)HR-TEM image of hexagonal pattern of mesoporous channels,(c,d)HRTEM image of Ag/SBA-15(5).Fig.5.(a)EDX spectra of SBA-15and(b)Ag/SBA-15(5).experimental Ag loading in matrix to that of theoretical Ag loading might be due to the blockage of pores with successive incorpora-tion of Ag which further leads to the depreciation of effective Si–OH bonding sites for Ag nanoparticles.change,and when the content of Ag was7wt%,there was4order of magnitude change for resistance.This could be possibly due to blockage of SBA-15channels with progressive loading of Ag nano-particles.For higher loading concentration(10wt%)of Ag,only3 order of magnitude change was observed.At such higher loading(a):Humidity sensitive properties of SBA-15and Ag/SBA-15(X)composites.(b)Response and recovery characteristics of Ag/SBA-15(5)composites.(c)Hysteresis Ag/SBA-15(5)composites and(d)Repeated response and recovery characteristics of Ag/SBA-15(5)composites.V.K.Tomer et al./Microporous and Mesoporous Materials197(2014)140–147145Usually,when the sensing material is measured at increasing and decreasing%RH at the same temperature,a hysteresis effect can be observed.Hysteresis being the time lag in the adsorption and desorption process and is usually done to estimate the reliabil-ity of a humidity sensor.Fig.6(c)represents the hysteresis data of Ag/SBA-15(5)at room temperature.The hollow circle line is mea-sured from low RH to high RH,i.e.for adsorption process,and the solid circle line is for desorption process(dehumidification). Almost negligible hysteresis was observed for this material.This indicates a good reliability of the obtained sensor.3.3.Sensing mechanismThe way to understand the mechanism of a humidity sensor is to detect the existence or concentration of water molecule by analyzing the change of electrical character resulted from the interaction between probe(Si–OH,in this case)and H2O molecules. The3-D mesostructure is less likely to obstruct an analyte with ‘‘dead ends’’that more likely happened in2-D structure.Hence, mesoporous structure provides more channels for easy pathways for gas transmission[50],and increase the number of hydroxyl groups.This is the basis for the investigation of mesoporous silica as a humidity sensing material[51].For pure mesoporous SBA-15, due to its highly resistive nature and the decrease of hydroxyl groups from the surface during the heat treating process,a poor humidity sensitive property was shown.Similar results have been reported in literature[52].Owing to the large BET surface area (603m2/g)and pore size(6.65nm)of mesoporous Ag/SBA-15(5) sample,water molecule are not only adsorbed on the outer surface but also on the pore walls of the inner surface.Furthermore,due to the presence of a small amount of chemically absorbed water,the ion conductivity also occurs at low RH.Humidity adsorption processes generally is a sequence of two steps in such composite materials:(a)the transport of water molecules on materials sur-face and its chemical adsorption onto the active sites by means of hydrogen bonding,forming an adsorption complex(at low %RH),and(b)more water molecules are adsorbed and condensed on the surface of the adsorbent to form water layers(at high %RH)[53].In the low%RH region(11–55%),on dry surfaces,only a few water molecules are chemisorbed.The ionic conduction at room temperature mainly occurs through hopping of H3O+ions from site to site across the surface[54].As the water molecules get adsorbed on the silica surface,they are hydrogen bonded to Si–OH groups and a proton may be transferred from a Si–OH group to a water molecule to form H3O+.The energy of formation of H3O+from a bare proton and a water molecule under vacuum suggests that H3O+is more stable than a bare proton.Hence H3O+will be the dominant charge carrier.As suggested in Grothuss chain mechanism[55],H2OþH3Oþ!H3OþþH2Othe transfer of H3O+becomes easier at high%RH.When the RH increases,water vapor grows too.After thefirst chemisorbed water layer,subsequent layers of water molecules are physically adsorbed and condenses tofill a pore.Then,resistance decreased gradually due to adsorption on the external surface and condensation on the inter-particle voids.This sufficient presence of water on the sites favors the hydration of H3O+[54]and the proton mobility becomes more facile and conductive resulting in the significant decrease in resistance.On the other hand,when the Ag metal nano-particles incorporated in SBA-15pore channels are exposed to adsorbed water vapors having lone pair of electrons,oxygen atoms will prefer to adsorb on the Ag nanoparticles by donating their lone-pair of electrons[56],leading to an increase in the number of electrons in the conduction sp band of Ag.This generation of extra electrons on the water layer results in rapid conduction and a sharp decrease in resistance is observed.Thus,at very high%RH, Ag nanoparticles take the credit from H3O+and dominate the charge transfer process.Thus the resistance continuously decreases by more thanfive orders of magnitude compared to the initial resistance.4.ConclusionIn this investigation,a facile technique has been demonstrated to produce novel and sensitive humidity sensor based on Ag/SBA-15(5)sample with some excellent sensing characteristics. Our sensor shows more thanfive orders of magnitude change in the whole92–11%RH range with satisfactory response and recov-ery time viz.100and125s,respectively.The marginal hysteresis of adsorption–desorption counts for its reliability which justifies its potential application as mesoporous humidity sensor. 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Designation:F1249–06Standard Test Method forWater Vapor Transmission Rate Through Plastic Film and Sheeting Using a Modulated Infrared Sensor1This standard is issued under thefixed designation F1249;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.Note—Paragraph13.1.1was editorially corrected and the year date was changed on June22,2006.1.Scope1.1This test method covers a procedure for determining the rate of water vapor transmission throughflexible barrier materials.The method is applicable to sheets andfilms up to3 mm(0.1in.)in thickness,consisting of single or multilayer synthetic or natural polymers and foils,including coated materials.It provides for the determination of(1)water vapor transmission rate(WVTR),(2)the permeance of thefilm to water vapor,and(3)for homogeneous materials,water vapor permeability coefficient.N OTE1—Values for water vapor permeance and water vapor perme-ability must be used with caution.The inverse relationship of WVTR to thickness and the direct relationship of WVTR to the partial pressure differential of water vapor may not always apply.1.2This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1ASTM Standards:2D374Test Methods for Thickness of Solid Electrical Insu-lationD1898Practice for Sampling of Plastics3E96/E96M Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of MaterialsE104Practice for Maintaining Constant Relative Humidity by Means of Aqueous SolutionsE178Practice for Dealing With Outlying ObservationsE691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method3.Terminology3.1Definitions:3.1.1water vapor permeability coeffıcient—the product of the permeance and the thickness of thefilm.The permeability is meaningful only for homogeneous materials,in which case it is a property characteristic of bulk material.3.1.1.1Discussion—This quantity should not be used unless the relationship between thickness and permeance has been verified in tests using several thicknesses of the material.An accepted unit of permeability is the metric perm centimeter,or 1g/m2per day per mm Hg·cm of thickness.The SI unit is the mol/m2·s·Pa·mm.The test conditions(see3.1)must be stated.3.1.2water vapor permeance—the ratio of a barrier’s WVTR to the vapor pressure difference between the two surfaces.3.1.2.1Discussion—An accepted unit of permeance is the metric perm,or1g/m2per day per mm Hg.The SI unit is the mol/m2·s·Pa.Since the permeance of a specimen is generally a function of relative humidity and temperature,the test condi-tions must be stated.3.1.3water vapor transmission rate(WVTR)—the time rate of water vaporflow normal to the surfaces,under steady-state conditions,per unit area.3.1.3.1Discussion—An accepted unit of WVTR is g/m2per day.The test conditions of relative humidity and temperature where the humidity is the difference in relative humidity across the specimens,must be stated.4.Summary of Test Method4.1A dry chamber is separated from a wet chamber of known temperature and humidity by the barrier material to be tested.The dry chamber and the wet chamber make up a1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F02on FlexibleBarrier Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F02.10onPermeation.Current edition approved June22,2006.Published June2006.Originallyapproved st previous edition approved in2005as F1249–05.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at service@.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.Copyright©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959,United States.diffusion cell in which the test film is sealed.Water vapor diffusing through the film mixes with the gas in the dry chamber and is carried to a pressure-modulated infrared sensor.This sensor measures the fraction of infrared energy absorbed by the water vapor and produces an electrical signal,the amplitude of which is proportional to water vapor concentra-tion.The amplitude of the electrical signal produced by the test film is then compared to the signal produced by measurement of a calibration film of known water vapor transmission rate.This information is then used to calculate the rate at which moisture is transmitted through the material being tested.5.Significance and Use5.1The purpose of this test method is to obtain reliable values for the WVTR of plastic film and sheeting.5.2WVTR is an important property of packaging materials and can be directly related to shelf life and packaged product stability.5.3Data from this test method is suitable as a referee method of testing,provided that the purchaser and seller have agreed on sampling procedures,standardization procedures,test conditions,and acceptance criteria.6.Apparatus6.1This method utilizes water vapor transmission appara-tus 4(Fig.1)comprised of the following:6.1.1Diffusion Cell —An assembly consisting of two metal halves which,when closed upon the test specimen,will accurately define a circular area.A typical acceptable diffusion cell area is 50cm 2.The volume enclosed by each cell half,when clamped,is not critical;it should be small enough to allow for rapid gas exchange,but not so small that an unsupported film that happens to sag or buckle will contact thetop or bottom of the cell.A depth of approximately 6mm (0.250in.)has been found to be satisfactory for 50-cm 2cells.6.1.1.1Diffusion Cell O–Ring —An appropriately sized groove machined into the humid chamber side of the diffusion cell retains a neoprene O–ring.The test area is considered to be the area established by the inside contact diameter of the compressed O–ring when the diffusion cell is clamped shut against the test specimen.6.1.1.2Diffusion Cell Sealing Surface —A flat rim around the dry side of the diffusion cell.This is a critical sealing surface against which the test specimen is pressed;it shall be smooth and without radial scratches.6.1.1.3Diffusion Cell Air Passages —Two holes in the dry half of the diffusion cell.This is necessary only in the earlier model WVTR instruments that have a separate conditioning rack and testing chamber.These shall incorporate O–rings suitable for sealing the diffusion cell to the test chamber pneumatic fittings for the introduction and exhaust of air without significant loss