超声波导盲仪及语音提示系统开题报告

《基于超声波检测的倒车雷达设计》开题报告一、课题的目的和意义1.研究目的（1）研究了一种汽车倒车雷达预警系统。

该系统在常见的汽车倒车预警装置的基础上采用计算机控制技术和超声波测距技术，通过显示障碍物与汽车的距离并根据其距离远近实时发出报警，解除了驾驶员泊车和起动车辆时前后左右探视所引起的困扰，提高了驾驶安全性。

（2）在研究汽车倒车雷达预警系统过程中，运用理论分析、电路设计和计算机仿真等研究手段，完成了倒车雷达预警系统硬件和软件的设计，采用了模糊控制算法，进行了系统的计算机仿真。

2.研究意义随着中国经济的持续增长和汽车价格的持续下降，越来越多的家庭拥有自己的汽车。

在享受汽车给我们带来的便利同时，由于倒车而产生的问题也日益突出。

一方面汽车的数量逐年增加，公路、街道、停车场和车库拥挤不堪，可转动的空间越来越少;另一方面，新司机及非专职司机越来越多，因倒车引起的纠纷越来越多，车辆之间、车辆与人、车辆与墙壁等障碍物之间的碰撞时有发生。

在2006年汽车事故的发生比例中，倒车引起的事故占28%，倒车己成为令人们头痛的一项任务，即使是经验丰富的司机也在抱怨倒车是件费力费神的事。

据统计危险境况时，如果能给驾驶员半秒钟的预处理时间，则可分别减少追尾事故的30%，路面相关事故的50%，迎面撞车事故的60%。

改善倒车遇到的窘境被越来越多的人所关注，人们对汽车操纵的便捷性提出了更高的要求，希望有种装置能够解决汽车倒车给人们带来的不便，消除驾驶中的不安全因素，可将车快速准确地停放到指定的位置。

二、文献综述国外汽车倒车雷达预警系统早期大多采用红外线的发射与接收原理，不属于雷达(无线电波)的产品，最大的缺点是红外线波易受干扰，整个系统的警示音常呈现不稳定的乱鸣状态，另外对深黑色粗糙表面物体的反应也较差。

