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8.测试方法8．1概述——此章节中的检验和测试程序用于确定产品是否符合本规范要求。
本规范涵盖的所有类型玩具必须按照8.5到8.10进行正常使用和误用情况测试。
其他测试适用于第4节中规定的玩具类型。
除非有特别规定，一种类型玩具上适用的相关测试可以按任何次序进行。
除非有特别规定，每一类测试可在不同的玩具上进行。
这些测试可以认为是质量鉴定试验，而不一定是质量控制试验。
当玩具的设计和材料有变化时也要进行这些测试。
每一家将其产品作为符合本规范的合格产品来推销的制造商或分销商可使用基于统计规律的、合适的抽样方案，但要保留那些可有力证明其产品符合本规范所有要求的声明所必需的记录。
由CPSC制定的任何强制性测试方法要代替本章节中相应的适用测试方法。
8.2危险物质含量测试——FHSA颁布、用于测定有毒物质存在的16CFR中的适用章节见表4。
表4的参考条例参见1973年9月27日发布的法规。
注6——确定玩具是否符合本规范中要求时要采用最新发布的法规。
根椐法律规定，FHSA的要求为强制性要求。
8.3玩具﹑玩具部件和材料中重金属含量的测试方法8.3.1元素总含量筛选8.3.1.1受验玩具材料的消解通过如下适当的CPSC方法:(1)CPSC-CH-E1001-08.1(金属材料)(2)CPSC-CH-E1002-08.1(非金属材料)(3)CPSC-CH-E1003-09(油漆和类似表面涂层材料)8.3.1.2采用如下改进:浓硝酸消解液采用王水替代(3份浓硝酸:1份浓盐酸).玻璃和陶瓷材料可以使用3份HF:1份浓HNO3进行消解.某些聚合物如PVC和CPVC需要使用3份浓硝酸:1份30%双氧水完全消解.在任何情况下,对于某些材料制成的产品所用的上述消解混液可视情况做一些调整,同时也是可行的,只要完全消解过程完成并且要考虑到尽可能的避免不溶金属盐的形成.在任何情况下,为了减少不溶金属盐形成的可能性,请尽量避免使用浓硫酸.8.3.1.3将消解后的材料过滤,根据实际条件稀释,然后用原子光谱或其他合适已验证的方法对表1和表2所列的所有8种元素的总含量进行分析.如果测试结果都小于对应表中所规定的每种元素可的溶性限值,那此材料可被认为是符合4.3.5和4.3.5.2节中要求的,并且不需要作进一步测试.相反,如果超过了对应表中可溶性限值,则需要按照8.3.2(对油漆和类似表面涂层材料)和8.3.5(对基材)方法做进一步测试来证明符合性.另外,如果玩具或玩具组件是金属小物体,需要根据8.3.5.5(5)进行测试.像很多材料(如三种不同颜色的聚苯乙烯塑料)在总元素筛选应用方面,最多三个混测样品是可以接受的,但在可溶性元素测试方面是不合适的.注7:除了要求的总铅含量的测试之外,可以选择不进行总元素筛选测试,只根据8.3.2-8.3.6进行可溶性元素测试.8.3.2溶解可溶性物质的方法(关于表面涂层的)---模拟材料吞咽后在消化道停留4小时的条件,在此条件下,从玩具中提取可溶性元素,测定提取物中可溶性元素的含量.8.3.2.1仪器-常规实验室仪器和如下仪器(1)金属筛,额定孔径为0.5mm的平纹不锈钢金属筛,规格如下:(a)额定金属丝直径为0.315mm(b)每个筛孔尺寸的最大偏差:±0.090mm(c)平均孔径公差:±0.018mm已及(d)中等偏差(6%以下的孔径应大于额定孔径与下列数值之和)＋0.054mm(2)p H值测试仪,最小精度为0.2p H单位(3)滤膜过滤器,孔径为0.45μm(4)离心机:分离能力达(5000士500)g(g=9.80665m/s2).(5)恒温搅拌工具搅拌时温度恒定为(37士2)0C,(6)系列化学容器总容量为盐酸溶液提取剂体积的1.6倍~5.0倍。
Designation:F963–11An American National Standard Standard Consumer Safety Specification forToy Safety1This standard is issued under thefixed designation F963;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscriptepsilon(´)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe purpose of this consumer safety specification is to establish nationally recognized safety requirements for toys.Although this specification will not eliminate the need for the exercise ofparental responsibility in selecting toys appropriate to the age of a child,or parental supervision insituations in which children of various ages may have access to the same toys,its application willminimize accidents in the normal,intended use and reasonably foreseeable abuse of the toys coveredby this specification.This specification was developed originally as a V oluntary Product Standardunder the auspices of the National Bureau of Standards,Department of Commerce,and published in1976(PS72–76).The present revision is intended to update the safety requirements to include thefollowing by reference:published federal mandatory requirements,relevant voluntary standards,certain new requirements for addressing potential hazards,and several technical revisions based onproducer experience with the original standard.1.Scope1.1This specification2relates to possible hazards that may not be recognized readily by the public and that may be encountered in the normal use for which a toy is intended or after reasonably foreseeable abuse.It does not purport to cover every conceivable hazard of a particular toy.This specification does not cover product performance or quality,except as related to safety.Except for the labeling requirements pointing out the functional hazards and age range for which the toy is intended,this specification has no requirements for those aspects of a toy that present an inherent and recognized hazard as part of the function of the toy.Such an example is a sharp point necessary for the function of a needle.The needle is an inherent hazard that is well understood by the purchaser of a toy sewing kit,and this hazard is communicated to the user as part of the normal educational process.1.2On the other hand,while a riding toy has inherent hazards associated with its use(for example,falling off onto the sidewalk),the possible hazards associated with its con-struction(sharp edges,exposed mechanisms,etc.)will be minimized by the application of this specification.1.3This specification covers requirements and contains test methods for toys intended for use by children under14years of age.Different age limits for various requirements will be found in this specification.These limits reflect the nature of the hazards and expected mental or physical ability,or both,of a child to cope with the hazards.1.4Articles not covered by this specification are as follows: BicyclesTricyclesNon-Powered Scooters(see Consumer Safety Specification F2264) Recreational Powered Scooters and Pocket Bikes(see Consumer Safety Specification F2641)Sling shots and sharp-pointed dartsPlayground equipmentNon-powder gunsKitesHobby and craft items in which thefinished item is notprimarily of play valueModel kits in which thefinished item is not primarily ofplay valueCrayons,paints,chalks,and other similar art materials inwhich the material itself or thefinished item is notprimarily of play value,except that all art materials,whether or not a component of a toy,must comply with LHAMA,in accordance with4.29.1-4.29.3.Toy ChestsSporting goods,camping goods,athletic equipment,musical instruments,juvenile products,and furniture;however,toys that are their counterparts are covered.(It is recognized that there is often afine line between,1This consumer safety specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Commit-tee F15on Consumer Products and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF15.22on Toy Safety.Current edition approved Dec.1,2011.Published December2011.Originallyapproved st previous edition approved in2008as F963–08.DOI:10.1520/F0963-11.2Toy Industry Association,Inc.(TIA)sometimes provides its interpretations ofthis specification through its counsel as a service to its members and others.TheTIA’s interpretations are not reviewed or approved by ASTM and should be viewedas TIA’s alone.Copyright.(C)ASTM International,100Barr Harbour Drive PO box C-700West Conshohocken,Pennsylvania19428-2959,United Statesfor example,a musical instrument or a sporting itemand its toy counterpart.The intention of the produceror distributor,as well as normal use and reasonablyforeseeable abuse,determines whether the item is atoy counterpart.)Powered models of aircraft,rockets,boats,and landvehicles;however,toys that are their counterparts arecovered.Constant air inflatables1.5General guidelines for age labeling toys and toy pack-aging are contained in Annex A1.1.6Information regarding packaging and shipping is con-tained in Annex A2.1.7This consumer safety specification includes the follow-ing sections:Title Section Scope1 Referenced Documents2 Terminology3Safety Requirements4Material Quality 4.1 Flammability 4.24.3Electrical/Thermal Energy 4.4Sound Producing Toys 4.5Small Objects 4.6 Accessible Edges 4.7 Projections 4.8 Accessible Points 4.9Wires or Rods 4.10Nails and Fasteners 4.11Plastic Film 4.12Folding Mechanisms and Hinges 4.13Cords and Elastics in Toys 4.14Stability and Over-Load Requirements 4.15Confined Spaces 4.16 Wheels,Tires,and Axles 4.17Holes,Clearance,and Accessibility of Mechanisms 4.18 Simulated Protective Devices 4.19Pacifiers 4.20 Projectile Toys 4.21 Teethers and Teething Toys 4.22Rattles 4.23 Squeeze Toys 4.24Battery-Operated Toys 4.25Toys Intended to be Attached to a Cribor Playpen 4.26Stuffed and Beanbag-Type Toys 4.27Stroller and Carriage Toys 4.28Art Materials 4.29Toy Gun Marking 4.30 Balloons 4.31Certain Toys with Nearly Spherical Ends 4.32Marbles 4.33Balls 4.34 Pompoms 4.35 Hemispheric-Shaped Objects 4.36Yo Yo Elastic Tether Toys 4.37 Magnets 4.38Jaw Entrapment in Handles and Steering Wheels 4.39Safety Labeling Requirements5 Instructional Literature6 Producer’s Markings7Test Methods8General8.1Testing for Hazardous Substance Content8.2Test Methods for Determination of