or leakage.N OTE 2—Use of Multiple Diffusion Cells —Experience has shown that arrangements using multiple diffusion cells are a practical way to increase the number of measurements that can be obtained in a given time.A separate conditioning rack (Fig.2)may be used that contains a manifold which connects the dry-chamber side of each individual diffusion cell to a dry-air source.Dry air is continually purging the dry chamber of those cells that are connected to the conditioning rack while the humid chamber side is held at a specific relative humidity by distilled water or a saturated-salt solution.It is desirable to thermostatically control the temperature of the conditioning rack as described in 6.1.3.6.1.2Test Chamber —A cavity into which the diffusion cell is inserted.Again,this is necessary only in the earlier model WVTR instruments that have a separate conditioning rack and testing chamber.The test chamber shall incorporate means for clamping the diffusion cell in accurate registration with pneu-matic system openings to the dry-air source and the infrared detector.The chamber shall also provide a thermometer well for the measurement of temperature.6.1.3Diffusion Cell Temperature Control —It is desirable to thermostatically control the temperature of the diffusion cell to within 61°F.A simple resistive heater attached to the station in such a manner as to ensure good thermal contact is adequate4The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time is Mocon/Modern Controls,Inc.,7500Boone Avenue North,Minneapolis,MN 55428.If you are aware of alternative suppliers,please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consider-ation at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you mayattend.FIG.1MeasuringSystemFIG.2ConditioningSystemfor this purpose.A thermistor sensor and an appropriate control circuit will serve to regulate the temperature unless measure-ments are being made close to ambient temperature.In that case it may be necessary to provide cooling coils to remove some of the heat.6.1.4Flowmeter—A means for regulating theflow of dry air within an operating range of5to100cc/min is required.6.1.5Flow-Switching Valves,for the switching of dry-gas flow streams of the water vapor transmission apparatus.6.1.6Infrared Sensor—A water vapor detector capable of sensing1µg/L of water,or,in other terms,1ppm by volume, or0.002%relative humidity at37.8°C.6.1.7Recording Device—A multirange strip chart recorderor other appropriate instrument for measuring the voltage developed by the signal amplifier.6.1.8Desiccant Drying System,shall be capable of reducing the concentration of water vapor in the gas source down to less than0.5ppm by volume or0.001%relative humidity at 37.8°C.In earlier model WVTR equipment,a separate desic-cant drying system is needed for the conditioning rack and test chamber.6.1.9Flow-Metering Valve—Afine-metering valve capable of controlling the dry-gasflow rate to the test cell when the apparatus is in the“measure’’mode of operation.7.Reagents and Materials7.1Desiccant,4,5for drying gas stream.7.2Absorbent Pads(not critical),such asfilter pads of30 to75mm in diameter.Necessary only in earlier model WVTR equipment that utilizes distilled water or saturated salt solu-tions to generate the desired relative humidity.7.3Distilled Water,for producing100%relative humidity, or various saturated salt solutions to produce other relative humidities as described in Practice E104.Newer WVTR equipment does not require saturated salt solutions.Refer to the manufacturer’s instructions for generating relative humid-ity.7.4Reference Film,known WVTR material for system calibration.7.5Sealing Grease,a high-viscosity,silicone stopcock grease or other suitable high-vacuum grease is required for lubrication of O–rings and to seal the specimenfilm in the diffusion cell.7.6Nitrogen Gas,shall be dry and contain not less than 99.5%nitrogen.Needed only with certain WVTR instruments.8.Sampling8.1Select material for testing in accordance with standard methods of sampling applicable to the material under test. Sampling may be done in accordance with Practice D1898. Select samples considered representative of the material to be tested.If the material is of nonsymmetrical construction,the orientation should be noted.9.System Calibration With Reference Film9.1Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for calibrating the WVTR instrument with a referencefilm.10.Test Procedure10.1Preparation of Apparatus(Fig.1)—If preceding tests have exposed the apparatus to high moisture levels,outgas the system to desorb residual moisture.10.2Number of Specimens Tested—Test enough specimens to characterize package permeation rates but never less than three per sample.10.3Preparation of Test Samples:10.3.1Cut the test specimen to approximately10cm by10 cm(4in.by4in.).10.3.2Measure specimen thickness at four equally spaced points within the test area and at the center in accordance with guidelines described in Test Method D374.10.3.3Lightly grease the cell sealing surface and the cell O–ring.10.3.4For earlier model WVTR systems that require the use of distilled water or saturated salt solutions,insert one to three absorbent pads into the lower half-cell and dampen with distilled water or a desired salt solution.Otherwise,for newer WVTR instruments,follow the manufacturer’s instructions for generating the desired relative humidity.10.3.5Affix the testfilm to the diffusion cell following the manufacturer’s instructions.Fig.3shows the type of diffusion cell used in earlier model WVTR equipment that consisted of a separate conditioning rack and testing chamber.Diffusion cells in newer WVTR equipment are similar to the lower half of the cell displayed in Fig.3.10.3.6If using a separate conditioning rack,clamp the assembled cell in the conditioning rack.Allow thefilm to condition in the diffusion cell until steady state has been attained.If unfamiliar with the material being tested,the operator should investigate the effect of conditioning time to be certain that sufficient time has been allowed for the material to equilibrate under the test conditions(see Note3).10.4Measure the WVTR of thefilm specimen following the manufacturer’s instructions.N OTE3—When testing materials for which the operator has no previous history,additional time must be allowed to assure that true equilibrium has been reached.When in doubt,retest after an additional conditioning interval of several hours.5Linde Molecular Sieve,Type4A or Type5A,in the form of1⁄8in.pellets as may be obtained from the Union Carbide Co.,Linde Division,Danbury,CT06817-0001.FIG.3Film DiffusionCell10.5Record temperature of each test with reference to a thermometer or thermocouple installed in the test chamber thermometer well.Temperature is a critical parameter affecting the measurement of WVTR.During testing,monitor the temperature,periodically,to the nearest0.5°C.Report the average temperature and the range of temperatures observed during the test.10.6Standby and Shutoff Procedures:10.6.1Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for putting the instrument in standby when not being used.10.6.2When the system is not to be used for an extended period and there are nofilms that require conditioning,the electrical power may be turned off.11.Calculation11.1WVTR—If using a recorder,calculate water vapor transmission rate using the formula:WVTR5C~ES2EO!where:C=a calibration factor expressing rate as a function of voltage(or mV).The value of C is derived from testsof a known referencefilm(Section9),EO=permeation system zero level voltage,andES=equilibrium voltage obtained with the test specimen.Newer computer-controlled systems will automatically cal-culate the WVTR.11.2Permeance—Calculate sample permeance(if required) using the following relationship:Metric Perms5WVTRP w5g/m2·day·mm Hgwhere:WVTR=Specimen water vapor transmission rate,g/m2·d, andP w=Water vapor partial pressure gradient across the test specimen,mmHg.11.3Permeability Coeffıcient—Calculate the water vapor permeability coefficient(if required)using the following rela-tionship:Permeability5metric perms·twhere:t=the average thickness of the specimen,mm.Note: Permeability calculations are meaningful only in caseswhere materials have been determined to be homoge-neous.12.Report12.1Report the following information:12.1.1A description of the test specimen.If the material is nonsymmetrical(two sides different),include a statement as to which side was facing the high humidity,12.1.2The humidity environment on each side of the test film and means by which it was obtained,12.1.3The test temperature(to nearest0.5°C),12.1.4The values of WVTR and,if desired,values of permeance and permeability.These entries should be rounded off to three significantfigures or less,as may be consistent with the operator’s estimate of precision or bias,12.1.5A statement of the means used to obtain the calibra-tion factor,12.1.6The effective area exposed to permeation and a description of how it was defined,12.1.7The time to reach steady-state after introduction of the diffusion cell into the test chamber,and12.1.8A description of the conditioning procedure.13.Precision and Bias13.1Precision:13.1.1Four differentfilm materials cut and distributed in accordance with Practice E691were evaluated by eight laboratories.The number of laboratories and materials in this study does not meet the minimum requirements for determin-ing precision prescribed in Practice E691.Of the total eight laboratories that participated in this round robin,one did not report results for the PET sample.Due to equipment limita-tions,onlyfive laboratories were able to measure the water vapor transmission rate of the EVOH material.Of thesefive labs,the data from two laboratories were determined to be outliers in accordance with Practice E178.In addition,due to the type of equipment used,two of the laboratories participat-ing in the round robin actually measured all of the samples at 90%RH and converted the results to100%RH driving force by multiplying by1.11.Precision,characterized by repeatability S r and r,and repro-ducibility S R and R,has been determined for the following materials to be:Materials No.of Labs Average†S r S R r RPET714.00.3 2.00.8 5.7PE829.8 2.3 4.6 6.312.9 EVOH3239.626.7177.674.7497.3 PP8 4.10.20.60.5 1.7†Editorially corrected.13.2Bias—Measured values are derived from comparisons with known-value referencefilms.The accuracy of this method is therefore dependent upon the validity of the values assigned to these referencefilms.This information should be available from the manufacturer of the referencefilms.APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1.TESTING POOR BARRIERSX1.1Normal procedures as described for the modulated infrared permeation system are considered suitable for testing barrier materials having rates up to100g/m2–day.Above that level,a different approach may be required in order to keep the sensor output within design limits.X1.2In general,the testing of a“high transmitter’’requires that means be employed to reduce the concentration of water vapor in the sensor.This may be accomplished in two ways: X1.2.1By increasing theflow of dry gas(possible in earlier model WVTR equipment),orX1.2.2By reducing the area of the testfilm.X1.3Alternatively,apply foil masks with die-cut apertures. These may be applied to both sides of a barrier to reduce the sample area.Metal masks utilizing a neoprene O-ring are yet another alternative.X1.4Each of these methods,when used alone or in combination,serves to reduce the vapor concentration of the air stream.N OTE X1.1—The precision and bias of results obtained with reduced-area masked samples has not been established.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this ers of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights,and the risk of infringement of such rights,are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed everyfive years and if not revised,either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,which you may attend.If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards,at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959, United States.Individual reprints(single or multiple copies)of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at610-832-9585(phone),610-832-9555(fax),or service@(e-mail);or through the ASTM website().。