但更糟糕的是，无论是红外线发射器或接收器，只要任何一方让一层薄薄的冰雪或泥尘覆盖，系统就会失效。

最近在欧美出现的一种电磁感应倒车雷达。

基于多信息融合技术的导盲设备研究的开题报告一、研究背景和意义导盲设备是为视障人群提供生活和出行便利的必要设备。

传统导盲设备主要依靠语音指导和手杖探路，但这种方式存在诸多问题。

例如，语音指导需要视障人员较高的语言理解和记忆能力，而手杖探路过程中很难发现地面上的细小障碍物，如树枝、玻璃渣等，因此容易发生跌倒伤害。

为了解决这些问题，基于多信息融合技术的导盲设备受到了广泛关注。

多信息融合技术可以将不同来源的信息进行整合，使得导盲设备能够更加全面地了解周围环境，并且能够及时发现和避开危险障碍物。

同时，多信息融合技术还可以提高导盲设备的定位精度和位置识别能力，从而使得触觉反馈和语音指导更加精准。

因此，本研究旨在探究基于多信息融合技术的导盲设备设计与实现方法，提高导盲设备的效能，为视障人群提供更加安全、便捷的生活出行体验。

二、研究内容和思路本研究的主要内容包括以下几个方面：1.多信息融合导盲设备的需求分析：通过分析视障人群的出行习惯和需求，深入了解导盲设备应该具备的功能和特点。

2.多信息融合导盲设备的系统设计：结合需求分析和现有技术，设计出具有多信息融合功能的导盲设备系统。

3.多信息融合导盲设备的算法设计与实现：研究导盲设备的位置感知、环境感知、障碍物识别等关键算法，实现多信息融合功能。

4.多信息融合导盲设备的实验验证：通过实验验证，检测设计的多信息融合导盲设备的性能和实用性，优化算法和系统。

总体思路为，通过需求分析和现有技术比较，设计出基于多信息融合技术的导盲设备系统，然后进行算法设计和实现、系统的优化和实验验证，最终得出导盲设备的设计和实现方法。

三、研究意义与成果本研究的主要意义在于：1.为视障人群提供更加全面、安全的出行保障。

2.推动多信息融合技术在导盲设备领域的应用，提高该领域的技术水平。

3.为导盲设备的深入发展提供参考和借鉴。

本研究的主要成果包括：1.视障人群需求分析和多信息融合导盲设备设计方案。

2.多信息融合导盲设备的关键算法的设计和实现。

超声波视力保护仪开题报告背景介绍如今，随着电子设备的普及和使用时间的增加，许多人都面临着眼疲劳和视力下降的问题。

在这个数字化时代，人们需要找到一种方法来保护和提高视力。

超声波技术作为一种新兴的技术，被广泛应用于医疗和工业领域。

本项目旨在利用超声波技术开发一种视力保护仪，通过改善眼部血液循环和促进眼部肌肉放松，降低眼睛疲劳和提高视觉舒适度。

研究目的本项目的研究目的是设计和制造一种佩戴式超声波视力保护仪，通过超声波技术刺激眼部区域，进一步改善眼部血液循环，缓解眼疲劳和视力下降的问题。

该视力保护仪具有佩戴方便、无需药物干预和无副作用等优点，能够为广大人群提供一种有效的视力保护解决方案。

研究内容本项目的研究内容包括以下几个方面： 1.：对超声波的特性进行深入研究，了解其对眼部血液循环和眼部肌肉的影响机制。

2.：设计和制造一种佩戴式超声波视力保护仪，包括硬件和软件系统。

-：选择合适的超声波发射器和接收器，设计电路板和控制系统。

-：开发相应的控制程序和用户界面，实现超声波的发射和监控。

3.：通过实验验证视力保护仪的有效性和可行性，评估超声波刺激对眼部血液循环和视觉舒适度的改善效果。

4.：对视力保护仪的性能进行评估，包括超声波发射功率、耗电量、佩戴舒适度等指标。

研究方法本项目将采用以下研究方法： 1.：对超声波技术在医疗和工业领域的应用进行文献调研，深入了解超声波对眼部血液循环和眼部肌肉的作用机制。

2.：基于文献调研结果，设计出佩戴式超声波视力保护仪的原型，包括硬件和软件系统。

3.：通过实验验证视力保护仪的有效性和可行性，使用超声波刺激眼部区域，记录眼部血液循环的改变，并通过问卷调查评估视觉舒适度。

4.：对视力保护仪的性能进行评估，包括超声波发射功率的测量，佩戴舒适度的主观评价和耗电量的测试。

预期成果通过本项目的研究和实验，预期可以获得以下成果： 1.。

2.。

3.。

4.。

研究计划本项目将按照以下计划进行研究： 1.（3个月）：进行文献调研，深入了解超声波技术对眼部血液循环和眼部肌肉的影响机制。

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超声开题报告
篇一：超声波开题报告
毕业设计( 说明书 )
开题报告
题目: 超声波信号监听装置的设计与研究
院系名称：中英国际学院
专业班级：电子信息工程技术10级1班
学生姓名：路广鹏学号： 201X38930110
指导教师：徐晓光教师职称：副教授
201X年3月2日
开题报告填写要求
1．开题报告（含“文献综述”）作为毕业设计（论文）答辩委
员会对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之一。

此报告应在指导教师指
导下，由学生在毕业设计（论文）工作前期内完成，经指导教师签
署意见及所在专业审查后生效。

2．开题报告内容必须用黑墨水笔工整书写或按教务处统一设
计的电子文档标准格式（可从教务处网页上下载）打印，禁止打印
在其它纸上后剪贴，完成后应及时交给指导教师签署意见。