Heavy ElementContent in Toys,Toy Components and Materials8.3Tests for Cleanliness and Preservative Effectiveness8.4Normal Use Testing8.5Abuse Testing8.6Impact Tests8.7Torque Tests for Removal of Components8.8Tension Test for Removal of Components8.9 Compression Test8.10Tests for Tire Removal and Snap-in Wheel andAxle Assembly Removal8.11Flexure Test8.12Test for Mouth-Actuated Toys8.13 Projectiles8.14Test for Stability of Ride-On Toys8.15Stalled Motor Test for Battery-Operated Toys8.17Tests for Battery-Powered Ride-On Toys8.18Tests for Toys which Produce Noise8.19 Dynamic Strength Test for Wheeled Ride-On Toys8.20 Packaging Film Thickness8.21Test for Loops and Cords8.22Yo Yo Elastic Tether Toy Test Methods8.23Magnet Test Methods8.24Test Methods for Locking Mechanisms orOther Means8.25Identification9Age Grading Guidelines Annex A1 Packaging and Shipping Annex A2 Design Guidelines for Toys Attached to Cribsor Playpens Annex A3 Design Guidelines for Bath Toy Projections Annex A4 Flammability Testing Procedure for Solids and Soft Toys Annex A5 Flammability Testing Procedure for Fabrics Annex A6 Compositing Procedure for Total Heavy Metal Analysis Annex A7 Rationale for2007Revisions Annex A8 Rationale for2008Revisions Annex A9 Rationale for2011Revisions Annex A10 1.8The values statedfirst are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.9The following precautionary statement pertains only to the test methods portion,Section8,of this specification:This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1ASTM Standards:3D374Test Methods for Thickness of Solid Electrical Insu-lationD642Test Method for Determining Compressive Resis-tance of Shipping Containers,Components,and Unit LoadsD880Test Method for Impact Testing for Shipping Con-tainers and SystemsD999Test Methods for Vibration Testing of Shipping Con-tainersD1193Specification for Reagent WaterD2240Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer HardnessD3421Practice for Extraction and Determination of Plasti-cizer Mixtures from Vinyl Chloride Plastics4D4236Practice for Labeling Art Materials for Chronic Health Hazards3For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,,or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.4Withdrawn.The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on.D5276Test Method for Drop Test of Loaded Containers by Free FallF404Consumer Safety Specification for High ChairsF406Consumer Safety Specification for Non-Full-Size Baby Cribs/Play YardsF834Consumer Safety Specification for Toy ChestsF1313Specification for V olatile N-Nitrosamine Levels in Rubber Nipples on PacifiersF1148Consumer Safety Performance Specification for Home Playground EquipmentF2264Consumer Safety Specification for Non-Powered ScootersF2641Consumer Safety Specification for Recreational Powered Scooters and Pocket BikesF2853Test Method for Determination of Lead in Paint Layers and Similar Coatings or in Substrates and Homog-enous Materials by Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry Using Multiple Monochromatic Excitation BeamsF2923Specification for Consumer Product Safety for Chil-dren’s Jewelry2.2ANSI Standards:5C18.1American National Standard for Dry Cells and Batteries—SpecificationsS1.4Specification for Sound Level MetersZ315.1Safety Requirements for Tricycles2.3European Standards:6EN71-1Safety of toys-Part1:Mechanical and physical propertiesEN71-3Safety of toys-Part3:Migration of certain elements2.4Federal Standards:715CFR1150Marking of Toys,Look-Alike and Imitation Firearms16CFR1303Ban of Lead-Containing Paint and Certain Consumer Products Bearing Lead Containing Paint16CFR1500Hazardous Substances Act Regulations,in-cluding the following sections:16CFR1500.3(c)(6)(vi)Definition of“flammable solid”16CFR1500.14Products requiring special labeling under section3(b)of the act16CFR1500.18Banned toys and other banned articles intended for use by children16CFR1500.19Misbranded toys and other articles in-tended for use by children16CFR1500.44Method for determining extremelyflam-mable andflammable solids16CFR1500.47Method for determining the sound pressure level produced by toy caps16CFR1500.48Technical requirements for determining asharp point in toys and other articles intended for use by children under8years of age16CFR1500.49Technical requirements for determining a sharp metal or glass edge in toys and other articles intended for use by children under8years of age16CFR1500.50-53Test method for simulating use and abuse of toys and other articles intended for use by children16CFR1500.83Exemptions for small packages,minor hazards,and special circumstances16CFR1500.85Exemptions from classification as banned hazardous substances16CFR1500.86Exemptions from classification as a banned toy or other banned article for use by children 16CFR1500.87Children’s products containing lead:inac-cessible component parts16CFR1500.88Exemptions from lead limits under section 101of the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act for certain electronic devices16CFR1500.91Determinations regarding lead content for certain materials or products under section101of the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act16CFR1501Method for Identifying Toys and Other Articles Intended for Use by Children Under3Years of Age which Present Choking,Aspiration,or Ingestion Hazards Because of Small Parts16CFR1505Requirements for Electrically Operated Toys or Other Electrically Operated Articles Intended for Use by Children16CFR1510Requirements for Rattles16CFR1511Requirements for Pacifiers16CFR1610Standard for Flammability of Clothing Tex-tiles21CFR110Current Good Manufacturing Practice in Manufacturing,Processing,Packaging,or Holding Hu-man Food21CFR170-189Food for Human Consumption21CFR700-740Requirements for Specific Cosmetic Prod-ucts21CFR73,74,81,82Color Additives49CFR173.100,109Definition of Class C Explosives CPSC-CH-E1001-08.1Standard Operating Procedure for Determining Total Lead(Pb)in Metal Children’s Products (including Children’s Metal Jewelry)8CPSC-CH-E1002-08.1Standard Operating Procedure for Determining Total Lead(Pb)in Non-Metal Children’s Products8CPSC-CH-E1003-09Standard Operating Procedure for De-termining Lead(Pb)in Paint and Other Similar Surface Coatings8CPSC-CH-E1004-11Standard Operating Procedure for De-termining Cadmium(Cd)Extractability from Children’s Metal Jewelry85Electronic copy available from American National Standards Institute website: ;hard copies from Global Engineering Documents,15Inverness Way East,Englewood,CO80112.6Available from European Committee for Standardization(CEN),Avenue Marnix17,B-1000,Brussels,Belgium,http://www.cen.eu.7Available from U.S.Consumer Product Safety Commission website: or ernment Printing Office,Superintendent of Documents; P.O.Box371954,Pittsburgh,PA15250-7954;website:8Available from U.S.Consumer Product Safety Commission(CPSC),4330East West Hwy.,Bethesda,MD20814,.SS-T-312B Tile,Floor:Asphalt,Rubber,Vinyl,VinylAsbes-tos 9V oluntary Product Standard PS 72-76Toy Safety 102.5ISO and IEC Standards:11ISO 3696Water for analytical laboratory use —Specifica-tion and test methodsISO 3746:1995Acoustics—Determination of Sound Power Levels of Noise Sources Using Sound Pressure—Survey Method Using an Enveloping Measurement Surface Over a Reflecting PlaneISO 7779Acoustics–Measurement of Airborne Noise Emit-ted by Computer and Business EquipmentISO 8124-1Safety of toys –Part 1:Safety aspects related to mechanical and physical propertiesISO 8124-3Safety of toys –Part 3:Migration of certain elementsISO 11202Acoustics—Noise Emitted by Machinery and Equipment—Measurement of Emission Sound Pressure Levels at a Work Station and at Other Specified Positions—Survey Method in situISO 11204Acoustics—Noise Emitted by Machinery and Equipment—Measurement of Emission Sound Pressure Levels at a Work Station and at Other Specified Positions—Method Requiring Environmental Corrections IEC 60086–2Primary Batteries:Physical and Electrical SpecificationsIEC 61672–1Electroacoustics—Sound Level Meters—Part 1:SpecificationsIEC 61672–2Electroacoustics—Sound Level Meters—Part 2:Pattern Evaluation Tests 3.Terminology3.1Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1A-weighted sound pressure level (L pA )—the sound pressure level obtained by using standardized A-weighting.3.1.2accessible —(part or component)describing any area of the toy that can be contacted by any portion forward of the collar of the accessibility probe as described in 16CFR 1500.48and 16CFR 1500.49.