Optical humidity sensor based on hollow core fiberM.Y. Mohd Noor*a, N. Khalili b , G.D. Peng a,a School of Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications, The University of New South Wales,Sydney, 2052 Australiab School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales,Sydney, 2052 AustraliaABSTRACTWe propose a novel relative humidity (RH) sensor based on hollow core fiber using direct absorption spectroscopic method in this paper. The wavelength scanning around water vapor absorption peak around 1368.59 nm is realized by injecting saw-tooth modulated current to a DFB laser diode. A reference signal is used as a zero absorption baseline and to help reduce the interference from DFB laser source and probed region. The humidity level is determined by the normalized voltage difference between reference signal and sensor signal at the peak of water vapor absorption. We demonstrate that a length of 5 cm hollow core fiber with a fixed small air gap between SMF and hollow core fiber as an opening achieves a humidity detection resolution of around 0.02%RH over the range 0 to 50%RH which does not require the use of any hygroscopic material.Keywords: hollow core fiber, humidity sensing, direct absorption, wavelength scanning1.INTRODUCTIONThe measurement of humidity is required in a range of areas, including meteorology, agriculture, clinical medicine, manufacturing and civil engineering. Optical humidity fiber sensor offer specific advantages compared with their conventional counterparts such as small size and weight, immunity to electromagnetic interference, multi-sensors and remote operation. A wide range of optical fiber humidity sensors have been reported in the literature review. Most of these fiber optic humidity sensors work on the basis of hygroscopic sensing material coated over the optical fiber for modulation1. There are also fiber optic humidity sensor that do not used any hygroscopic material as shown by Lauer2 with a direct spectroscopic technique in open path which the humidity sensing is based on the light attenuation at certain wavelength by using VCSEL light source at 1.84 um band. This humidity sensor is capable to measure wide range of relative humidity variations but required the laser beam alignment and constraint of fiber components in that wavelength emission. Recently, holey fiber has generated much interest in exploiting such fibers for sensing and spectroscopic analysis of gases3, 4. A holey fiber based on interferometer has been adapted for humidity sensing without the use of hygroscopic coating too5 but the range of detection does not cover for low humidity region.In this paper we present a novel fiber optic humidity sensor based on hollow core fiber with direct absorption technique at 1369 nm band to measure relative humidity. A scanning saw-tooth DFB light source is goes through hollow core fiber. One end of the hollow core fiber spliced to standard SMF. A fix small gap on the other end of hollow core fiber is used as an opening for a diffusion hole. A reference signal that act as a zero absorption baseline is used to reduce the interferences from DFB source and probed region. The voltage difference between both signals at peak of water vapor absorption is changes to the variation of the humidity level.The choice of DFB laser emitting at 1369 nm are highly suited for sensitive detection of humidity cause by the strong absorption at this near infrared band and takes advantage of the mature telecommunication technology where fiber coupled lasers and fiber components are readily available. To the best of our knowledge such hollow core fiber based on spectroscopic technique at 1369 nm light emission to measure relative humidity which does not require any hygroscopic material is reported for the first time.2.TARGET ABSORPTION WAVELENGTH SELECTIONA critical important step in the design of an optical absorption sensor is the selection of line absorption. Proper absorption line selection can significantly improve the accuracy and performance of the sensor. There are number ofThird Asia Pacific Optical Sensors Conference, edited by John Canning, Gangding Peng,Proc. of SPIE Vol. 8351, 83510R · © 2012 SPIE · CCC code: 0277-786X/12/$18 · doi: 10.1117/12.915809water vapor absorption bands that have been considered for study, all of which are listed in the HITRAN database 6. Theband of water vapor transitions over the range of wavelengths from 1 and 10 um is shown in figure 1. These water vaporspectrums are extracted from the latest update of HITRAN database for water vapor which is HITRAN 2008 molecularspectroscopic database. Wavelength that have the higher line strength (S) represent relatively stronger absorption featureat that specific wavelength. The strongest absorption band of water vapor is in the mid-infrared region above 5 umwavelength followed by near infrared region absorption band between 2 to 3 µm, 1.8 µm and 1.4 µm band. Althoughmid-infrared transitions in the fundamental vibration bands are ten times stronger than the combination and overtonevibrational transitions in the near infrared, laser and fiber technology is less mature in the mid-infrared than in the mid-infrared. Accordingly, we limit the choice of transitions to the 1.3 to 1.6 µm region where laser and fiber opticstechnology are well developed and readily available.00.511.522.533.5x 10-19Wav elength (µm)S (c m /m o l e c u l e )Figure 1. Water vapor absorption spectra in the 1 to 10 µm region based on the HITRAN database00.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.8x 10-20Wav elength (nm)S (c m /m o l e c u l e )Figure 2. The chosen water vapor line absorption at 1368.59 nmSpecifically, we have chosen to probe the 1368.59 nm water vapor absorption feature to measure relative humidity whicharises from the 212 ←313 rotational line within v 3 + v 2 vibrational band. This is because the reported linestrength value forthe 1368.59 nm absorption feature in the HITRAN database is 1.8 x 10-20 cm/molecule as shown in figure 2 which is oneof the highest in the region 1.3 to 1.6 µm and includes only one transition around this band to avoid transition overlapwith the neighboring transitions when the pressure broadening 7 that could cause complicated absorption measurement.This is the first time absorption line of water vapor around 1369 nm band is used to measure relative humidity.3. WORKING PRINCIPLEA common way to relate the amount of water vapor present in the environment is to take the ratio of the actual watervapor pressure and the saturation water vapor pressure at a specific temperature. The resultant term, known as therelative humidity(RH), simply represents the ratio of the amount of water vapor present in the atmosphere to themaximum amount the atmosphere can hold and if often expressed as a percentage using the following equation 1,Relative Humidity (RH) = %100×wsv P P (1) where P w is the partial pressure of the water vapor and P ws is the saturation water vapor pressure.In this optical absorption humidity sensor, the presence of water vapor is determined according to the Beer-Lambert lawwhere the amount of water vapor is related to the power output 8 asCL o e P P α−= (2) where P is the output signal power, P o the received signal power, α is the absorption coefficient of the water vapor, C isthe amount of water vapor and L is the absorption path length. The power output will decrease when the relativehumidity is increased and vice versa with fix temperature condition. The holey fiber is used as a sensing element. Thetransmissions light that going through the holey fiber will be attenuated or absorb at certain wavelength cause by thewater vapor inside the holey fiber. The use of holey fiber to detect water vapor using direct absorption method isreported for the first time. A small gap between SMF and holey fiber is exposed to atmosphere to allow gas in and out ofthe holey fiber. By using a wide range of scanning wavelength scheme, a narrow-linewidth of DFB laser is tuned notonly the entire absorption feature but also non-absorption feature of water vapor as shown in figure 3 using saw-toothmodulation. A reference signal is constructed by using a reference point of non-absorption of water vapor at both side ofWavelength (nm)O p t i c a l p o w e r (d B m )Voltage (V)Figure 3. Example of a DFB saw-tooth modulation in one scanning periodof the absorption feature in one scanning period. The voltage changing at the peak absorption of water vapor absorptionwavelength is vary when the humidity level changes and defined as∆V = signal Sensor -signal Reference (3)The advantage of using this reference signal as zero absorption baseline is that the resulting ∆V signal is immune to the outside affection such as noise of laser source, fiber loss and unwanted attenuation in the probed region. This is because all these interferences will both affect the sensor and reference signal and therefore the ∆V signal intensity indicates the amount of water vapor independently of the received laser power.4.EXPERIMENTFigure 4. System design and hollow core fiber cross sectionFig. 4 shows the setup to detect relative humidity in atmospheric pressure and room temperature. The water vapor absorption band centered around 1368 nm is one of the strongest in the near infrared region based on the HITRAN database therefore a wavelength scan of the water vapor absorption peak around 1368.59 nm is chosen and realized by saw-tooth modulation current at 200Hz which is injected into distributed-feedback (DFB) laser and the output light from the hollow core fiber detected at photo-detector (Optiphase V500 The signal generation and acquisition, as well as the signal processing is done using a PC equipped with data acquisition (DAQ) card (model: NI-6215) at 50 kHz sampling rate. The scanning range of the absorption feature is around 0.25 nm. The ∆V signal intensity is used to gain a meaningful humidity measurement. In this work, hollow core fiber is picked as the holey fiber as this hollow core fiber can guide over the 98% of the light in the holey regions of the fiber9. The detection of humidity can be realized in bettersensitivity even at low humidity region as almost all the transmission light of hollow core fiber overlap with the air. The hollow core fiber consist of 8 rings of air holes arranged in a hexagonal pattern and one hollow core as depicted in figure 4 and guides light by a photonic bandgap effect. The cladding diameter is around 50 µm. One end of hollow core fiber is spliced to a standard optical fiber (SMF-28) using a fusion splicing machine with splice loss around 1 dB. A default program for splicing single mode fibers with optimized parameters was used to ensure repeatability of theprocess. On the other end, a small gap was adjusted to ~50 µm 10 for efficient filling while keeping good signal coupling efficiency using 3D stages and fixed to the V-groove for a permanent gap between the fibers. This gap is open to ambient atmospheres that act as a diffusion holes. The absorption path is equal to the length of the hollow core fiber that is 5 cm. The humidity response of the sensor is studied at room temperature and normal atmospheric pressure by placing it in an airtight enclosure. The humidity