3．“文献综述”应按论文的格式成文，并直接书写（或打印）
在本开题报告第一栏目内，学生写文献综述的参考文献应不少于15。

本科毕业设计（论文）开题报告学生姓名黄哲立学号08B08090231指导教师詹振球学院（系）机电学院专业微电子学交稿日期2011年12月2日教务处制一、开题报告二、阅读文献目录三、文献综述四、文献翻译注意：请将外文文献原文复印件附在后面。

Ultrasonic distance meterDocument Type and Number:United States Patent 5442592Abstract:An ultrasonic distance meter cancels out the effects of temperature and humidity variations by including a measuring unit and a reference unit. In each of the units, a repetitive series of pulses is generated, each having a repetition rate directly related to the respective distance between an electroacoustic transmitter and an electroacoustic receiver. The pulse trains are provided to respective counters, and the ratio of the counter outputs is utilized to determine the distance being measured.Publication Date:08/15/1995Primary Examiner:Lobo, Ian J.1、BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONThis invention relates to apparatus for the measurement of distance and, more particularly, to such apparatus which transmits ultrasonic waves between two points.Precision machine tools must be calibrated. In the past, this has been accomplished utilizing mechanical devices such as calipers, micrometers, and the like. However, the use of such devices does not readily lend itself to automation techniques. It is known that the distance between two points can be determined by measuring the propagation time of a wave travelling between those two points. One such type of wave is an ultrasonic, or acoustic, wave. When an ultrasonic wave travels between two points, the distance between the two points can be measured by multiplying the transit time of the wave by the wave velocity in the medium separating the two points. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide apparatus utilizing ultrasonic waves to accurately measure the distance between two points.When the medium between the two points whose spacing is being measured is air, the sound velocity is dependent upon the temperature and humidity of the air. It is therefore a further ob ject of the,present invention to provide apparatus of the type described which is independent of temperature and humidity variations.2、SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONThe foregoing and additional objects are attained in accordance with the principles of this invention by providing distance measuring apparatus which includes a reference unit and a measuring unit. The reference and measuring units are the same and each includes an electroacoustic transmitter and an electroacoustic receiver. The spacing between the transmitter and the receiver of the reference unit is a fixed reference distance, whereas the spacing between the transmitter and receiver of the measuring unit is the distance to be measured. In each of the units, the transmitter and receiver are coupled by a feedback loop which causes the transmitter to generate an acoustic pulse which is received by the receiver and converted into an electrical pulse which is then fed back to the transmitter, so that a repetitive series of pulses results. The repetition rate of the pulses is inversely related to thedistance between the transmitter and the receiver. In each of the units, the pulses are provided to a counter. Since the reference distance is known, the ratio of the counter outputs is utilized to determine the desired distance to be measured. Since both counts are identically influenced by temperature and humidity variations, by taking the ratio of the counts, the resultant measurement becomes insensitive to such variations.3、BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSThe foregoing will be more readily apparent upon reading the following description in conjunction with the drawing in which the single FIGURE schematically depicts apparatus constructed in accordance with the principles of this invention.4、DETAILED DESCRIPTIONReferring now to the drawing, there is shown a measuring unit 10 and a reference unit 12, both coupled to a utilization means 14. The measuring unit 10 includes an electroacoustic transmitter 16 and an electroacoustic receiver 18. The transmitter 16 includes piezoelectric material 20 sandwiched between a pair of electrodes 22 and 24. Likewise, the receiver 18 includes piezoelectric material 26 sandwiched between a pair of electrodes 28 and 30. As is known, by applying an electric field across the electrodes 22 and 24, stress is induced in the piezoelectric material 20. If the field varies, such as by the application of an electrical pulse, an acoustic