(See Fig.1.)N OTE 1—Dimensions are provided in Fig.1for two probes correspond-ing to two age ranges of children.3.1.3alkaline battery —a non-rechargeable dry cell battery with an alkaline manganese electrochemistry.3.1.4aquatic toy —an article,whether inflatable or not,intended to bear the mass of a child and used as an instrument of play in shallow water.This does not include bath toys,beach balls,and United States Coast Guard-approved life saving devices.3.1.5art material —any substance marketed or represented by the producer or repackager as suitable for use in any phase of the creation of any work of visual or graphic art of any medium.This definition includes items that become a compo-nent of the work of art such as paint,canvas,inks,crayons,chalk,solder,brazing rods,flux,paper,clay,stone,thread,cloth,and photographic film.It also includes items that are associated closely with the creation of the final work of art such as brushes,brush cleaners,solvents,ceramic kilns,silk screens,molds,mold making material,and photographic developing chemicals.9Available from ernment Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732N.Capitol St.,NW,Mail Stop:SDE,Washington,DC 20401,.10Available from ernment Printing Office Superintendent of Docu-ments,732N.Capitol St.,NW,Mail Stop:SDE,Washington,DC 20401,.11Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO),1rue de Varembé,Case postale 56,CH-1211,Geneva 20,Switzerland,http://www.iso.ch.FIG.1AccessibilityProbes3.1.6ball—any spherical,ovoid,or ellipsoidal object that is designed or intended to be thrown,hit,kicked,rolled,dropped, or bounced.The term“ball”includes any spherical,ovoid,or ellipsoidal object that is attached to a toy or article by means of string,elastic cord,or similar tether.The term“ball”also includes any multisided object formed by connecting planes into a generally spherical ovoid,or ellipsoidal shape that is designated or intended to be used as a ball.The term“ball”does not include dice,or balls permanently enclosed inside pinball machines,mazes,or similar outer containers.A ball is permanently enclosed if,when tested in accordance with16 CFR1500.53,it is not removed from the outer container. 3.1.7base material—material upon which coatings may be formed or deposited.3.1.8battery-operated toy—toy having at least one function dependent on electricity and powered by batteries.3.1.9burr—a roughness that may be found at an edge or joint of a toy or component if the material is not severed or finished cleanly.3.1.10button cell battery—a battery having a diameter greater than its height.3.1.11C-weighted peak sound pressure level(L Cpeak)—the peak sound pressure level obtained when using standardized C-weighting.3.1.12close-to-the-ear toy—a toy that is intended to be used close to the ear,that is,the sound emitting part of such a toy is normally put against the ear of a child(example—toy telephones that emit sounds from the earpiece).3.1.13coating—all layers of material formed or deposited on the base material or toy and includes paints,varnishes, lacquers,or other substances of a similar nature,whether they contain metallic particles or not,which can be removed by scraping with a sharp blade as defined under16CFR1303,et seq.3.1.14collapse—sudden or unexpected folding of a struc-ture.3.1.15compression spring—spring which essentially re-turns to its initial state after compression.3.1.16constant air inflatables—structure relying on a con-tinuous supply of air pressure supplied from one or more electrical blowers to maintain its shape,typically made of flexible fabric and designed for children’s use that may include but not be limited to the following activities:bounce,climb, slide,or interactive play.3.1.17continuous sound—any steady-state sound or group of variable sounds greater than one second in duration.3.1.18cord—a length of slender,flexible material including monofilaments,woven and twisted cord,rope,plastic textile tapes,ribbon,and thosefibrous materials commonly called string.3.1.19cosmetics—any article intended or likely to be rubbed,sprinkled,or sprayed on,introduced onto,or otherwise applied to the human body for cleansing,beautifying,promot-ing or enhancing attractiveness,or for altering appearance. 3.1.20crushing—injury to part of the body resulting from compression between two rigid surfaces.3.1.21curled edge—an edge in which the portion of the sheet adjacent to the edge is bent into an arc and forms an angle of less than90°with the base sheet,as shown in Fig.2.3.1.22detection limit of a method—three times the standard deviation of the blank value.3.1.23discharge mechanism—an inanimate system for re-leasing and propelling a projectile.3.1.24driving mechanism—assembly of linked parts or components(for example,gears,belts,winding mechanisms), at least one of which moves,powered by a source(for example, electrical or mechanical means)independent of the child. 3.1.25edge,hazardous—an accessible edge that presents an unreasonable risk of injury during the normal use and reason-ably foreseeable abuse of a toy.Metal and glass edges on toys intended for children under the age of eight years are defined as potentially hazardous if they fail the sharp edge test described in16CFR1500.49.Edges other than metal and glass are defined as potentially hazardous if they are sharp to the touch under casual handling conditions.3.1.26elastic—material that will recover its former size and shape essentially and instantaneously after being elongated at least10%at a testing speed of not less than20in.(510 mm)/min.3.1.27equivalent sound pressure level(L Aeq)—the level of a steady-state sound which,in a stated time period and at a stated location,has the same A-weighted sound energy as the time-varying sound.3.1.28explosive action—the sudden release of energy char-acterized by the rapid expansion or bursting of a material. 3.1.29extension spring—spring which essentially returns to its initial state after tension.3.1.30fastener—mechanical device which attaches two or more elements together(for example,screws,rivets,and staples).3.1.31feathering—the beveling of an edge(or decrease in thickness moving toward the edge)caused during the shearing or cutting of material.3.1.32flash—excess material that escapes between the mat-ing parts of a mold assembly.3.1.33folding mechanism—an assembly of hinged,pivoted, folding,or sliding members that can produce a crushing, scissoring,pinching,or shearing action during operation.3.1.34fuzz—bits offibrous-type material that can be readily removed from toys with a pile surface.3.1.35hand-held toy—a toy that is intended to be used or operated while being held in the hand.Examples include toy tools,small electronic games,stuffed animals,dolls,musical toys,and cap-firing toys.3.1.36hazard—any characteristic of a toy that presents an unreasonable risk of injury or illness during normal use or as a result of reasonably foreseeableabuse.FIG.2CurledEdge3.1.37hazardous magnet —a magnet which has a flux index >50(refer to test method in 8.24.1)and which is a small object (refer to 4.6and Fig.3).3.1.38hazardous magnet component —any part of a toy that is a small object (refer to4.6and Fig.3)and