in the tight enclosure is varied by using a silica gel that can absorb the water vapor. An electronic relative humidity sensor was used to monitor the temperature and humidity internally for calibration. The maximum humidity that can be achieved in the enclosure is limit to 50%RH (room humidity) as no generation of water vapor involved in the experimental setup.5. RESULTSThe scanning sensor signal is averaging for 4s to reduce the noise and smooth the signals as shown in Fig. 2. The dip of the absorption at 1368.59 nm can be seen clearly in one scanning period.11.522.533.544.5Wavelength (nm)V o l t a g e (V )Figure 5. Sensor and reference signal The absorption in the sensor signal in this figure is caused by the room humidity and a reference signal is constructed based on both wings of absorption feature where there is no absorption of water vapor in these points of region by using combinations of waveform measurement and generation function in the LabVIEW. By analyzing the voltage difference between sensor signal and reference signal at peak absorption of water vapor (∆V) around 1368.59 nm wavelength using a LabVIEW peak-detector function, a meaningful relative humidity reading can be recorded in a normalized value. In this way, the real time measurement can be achieved without any further of the data processing. In figure 6, the sensor is calibrated with electronic sensor down to 20%RH only as this electronic sensor could not detect humidity level below than 20%RH. The reading of the relative humidity below than that is extrapolated based on calibrated relative humidity reading. The extrapolation data shows that the sensor can measure the low humidity level down to around 1%RH. In order to estimate the minimum detection of humidity level, a measurement of the fix humidity at 40%RH was performed for 300 s inside the airtight enclosure as shown in figure 7 and the statistical fluctuation over time is calculated. The mean voltage (μ) and standard deviation (σ) were found to be 0.87 and 425µ. The signal to noise ratio (SNR) was then calculated to be 2047 by dividing between the μ and σ value to estimate the sensitivity of the sensor 11. The sensitivity in term of the minimum detection of relative humidity for a SNR of unity is then estimated to be 0.02%RH. Practically, the wavelength scanning modulation at 200Hz applied to the DFB laser would help to reduce interferometric noises caused by multiple reflections but there appeared fringes that can shift when the fiber is moving and could not eliminated. Hence, external disturbances such as fiber bend would cause shift of the fringes and induce error in measurement.However, the results presented here were obtained in control laboratory environment to minimize the environmental disturbance.0.850.870.890.910.930.950.970.991%RH N o r m a l i z e d ΔV Figure 6. Range detection of the sensor0501001502002503000.80.820.840.860.880.9Time (s)N o r m a l i z e d ΔVFigure 7. Normalized ∆V signal for a fix humidity level at 40%RH for 5 minutes6. CONCLUSIONWe have demonstrated a novel relative humidity optical fiber sensor based on direct absorption spectroscopic technique at 1369 nm band using hollow core fiber and therefore does not require the use of a hygroscopic material. A saw-tooth scanning wavelength scheme is applied for humidity sensing and the relative humidity level is based on the normalized value of voltage difference between reference signal and sensor signal at the peak of the water vapor absorption. A 5 cm hollow core fiber with a small gap as a diffusion hole demonstrated a high humidity resolution or sensitivity of around 0.02%RH in the low humidity measurement condition from 0 to 50%RH. Although no measurement is done in the region of high humidity between 50 and 100%RH due to limited of experimental facility, it is expected that the sensor will work properly in the high humidity level based on the current sensitivity performance of the sensor.REFERENCES[1]Yeo, T.L., T.Sun and K.T.V Grattan, "Fibre-optic sensor technologies for humidity and moisture measurement," Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 144(2), 280-295 (2008).[2]Lauer, C., Szalay, S., Bohm, G., Lin, C., Kohler, F. and Amann, M.-C., "Laser hygrometer using a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) with an emission wavelength of 1.84 µm," Instrumentation and Measurement, IEEE Transactions 54(3), 1214-1218 (2005).[3]Jin, W., Xuan, H.F. and Ho, H.L., "Sensing with hollow-core photonic bandgap fibers," Meas. Sci. Technol. 21 094014, 1-12 (2010).[4]Hoo, Y.L., Liu, S., Ho, H.L. and Jin,W., "Fast response Microstructured Optical Fiber Methane Sensor With Multiple side-Openings,"Photonic Technology Letters, IEEE 22(5), 296-298 (2010).[5]Mathew, J., Semenova, Y., Rajan, G. and Farrell, G., "Humidity sensor based on photonic crystal fibre interferometer," Electronic Letters 46(19), 1341-1343 (2010).[6]Rothman, L.S., et al., "The HITRAN DATABASE 2008 molecular spectroscopic database," Journal of Quatitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 110(2), 533-572 (2009).[7] A. Ray, A. Bandyopadhyay, B. Ray, D. Biswas, and P. N. Ghosh, “Line-shape study of water vapor by tunable diode laser spectrometer in the 822-832 nm wavelength region,” Appl. Phys. B 79(7), 915-921 (2004)[8]Wang, H., Wang, Q., Chang, J., Zhang, X., Zhang, S. and Ni, J., "Measurement technique for methane concentration by wavelength scanning of a distributed-feedback laser," Laser Physics 18(4), 491-494 (2008).[9]Cubillas, A.M, et al., "High sensitive methane sensor based on a photonic bandgap fiber," Third European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors, 1-4 (2007).[10]Ritari, T., et al., "Gas sensing using air-guiding photonic bandgap fibers," Opt. Express 12(17), 4080-4087 (2004).[11]Demtroder, W., [Laser Spectroscopy: Basic Concepts and Instrumentation], Springer, New York, 369-372 (2003).。

压力变送器英文参数定义Pressure transmitters are devices that convert pressure into a standard electrical signal output, typically used in industrial automation and process control systems. They are essential components in a wide range of applications, including fluid systems, pneumatic systems, and hydraulic systems, where precise measurement and control of pressure are crucial.The fundamental components of a pressure transmitter include a pressure sensor, a signal conditioning circuit, and an output interface. The pressure sensor, typically a piezoelectric or piezoresistive device, measures the pressure applied to it and converts it into an electrical signal. The signal conditioning circuit processes this signal, amplifying it and converting it into a standard output signal such as 4-20mA or 0-10V. The output interface then transmits this signal to the control system forfurther processing.The key parameters of a pressure transmitter are its measurement range, accuracy, stability, and response time. The measurement range refers to the minimum and maximum pressures that the transmitter can measure. Accuracy is a measure of how closely the transmitter's output matches the actual pressure being measured, typically expressed as a percentage of the full scale range. Stability refers to the transmitter's ability to maintain its accuracy over time and under varying environmental conditions. Response timeis a measure of how quickly the transmitter can respond to changes in pressure.Other important parameters include the power requirements of the transmitter, its operating temperature range, and its compatibility with different media and environments. For example, some transmitters are designed for use in explosive atmospheres or with corrosive fluids, while others are suitable for use in high-temperature or high-pressure environments.In terms of electrical specifications, pressure transmitters typically have an analog output signal, suchas 4-20mA or 0-10V, which is compatible with mostindustrial automation systems. They may also have digital communication interfaces such as HART, Profibus, or Modbus, which allow for more advanced monitoring and control capabilities.Installation and calibration of pressure transmitters are crucial to ensure accurate and reliable performance. The transmitter should be mounted in a location that allows for proper sensing of the pressure being measured, while also considering factors such as temperature, humidity, and vibration. Calibration is typically performed at regular intervals to compensate for any drift in performance over time.In conclusion, pressure transmitters play a vital role in industrial automation and process control systems, enabling precise measurement and control of pressure in a wide range of applications. Understanding the key parameters and specifications of these devices is essential for selecting the appropriate transmitter for a given application and ensuring optimal performance.。

Technical NoteSPI Communication with the Honeywell HumidIcon™ Digital Humidity/Temperature SensorsSensing and Control1.0 IntroductionThe Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) is a simple bus system for synchronous serial communication between one Master and one or more Slaves. It operates in either full-duplex mode or half-duplex mode, allowing simultaneous communication in both directions, or in one direction only. The Master device initiates an information transfer on the bus and generates clock and control signals. Slave devices are controlled by the Master through individual Slave select lines and are active only when selected.Honeywell HumidIcon ™ digital humidity sensors with SPI output operate in half-duplex mode only, with data transfer from the Slave to the Master. Three data lines are required for data transmission:Slave Select (SS)Signal Clock (SCLK)Master-In-Slave Out (MISO)All three of these bus lines are unidirectional. SS and SCLK are controlled by the Master while MISO is controlled by the Slave (see Figure 1).2.0 Data Transfer with SPI Output Humidity SensorsHoneywell’s digital output humidity sensors are design ed to work as Slaves and will therefore only respond when the SS line is asserted. Once the SS line is asserted, the sensor will begin sending data once a clock is received. By default, Honeywell digital humidity sensors are configured to change data on the MISO line with the falling edge of SCLK. This means the Master device should sample MISO on the rising (opposite edge) of SCLK.Honeywell digital humidity sensors can handle high and low SCLK polarity without configuration change. Please contact Honeywell Customer Service with questions regarding SCLK polarity and sampling MISO.Figure 2 shows an example of a 1 byte data transfer from the Slave to the Master. In this example, the data 101 (01100101 binary, or 65 hex) would be read.Figure 2. Example of a 1 Byte SPI Data Transfer with aOnce the clocking begins, Honeywell digital humidity sensors are designed to output up to four bytes of data, depending on the sensor options and the needs of the application. In all cases, the first two data bytes are the compensated humidity output, along with sensor status bits. The third and fourth bytes are for optional compensated temperature output. 