wave 32 is generated. As is further known, when an acoustic wave impinges upon the receiver 18, this induces stress in the piezoelectric material 26 which causes an electrical signal to be generated across the electrodes 28 and 30. Although piezoelectric transducers have been illustrated, other electroacoustic devices may be utilized, such as, for example, electrostatic, electret or electromagnetic types.As shown, the electrodes 28 and 30 of the receiver 18 are coupled to the input of an amplifier 34, whose output is coupled to the input of a detector 36. The detector 36 is arranged to provide a signal to the pulse former 38 when the output from the amplifier 34 exceeds a predetermined level. The pulse former 38 then generates a trigger pulse which is provided to the pulse generator 40. In order to enhance the sensitivity of the system, the transducers 16 and 18 are resonantly excited. There is accordingly provided a continuous wave oscillator 42 which provides a continuous oscillating signal at a fixed frequency, preferably the resonant frequency of the transducers 16 and 18. This oscillating signal is provided to the modulator 44. To effectively excite the transmitter 16, it is preferable to provide several cycles of the resonant frequency signal, rather than a single pulse or single cycle. Accordingly, the pulse generator 40 is arranged, in response to the application thereto of a trigger pulse, to provide a control pulse to the modulator 44 having a time duration equal the time duration of a predetermined number of cycles of the oscillating signal from the oscillator 42. This control pulse causes the modulator 44 to pass a "burst" of cycles to excite the transmitter 16.When electric power is applied to the described circuitry, there is sufficient noise at the input to the amplifier 34 that its output triggers the pulse generator 40 to cause a burst of oscillating cyclesto be provided across the electrodes 22 and 24 of the transmitter 16. The transmitter 16 accordingly generates an acoustic wave 32 which impinges upon the receiver 18. The receiver 18 then generates an electrical pulse which is applied to the input of the amplifier 34, which again causes triggering of the pulse generator 40. This cycle repeats itself so that a repetitive series of trigger pulses results at the output of the pulse former 38. This pulse train is applied to the counter 46, as well as to the pulse generator 40.The transmitter 16 and the receiver 18 are spaced apart by the distance "D" which it is desired to measure. The propagation time "t" for an acoustic wave 32 travelling between the transmitter 16 and the receiver 18 is given by: t=D/V swhere V s is the velocity of sound in the air between the transmitter 16 and the receiver 18. The counter 46 measures the repetition rate of the trigger pulses, which is equal to 1/t. Therefore, the repetition rate is equal to V s /D. The velocity of sound in air is a function of the temperature and humidity of the air, as follows: ##EQU1## where T is the temperature, p is the partial pressure of the water vapor, H is the barometric pressure, Γ w and Γ a are the ratio of co nstant pressure specific heat to constant volume specific heat for water vapor and dry air, respectively. Thus, although the repetition rate of the trigger pulses is measured very accurately by the counter 46, the sound velocity is influenced by temperature and humidity so that the measured distance D cannot be determined accurately.In accordance with the principles of this invention, a reference unit 12 is provided. The reference unit 12 is of the same construction as the measuring unit 10 and therefore includes an electroacoustic transmitter 50 which includes piezoelectric material 52 sandwiched between a pair of electrodes 54 and 56, and an electroacoustic receiver 58 which includes piezoelectric material 60 sandwiched between a pair of electrodes 62 and 64. Again, transducers other than the piezoelectric type can be utilized. The transmitter 50 and the receiver 58 are spaced apart a known and fixed reference distance "D R ". The electrodes 62 and 64 are coupled to the input of the amplifier 66, whose output is coupled to the input of the detector 68. The output of the detector 68 is coupled to the pulse former 70 which generates trigger pulses. The trigger pulses are applied to the pulse generator 72 which controls the modulator 74 to pass bursts from the continuous wave oscillator 76 to the transmitter 50. The trigger pulses from the pulse former 70 are also applied to the