which contains an attached or imbedded magnet which has a flux index >50as determined in accordance with the test method in 8.24.1.3.1.39helical spring —spring in the form of a coil.3.1.40hemmed edge —an edge in which the portion of the sheet adjacent to the edge is folded back on the sheet itself through an angle of approximately 180°,so that the portion of the sheet adjacent to the edge is approximately parallel to the main sheet,as shown in Fig.4.3.1.41hinge-line clearance —the distance between the sta-tionary portion of a toy and the movable portion along,or adjacent to,a line projected through the axis of rotation,shown as Dimension A in Fig.5.3.1.42impulsive sound —any sound that is characterized by a brief excursion of sound pressure significantly exceeding the ambient noise,typically less than one second in duration.3.1.43juvenile products —consumer products designed or intended primarily for use by children which are not used primarily for play.These include,but are not limited to,items such as bassinets/cradles,bath seats,infant bath tubs,carriages and strollers,changing tables,full size cribs,gates and enclo-sures,handheld infant carriers,high chairs,infant bouncers,infant swings,play yards/non-full size cribs,portable bed rails,portable hook-on chairs,soft infant carriers,stationary activity centers,toddler beds and walkers.3.1.44lap joint —a joint in which an edge overlaps a parallel surface but is not necessarily attached to it mechanically at all points along the length,as in the examples shown in Fig.6.3.1.45large and bulky toy —toy that has a projected base area of more than 400in.2(0.26m 2)or a volume of more than 3ft 3(0.08m 3)calculated without regard to minor appendages.N OTE 2—The base area for toys having permanently attached legs is measured by calculating the area enclosed by straight lines connecting the outermost edge of each leg of the perimeter.3.1.46latex balloon —any toy or decorative item consisting of a latex bag that is designed to be inflated by air or gas.The term does not include inflatable children’s toys that are used in aquatic activities such as rafts,water wings,swim rings,or other similar items.3.1.47marble —a sphere made of a hard material,such as glass,agate,marble,or plastic,that is used in various chil-dren’s games,generally as a playing piece or marker.The term “marble”does not include a marble permanently enclosed in a toy or game.A marble is permanently enclosed if,when tested in accordance with 16CFR 1500.53,it is not removed from the toy or game.3.1.48materials intended to leave a trace —graphite mate-rial in pencils,liquid in pens,and similar substances.3.1.49maximum A-weighted sound pressure level (L AFmax )—the maximum sound pressure level obtained when using standardized A-weighting and fast detector response (time-weighting).3.1.50non-replaceable battery —an electrochemical device that will not require user accessibility or user replacement for the expected life of the product or devices it is intended to power.Such batteries will not be accessible when tested in accordance with the normal use and,where appropriate,reasonably foreseeable abuse tests of 8.6through 8.10.3.1.51normal use —play modes that conform to the instruc-tions accompanying the toy,that have been established by tradition or custom,or that are evident from an examination of the toy.3.1.52other materials,whether mass colored or not —materials such as wood,leather,and other porous substances which may absorb coloring matter without forming a coating.3.1.53packaging —material accompanying the toy when purchased,but having no intended play function.3.1.54peak sound pressure level (L Cpk )—the greatest C-weighted instantaneous sound pressure level within the period of observation.3.1.55pinching —created when two moving or one moving and one fixed surface come together in such a way that they could entrap and compress flesh,usually resulting in a contu-sion or laceration.3.1.56point,hazardous —an accessible point that presents an unreasonable risk of injury during normal use or reasonably foreseeable abuse.Points on toys intended for children under the age of 8years are potentially hazardous if they fail the sharp point test described in 16CFR 1500.48.3.1.57pompom —lengths or strands of fiber,yarns,or threads clamped or secured and tied in the center,andbrushedFIG.3Small PartsCylinderFIG.4HemmedEdgeup to form a spherical shape.Also included are spherical-shaped attachments made of stuffed material.3.1.58principal display panel —the display panel for a retail package or container,bin,or vending machine that is most likely to be displayed,shown,presented,or examined under normal or customary conditions of display for retail sale.3.1.59projectile —an object propelled by means of a dis-charge mechanism capable of storing and releasing energy under the control of the operator.3.1.60projection,hazardous —a projection that,because of its material or configuration,or both,may present a puncture hazard if a child should fall onto it.Excluded from this definition are puncture hazards to the eyes or mouth,or both,because of the impossibility of eliminating puncture hazards to those areas of the body by product design.3.1.61protective cap or cover —a component that is at-tached to a potentially hazardous edge or projection to reduce the possibility of injury.3.1.62protective tip —a component that is attached to the impacting end of a projectile to minimize injury if it should impact on the body,and also to prevent damage to the projectile upon striking a target,provide a means of attaching the projectile to the target as in the case of suction cups,or prevent damage to inanimate objects.3.1.63rattle —a toy that is clearly designed to emit sound when shaken typically intended for children under 18months.3.1.64reasonably foreseeable abuse —conditions to which a child may subject a toy that are not normal use conditions,suchas deliberate disassembly,dropping,or using the toy for a purpose for which it was not intended.Simulated use and abuse tests for toys are given in 16CFR 1500.50-53(excluding the bite test,Paragraph (c),of each section).3.1.65reference box —a hypothetical surface which is the smallest rectangular parallelepiped that encloses the toy with-out regard to minor appendages.3.1.66rigid —any material having a hardness exceeding 70Shore A scale durometer,as measured by the latest revision of Test Method D2240.3.1.67rolled edge —an edge in which the portion of the sheet adjacent to the edge is bent into an arc and forms an angle between 90and 120°with the main sheet,as shown in Fig.7.3.1.68scraping —mechanical removal of coatings down to the base material without damaging the substrate material.3.1.69simulated protective equipment —toys designed to mimic products that infer some sort of physical protection to the wearer (for example,protective helmets and visors).3.1.70soft-filled toy/stuffed toy —toy,clothed or unclothed,with soft body surfaces and filled with soft materials,allowing compression of the torso readily with the hand.3.1.71splinter —sharp pointed fragment.3.1.72spiral spring —clockwork-type spring.3.1.73squeeze toy —a handheld pliable toy,intended for children under the age of 18months,usually incorporating a noise-making feature activated by forcing air through an opening when flexed or squeezed,and which recovers to its original shape whenreleased.FIG.5Changing Clearance at HingeLineFIG.6Typical LapJointsFIG.7RolledEdge。