2.1 Making a Measurement RequestBy default, the digital output humidity sensor performs humidity measurement and temperature measurement conversions whenever it receives a measurement request (MR) command; otherwise, the sensor is always powered down. The results are stored after each measurement in output registers to be read using a data fetch (DF) command.Detecting whether data is ready to be fetched can be handled by testing the status bits in the fetched data. Refer to Section 2.5 for details of the status bits.SPI Communication with the Honeywell HumidIcon™ Digital Humidity/Temperature Sensors2 Honeywell Sensing and Control2.2 Humidity and Temperature Measurement Request To wake up the humidity sensor and complete a measurement cycle, an MR command is used. The complete measurement cycle performs a humidity measurement and a temperature measurement and stores the results. As shown in Figure 3, an MR command is a read of eight or more bits, ignoring the data that is returned.A DF (Data Fetch) command must be completed before sending another measurement request command to start a new measurement cycle.2.3 Humidity Data FetchTo receive a compensated humidity reading, the Master generates the necessary clock signal after activating thesensor with the Slave select line. The sensor will transmit up to four bytes of data: the first two bytes contain the compensated humidity output, and the second two bytes contain the compensated temperature output.If only the compensated humidity value is required, the Master can terminate communication by stopping the clock and deactivating the slave select line after the second byte. An example of the communication is shown in Figure 4.2.4 Humidity and Temperature Data FetchThe optional corrected temperature data is read out with 14 bitresolution. By reading out the third and fourth bytes of data from the sensor, the complete 14 bit optional compensated temperature value can be read, as shown in Figure 5.When reading the full 14 bit resolution temperature output, the two least significant bits of the fourth data byte are “Do Not Care” and should be ignored.Figure 5. SPI Humidity and Temperature Data FetchPacket = [ {S(1:0),C(13:8)}, {C(7:0)}, {T(13:6)},{T(5:0),xx} ]Where:S(1:0) = Status bits of packetC(13:8) = Upper six bits of 14-bit humidity data C(7:0) = Lower eight bits of 14-bit humidity data T(13:6) = Corrected temperature dataT(5:0),xx = Remaining bits of corrected temperature data forfull 14-bit resolutionHiZ = High impedance 2.5 Status BitsHoneywell digital output humidity sensors offer status bits to ensure robust system operation in critical applications. The sensor status is indicated by the first two most significant bits of data byte 1 (See Table 1).Note 1: Command Mode is used for programming the sensor. This mode should not be seen during normal operationWhen the status bits read “01”, “s tale” data is indicated. This means that the data in the output buffer of the sensor has already been fetched by the Master, and has not yet beenupdated with the new data from the current measurement cycle. This can happen when the Master polls the data quicker than the sensor can update the output buffer.SPI Communication with the Honeywell HumidIcon™ Digital Humidity/Temperature SensorsHoneywell Sensing and Control 33.0 Measurement CycleFigure 6 shows the measurement cycle for the humidity sensor. The measurement cycle time is typically 36.65 ms fortemperature and humidity readings. It is recommended that the user wait until the measurement cycle has completed rather than polling for data to reduce current consumption and noise.Figure 6. Measurement Cycle for Humidity and4.0 Calculation of the Humidity Value from the Digital OutputFor Honeywell humidity sensors, the output of the device is simply a 14 bit number representing between 0 %RH and 100 %RH (see Equation 1):0 %RH = 0 counts100 %RH = 214- 2 counts5.0 Calculation of Optional Temperature from the Digital OutputFor Honeywell Humidity Sensors with the optionalcompensated temperature output, the output of the device is simply a 14 bit number representing between -40 ºC and 125 ºC (see Equation 2):-40 ºC = 0 counts125 ºC = 214– 2 counts6.0 Timing and Level Parameters (See Figure7.)SPI Communication with the Honeywell HumidIcon™ Digital Humidity/Temperature SensorsSensing and ControlHoneywell1985 Douglas Drive NorthGolden Valley, MN 55422 /sensing 009071-1-ENJuly 2012Copyright © 2012 Honeywell International Inc. All rights reserved.WARRANTY/REMEDYHoneywell warrants goods of its manufacture as being free of defective materials and faulty workmanship. Honeywell’s standard product warranty applies unless agreed to otherwise by Honeywell in writing; please refer to your order acknowledgement or consult your local sales office for specific warranty details. If warranted goods are returned to Honeywell during the period of coverage, Honeywell will repair or replace, at its option, without charge those items it finds defective. The foregoin g is buyer’s sole remedy and is in lieu of all other warranties, expressed or implied, including those of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. In no event shall Honeywell be liable for consequential, special, or indirect damages.While we provide application assistance personally, through our literature and the Honeywell web site, it is up to the customer to determine the suitability of the product in the application.Specifications may change without notice. The information we supply is believed to be accurate and reliable as of this printing. However, we assume no responsibility for its use. SALES AND SERVICEHoneywell serves its customers through a worldwide network of sales offices, representatives and distributors. For application assistance, current specifications, pricing or name of the nearest Authorized Distributor, contact your local sales office or:E-mail:*********************Internet: /sensingPhone and Fax:Asia Pacific +65 6355-2828+65 6445-3033 FaxEurope +44 (0) 1698 481481+44 (0) 1698 481676 FaxLatin America +1-305-805-8188+1-305-883-8257 FaxUSA/Canada +1-800-537-6945+1-815-235-6847+1-815-235-6545 Fax。

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energyregulators家用和类似用途的自动电气控制装置.第1部分:一般要求(Automatic electrical controls for household and similar use - Part 1: General requirements空气处理场所使用的个别分离性产品及其附件热和可见烟雾释放的燃烧试验(Fire test for heat and visible smoke release for discrete products and their accessories installed inair-handling spaces建筑材料表面燃烧特性的试验(Test for surfaceburning characteristics of building materials塑料喷水管的可见火焰(Fire test of plastic和烟雾性能的燃烧试验sprinkler pipe forvisible flame and smokecharacteristics商用闭路电视设备(Commercialclosed-circuit television equipment氖变压器和电力电源(Neon transformers andpower supplies带导体的非金属地下导管(Nonmetallic underground conduit with conductors()(Standard for Low-Voltage Fuses - Part 10: Class L Fuses,)带衬的消防软管和软管组件(Lined fire hose and hose assemblies防火用切断阀(Check valves for fire-protectionservice预制布线装置(Manufactured wiringsystems聚四氟乙烯1301回收/再利用设备(Halon 1301 recovery/recycling equipment车辆用蓄电池适配器(Vehicle batteryadapters浸渍式检测电路断流器(Immersion-detectioncircuit-interrupters建筑物连接系统的耐火性试验(Tests for fire resistance of building joint systems()(Standard forLow-Voltage Fuses, Part 5: Class G Fuses)光缆槽(Optical fiber cableraceway便携式液化石油气储气瓶组件用适配器和瓶连接装置(Adapters and cylinder connection devices for portable LP-gas cylinder assemblies气瓶阀(Cylinder valves燃油楼层炉(Oil-fired floorfurnaces易燃和可燃液体储罐(Tanks for flammableand combustible liquids美国保险商实验所(UL)标准号标准中文名称标准英文名称摘要商用干洗机(IV型)Commercialdry-cleaningmachines (type IV)化学清洗;溶剂;空气压缩机;织物;干燥技术;商业用;干式清洁设备固定金属线Fixture Wire金属线;导电体;电缆;安全连续长度高密度聚乙烯导管Continuous lengthHDPE conduit配件;小型断路器;聚乙烯管道;高密度聚乙烯;直径;电线;聚乙烯;挤压的;装置用导管;导(线)管;刚性电围栏控制器Electric-fencecontrollers 电牧栏;控制器;照明电路;围栏电路;设计;安装;外壳;材料;测量EB型和A型硬聚氯乙烯Type EB and A rigid 导(线)管;高密度聚乙烯;聚氯导管及高密度聚乙烯导管PVC conduit andHDPE conduit乙烯;聚氯乙烯管道;挤压的;电线;装置用导管;刚性;配件;小型断路器电动机驱动装置Motor-operatedappliances 家用设备;小器具;作标记;危险防护;动力驱动;设计;电气安全;电气器具;材料旋具和套筒扳手特殊要求Particularreqirements forscrewdrivers andimpact wrenches手工工具;分类系统;电动工具;设计;电气工程;冲击式扳手;工具;旋具;电气安全;定义;危害;试验;规刻纹机和修剪机特殊要求Particularrequirements forrouters andtrimmers铣刀;手工工具;电动工具;修剪机;危害;电气设备;工具;安全要求;定义;设计;分类系统;电气安全;规刨刀特殊要求Particularrequirements forplaners手工工具;电动工具;危害;电气设备;工具;刨刀;安全要求;定义;设计;分类系统;电气安全;规范(验收混凝土振捣器特殊要求Particularrequirements forconcrete vibrators手工工具;电动工具;振子;危害;电气设备;工具;安全要求;定义;设计;分类系统;电气安全;规范(验收钻头特殊要求Particularrequirements fordrills手工工具;分类系统;电动工具;钻头;设计;电气工程;工具;定义;电气安全;危害;试验;安全要求往复式锯特殊要求Particularrequirements forreciprocating saws锯;手工工具;电动工具;危害;工具;安全要求;定义;设计;分类系统;电气安全;规范(验收);电气工程便携式电动工具Portable electrictools手工工具;分类系统;电动工具;设计;电气工程;工具;定义;电气安全;危害;便携的;试验;安全要求壁炉Fireplace stoves 煤;火炉;火炉;炉子;炉;层燃;炉床;加热室;固体燃料加热;开式壁炉;烟囱;木材商用烹饪设备用排风罩Exhaust hoods forcommercial cookingequipment水道;吸入装置;气流调节器(空调);烹饪设备;餐厅厨房;商业用;排气罩;废气的清洗燃油储存箱水加热器Oil-fired storage 温度调节器;油燃烧系统;燃油tank water heaters喷嘴;水温;储存箱;水加热器;热水设备燃油单元供热器Oil-fired unitheaters恒温器;空气加热器;加热设备;单元供热器;油燃烧系统;燃油喷嘴;引燃;带烟道的燃油炉;燃料油灭火器的效率和灭火试验Rating and testingof fireextinguishers燃烧试验;效率;性能;消防器械;灭火剂;灭火器;名称与符号燃油壁炉Oil-fired wallfurnaces风扇;辐射屏蔽;烟道;有通气孔的;燃油控制;油燃烧系统;燃油喷嘴;带烟道的燃油炉;板式加热用具;墙燃油楼层炉Oil-fired floorfurnaces风扇;辐射屏蔽;热交换器;油燃烧系统;燃油喷嘴;带烟道的燃油炉;地板下供暖燃油集中加热炉Oil-fired centralfurnaces炉;散热器;单元供热器;强制通风炉灶;油燃烧系统;集中供暖;燃油喷嘴;烟囟灰;带烟道的燃油炉建筑材料表面燃烧特性的试验Test for surfaceburningcharacteristics ofbuilding materials燃烧特性;燃烧试验;燃烧试验;建筑材料;防火;建筑物;试验记录保护设备的耐火试验Test for fireresistance ofrecord protectionequipment记录;湿度测定;保险柜;容器;试验规程;记录品(文献);耐火性;保护设备;高温防护燃油锅炉组合装置Oil-fired boilerassemblies 热交换器;组装件;高压;高温;锅炉装置;油燃烧系统;燃油喷嘴;蒸汽;设备;锅炉石油产品输送系统用动力泵Power-operatedpumps forpetroleumdispensingproducts电泵;电动的;汽油;煤油;液体燃料;泵;动力操作;燃料油美国保险商实验所(UL)标准号标准中文名称标准英文名称摘要地面非金属电缆管道和配件(Nonmetallic surface racewaysand fittings用于空气软管和空气连接器的密封系统(Closure systems for use with flexible air ducts and air connectors电绝缘半导体器件(Electrically isolated semiconductor devices一次性易燃的和可燃液体用塑料容器(Nonreusable plastic containers for flammable and combustibleliquids()(Standard for General-Use Snap Switches)()(Standard forElectrical Intermediate Metal Conduit - Steel)固态风扇速度控制器(Solid-state fanspeed controls 二氧化碳灭火器(Carbon-dioxidefire extinguishers()(InformationTechnology Equipment - Safety - Part 1: General Requirements)不间断电源配送设备(Uninterruptible power supplyequipment()(Electro-Sensitive Protective Equipment, Part 2: Particular Requirements for Equipment UsingActiveOpto-Electronic Protective Devices(AOPDs))防火设备用喷水雾咀(Water mist nozzles for fire protectionservice地下室和档案室门的耐火性试验(Tests for fire resistance of vault and file room doors燃油炉(Oil burners 床垫的燃烧试验(Fire tests ofmattresses 烟囱内套(Chimney liners()(Standard forLow-VoltageSwitchgear and Controlgear Part 1: General Rules)室外安装的锅炉组合装置(Field erected boiler assemblies()(Standard forHousehold FireWarning SystemUnits)电线、电缆和软线的参考标准(Referencestandard for electrical wires, cables, and flexible cords压缩空气管耐火焰和烟雾性能的火灾试验(Fire test of pneumatic tubing for flame and smoke characteristics外科用织物的燃烧试验(Fire tests ofsurgical fabrics工厂继第三方认证后制造的便携式灭火器(Factory follow-up on third party certified portable fire extinguishers共用天线电视电缆Community-antennatelevision cables 同轴电缆;电视;电缆;电气工程;天线;通信电缆;规范(验收)电力非金属管系Electricalnonmetallic tubing布线;电力设备;纤维材料;电缆保护;设计;非金属的;柔性;管;绝缘线;材料;规范(验收)美国保险商实验所(UL)标准号标准中文名称标准英文名称摘要光导纤维电缆Optical fiber cable光波导;波导管;纤维光学;作标记;玻璃纤维电缆;规范(验收);电气工程发动机驱动的按摩和训练设备Motor-operated massageand exercise machines遥控;自行车;体操器材;按摩器械;振子;训练设备;动力驱动;电气安全舞台和播音室照明设备Stage and studio lightingunits播音室;舞台照明;舞台;照明系统;电气工程;播音室照明;电气设备泡沫设备和液体浓缩物Foam equipment and liquidconcentrates生产;发泡试验;发泡剂;发泡能力;灭火器;发泡机道路照明系统Track lighting systems 连接器;钢轨;线路;白炽灯泡;照明系统;电气工程;安装设备2类1级、2级和3级Electrical equipment for 危险区域;危害等级;危险场危险场所用电气设备use in class I and classII, division 2, and classIII hazardous(classified) locations 所分类(电气设备用);电气设备;安全要求;电气器具汽油发动机驱动的刚性切割轧边机和轧边修剪机Gasoline-engine-powered,rigid-cutting-memberedgers and edger-trimmers刀具;修剪机;扶手;切削工具;燃料系统;动力驱动先行安装的荧光灯用光反射工具补充要求Supplementalrequirements forluminaires reflector kitsfor installation onpreviously installedfluorescent luminaires照明系统;管形灯;荧光灯;管式荧光灯;保护(装置);安全规则;灯;管式放电灯;安全要求;工具;照明工海上运输工具设备照明的补充要求Supplementalrequirements forluminaires forinstallation on marinevessels海上运输;造船;安全要求;海轮;水路运输;照明工程;照明系统;船舶设备;灯具照明器Luminaires 荧光灯;作标记;检验;安全;照明系统;定义;照明设备;规范(验收);卫生和安全要求;检验规范;灯具;缝纫和裁剪机械Sewing and cuttingmachines 工业机械;缝纫机械;定义;电气工程;电气器具;家用混合型个人漂浮装置Hybrid personal flotationdevices 浮力;营救设备;气体;浮选;浮动式设备;通货膨胀住宅防火设施的喷水设备Residential sprinklersfor fire-protectionservice消防喷水器;防火;防火措施;喷头;住宅区液化石油气调节阀LP-gas regulators气体;压力阀;压力调节器;压力调节器;调节阀;煤气电话设备Telephone equipment 电话设备;电话应答设备;无线的;电话机;手持送受话机;电信2类和3类变压器Class 2 and class 3transformers 过电流保护装置;变压器;变换温度;变换电动增压器和商业贮水式水加热器Electric booster andcommercial storage tankwater heaters电热器;水箱;水加热器;电气器具;储水罐暂态电压冲击抑制器Transient voltage surgesuppressors 过电压保护装置;抑制器;抑制;稳定;电压;熔断器;电气保护设备;冲击电流;无线电工程;暂态电压电动空气压缩机、真空泵和喷漆设备Motor-operated aircompressors, vacuumpumps, and paintingequipment空气压缩机;空气压缩机;喷射装置;漆匠工作;涂料;动力驱动;真空泵电动割草机Electric lawn mowers 剪草机;草皮维护;草坪耕作机具;伐高;刹车;园艺机具;电气器具;割草机刀片;园林工作绝缘材料系统.