counter 78.Preferably, all of the transducers 16, 18, 50 and 58 have the same resonant frequency. Therefore, the oscillators 42 and 76 both operate at that frequency and the pulse generators 40 and 72 provide equal width output pulses.In usage, the measuring unit 10 and the reference unit 12 are in close proximity so that the sound velocity in both of the units is the same. Although the repetition rates of the pulses in the measuring unit 10 and the reference unit 12 are each temperature and humidity dependent, it can be shown that the distance D to be measured is related to the reference distance D R as follows: i D=D R (1/t R )/(1/t)where t R is the propagation time over the distance D R in the reference unit 12. This relationship is independent of both temperature and humidity.Thus, the outputs of the counters 46 and 78 are provided as inputs to the microprocessor 90 in the utilization means 14. The microprocessor 90 is appropriately programmed to provide an output which is proportional to the ratio of the outputs of the counters 46 and 78, which in turn are proportional to the repetition rates of the respective trigger pulse trains of the measuring unit 10 and the reference unit 12. As described, this ratio is independent of temperature and humidity and, since the reference distance D R is known, provides an accurate representation of the distance D. The utilization means 14 further includes a display 92 which is coupled to and controlled by the microprocessor 90 so that an operator can readily determine the distance D.Experiments have shown that when the distance between the transmitting and receiving transducers is too small, reflections of the acoustic wave at the transducer surfaces has a not insignificant effect which degrades the measurement accuracy. Accordingly, it is preferred that each transducer pair be separated by at least a certain minimum distance, preferab ly about four inches.Accordingly, there has been disclosed improved apparatus for the measurement of distance utilizing ultrasonic waves. While an illustrative embodiment of the present invention has been disclosed herein, it is understood that various modifications and adaptations to the disclosed embodiment will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art and it is intended that this invention be limited only by the scope of the appended claims.R01UH0106EJ0400_78K0RKX3LCHAPTER 11 CLOCK OUTPUT/BUZZER OUTPUT CONTROLLERThe number of output pins of the clock output and buzzer output controllers differs, depending on the product.Furthermore, 44-pin product of the 78K0R/KC3-L are not provided with clock output and buzzer output controllers.11.1 Functions of Clock Output/Buzzer Output ControllerThe clock output controller is intended for carrier output during remote controlled transmission and clock output forsupply to peripheral ICs.Buzzer output is a function to output a square wave of buzzer frequency.One pin can be used to output a clock or buzzer sound.Two output pins, PCLBUZ0 and PCLBUZ1, are available.The PCLBUZn pin outputs a clock selected by clock output select register n (CKSn).Figure 11-1 shows the block diagram of clock output/buzzer output controller.11.2 Configuration of Clock Output/Buzzer Output ControllerThe clock output/buzzer output controller includes the following hardware.Table 11-1. Configuration of Clock Output/Buzzer Output ControllerItem ConfigurationControl registers Clock output select registers n (CKSn)Port mode registers 5, 14 (PM5, PM14)NotePort registers 5, 14 (P5, P14) NoteNote The port mode register and port register to be set differ depending on the product.78K0R/KC3-L (48-pin), 78K0R/KD3-L: P1478K0R/KE3-L, 78K0R/KG3-L: PM14, P1478K0R/KF3-L: PM5, P5, PM14, P14Remark n = 0: 78K0R/KC3-L (48-pin), 78K0R/KD3-Ln = 0, 1: 78K0R/KE3-L, 78K0R/KF3-L, 78K0R/KG3-L11.3 Registers Controlling Clock Output/Buzzer Output ControllerThe following two registers are used to control the clock output/buzzer output controller.C lock output select registers n (CKSn)P ort mode registers 5, 14 (PM5, PM14) NoteNote The port register to be set differ depending on the product.78K0R/KC3-L (48-pin), 78K0R/KD3-L: None78K0R/KE3-L, 78K0R/KG3-L: PM1478K0R/KF3-L: PM5, PM14(1) Clock output select registers n (CKSn)These registers set output enable/disable for clock output or for the buzzer frequency output pin(PCLBUZn), andset the output clock.Select the clock to be output from the PCLBUZn pin by using the CKSn register.The CKSn register are set by a 1-bit or 8-bit memory manipulation instruction.Reset signal generation clears these registers to 00H.Remark n = 0: 78K0R/KC3-L (48-pin), 78K0R/KD3-Ln = 0, 1: 78K0R/KE3-L, 78K0R/KF3-L, 78K0R/KG3-L11.4 Operations of Clock Output/Buzzer Output ControllerOne pin can be used to output a clock or buzzer sound.The PCLBUZ0 pin outputs a clock/buzzer selected by the clock output select register 0 (CKS0).The PCLBUZ1 pin outputs a clock/buzzer selected by the clock output select register 1 (CKS1).11.4.1 Operation as output pinThe PCLBUZn pin is output as the following procedure.