Designation:F963–08An American National Standard Standard Consumer Safety Specification forToy Safety1This standard is issued under thefixed designation F963;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon(´)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe purpose of this consumer safety specification is to establish nationally recognized safety requirements for toys.Although this specification will not eliminate the need for the exercise ofparental responsibility in selecting toys appropriate to the age of a child,or parental supervision insituations in which children of various ages may have access to the same toys,its application willminimize accidents in the normal,intended use and reasonably foreseeable abuse of the toys coveredby this specification.This specification was developed originally as a V oluntary Product Standardunder the auspices of the National Bureau of Standards,Department of Commerce,and published in1976(PS72–76).The present revision is intended to update the safety requirements to include thefollowing by reference:published federal mandatory requirements,relevant voluntary standards,certain new requirements for addressing potential hazards,and several technical revisions based onproducer experience with the original standard.1.Scope1.1This specification2relates to possible hazards that may not be recognized readily by the public and that may be encountered in the normal use for which a toy is intended or after reasonably foreseeable abuse.It does not purport to cover every conceivable hazard of a particular toy.This specification does not cover product performance or quality,except as related to safety.Except for the labeling requirements pointing out the functional hazards and age range for which the toy is intended,this specification has no requirements for those aspects of a toy that present an inherent and recognized hazard as part of the function of the toy.Such an example is a sharp point necessary for the function of a needle.The needle is an inherent hazard that is well understood by the purchaser of a toy sewing kit,and this hazard is communicated to the user as part of the normal educational process.1.2On the other hand,while a riding toy has inherent hazards associated with its use(for example,falling off onto the sidewalk),the possible hazards associated with its con-struction(sharp edges,exposed mechanisms,etc.)will be minimized by the application of this specification.1.3This specification covers requirements and contains test methods for toys intended for use by children under14years of age.Different age limits for various requirements will be found in this specification.These limits reflect the nature of the hazards and expected mental or physical ability,or both,of a child to cope with the hazards.1.4Articles not covered by this specification are as follows: BicyclesTricyclesSling shots and sharp-pointed dartsPlayground equipmentNon-powder gunsKitesHobby and craft items in which thefinished item is notprimarily of play valueModel kits in which thefinished item is not primarily ofplay valueCrayons,paints,chalks,and other similar art materials inwhich the material itself or thefinished item is notprimarily of play value,except that all art materials,whether or not a component of a toy,must comply with LHAMA,in accordance with4.29.1-4.29.3.Toy ChestsSporting goods,camping goods,athletic equipment,mu-sical instruments,and furniture;however,toys that aretheir counterparts are covered.(It is recognized thatthere is often afine line between,for example,a musical instrument or a sporting item and its toy counterpart.The intention of the producer or distributor,as well asnormal use and reasonably foreseeable abuse,deter-mines whether the item is a toy counterpart.)1This consumer safety specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Commit-tee F15on Consumer Products and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF15.22on Toy Safety.Current edition approved Dec.1,2008.Published February2009.Originallyapproved st previous edition approved in2007as F963–07´1.2Toy Industry Association,Inc.(TIA)sometimes provides its interpretations ofthis specification through its counsel as a service to its members and others.TheTIA’s interpretations are not reviewed or approved by ASTM and should be viewedas TIA’s alone.Copyright©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959,United States.--`,`,``,`,,,`,,`,``,`,`,,`,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---Powered models of aircraft,rockets,boats,and landvehicles;however,toys that are their counterparts arecovered.1.5General guidelines for age labeling toys and toy pack-aging are contained in Annex A1.1.6Information regarding packaging and shipping is con-tained in Annex A2.1.7This consumer safety specification includes the follow-ing sections:Title Section Scope1 Referenced Documents2 Terminology3Safety Requirements4Material Quality 4.1 Flammability 4.2 Toxicology 4.3Electrical/Thermal Energy 4.4Sound Producing Toys 4.5Small Objects 4.6 Accessible Edges 4.7 Projections 4.8 Accessible Points 4.9Wires or Rods 4.10Nails and Fasteners 4.11 Packaging Film 4.12Folding Mechanisms and Hinges 4.13Cords and Elastics in Toys 4.14Stability and Over-Load Requirements 4.15Confined Spaces 4.16 Wheels,Tires,and Axles 4.17Holes,Clearance,and Accessibility of Mechanisms 4.18 Simulated Protective Devices 4.19Pacifiers 4.20 Projectile Toys 4.21 Teethers and Teething Toys 4.22Rattles 4.23 Squeeze Toys 4.24Battery-Operated Toys 4.25Toys Intended to be Attached to a Cribor Playpen 4.26Stuffed and Beanbag-Type Toys 4.27Stroller and Carriage Toys 4.28Art Materials 4.29Toy Gun Marking 4.30 Balloons 4.31Certain Toys with Spherical Ends 4.32Marbles 4.33Balls 4.34 Pompoms 4.35 Hemispheric-Shaped Objects 4.36Yo Yo Elastic Tether Toys 4.37 Magnets 4.38Jaw Entrapment in Handles and Steering Wheels 4.39Safety Labeling Requirements5 Instructional Literature6 Producer’s Markings7Test Methods8General8.1Testing for Hazardous Substance Content8.2Method to Dissolve Soluble Matter8.3Tests for Cleanliness and Preservative Effectiveness8.4Normal Use Testing8.5Abuse Testing8.6Impact Tests8.7Torque Tests for Removal of Components8.8Tension Test for Removal of Components8.9 Compression Test8.10Tests for Tire Removal and Snap-in Wheel andAxle Assembly Removal8.11Flexure Test8.12Test for Mouth-Actuated Toys8.13 Projectiles8.14Test for Stability of Ride-On Toys8.15Stalled Motor Test for Battery-Operated Toys8.17Tests for Battery-Powered Ride-On Toys8.18Tests for Toys which Produce Noise8.19 Dynamic Strength Test for Wheeled Ride-On Toys8.20 Packaging Film Thickness8.21Test for Loops and Cords8.22Yo Yo Elastic Tether Toy Test Methods8.23Magnet Test Methods8.24Test Methods for Locking Mechanisms orOther Means8.25Identification9Age Grading Guidelines Annex A1 Packaging and Shipping Annex A2 Design Guidelines for Toys Attached to Cribsor Playpens Annex A3 Flammability Testing Procedure for Solids and Soft Toys Annex A4 Flammability Testing Procedure for Fabrics Annex A5 Rationale for2007Revisions Annex A6 Rationale for2008Revisions Annex A7 1.8The values statedfirst are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.9The following precautionary statement pertains only to the test methods portion,Section8,of this specification:This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1ASTM Standards:3D374Test Methods for Thickness of Solid Electrical Insu-lationD642Test Method for Determining Compressive Resis-tance of Shipping Containers,Components,and Unit LoadsD880Test Method for Impact Testing for Shipping Con-tainers and SystemsD999Test Methods for Vibration Testing of Shipping ContainersD1193Specification for Reagent WaterD2240Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer HardnessD3421Practice for Extraction and Determination of Plas-ticizer Mixtures from Vinyl Chloride Plastics4D4236Practice for Labeling Art Materials for Chronic Health HazardsD5276Test Method for Drop Test of Loaded Containers by Free FallF404Consumer Safety Specification for High ChairsF406Consumer Safety Specification for Non-Full-Size Baby Cribs/Play YardsF834Consumer Safety Specification for Toy ChestsF1313Specification for V olatile N-Nitrosamine Levels in Rubber Nipples on PacifiersF1148Consumer Safety Performance Specification for Home Playground Equipment3For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,,or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.4Withdrawn.