概论Systems of insulatingmaterials - General 绝缘层;试验规程;电绝缘材料;电绝缘;试验电动树墙修剪机Electric hedge trimmers 剪刀;树墙修剪机;园艺机具;电气器具;数篱;剪刀的刃;园林工作海上用一氧化碳气体检测器Carbon monoxide gasdetectors for marine use一氧化碳;音响警告装置;气体检测器;船队;水路运输;燃气泄漏;信号装置;电池供电的器具;光学警报器干式600V以上变压Transformers, 力学;干式变压器;三相变压器、配电系统distribution, dry-typeover 600 volts 器;变压器;分配器;通风系统;绝缘系统;外壳;试验包覆金属电缆Metal-clad cables 电缆;电缆;金属护套;电气工程;导电体;电缆系统;金属包覆美国保险商实验所(UL)标准号标准中文名称标准英文名称摘要保险箱和金库用安全装置Relocking devicesfor safes andvaults开口;保险柜;锁;开启方法;门;仪器;未锁无阴极射线管显示器的低压视频产品Low-voltage videoproducts withoutcathode-ray-tubedisplays电视工程;附件;摄象机;视频设备;轻便性能;信号传输;低电压重新配置的临时电源接头Relocatabletemporary powertaps插座;过电压保护装置;电流表;切断装置户外电子设备钢外壳的有机覆层Organic coatingsfor steelenclosures for户外型设备;电气设备;有机覆层;保护(装置);安全功能;外壳;钢outdoor useelectricalequipment脚手架提升机Scaffold hoists电动的;手工的;金属丝绳;脚手架;结构工程;提升机;建筑无水液体石油气用安全卸荷阀门Safety reliefvalves foranhydrous ammoniaand LP-gas减压阀;气体;安全阀;煤气;氨;液体静压力;卸荷阀门旅游车用低压照明装置Low voltagelighting fixturesfor use inrecreationalvehicles白炽灯;低电压;野营车;照明设备;24伏;照明系统;荧光灯;旅游居住车;灯压力锅Pressure cookers蒸气压力;厨房器具;压力;家用设备;压力锅衣服熨烫设备Garment finishingappliances 洗衣设备;熨烫设备;安全;衣服;家用洗衣机;家用电器;电气安全;电气器具;电机;试验半导体器件制造用塑料Test methods for 可燃性;半导体器件;试样;塑可燃性特征测定的试验方法determining thecombustabilitycharacteristics ofplastics used insemi-conductortool construction料;测定;耐力;试验;火焰表面传播浴池和浴盆用电热水器Electric waterheaters for poolsand tubs电驱动装置;游泳池;水加热器;洗浴屋顶板结构的防火试验Fire test of roofdeck constructions 燃烧试验;易燃物质;屋顶板;屋顶层;屋顶结构;耐火性预制干粉化学灭火系统设备Pre-engineered drychemicalextinguishingsystem units汽车修理车间(商业的);干粉灭火器;试验;燃烧试验;电气安全;灭火设备;灭火设备;防火;燃料;灭火器与可燃液体分配装置一起使用的控制设备Control equipmentfor use withflammable liquiddispensing devices汽车修理车间(商业的);监视器;易燃性;分配器;可燃液体;控制设备;槽罐设备;检查指示无水液氨和液化石油气阀门(不包括安全卸荷Valves foranhydrous ammonia气体;气阀;石油气;煤气;氨;阀门阀)and LP-gas (otherthan safetyrelief)防火离心泵驱动用柴油机Diesel engines fordrivingcentrifugal firepumps柴油发动机;消防泵;离心泵;机动车燃料;消防器械;动力驱动;柴油机;防火离心泵电气和电子测量与试验设备Electrical andelectronicmeasuring andtesting equipment测量仪器;电子测量装置;电气试验;电学测量仪表;测量技术;电学测量;电气工程无线电接收机、音频系统及附件Radio receivers,audio systems, andaccessories调谐器;音频设备;无线电收发信机;业余无线电台;无线电信号;音频系统;无线电设备;附件;无线电接收机旅游车用发动机和发电机组合机组Engine-generatorassemblies for usein recreationalvehicles野营车;发电机;电气设备;装配;旅游车;动力驱动;附件;电动机电子工业用衣服烘干机Electriccommercial 家用设备;衣服干燥机;洗衣设备;商业的;衣服烘干机;安全clothes-drying equipment 工程;设计;电气设备;电气工程;定义;规范(充电的发动机起动电池组用蓄电池充电器Battery chargersfor chargingengine-starterbatteries起动电池组;蓄电池供电;电气工程;商业用;电动机;蓄电池充电器;变换;内燃机;家用设备氧燃料气焊枪Oxy-fuel gastorches 燃气灯;火把;氧;气体燃料混合物;软管组件;输氧软管;气体燃料;阀门工厂制火炉Factory-builtfireplaces 工业产品;制造;预制安装建筑构件;火炉;成批生产;壁炉腔;工业;试验规程业余电影灯具Amateur movielights 电缆;灯具;布线;光源;摄影光源;摄影机;可运输结构;灯危险场所用污水泵Sewage pumps foruse in hazardous(classified)locations水路运输;潜水泵;电气工程;危险场所分类(电气设备用);泵送装置;废水排水;泵美国保险商实验所(UL)标准号标准中文名称标准英文名称摘要机床用电线和电缆Machine-tool wiresand cables 机床;电缆;电缆;热塑性的;聚氯乙烯绝缘材料;电缆组件;单线的;多线电缆;金属线;导(线)管终端接线盒Terminal blocks卤化剂灭火系统设备Halogenated agentextinguishingsystems units卤素;灭火材料;阀门;HALON灭火设备;自动;工作压力;灭火器;喷嘴专用转换开关Special-useswitches 电视接收机;电器开关;开关;调光开关;耐久试验;专用开关;加热设备接地故障测定设备和继电设备Ground-faultsensing andrelaying equipment故障电流;继电器;传感器;埋设电缆;切断装置;断路器隔离的电力系统设备Isolated powersystems equipment 遥控;接地装置;发电厂;母线;分配设备;变压器;医院设备;医院;医疗技术学;配电盘;地下配电;绝缘1类危险场所用电动机和发电机Electric motorsand generators for危险区域;发电机;危险场所分类(电气设备用);外壳;电动机use in division 1 hazardous(classified)locations防盗报警系统的安装和分类Installation andclassification ofburglar and holdupalarm systems银行;安装;商业企业;防盗警报;防盗警报;安全的;装置;分类;保护装置;警报系统配电盘Panelboards配电盘(开关设备);电路;母线;封闭的;板条;电气装置;电子照明系统;通风孔;支路;电气工程消防用软管阀门Hose valves forfire-protectionservice消防泵;软管配件;角阀;球形阀;消防设备;防火安全;阀门商用干洗机(IV型)Commercialdry-cleaningmachines (type IV)化学清洗;溶剂;空气压缩机;织物;干燥技术;商业用;干式清洁设备固定金属线Fixture Wire金属线;导电体;电缆;安全连续长度高密度聚乙烯Continuous length 配件;小型断路器;聚乙烯管导管HDPE conduit道;高密度聚乙烯;直径;电线;聚乙烯;挤压的;装置用导管;导(线)管;刚性电围栏控制器Electric-fencecontrollers 电牧栏;控制器;照明电路;围栏电路;设计;安装;外壳;材料;测量EB型和A型硬聚氯乙烯导管及高密度聚乙烯导管Type EB and A rigidPVC conduit andHDPE conduit导(线)管;高密度聚乙烯;聚氯乙烯;聚氯乙烯管道;挤压的;电线;装置用导管;刚性;配件;小型断路器电动机驱动装置Motor-operatedappliances 家用设备;小器具;作标记;危险防护;动力驱动;设计;电气安全;电气器具;材料旋具和套筒扳手特殊要求Particularreqirements forscrewdrivers andimpact wrenches手工工具;分类系统;电动工具;设计;电气工程;冲击式扳手;工具;旋具;电气安全;定义;危害;试验;规刻纹机和修剪机特殊要求Particularrequirements forrouters andtrimmers铣刀;手工工具;电动工具;修剪机;危害;电气设备;工具;安全要求;定义;设计;分类系统;电气安全;规刨刀特殊要求Particularrequirements forplaners手工工具;电动工具;危害;电气设备;工具;刨刀;安全要求;定义;设计;分类系统;电气安全;规范(验收混凝土振捣器特殊要求Particularrequirements forconcrete vibrators手工工具;电动工具;振子;危害;电气设备;工具;安全要求;定义;设计;分类系统;电气安全;规范(验收钻头特殊要求Particularrequirements fordrills手工工具;分类系统;电动工具;钻头;设计;电气工程;工具;定义;电气安全;危害;试验;安全要求往复式锯特殊要求Particularrequirements forreciprocating saws锯;手工工具;电动工具;危害;工具;安全要求;定义;设计;分类系统;电气安全;规范(验收);电气工程便携式电动工具Portable electrictools手工工具;分类系统;电动工具;设计;电气工程;工具;定义;电气安全;危害;便携的;试验;安全要求壁炉Fireplace stoves煤;火炉;火炉;炉子;炉;层燃;炉床;加热室;固体燃料加热;开式壁炉;烟囱;木材商用烹饪设备用排风罩Exhaust hoods forcommercial cookingequipment水道;吸入装置;气流调节器(空调);烹饪设备;餐厅厨房;商业用;排气罩;废气的清洗美国保险商实验所(UL)标准号标准中文名称标准英文名称摘要电流分接头和适配器Current taps andadapters 插座;适配器;插孔;插头;设备插头;应力消除;电源;接地;电缆接头;配件电信号Electric signs指示灯;放电;信号;电气工程;灯光呼叫;光信号;电的电气测量和试验用手持式电流夹件Hand-held currentclamps forelectricalmeasurement andtest电学测量;电气安全;电流表;电流表;安全要求;试验设备;实验室器皿;防电击;夹件;控制设备;电气工程防火用热敏传感连锁装置Heat responsivelinks forfire-protection温度试验;耐熔制品;热阻;防火设备;防火;覆层service可燃液体和无水液氨用滤净器Strainers forflammable fluidsand anhydrousammonia气体;滤器;汽油;过滤方法;煤气;工业;液体燃料;氨;液化石油气;燃料油;净化工厂用于配送可燃液体的软管和软管组件Hose and hoseassemblies fordispensingflammable liquids橡胶软管;汽油;柔性管;软管组件;厚度制冷装置用冷却器Refrigeration unitcoolers 冷藏柜;空气冷却器;制冷机;制冷;规范(验收);卧式冷动柜;冷动间房门,帷幔,大门,气窗和窗户的控制器及控制装置Door, drapery,gate, louver, andwindow operatorsand systems窗帘;关闭及制动装置;软百叶帘;大门;开门装置;关门装置;窗;门布线用挠性非金属导线管Flexiblenonmetallic tubingfor electricwiring布线;设计;电力设备;纤维材料;材料;非金属的;电缆保护;管;柔性;绝缘线;规范(验收)防火用切断阀Check valves forfire-protectionservice消防喷水器;消防火管;管系统;阀门;止回阀;防火金属废弃物罐Metal waste cans 汽车修理车间(商业的);容器;金属;油罐;金属罐;工厂;可燃液体;废弃物处置;废物箱燃油设备用泵Pumps foroil-burningappliances执行;油罐;燃油喷嘴;管系统;泵防火信号系统用水流量指示器Waterflowindicators forfire protectivesignaling systems喷管流量;防火;测定;信号系统;水的要求;防火安全装配式房屋和旅游车用顶棚支柱Roof jacks formanufactured homesand recreationalvehicles千斤顶;野营车;野营用品;管联接器;延伸管;加热器;管连接件;旅游居住车;屋顶连接器夹具电气测量和试验用手持式探测器组合件Hand-held probeassemblies forelectricalmeasurement and电控制设备;危害;互连管线;电流表;测量线;外科钳镊;试验设备;实验室器皿;材料强度;安全规则;防爆。

User ManualEE08High-Precision Miniature Humidity and Temperature ProbeBA_EE08 // v1.4 // Modification rights reservedE+E Elektronik Ges.m.b.H. does not accept warranty and liability claims neither upon this publication nor in case of improper treatment of the described products.The document may contain technical inaccuracies and typographical errors. The content will be revised on a regular basis. These changes will be implemented in later versions. The described products can be improved and changed at any time without prior notice.© Copyright E+E Elektronik® Ges.m.b.H.All rights reserved.USAFCC notice:This device has been tested and found to comply with the conditions for a category B device according to part 15 of the FCC rules and regulations. These conditions were designed to provide adequate protection against EMI in a residential environment. This device generates, uses and can radiate high-frequency energy. If it is not installed and used in accordance with the operating instructions, it may cause electromagnetic interference to radio communications. However there is no guarantee that electromagnetic interference will not occur in a particular installation. If the device does cause electromagnetic interference to radio or television reception (this can be determined by turning the device off and on), the user is advised to remedy the interference with the following measures:• Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.• Increase the distance between the device and receiver.• Connect the device to a different circuit to that of the receiver.• Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician.Caution:Any changes to the device not expressly approved by an EMI representative could void the user‘s authority to operate this device.CANADAICES-003 notification:This category B device complies with Canadian standard ICES-003.INHALT1 General (4)1.1 Explanation of Symbols (4)1.2 Safety instructions (4)1.2.1 General Safety Instructions (4)1.2.2 Intended Use (4)1.2.3 Mounting, Start-up and Operation (5)1.3 Environmental Aspects (5)2 Scope of Supply (5)3 Product Description (5)3.1 General (5)3.2 Dimensions (6)3.3 Electrical Connection (6)4 Installation (7)5 Maintenance (7)6 Calibration / Adjustment (7)7 Accessories / Spare Parts (8)8 Technical Data (8)1 GeneralThis user manual serves for ensuring proper handling and optimal functioning of the device. The user manual shall be read before commissioning the equipment and it shall be provided to all staff involved in transport, installation, operation, maintenance and repair. The user manual may not be used for the purposes of competition without the written consent of E+E Elektronik® and may not be forwarded to third parties. Copies may be made for internal purposes. All information, technical data and diagrams included in these instructions are based on the information available at the time of writing.DisclaimerThe manufacturer or his authorized agent can be only be held liable in case of willful or grossnegligence. In any case, the scope of liability is limited to the corresponding amount of the order issued to the manufacturer. The manufacturer assumes no liability for damages incurred due to failure tocomply with the applicable regulations, operating instructions or the specified operating conditions.Consequential damages are excluded from the liability.1.1Explanation of SymbolsThis symbol indicates safety information.It is essential that all safety information is strictly observed. Failure to comply with this information canlead to personal injuries or damage to property. E+E Elektronik® assumes no liability if this happens.This symbol indicates instructions.The instructions shall be observed in order to reach optimal performance of the device.1.2 Safety instructions1.2.1 General Safety InstructionsThe device and mainly the filter cap shall not be exposed to unnecessary mechanical stress.When replacing the filter cap make sure not to touch the sensing elements.The device must be operated with the filter cap on at all times.For sensor cleaning please see “Cleaning Instructions” at /ee08.Installation, electrical connection, maintenance and commissioning shall be performed by qualifiedpersonnel only.Use the EE08 only as intended and observe all technical specifications.Do not use EE08 in explosive atmosphere or for measurement of aggressive gases.This device is not appropriate for safety, emergency stop or other critical applications where devicemalfunction or failure could cause injury to human beings.1.2.2 Intended UseThe EE08 is intended for the humidity (RH) and temperature (T) measurement in applications thatrequire accurate measurement over wide RH and T ranges. It must not be applied in hazardousenvironment with agressive or flammable gases or in explosive areas. For use outdoors and/or inmeteorolgy, optional radiation shields are available. Please refer to chapter 3 Product Description.The use of the EE08 in any other way than described in this manual bears a safety risk for people and the entire measurement installation and is therefore not allowed.The manufacturer cannot be held responsible for damages as a result of incorrect handling, installation, and maintenance of the equipment.In order to avoid damage to