<1> Select the output frequency with bits 0 to 3 (CCSn0 to CCSn2, CSELn) of the clock output select register (CKSn)of the PCLBUZn pin (output in disabled status).<2> Set bit 7 (PCLOEn) of the CKSn register to 1 to enable clock/buzzer output.Remarks 1. The controller used for outputting the clock starts or stops outputting the clock one clock after enabling ordisabling clock output (PCLOEn bit) is switched. At this time, pulses with a narrow width are not output.Figure 11-4 shows enabling or stopping output using the PCLOEn bit and the timing of outputting the clock.2. n = 0: 78K0R/KC3-L (48-pin), 78K0R/KD3-Ln = 0, 1: 78K0R/KE3-L, 78K0R/KF3-L, 78K0R/KG3-LCHAPTER 7 CLOCK GENERATOR7.1 Functions of Clock GeneratorThe clock generator generates the clock to be supplied to the CPU and peripheral hardware.The following three kinds of system clocks and clock oscillators are selectable.(1) Main system clock<1> X1 oscillatorThis circuit oscillates a clock of fX = 2 to 20 MHz by connecting a resonator to X1 and X2. Oscillation can be stopped by executing the STOP instruction or setting of the MSTOP bit (bit 7 of the clockoperation status control register (CSC)).<2> Internal high-speed oscillatorNoteThis circuit oscillates clocks of fIH = 1 and 8 MHz (TYP.). After a reset release, the CPU always starts operating with this internal high-speed oscillation clock. Oscillation can be stopped by executing the STOPinstruction or setting the HIOSTOP bit (bit 0 of the CSC register).<3> 20 MHz internal high-speed oscillation clock oscillatorNoteThis circuit oscillates a clock of fIH20 = 20 MHz (TYP.). Oscillation can be started by setting bit 0 (DSCON) ofthe 20 MHz internal high-speed oscillation control register (DSCCTL) to 1 with VDD ≥ 2.7 V.Oscillation canbe stopped by setting the DSCON bit to 0.Note To use the 1, 8, or 20 MHz internal high-speed oscillation clock, use the option byte to set the frequency in advance (for details, see CHAPTER 25 OPTION BYTE). Also, the internal high-speed oscillator automatically starts oscillating after reset release. To use the 20 MHz internal high-speed oscillator to operate the microcontroller, oscillation is started by setting bit 0 (DSCON) of the 20 MHz internal high-speed oscillation control register (DSCCTL) to 1.An external main system clock (fEX = 2 to 20 MHz) can also be supplied from the EXCLK/X2/P122 pin. An externalmain system clock input can be disabled by executing the STOP instruction or setting of the MSTOP bit.As the main system clock, a high-speed system clock (X1 clock or external main system clock) or internal highspeedoscillation clock can be selected by setting of the MCM0 bit (bit 4 of the system clock control register (CKC)).(2) Subsystem clockNoteX T1 clock oscillatorThis circuit oscillates a clock of fSUB = 32.768 kHz by connecting a 32.768 kHz resonator to XT1 and XT2.Oscillation can be stopped by setting the XTSTOP bit (bit 6 of the clock operation status control register (CSC)).Note The 78K0R/KC3-L (40-pin) doesn’t have the subsystem clock.Remark fX: X1 clock oscillation frequencyfIH: Internal high-speed oscillation clock frequencyfIH20: 20 MHz internal high-speed oscillation clock frequencyfEX: External main system clock frequencyfSUB: Subsystem clock frequency78K0R/Kx3-L CHAPTER 7 CLOCK GENERATORR01UH0106EJ0400 Rev.4.00 339Mar 31, 2011(3) Internal low-speed oscillation clock (clock dedicated to watchdog timer)I nternal low-speed oscillatorThis circuit oscillates a clock of fIL = 30 kHz (TYP.).The internal low-speed oscillation clock cannot be used as the CPU clock. The only hardware that operates withthe internal low-speed oscillation clock is the watchdog timer.Oscillation is stopped when the watchdog timer stops.Remarks 1. fIL: Internal low-speed oscillation clock frequency2. The watchdog timer stops in the following cases.W hen bit 4 (WDTON) of an option byte (000C0H) = 0I f the HALT or STOP instruction is executed when bit 4 (WDTON) of an option byte (000C0H) = 1 andbit 0 (WDSTBYON) = 0.。