--` , ` , ` ` , ` , , , ` , , ` , ` ` , ` , ` , , ` , ` , ` , -` -` , , ` , , ` , ` , , ` ---2.2ANSI Standards:5C18.1American National Standard for Dry Cells and Batteries—SpecificationsS1.4Specification for Sound Level MetersZ315.1Safety Requirements for Tricycles2.3Federal Standards:615CFR1150Marking of Toys,Look-Alike and Imitation Firearms16CFR1303Ban of Lead-Containing Paint and Certain Consumer Products Bearing Lead Containing Paint16CFR1500Hazardous Substances Act Regulations,in-cluding the following sections:1500.3(c)(6)(vi)Definition of“flammable solid”1500.14(b)(8)Labeling of hazardous art materials 1500.18Banned toys and other banned articles intended for use by children1500.19Misbranded toys and other articles intended for use by children1500.44Method for determining extremelyflammable and flammable solids1500.47Method for determining the sound pressure level produced by toy caps1500.48Technical requirements for determining a sharp point in toys and other articles intended for use by children under8years of age1500.49Technical requirements for determining a sharp metal or glass edge in toys and other articles intended for use by children under8years of age1500.50-53Test method for simulating use and abuse of toys and other articles intended for use by children 1500.83Exemptions for small packages,minor hazards,and special circumstances1500.85Exemptions from classification as banned hazard-ous substances1500.86Exemptions from classification as a banned toy or other banned article for use by children16CFR1501Method for Identifying Toys and Other Articles Intended for Use by Children Under3Years of Age which Present Choking,Aspiration,or Ingestion Hazards Because of Small Parts16CFR1505Requirements for Electrically Operated Toys or Other Electrically Operated Articles Intended for Use by Children16CFR1510Requirements for Rattles16CFR1511Requirements for Pacifiers16CFR1610Standard for Flammability of Clothing Tex-tiles21CFR110Current Good Manufacturing Practice in Manufacturing,Processing,Packaging,or Holding Hu-man Food21CFR170-189Food for Human Consumption21CFR700-740Requirements for Specific Cosmetic Prod-ucts21CFR73,74,81,82Color Additives49CFR173.100,109Definition of Class C Explosives SS-T-312B Tile,Floor:Asphalt,Rubber,Vinyl,VinylAsbes-tos72.4ISO and IEC Standards:8ISO3746:1995Acoustics—Determination of Sound Power Levels of Noise Sources Using Sound Pressure—Survey Method Using an Enveloping Measurement Surface Overa Reflecting PlaneISO7779Acoustics–Measurement of Airborne Noise Emit-ted by Computer and Business EquipmentISO8124–1:2000Safety of Toys,Safety Aspects Related to Mechanical and Physical PropertiesISO11202Acoustics—Noise Emitted by Machinery and Equipment—Measurement of Emission Sound Pressure Levels at a Work Station and at Other Specified Positions—Survey Method in situISO11204Acoustics—Noise Emitted by Machinery and Equipment—Measurement of Emission Sound Pressure Levels at a Work Station and at Other Specified Positions—Method Requiring Environmental Corrections IEC60086–2Primary Batteries:Physical and Electrical SpecificationsIEC61672–1Electroacoustics—Sound Level Meters—Part 1:SpecificationsIEC61672–2Electroacoustics—Sound Level Meters—Part 2:Pattern Evaluation Tests2.5Other Standards:EN71-1Safety of toys.Mechanical and physical properties3.Terminology3.1Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1A-weighted sound pressure level(L pA)—the sound pressure level obtained by using standardized A-weighting.3.1.2accessible—(part or component)describing any area of the toy that can be contacted by any portion forward of the collar of the accessibility probe as described in16CFR 1500.48and16CFR1500.49.(See Fig.1.)N OTE1—Dimensions are provided in Fig.1for two probes correspond-ing to two age ranges of children.3.1.3alkaline battery—a non-rechargeable dry cell battery with an alkaline manganese electrochemistry.3.1.4aquatic toy—an article,whether inflatable or not, intended to bear the mass of a child and used as an instrument of play in shallow water.This does not include bath toys,beach balls,and United States Coast Guard-approved life saving devices.3.1.5art material—any substance marketed or represented by the producer or repackager as suitable for use in any phase of the creation of any work of visual or graphic art of any5Electronic copy available from American National Standards Institute website:;hard copies from Global Engineering Documents,15Inverness Way East,Englewood,CO80112.6Available from U.S.Consumer Product Safety Commission website: or ernment Printing Office,Superintendent of Documents; P.O.Box371954,Pittsburgh,PA15250-7954;website:7Available from ernment Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, 732N.Capitol St.,NW,Mail Stop:SDE,Washington,DC20401,http:// .8Available from International Organization for Standardization(ISO),1rue de Varembé,Case postale56,CH-1211,Geneva20,Switzerland,http://www.iso.ch. --`,`,``,`,,,`,,`,``,`,`,,`,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---medium.This definition includes items that become a compo-nent of the work of art such as paint,canvas,inks,crayons,chalk,solder,brazing rods,flux,paper,clay,stone,thread,cloth,and photographic film.It also includes items that are associated closely with the creation of the final work of art such as brushes,brush cleaners,solvents,ceramic kilns,silk screens,molds,mold making material,and photographic developing chemicals.3.1.6ball —any spherical,ovoid,or ellipsoidal object that is designed or intended to be thrown,hit,kicked,rolled,dropped,or bounced.The term “ball”includes any spherical,ovoid,or ellipsoidal object that is attached to a toy or article by means of string,elastic cord,or similar tether.The term “ball”also includes any multisided object formed by connecting planes into a generally spherical ovoid,or ellipsoidal shape that is designated or intended to be used as a ball.The term “ball”does not include dice,or balls permanently enclosed inside pinball machines,mazes,or similar outer containers.A ball is permanently enclosed if,when tested in accordance with 16CFR 1500.53,it is not removed from the outer container.3.1.7battery-operated toy —toy having at least one function dependent on electricity and powered by batteries.3.1.8burr —a roughness that may be found at an edge or joint of a toy or component if the material is not severed or finished cleanly.3.1.9button cell battery —a battery having a diameter greater than its height.3.1.10C-weighted peak sound pressure level (L Cpeak )—the peak sound pressure level obtained when using standardized C-weighting.3.1.11close-to-the-ear toy —a toy that is intended to be used close to the ear,that is,the sound emitting part of such a toy is normally put against the ear of a child (example—toy tele-phones that emit sounds from the earpiece).3.1.12collapse —sudden or unexpected folding of a struc-ture.3.1.13compression spring —spring which essentially re-turns to its initial state after compression.3.1.14continuous sound —any steady-state sound or group of variable sounds greater than one second in duration.3.1.15cord —a length of slender,flexible material including monofilaments,woven and twisted cord,rope,plastic textile tapes,ribbon,and those fibrous materials commonly called string.3.1.16cosmetics —any article intended or likely to be rubbed,sprinkled,or sprayed on,introduced onto,or otherwise applied to the human body for cleansing,beautifying,promot-ing or enhancing attractiveness,or for altering appearance.3.1.17crushing —injury