the instrument or health hazards, the measuring equipment must never be manipulated with tools that are not specifically described in this manual.The sensor may only be utilized in accordance with the conditions defined in the technical data.Otherwise, measurement inaccuracies will occur and equipment failures cannot be ruled out.The steps recommended by the manufacturer for installation, inspections and maintenance work must be observed and carried out for the safety of the user and for the functionality of the equipment.4User Manual for EE08 Humidity / Temperature ProbeUnauthorized product modification leads to loss of all warranty claims. This may be accomplished only with an explicit permission of E+E Elektronik®!1.2.3 Mounting, Start-up and OperationThe EE08 humidity and temperature probe has been produced under state of the art manufacturingconditions, has been thoroughly tested and has left the factory after fulfilling all safety criteria. Themanufacturer has taken all precautions to ensure safe operation of the device. The user must ensure that the device is set up and installed in a manner that does not have a negative effect on its safeuse. The user is responsible for observing all applicable safety guidelines, local and international, with respect to safe installation and operation on the device. This user manual contains information andwarnings that must be observed by the user in order to ensure safe operation.Mounting, start-up, operation and maintenance of the device may be performed by qualified staffonly. Such staff must be authorized by the operator of the facility to carry out the mentioned activities.The qualified staff must have read and understood this user manual and must follow the instructionscontained within.All process and electrical connections shall be thoroughly checked by authorized staff before puttingthe device into operation.Do not install or start-up a device supposed to be faulty. Make sure that such devices are notaccidentally used by marking them clearly as faulty.A faulty device may only be investigated and possibly repaired by qualified, trained and authorizedstaff. If the fault cannot be fixed, the device shall be removed from the process.Service operations other than described in this user manual may only be performed by themanufacturer.1.3Environmental AspectsProducts from E+E Elektronik® are developed and manufactured observing of all relevant requirements with respect to environment protection. Please observe local regulations for the devicedisposal.For disposal, the individual components of the device must be separated according to local recycling regulations. The electronics shall be disposed of correctly as electronics waste.2 Scope of SupplyEE08 probe according to ordering guideInspection certificate according to DIN EN10204-3.3 Product Description3.1 GeneralThe EE08 is a probe for the highly accurate measurement of humidity (RH) and temperature (T) over wide RH and T ranges of 0...100 % RH and -40...80 °C (-40...176 °F).Typical application fields of the probe areMeteorology / weather stationsHumidity / temperature data loggingIncubatorsFermentation chambersGreen housesSnow machinesDry storage facilitiesThere are two types of probe, the EE08 with cable (type E8) up to 5 m (16.4 ft) length and the EE08 with connector (type E11). For the latter, connection cables with length 1.5 / 3 / 5 / 10 m (5 / 10 / 16.4 / 32.8 ft) are available as accessory.5User Manual for EE08 Humidity / Temperature Probe6User Manual for EE08 Humidity / Temperature ProbeFor outdoor operation the use of an appropriate radiation shield is of paramount importance. The EE08 is compatible with rotational symmetric radiation shields which protect it against rain, snow and overheating caused by direct sunlight (available as accessory HA010502, suitable for type E8 and HA010506, suitable for type E11).3.2 DimensionsFig. 1 Dimensions of EE08 in mm (inch)Fig. 2 Dimensions of optional radiation shields HA010502 and HA010506 in mm (inch)3.3 Electrical ConnectionThe manufacturer cannot be held responsible for personal injuries or damage to property as a result of incorrect handling, installation, wiring, power supply and maintenance of the device.Ground connection:A low impedance connection between the shield of the connection cable and the ground potential isimportant for the flawless operation of the EE08.E2 Voltage Level:Please observe an E2 voltage level of 3.3 V / ±0.1 V on the data lines.4 InstallationThe follwing mounting types are possible:Wall mount with the help of a mounting clip, available as accessory HA010211.Outdoor operation with radiation shield: wall mount or pole mount. Please mind the mountinginstructions included in the manuals of HA010502 and HA010506.5 MaintenanceThe use in dirty, dusty, polluted environment might arise the need for cleaning the sensing head andreplacing the filter cap. In such a case please see the Cleaning Instructions at /ee08.Do not touch the humidity sensor!6 Calibration / AdjustmentDefinitionsCalibration documents the accuracy of a measurement device. The device under test (specimen) iscompared with the reference and the deviations are documented in a calibration certificate. Duringthe calibration, the specimen is not changed or improved in any way.Adjustment improves the measurement accuracy of a device. The specimen is compared with thereference and brought in line with it. An adjustment can be followed by a calibration which documents the accuracy of the adjusted specimen.To carry out a one point or a two point calibration / adjustment, the E2 / RS232 converter (available as an accessory, order code HA011005) and the EE-PCS Product Configuration Software are necessary.The EE-PCS is freely available at /ee08.7User Manual for EE08 Humidity / Temperature Probe7 Accessories / Spare PartsM12 connection cable for type E11, length 1.5 m (5 ft)HA010322M12 connection cable for type E11, length 3 m (10 ft)HA010323M12 connection cable for type E11, length 5 m (16.4 ft)HA010324M12 connection cable for type E11, length 10 m (32.8 ft)HA010325Radiation shield for Type E8HA010502Radiation shield for Type E11HA010506Wall mounting clip Ø12 mm HA010211Protection cap for Ø12 mm probe HA010783M12 female socket with wires HA010703M12 female cable connector assembly possible HA010704Metal grid filter HA010113Cconfiguration cable HA011005EE-PCS free download at /ee088 Technical DataMeasurandsRelative HumidityMeasuring range 0...100 % RHAccuracy at 23 °C (73 °F)for RH ≤ 90 % ±2 % RHand nominal voltage1)f or RH > 90 % ±3 % RHTemperature dependence, typ. 0.03 % RH/°C (0.02 % RH/°F)TemperatureMeasuring range -40...80 °C (-40...176 °F)OutputsAnalogue 0 - 1 V / 0 - 2.5 V / 0 - 5 V / 0 - 10 V -0.2mA < I L < 0.2 mADigital interface E2 interface2)GeneralSupply voltage f or output 0 - 1 V / 0 - 2.5 V V1: 4.5 - 15 V DC V2: 7 - 30 V DCoutput 0 - 5 V V2: 7 - 30 V DCforoutput 0 - 10 V V2: 12 - 30 V DCforCurrent consumption, typ. < 1.3 mAElectrical connection M12x1, 8 polesCable PVC 8 x 0.14 mm² (M1 models)Cable PVC 10 x 0.14 mm² (M6 models)Filter Metal gridProtection rating IP65Enclosure material PolycarbonateElectromagnetic compatibility EN 61326-1 EN 61326-2-3Industrial EnvironmentFCC Part15 Class B ICES-003 Class BOperating and storage conditions -40...80 °C (-40...176 °F)0...100 % RH (operation)0...95 % RH, non-condensing (storage)Adjustment With EE-PCS (Product Configuration Software, free download)and configuration adapter1) The accuracy statement includes the uncertainty of the factory calibration with an enhancement factor k=2 (2-times standard deviation). The accuracy was calculated inaccordance with EA-4/02 and with regard to GUM (Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement);nominal voltage V1 = 12 V DC, V2 = 24 V DC2) E2 Voltage Level = 3.3 V / ±0.1 V, for further support literature refer to /ee08.8User Manual for EE08 Humidity / Temperature ProbeHEADQUARTERSE+E Elektronik Ges.m.b.H. Langwiesen 74209 Engerwitzdorf AustriaTel.: +43 7235 605-0E-mail:*************** Web: SUBSIDIARIESE+E Elektronik China18F, Kaidi Financial Building,No.1088 XiangYin Road200433 ShanghaiTel.: +86 21 6117 6129E-mail:**************E+E Elektronik France47 Avenue de l‘Europe92310 SèvresTel.: +33 4 74 72 35 82E-mail:**************E+E Elektronik GermanyObere Zeil 261440 OberurselTel.: +49 6171 69411-0E-mail:**************E+E Elektronik India801, Sakhi Vihar Road400072 MumbaiTel.: +91 990 440 5400E-mail:******************E+E Elektronik ItalyVia Alghero 17/1920128 Milano (MI)Tel.: +39 02 2707 86 36E-mail:**************E+E Elektronik KoreaSuite 2001, Heungdeok ITValley Towerdong, 13,Heungdeok 1-ro, Giheung-gu16954 Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-doTel.: +82 31 732 6050E-mail:**************.krE+E Elektronik USA333 East State ParkwaySchaumburg, IL 60173Tel.: +1 847 490 0520E-mail:*****************。

aht20 英文手册Title: AHT20 English ManualIntroduction:The AHT20 is a high-precision digital temperature and humidity sensor that is widely used in various applications. This article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the AHT20 sensor by discussing its key features, operating principles, calibration methods, and application areas.Body:1. Features of the AHT20 Sensor:1.1 High Accuracy:- The AHT20 sensor offers high accuracy in temperature and humidity measurements.- It has a temperature accuracy of ±0.3°C and a humidity accuracy of ±2% RH.1.2 Wide Measurement Range:- The AHT20 sensor can measure temperatures ranging from -40°C to 85°C.- It can also measure humidity levels from 0% to 100% RH.1.3 Low Power Consumption:- The sensor operates on low power, making it suitable for battery-powered devices.- It consumes only 3.3μW in standby mode and 660μW during measurement.1.4 I2C Interface:- The AHT20 sensor communicates via the I2C interface, enabling easy integration with microcontrollers and other devices.- It supports standard I2C speeds up to 3.4MHz.2. Operating Principles of the AHT20 Sensor:2.1 Capacitive Humidity Sensing:- The AHT20 sensor utilizes a capacitive humidity sensing element to measure humidity.- It consists of a humidity sensing capacitor that changes its capacitance based on the surrounding humidity.2.2 Temperature Sensing:- The AHT20 sensor uses a built-in temperature sensor to compensate for changes in humidity measurements due to temperature variations.- The temperature sensor provides accurate temperature values for precise humidity calculations.2.3 Digital Signal Processing:- The AHT20 sensor employs advanced digital signal processing algorithms to convert raw sensor data into accurate temperature and humidity values.- It compensates for non-linearities and provides calibrated output.3. Calibration Methods for the AHT20 Sensor:3.1 Factory Calibration:- The AHT20 sensor is calibrated at the factory to ensure accurate measurements.- The calibration coefficients are stored in the sensor's memory and used for compensation during operation.3.2 User Calibration:- Users can perform additional calibration if required.- This can be done by comparing the sensor's readings with a calibrated reference instrument and adjusting the readings accordingly.3.3 Temperature and Humidity Compensation:- The AHT20 sensor automatically compensates for temperature variations to provide accurate humidity measurements.- It uses the temperature sensor data to adjust the humidity readings based on the temperature.4. Application Areas of the AHT20 Sensor:4.1 Weather Monitoring:- The AHT20 sensor is suitable for weather stations, providing accurate temperature and humidity data for meteorological analysis.- It can be used in outdoor weather monitoring systems and indoor climate control applications.4.2 HVAC Systems:- The AHT20 sensor finds applications in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems.- It helps maintain optimal indoor environmental conditions by providing accurate temperature and humidity measurements.4.3 Agriculture:- The AHT20 sensor is used in agricultural applications to monitor greenhouse conditions.- It helps optimize plant growth by providing accurate measurements of temperature and humidity levels.4.4 Industrial Automation:- The AHT20 sensor is utilized in industrial automation systems to monitor and control environmental conditions.- It ensures proper functioning of machinery by providing precise temperature and humidity measurements.4.5 Consumer Electronics:- The AHT20 sensor is integrated into various consumer electronic devices, such as thermostats, air purifiers, and smart home systems.- It enables these devices to provide accurate temperature and humidity readings for enhanced functionality.Conclusion:The AHT20 sensor is a highly accurate and versatile digital temperature and humidity sensor. Its wide measurement range, low power consumption, and I2C interface make it suitable for a wide range of applications. With its advanced operating principles, calibration methods, and various application areas, the AHT20 sensor is a reliable choice for temperature and humidity sensing requirements.。