检测与转换技术设计方案电气09-3班陈博宇学号：22090243超声波导盲仪设计报告一、问题提出人生活过程中95%的信息是通过视觉获得的。

盲人生活在黑暗的世界中，给工作、生活、社交活动带来了莫大的困难。

如何安全行走, 是盲人生活中最大的问题。

传统的手杖使用起来有诸多不便，导盲犬的训练周期过长且价格较贵，不利于普及。

我们试图利用超声波测距实现导盲的功能，制作出使用方便、价格低廉的导盲仪。

二、功能当超声波发射装置发出的超声波被前方障碍物反射并被接收装置接收时，语音电路根据障碍物距离发出不同频率的报警声音，以提醒使用者。

此时使用者可按下设置的按键，报警响声中断，同时读出障碍物距离。

报警声响起时，电路板上的LED灯会亮起，以提醒路人让路。

我们还加入了菜单选择功能，用两个按键来实现此功能，按第一个键实现选择不同的报警范围（2.5米，2.0米,1.5米,1.0米）测距频率（200um,400um），音乐类型和使用版本的第一级选择，第二个按键实现具体的二级选择。

三、设计原理该装置以 ATmega16单片机作为控制器，利用超声波回声测距的原理测距，用声音报警。

系统的硬件结构如图所示。

该系统基本主要由单片机控制系统、超声波发射电路、接收放大电路、按键控制和声音报警电路。

Atmega16用来控制、协调各部件的工作。

工作时先由单片机控制的振荡源产生信号以驱动超声波传感器，使它发射脉冲。

当第一个超声波脉冲发射后，计数器开始计数，在检测到第一个回波脉冲的瞬间，计数器停止计数，计算出从发射到接收的时间差Δｔ，最终利用Atmega16计算出距障碍物的距离。

所需元器件：Atmega16一片，超声波探头TCT40一对，CD4049一片（1元），NE5532一片（一元），LM311—8一片（一元），BMP5008语音电路一块（35元）,0.5W扬声器一个（3元），四节电池盒一个（三元），四个10K，三个1M，一个5.1K的电阻（每个5分），三个224P，一个104P，一个30P，一个1000P的电容（每个5分）能自动变颜色的LED灯一个（8毛）。

序号：常州大学毕业设计（论文）前期材料（2012届）学生学号学院专业班级题目超声波测距仪设计类别毕业设计 毕业论文□校内指导教师专业技术职务材料目录序号名称数量备注1 毕业设计（论文）任务书2 文献综述（设计类）或开题报告（论文类）3 外文翻译（封面、译文、原文）二○一二年三月一、前言1.课题研究的意义，国内外研究现状和发展趋势设计一个超声波测距器，可应用于汽车倒车、建筑施工工地以及一些工业现场的位置监控，也可用于如液位、井深、管道长度的测量等场合。