to part of the body resulting from compression between two rigid surfaces.3.1.18curled edge —an edge in which the portion of the sheet adjacent to the edge is bent into an arc and forms an angle of less than 90°with the base sheet,as shown in Fig.2.3.1.19discharge mechanism —an inanimate system for re-leasing and propelling a projectile.3.1.20driving mechanism —assembly of linked parts or components (for example,gears,belts,winding mechanisms),at least one of which moves,powered by a source (for example,electrical or mechanical means)independent of the child.3.1.21edge,hazardous —an accessible edge that presents an unreasonable risk of injury during the normal use and reason-ably foreseeable abuse of a toy.Metal and glass edges on toys intended for children under the age of eight years are defined as potentially hazardous if they fail the sharp edge test described in 16CFR 1500.49.Edges other than metal andglassFIG.1AccessibilityProbesFIG.2CurledEdge--`,`,``,`,,,`,,`,``,`,`,,`,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---are defined as potentially hazardous if they are sharp to the touch under casual handling conditions.3.1.22elastic—material that will recover its former size and shape essentially and instantaneously after being elongated at least10%at a testing speed of not less than20in.(510 mm)/min.3.1.23equivalent sound pressure level(L Aeq)—the level of a steady-state sound which,in a stated time period and at a stated location,has the same A-weighted sound energy as the time-varying sound.3.1.24explosive action—the sudden release of energy char-acterized by the rapid expansion or bursting of a material. 3.1.25extension spring—spring which essentially returns to its initial state after tension.3.1.26fastener—mechanical device which attaches two or more elements together(for example,screws,rivets,and staples).3.1.27feathering—the beveling of an edge(or decrease in thickness moving toward the edge)caused during the shearing or cutting of material.3.1.28flash—excess material that escapes between the mat-ing parts of a mold assembly.3.1.29folding mechanism—an assembly of hinged,pivoted, folding,or sliding members that can produce a crushing, scissoring,pinching,or shearing action during operation.3.1.30fuzz—bits offibrous-type material that can be readily removed from toys with a pile surface.3.1.31hand-held toy—a toy that is intended to be used or operated while being held in the hand.Examples include toytools,small electronic games,stuffed animals,dolls,musical toys,and cap-firing toys.3.1.32hazard—any characteristic of a toy that presents an unreasonable risk of injury or illness during normal use or as a result of reasonably foreseeable abuse.3.1.33hazardous magnet—a magnet which has aflux index >50(refer to test method in8.24.1)and which is a small object (refer to4.6and Fig.3).3.1.34hazardous magnet component—any part of a toy that is a small object(refer to4.6and Fig.3)and which contains an attached or imbedded magnet which has aflux density>50as determined in accordance with the test method in8.24.1. 3.1.35helical spring—spring in the form of a coil.3.1.36hemmed edge—an edge in which the portion of the sheet adjacent to the edge is folded back on the sheet itself through an angle of approximately180°,so that the portion of the sheet adjacent to the edge is approximately parallel to the main sheet,as shown in Fig.4.3.1.37hinge-line clearance—the distance between the sta-tionary portion of a toy and the movable portion along,or adjacent to,a line projected through the axis of rotation,shown as Dimension A in Fig.5.3.1.38impulsive sound—any sound that is characterized bya brief excursion of sound pressure significantly exceeding the ambient noise,typically less than one second in duration. 3.1.39lap joint—a joint in which an edge overlaps a parallel surface but is not necessarily attached to it mechanically at all points along the length,as in the examples shown in Fig.6.3.1.40large and bulky toy—toy that has a projected base area of more than400in.2(0.26m2)or a volume of more than 3ft3(0.08m3)calculated without regard to minor appendages. N OTE2—The base area for toys having permanently attached legs is measured by calculating the area enclosed by straight lines connecting the outermost edge of each leg of the perimeter.3.1.41latex balloon—any toy or decorative item consisting of a latex bag that is designed to be inflated by air or gas.The term does not include inflatable children’s toys that are used in aquatic activities such as rafts,water wings,swim rings,or other similar items.3.1.42marble—a sphere made of a hard material,such as glass,agate,marble,or plastic,that is used in various chil-dren’s games,generally as a playing piece or marker.The term “marble”does not include a marble permanently enclosed in a toy or game.A marble is permanently enclosed if,when tested in accordance with16CFR1500.53,it is not removed from the toy or game.3.1.43maximum A-weighted sound pressure level (L AFmax)—the maximum sound pressure level obtained when using standardized A-weighting and fast detector response (time-weighting).3.1.44non-replaceable battery—an electrochemical device that will not require user accessibility or user replacement for the expected life of the product or devices it is intended to power.Such batteries will not be accessible when tested in accordance with the normal use and,where appropriate, reasonably foreseeable abuse tests of8.6through8.10.FIG.3Small PartsCylinderFIG.4HemmedEdge --`,`,``,`,,,`,,`,``,`,`,,`,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---3.1.45normal use —play modes that conform to the instruc-tions accompanying the toy,that have been established by tradition or custom,or that are evident from an examination of the toy.3.1.46packaging —material accompanying the toy when purchased,but having no intended play function.3.1.47peak sound pressure level (L Cpk )—the greatest C-weighted instantaneous sound pressure level within the period of observation.3.1.48pinching —created when two moving or one moving and one fixed surface come together in such a way that they could entrap and compress flesh,usually resulting in a contu-sion or laceration.3.1.49point,hazardous —an accessible point that presents an unreasonable risk of injury during normal use or reasonably foreseeable abuse.Points on toys intended for children under the age of 8years are potentially hazardous if they fail the sharp point test described in 16CFR 1500.48.3.1.50pompom —lengths or strands of fiber,yarns,or threads clamped or secured and tied in the center,and brushed up to form a spherical shape.Also included are spherical-shaped attachments made of stuffed material.3.1.51principal display panel —the display panel for a retail package or container,bin,or vending machine that is most likely to be displayed,shown,presented,or examined under normal or customary conditions of display for retail sale.3.1.52projectile —an object propelled by means of a dis-charge mechanism capable of storing and releasing energy under the control of the operator.3.1.53projection,hazardous —a projection that,because of its material or configuration,or both,may present a puncture hazard if a child should fall onto it.Excluded from this definition are puncture hazards to the eyes or mouth,or both,because of the impossibility of eliminating puncture hazards to those areas of the body by product design.3.1.54protective cap or cover —a component that is at-tached to a potentially hazardous edge or projection to reduce the possibility of injury.3.1.55protective tip —a component that is attached to the impacting end of a projectile to minimize injury if it should impact on the body,and also to prevent damage to the projectile upon striking a target,provide a means of attaching the projectile to the target as in the case