期中检测卷(二)第一部分阅读(共两节，满分50分)第一节(共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、和D四个选项中选出最佳选项。

AEnjoy amazing 360­degree views over London from the London Eye, a rotating (旋转的) observation wheel which is 135 meters high. Spot some of the capital's most famous landmarks, including Big Ben, the Houses of Parliament and Buckingham Palace.How long does it take to go round the London Eye?The gradual rotation in one of the 32 high­tech glass cap sules takes approximately 30 minutes and gives you an ever­changing view of London. You can skip most of the queues with a fast­track ticket.Where is the London Eye and how do I get there?The London Eye is located on the South Bank of the River Thames. The nearest tube station is Waterloo, but Charing Cross, Westminster and Embankment are also a short walk away. Several bus routes stop near the London Eye.How to book London Eye tickets?Tickets to the London Eye must be pre­booked on the Internet within the prescribed time limit.PricesChild ticket: From ￡23.00 per ticket.Adult ticket: From ￡28.00 per ticket.Children under three years old enter free.Opening hoursThe London Eye opening time varies throughout the year. Typically the attraction opens at 10 a．m. and closes between 6 p．m. and 8：30 p．m. Make sure you check it before your visit to get the best experience.Important informationWe encourage you to arrive at the attraction as early as possible, in order to allow more time for security checks. Please note items that CAN and CANNOT said on board.1．What do we know about the London Eye?A．It has fixed opening hours. B．No queuing is needed to take it.C．A ride on it takes about half an hour. D．It lies some distance away from Waterloo.2．What is a must to pay a visit to the London Eye?A．Booking tickets online in advance. B．Taking no items on board.C．Being accompanied by an adult. D．Arriving at the attraction ahead.3．How much should a couple with their son aged 5 and daughter aged 2 pay to visit the London Eye?A．At least ￡56. B．At least ￡74.C．At least ￡79. D．At least ￡102.BHow does a brilliant teacher get that way? The question of how they developed has as many answers as there are inspired instructors. One example is an original and charming woman who has become one of the best ever at taking disadvantaged students to a new level.Jackson was born in Altoona. Her father was a construction worker. When she was in the eighth grade, her father died. Her principal, Mrs. Brown, said not to worry about schoolwork for a while. That upset her. Her father would not have wanted her to do anything but her best. He always said, “Don't let your first failure be the reason for your next.”Jackson was an accomplished shooting guard in basketball and a star sprinter on the track team, running the quarter­mile in 57 seconds. She thought she might become a sports broadcaster. She gave no thought to teaching until a friend took her to an introduction to a program, which placed novice instructors in schools full of low­income children. Jackson liked the idea of giving back, as well as the chance to have some of her student loans forgiven.She is a big sports person, and that is how she connects with lots of kids. She couldn't motivate children until she knew what was bothering or pleasing them. “Students learn from people who love them，” she said. “They will be motivated and inspired to learn if they know deep down that you care about them.” In class she gave basketball tickets to students who were doing their work. At weekly drawings they could win sticky notes, pencils or other small prizes.She helped create after­school clubs. A tall student said to her, “I'm a baller.I heard you play ball.” There was a basketball league in Paterson, but the s chool didn't have a team. Jackson started one with support from local business executives. The student, Essence Carson, went to Rutgers University, was a first­round draft (运动员选拔制) selection for the WNBA's New York Liberty and now plays for the Connecticut Sun.4．Why did Mrs. Brown's words upset Jackson?A．Her father just passed away. B．She was taught to do her best.C．Her first failure led to another one. D．She was concerned about her grades.5．What is the main idea of Paragraph 3?A．The way Jackson turned teacher. B．The dream job Jackson desired.C．The student loans Jackson owed. D．The athletics Jackson did well in.6．why did Jackson give small prizes to her students in class?A．To connect with them. B．To please or bother them.C．To encourage them to learn. D．To show her love to them.7．What can we infer from the last paragraph?A．Jackson founded a school team in Paterson alone.B．Jackson played in the basketball league in Paterson.C．Jackson selected Essence to play for WNBA's New York Liberty.D．Jackson should take some credit for Essence's professional career.CRussell Warne has spent many hours examining college psychology textbooks. As a professor of psychology at Utah Valley University, he wasn't looking for insight, but for mistakes—and he found plenty. Some of the worst concerned IQ tests.“Themost common inaccuracy I found, by far, was the claim that intelligence tests are biased__against certain groups，” he says. Yet intelligence researchers are at pains to ensure that IQ tests ar e fair and not culturally biased.“Another very common one was the idea that intelligence is difficult to measure.”No wonder IQ tests often cause disagreements. But that simply isn't the case.“Despite the criticism, the intelligence test is one of the mo st reliable tests ever invented，” says Rex Jung at the University of New Mexico. Nevertheless, you shouldn't trust the kind of 10­minute test that might pop up in your social media feed.A comprehensive IQ test takes over an hour and is ideally administered by a professional examiner. It is designed to assess precisely those cognitive (认知的) skills that constitute intelligence, so it consists of a series of subtests that cover reasoning, mental processing speed, spatial (空间的) ability and more. Shorter IQ tests, assessing fewer of these skills, can still provide a general indication of someone's mental abilities, however, because of the nature of intelligence, it means that someone who scores highly on one type of cognitive test will also do comparatively well on others.However, particular applications of IQ tests have faced a thorough inspection.A common criticism of using them to select job applicants is that they only measure certain cognitive skills. They don't scientifically measure creativity, for instance. Neither do they measure personality, which tends to make for reliable and hard­working employees—or ability to get on with other people. However, it is rare for examiners to test IQ independently: candidates might be given a personality test too a nd a practical exercise to assess job­related skills. They usually also have to name several professionals to judge.8．What does the underlined words “biased against” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?A．Unfamiliar to. B．Irrelevant to.C．Unfavorable for. D．Irresponsible for.9．What does Rex Jung think of the intelligence tests?A．They are inaccurate. B．They are trustworthy.C．They are properly used. D．They are precisely designed.10．What can we infer about IQ tests in the last paragraph?A．They are rarely accepted. B．They are heavily criticized.C．They may still be employed. D．They can motivate creativity.11．What can be the best title of the passage?A．Do IQ tests really work? B．Applications of IQ tests.C．Misinformation in textbooks. D．Can IQ tests shape personality?DScientists say they've developed a system using machine for learning to predict when and where lightning will strike. The research was led by engineers from the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne in Lausanne, Switz erland.European researchers have estimated that between 6，000 and 24，000 people are killed by lightning worldwide each year. The strikes can also cause power outages, destroy property, damage electrical equipment and start forest fires. For these reasons, climate scientists have long sought to develop methods to predict and control lightning. In the United States and other places, ground­based sensing devices are used to identify strikes as they happen. But, no system has been created to effectively predict lightning.The system tested in the experiments used a combination of data from weather stations and machine learning methods. The researchers developed a prediction model that was trained to recognize weather conditions that were likely to cause lightning.The model was created with data collected over a 12­year period from 12 Swiss weather stations in cities and mountain areas. The data related to four main surface conditions: air pressure, air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed.The atmospheric data was placed into a machine learning algorithm (算法), which compared it to records of lightning strikes. Researchers say the algorithm was then able to learn the conditions under which lightning happens.Amirhossein Mostajabi is a PhD student at the institute who led the developmentof the method. He said，“Current systems for gathering such data are slow and complex and require costly collection equipment like radar or satellites.”“Our method uses data that can be obtained from any weather stati on，” Mostajabi said.“This will improve data collection in very remote areas not covered by radar and satellites or in places where communication systems have been cut，” he added.The researchers plan to keep developing the technology in partnership with a European effort that aims to create a lightning protection system. The effort is called the European Laser Lightning Rod Project.12．Why have climate scientists tried to predict and control lightning?A．To collect relative data.B．To reduce the destruction lightning has been causing.C．To create a scientific system.D．To do research in relation to machine learning.13．The four mentioned surface conditions include all of the following EXCEPT ________．A．air pollution B．wind speedC．relative humidity D．air temperature14．What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 5 refer to?A．Lightning. B．The system being tested.C．The atmospheric data. D．The machine learning algorithm.15．What can we learn about Mostajabi from the passage?A．He developed the method and the system by himself.B．He thinks the current systems are too slow and simple.C．He is a professor at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology.D．He believes their system does much better in data collection.第二节(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。