要求测量范围在0.10～4.00m，测量精度1 cm，测量时与被测物体无直接接触，能够清晰稳定地显示测量结果。

随着传感器和单片机技术的不断发展，非接触式应用已被广泛的应用于多个领域，目前典型的非接触式测距方法有超声波测距、CCD探测等等。

CCD探测具有使用方便、无需型号发射源、同时获得大量全景信息等等、但视觉测距需要额外的计算开销。

超声波可以直接测量近距离目标，纵向分倍率高，适用范围广，方向性强，并且不受光线、电子、烟雾等因素影响，且覆盖面较大等优点。

目前，超声波测量已广泛应用到液位测量，移动机器人定位和避障等领域，应用前景广阔。

随着科学技术的快速发展，超声波将在测距仪中的应用将越来越广。

但就现在技术水平来讲，人们就具体利用测距技术还是十分有限，因此，这是一个正在蓬勃发张而前景无限的技术和科技领域。

展望未来，超声波测距仪作为一种新型的非常重要的工具在各方都有很大发张空间，它将朝着更加高定位高精度的方向发展，以满足日益发展的社会需要。

如声纳发展趋势基本为：研制具有高精度高精度的被动测距声纳，以满足水中武器实施全隐蔽攻击的需要，继续发展采用低频线谱检测的潜艇拖拽线阵列声纳，实现超远程的被动探测和识别，研制更适合于浅海工作的潜艇声纳，特别是解决浅海水中识别目标的问题，大幅降低潜艇自噪声，改善潜艇声纳的工作环境。

毋庸置疑，未来的超声波测距仪将与自动化智能化接轨，与其他的测距仪集成和融合，形成多功能测距仪。

毕业论文(设计) 题目超声波导盲鞋及语音提示系统学生姓名刘超学号20111334008学院电子与信息工程学院专业通信工程指导教师赵远东二Ｏ一五年五月十八日目录1 绪论 (7)1.1 超声波技术发展史 (7)1.2 超声波测距特性 (8)1.2.1 超声波用于测距的优势 (8)1.3导盲设备发展历程 (8)1.4 语音技术 (9)2 设计目的与方案 (9)2.1 设计目的 (9)2.2 系统总体设计 (9)2.3系统仿真设计 (10)3 超声波测距原理 (11)超声波测距原理 (11)4 系统模块 (11)4.1 AT89C51单片机 (11)4.2 语音提示系统 (12)4.3超声波发射与接收模块 (12)5 超声波导盲仪及语音提示系统设计 (13)5.1 系统硬件结构 (13)5.1.1 晶振电路 (13)5.1.2 LCD显示电路 (14)5.1.3 声光报警电路与按键电路 (14)5.2系统软件设计 (15)6 超声波导盲鞋与超声波导盲杖对比 (16)6.1导盲杖优缺点 (16)6.2导盲鞋优缺点 (17)6.3导盲鞋与导盲杖 (17)6.4运动计数器 (17)6.5设计选择 (18)7 仿真结果 (18)7.1 仿真结果 (18)7.2结果分析 (21)8总结 (22)参考文献 (22)致谢 (24)超声波导盲鞋及语音提示系统刘超南京信息工程大学电子与信息工程学院，江苏南京 210044摘要：本文首先对超声波测距特性，导盲设备发展史以及语音提示系统进行了简单的介绍，然后分别讲述了本设计的设计方案与要求以及各个模块的状况，以此为根本，对该系统进行整合和设计；这个导盲杖与导盲鞋导盲系统是以盲人特制鞋以及盲人手杖为载体，AT89C51单片机作为控制核心，再加上超声波发射与接收、语音提示、蓝牙耳机接收提示和电源电路以及其他电路构成。

依赖导盲仪，与盲人特制鞋，导盲杖，语音提示，蓝牙耳机相结合，制成智能导盲系统。