of suction cups,or prevent damage to inanimate objects.3.1.56rattle —a toy that is clearly designed to emit sound when shaken typically intended for children under 18months.3.1.57reasonably foreseeable abuse —conditions to which a child may subject a toy that are not normal use conditions,such as deliberate disassembly,dropping,or using the toy for a purpose for which it was not intended.Simulated use and abuse tests for toys are given in 16CFR 1500.50,1500.51,1500.52,and 1500.53(excluding the bite test,Paragraph (c),of each section).3.1.58reference box —a hypothetical surface which is the smallest rectangular parallelepiped that encloses the toy with-out regard to minor appendages.3.1.59rigid —any material having a hardness exceeding 70Shore A scale durometer,as measured by the latest revision of Test Method D 2240.3.1.60rolled edge —an edge in which the portion of the sheet adjacent to the edge is bent into an arc and forms an angle between 90and 120°with the main sheet,as shown in Fig.7.FIG.5Changing Clearance at HingeLineFIG.6Typical LapJoints--`,`,``,`,,,`,,`,``,`,`,,`,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---3.1.61simulated protective equipment —toys designed tomimic products that infer some sort of physical protection to the wearer (for example,protective helmets and visors).3.1.62squeeze toy —a handheld pliable toy,intended for children under the age of 18months,usually incorporating a noise-making feature activated by forcing air through an opening when flexed or squeezed,and which recovers to its original shape when released.3.1.63soft-filled toy/stuffed toy —toy,clothed or unclothed,with soft body surfaces and filled with soft materials,allowing compression of the torso readily with the hand.3.1.64splinter —sharp pointed fragment.3.1.65spiral spring —clockwork-type spring.3.1.66steady-state sound (noise)—noise in which there are negligibly small fluctuations of sound pressure level within the period of observation.3.1.67strap —a piece of flexible material in which the width is significantly greater than the thickness.3.1.68tabletop,floor,and crib toy —toys intended to be played with while attached to or resting on a table top,floor,or crib.Examples of such toys include,but are not limited to,toy vehicles,stacking toys,large and bulky toys,games,and activity toys that attach to crib rails.3.1.69tangle or form a loop —loops that are formed by reasonably foreseeable manipulation of the cord/strap/elastic.Loops that are formed by excessive or intricate manipulations,or both,of the cord/strap/elastic shall be considered as exempt.3.1.70teether —toy designed for oral use and intended primarily for symptomatic relief of teething discomfort.3.1.71tool —screwdriver,coin,or other object which may be used to operate a screw,clip,or similar fixing device.3.1.72toy —any object designed,manufactured,or mar-keted as a plaything for children under 14years of age.3.1.73toy chest ,n —toy boxes that are designed and mar-keted as storage containers for toys.The products subject to the requirements are those with a volume of 1.1ft 3(0.031m 3)or more.3.1.74yo yo elastic tether toy —a toy consisting of an elastic tether that usually contains a loop on one end to wear around the finger,and a flexible object on the other end intended to be thrown and returned to the hand.4.Safety Requirements4.1Material Quality —Toys may be made from new or reprocessed materials and shall be visually clean and free from infestation.The materials shall be assessed visually by the unaided eye rather than under magnification.If reprocessed materials are used,they must be refined so that the level of hazardous substances conforms to the requirements of 4.3.1.4.2Flammability —Materials other than textiles (excluding paper)used in toys shall not be flammable,as defined under 16CFR 1500.3(c)(6)(vi)under the Federal Hazardous Sub-stances Act (FHSA)(see 16CFR 1500).For testing purposes,any textile fabrics used in toys should comply with 16CFR 1610.A test procedure for testing flammability of toys,which is an interpretation of 16CFR 1500.44,is contained in Annex A4.A procedure for testing the flammability of fabrics is contained in Annex A5.4.3Toxicology :4.3.1Hazardous Substances —Toys or materials used in toys shall conform to the FHSA and to the regulations promulgated under that act.Exemptions to this act for certain types of toys are given in 16CFR 1500.85.The regulations define limits for substances that are toxic,corrosive,an irritant,sensitizer or pressure generating,and radioactive,flammable,and combustible materials.Testing references for hazardous substance content are given in 8.2.It should be noted that specific states may have hazardous substances regulations that are more restrictive than the Federal regulations.4.3.2Manufacturing and Packaging of Food —All food products supplied with toys shall be manufactured and pack-aged in compliance with 21CFR 110,which is concerned with the sanitation practices for the manufacture,processing,pack-aging,or holding of human food.4.3.3Indirect Food Additives —Toy components intended to be used in contact with food,such as toy cooking utensils,shall conform to the applicable requirements of the Food,Drug and Cosmetic Act (FDCA),specifically 21CFR 170through 189.4.3.3.1Toys in Contact with Food —Toys comprising com-ponents intended to be used in contact with food,such as toy cooking utensils and toy tableware shall meet the requirements of 6.7for instructional literature.4.3.3.2Ceramicware,Lead,and Cadmium Contamination —Ceramic toy components intended or likely to hold food,such as a porcelain tea set,shall conform to the applicable requirements of the FDCA,Section 402(a)(2)(c),and FDA Compliance Policy Guides.4.3.4Cosmetics —Cosmetics shall conform to the require-ments of the Federal FDCA as codified in 21CFR.The regulations applicable to cosmetics are stated in 21CFR 700through 740.The color additive regulations applicable to cosmetics are found in 21CFR 73,74,81,and 82.4.3.4.1In addition,cosmetics intended for use by children under 8years of age shall meet all requirements of this specification and the FHSA regulations,notwithstanding the exclusions of 16CFR 1500.81and 1500.3(b)(4)(ii).4.3.4.2The requirements from the Food and Drug Admin-istration (FDA)will therefore be additive to those existing for children’s products.4.3.5Paint and Similar Surface-Coating Materials —Paint and other similar surface-coating materials applied to toys shall comply with the lead content provisions of 16CFR 1303,issued under the Consumer Product Safety Act (CPSA).4.3.5.1The regulation prohibits the use of paints or similar surface-coating materials that contain lead or lead compounds and in which the lead content (calculated as lead metal [Pb])is in excess of 0.06%(600ppm)of the weight of the total nonvolatile content of the paint or the weight of the dried paintfilm.FIG.7RolledEdge--`,`,``,`,,,`,,`,``,`,`,,`,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---。
ASTM F963美国1.ASTM F963《玩具安全》ASTM F963《玩具安全》是美国最重要的一部玩具安全标准，也是在国际上影响非常大的一个玩具安全标准。
该标准是一个自愿非强制性的标准。
虽然它是自愿标准，但在商业实践中，不满足ASTM F963的玩具是无法进人美国市场的。
美国早在1976年出版了玩具安全标准PS72-76。
到了1996年美国根据已出版的国家强制性联邦要求、有关的非强制性标准，涉及潜在危险的一些新要求以及基于制造商使用原标准的经验，对PS72-76进行了修改，出版了ASTM F96-96a标准。
2003年，美国又根据在美销售的玩具回收的一些案例，并吸收了欧洲标准某些条款，如声响条款等，对ASTM F96-96a标准再次进行了修改，改变了ASTM F96-96a的条款顺序，并增加了一些条款，颁布了ASTM F96-3标准。
目前最新版的ASTM F963-07于2007年3月15日颁布。
该标准针对14岁以下各年龄组的儿童使用的玩具而做出技术要求和测试方法。
该标准涉及了公众可能不易认识到的以及玩具在正常使用或合理可预见的滥用后可能遇到的危险。
该标准中仅对玩具产品的安全性能作出规定，但不涉及玩具产品的性能和质量。
除标签要求指出的玩具的功能性危害以及玩具所适合的年龄组之外，该标准对玩具中作为功能作用显示的固有及公认的危险部分也不作要求，如尖端是针的功能所固有。
ASTM F963是根据美国联邦法规的强制性要求而制定，一般说来该标准的内容充分包含了CPSI 16CFR的有关技术要求，制造商能确保产品符合ASTM F963的要求，也就基本满足CPSI 16CFR的有关技术要求。
但为了确保产品符合CPSI 16CF的要求，玩具制造商在确保产品符合ASTM F963要求的同时，也要及时关注CPSI 16CFR的要求及其变化，以确保产品符合美国法律的要求。
ASTM F963的主要技术要求包括机械物理安全、燃烧性能、化学毒性、电安全和微生功安全等。
